1.
Greenwood, Mississippi
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It was a center of cotton planter culture in the 19th century. The population was 16,087 at the 2010 census and it is the principal city of the Greenwood Micropolitan Statistical Area. The Tallahatchie and the Yalobusha rivers meet at Greenwood to form the Yazoo River, throughout the 1960s, Greenwood was the site of major protests and conflicts as African Americans worked to achieve racial integration and voting access during the civil rights movement. The flood plain of the Mississippi River has long been an area rich in vegetation and wildlife, fed by the Mississippi, Long before Europeans migrated to America, the Choctaw and Chickasaw Indian nations settled in the Deltas bottomlands and throughout what is now central Mississippi. They were descended from indigenous peoples who had lived in the area for thousands of years, including the Mississippian culture, in the nineteenth century, the Five Civilized Tribes in the Southeast suffered increasing encroachment on their territory by European-American settlers from the United States. The government opened the land for sale and settlement by European Americans, the first Euro-American settlement on the banks of the Yazoo River was a trading post founded in 1834 by Colonel John Dilliard and known as Dilliards Landing. The settlement had competition from Greenwood Leflores rival landing called Point Leflore just three miles up the Yazoo River, in 1844 it was incorporated as Greenwood, named after Chief Greenwood LeFlore. The city served as a point for cotton to major markets in New Orleans, Vicksburg, Mississippi, Memphis, Tennessee. Greenwood continued to prosper, based on slave labor on the plantations and in shipping. The end of the Civil War in 1865 and the years of Reconstruction changed the labor market to one of free labor. The state was mostly undeveloped frontier, and many withdrew from working for others. In the nineteenth century, many managed to clear and buy their own farms in the bottomlands. With the disruption of war and changes to labor, cotton production initially declined, Greenwood again emerged as a prime shipping point for cotton. Downtowns Front Street bordering the Yazoo filled with cotton factors and related businesses, the city continued to prosper in this way well into the 1940s, although cotton production suffered during the infestation of the boll weevil in the early 20th century. For many years, the bridge over the Yazoo displayed the sign, the industry was largely mechanized in the 20th century before World War II, displacing thousands of sharecroppers and tenant farmers. Greenwoods Grand Boulevard was once named one of Americas 10 most beautiful streets by the U. S, chambers of Commerce and the Garden Clubs of America. Sally Humphreys Gwin, a member of the Greenwood Garden Club. In 1950, Gwin received a citation from the National Congress of the Daughters of the American Revolution in recognition of her work in the conservation of trees, chapters were established across the state
2.
Neo-romanticism
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It has been used with reference to late-19th-century composers such as Richard Wagner particularly by Carl Dahlhaus who describes his music as a late flowering of romanticism in a positivist age. He regards it as synonymous with the age of Wagner, from about 1850 until 1890—the start of the era of modernism, whose leading early representatives were Richard Strauss and Gustav Mahler. Neo-romanticism as well as Romanticism is considered in opposition to naturalism—indeed, so far as music is concerned, in the period following German unification in 1871, naturalism rejected Romantic literature as a misleading, idealistic distortion of reality. Naturalism in turn came to be regarded as incapable of filling the void of modern existence, neo-romanticism was proposed as an alternative label for the group of German composers identified with the short-lived Neue Einfachheit movement in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Along with other such as new tonality, this term has been criticised for lack of precision because of the diversity among these composers. In British art history, the term neo-romanticism is applied to an affiliated school of landscape painting that emerged around 1930. It was first labeled in March 1942 by the critic Raymond Mortimer in the New Statesman and this movement was motivated in part as a response to the threat of invasion during World War II. Artists particularly associated with the initiation of this movement included Paul Nash, John Piper, Henry Moore, Ivon Hitchens, a younger generation included John Minton, Michael Ayrton, John Craxton, Keith Vaughan, Robert Colquhoun, and Robert MacBryde. The aesthetic philosophy of Arthur Schopenhauer and Friedrich Nietzsche has contributed greatly to neo-romantic thinking, Dictionary of Art,34 volumes, edited by Jane Turner. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Art Terms, Oxford and New York, Oxford University Press. Wie neu war die Neue Einfachheit, the Oxford Companion to Western Art, edited by Hugh Brigstocke. Oxford and New York, Oxford University Press, in The Cambridge Companion to German Romanticism, edited by Nicholas Saul, 257–80. Cambridge and New York, Cambridge University Press, the People’s Library, The Spirit of Prose Literature Versus Fascism. In The Culture of Japanese Fascism, edited by Alan Tansman, the Origins of the English Imagination. The Geographies of Englishness, Landscape and the National Past, 1880-1940, poets in the Landscape, The Romantic Spirit in British Art. Fantastic Illustration and Design in Great Britain, 1850–1930, paradise Lost, The Neo-Romantic Imagination in Britain, 1935–1955. Outcasts from Eden, Ideas of Landscape in British Poetry Since 1945, British Romantic Art and The Second World War. Civilisation and its Discontents, English Neo-Romanticism and the Transformation of Anti-Modernism in Twentieth-Century Western Culture and this Enchanted Isle, The Neo-Romantic Vision from William Blake to the New Visionaries
3.
The Secret History
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For Procopiuss Secret History, see Procopius. The Secret History, the first novel by Mississippi-born writer Donna Tartt, was published by Alfred A. Knopf in 1992, a 75,000 print order was made for the first edition, and the book became a bestseller. The story is a detective story, not a whodunit. In the opening chapter, as the reader is introduced to Papen, we are told of the death of student Edmund Bunny Corcoran, although few details are given initially. The novel explores the circumstances and lasting effects of Bunnys death on the academically and socially isolated group of Classics students of which he was a part. As the story opens, Richard leaves the town of Plano, California. His disdain for his background establishes a contrast—aestheticism and literary beauty and he misleads others about his background, replacing his mediocre working-class childhood with a fabricated, glamorous one of boarding schools, wealth, failed actors, and parents who own an oil well. In Vermont, Richard tries to continue his study of Ancient Greek, only to be denied admittance to the course, as Classics professor Julian Morrow limits his enrollment to a tiny hand-picked coterie. Richard becomes obsessed with the group, observing them around campus and noting what he considers a cold attitude toward the world around them, eventually, he manages to ingratiate himself with the group by helping to solve a Greek grammar problem. Soon after, armed with advice from the group on how to impress Morrow, the group includes fraternal twins Charles and Camilla Macaulay, who are charming but secretive, as well as Francis Abernathy, whose secluded country home becomes a sanctuary for the group. In fact, Henry is footing the bill for the trip, to avoid revealing his fabricated past, Richard takes a low-paying job on campus and spends winter break, the coldest in a generation, in an unheated warehouse. He nearly dies from hypothermia and pneumonia, but is rescued and taken to the hospital by Henry, after winter break, Richard sees the relationship between the others and Bunny becoming even more strained. Ultimately, he learns the truth from Henry and Francis, during a Bacchanal, Bunny, suspicious for some time, uncovered the truth during the trip to Italy by reading Henrys diary, and has been blackmailing the group since. The group, led by Henry, now view Bunny as a danger, no longer able to meet Bunnys demands, and fearing that he will report them, the group resolves to kill Bunny. Henry forms several plots, one of which is put into motion after a drunken Bunny tells Richard of the killing. The group confronts Bunny while he is hiking, and Henry pushes him into a ravine to his death and they attempt to act natural, joining the search parties combing over the campus looking for Bunny. Charles develops a problem and becomes increasingly abusive towards his sister Camilla. Francis confirms to Richard that the twins are having sexual relations, Francis himself begins to suffer panic attacks
4.
The Little Friend
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The Little Friend is the second novel by Donna Tartt, initially published by Alfred A. Knopf on October 22,2002, a decade after her first novel, The Secret History. The dynamics of Harriets extended family are a focus of the novel, as are the lifestyles. In 2002, Tartt described it as a frightening, scary book about coming into contact with the world of adults in a frightening way. After The Secret History I wanted to write a different kind of book on every single level, I wanted to take on a completely different set of technical problems. The Secret History was all from the point of view of Richard, a single camera, thats widely thought to be the most difficult form. Harriet and her sister have been raised largely by their grandmother Edie, a bevy of adoring great-aunts, but she, too, has grown up obsessed with her brothers death, which she blames for the disintegration of her family. As Harriet trails Danny around town, waiting for the moment to strike, he becomes equally obsessed with her. A. O. Scott reviewed for The New York Times, What this all adds up to is a tragic, though the world Harriet discovers is unquestionably haunted, there is nothing magical about it, or about the furious, lyrical rationality of Tartts voice. Her book is a ruthlessly precise reckoning of the world as it is -- drab, ugly, scary, inconclusive -- filtered through the bright colors and it grips you like a fairy tale, but denies you the consoling assurance that its all just make-believe. Comparisons, in any case, are beside the point and this novel may be a hothouse flower, but like that fatal black tupelo tree, it has its own authority, its own darkness. This was the hallmark of Harriets touch, Hely reflects and she could scare the daylights out of you, and you werent even sure why. The novel won the WH Smith Literary Award and was shortlisted for the Orange Prize for Fiction in 2003, the jacket design is by Chip Kidd
5.
The Goldfinch (novel)
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The Goldfinch is the third novel by American author Donna Tartt, her first new book in 11 years. It won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 2014 among other honors, the novel is a Bildungsroman told in the first person by Theodore Decker who, at the age of 13, survives a terrorist bombing at an art museum in which his beloved mother dies. Staggering out through the debris, he takes him a small, Dutch Golden Age painting, The Goldfinch. The Goldfinch is told in retrospective first-person narration by Theodore Theo Decker, as a thirteen-year-old boy in New York City, Theo adores his energetic, beautiful mother—as do many other people in Manhattan. He thinks of his father, who had walked out on them a year earlier, as an alcoholic, abusive thief. Theos life is turned upside down when he and his visit the Metropolitan Museum of Art to see an exhibition of Dutch masterpieces, including a favorite painting. There, he falls in love at first sight with a girl who is accompanied by an elderly man. But then a terrorist bomb explodes, killing his mother and other patrons, in the rubble, Theo encounters the old man, Welton Welty Blackwell, who gives him a ring and an enigmatic message. Believing that Welty is pointing at The Goldfinch, Theo takes it during his panicked escape. The taking of these items is done by Theo in a state of terror, concussion and shock, alone and determined to avoid being taken in by the city as an orphan, Theo lives with a school friend, Andy Barbour, and his wealthy family. Theo lives in the Barbours’ elegant Park Avenue apartment for months and is fairly happy there. Unbeknownst to the Barbours, Theo carries out the last wishes of Welty and returns the ring to his family, becoming friends with James Hobie Hobart, Weltys partner. He also briefly encounters the girl, Pippa, who was injured in the bombing and is being sent to live with an aunt in Texas. Theo feels a bond with her but fears he will never see her again. Theos life with the Barbours is disrupted when his dad, Larry Decker, arrives with his new girlfriend, Xandra. Theo secretly brings the painting, afraid to tell anyone about it for fear he will get in trouble, in Las Vegas, Theo feels rootless and his father and Xandra make little effort at parenting. His father earns a living and pays for a home outside Vegas with gambling wins. At school, Theo makes a new friend, Boris, a son of a Ukrainian émigré
6.
Pulitzer Prize for Fiction
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The Pulitzer Prize for Fiction is one of the seven American Pulitzer Prizes that are annually awarded for Letters, Drama, and Music. It recognizes distinguished fiction by an American author, preferably dealing with American life, as the Pulitzer Prize for the Novel, it was one of the original Pulitzers, for the program was inaugurated in 1917 with seven prizes, four of which were awarded that year. Finalists have been announced from 1980, ordinarily a total of three, in 31 years under the Novel name, the prize was awarded 27 times, in its first 69 years to 2016 under the Fiction name,62 times. In 11 years, no novel received the award and it has never been shared by two authors. Three writers have won two each in the Fiction category, Booth Tarkington, William Faulkner, and John Updike. Ernest Hemingway was selected by the 1941 and 1953 juries, but the former was overturned and no 1941 award was given
7.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
8.
Time 100
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Time 100 is an annual list of the 100 most influential people in the world assembled by the American news magazine Time. First published in 1999 as the result of a debate among American academics, politicians, and journalists, although appearing on the list is often seen as an honor, Time makes it clear that entrants are recognized for changing the world, regardless of the consequences of their actions. The final list of individuals is exclusively chosen by Time editors with nominations coming from the TIME100 alumni. Only the winner of the Readers Poll, conducted days before the official list is revealed, is chosen by the general public, included in the list eleven times, Barack Obama is the person who has been listed most often. The list was started with a debate at a symposium in Washington, the list was first published in 1999, when Time magazine named the 100 most influential people of the 20th century. Based on the popularity of the installment, in 2004, Time magazine decided to make it an annual issue and those recognized fall in one of five categories, Leaders & Revolutionaries, Builders & Titans, Artists & Entertainers, Scientists & Thinkers, Heroes & Icons. A record of 41 women are included in the edition, the highest number of personalities in the lists history. The annual gala was held on April 29,2014 in New York City and they are artists and activists, reformers and researchers, heads of state and captains of industry. Their ideas spark dialogue and dissent and sometimes even revolution, welcome to this years TIME100. The announcement was celebrated with an event in New York City on April 26,2011. The honorees were joined by A-list celebrities at Frederick P. Rose Hall, Time readers contributed to the selection by an online vote of over 200 finalists. The list included familiar global newsmakers such as U. S. President Barack Obama, the list included numerous figures representing the year of upheaval in the Middle East ranging from rebels, to political leaders to news correspondents. Although the events of what has been dubbed the Arab Spring were prominent, additionally, Prince William of Wales and Kate Middleton were part of the list during the week before their wedding. The list also included Katsunobu Sakurai, mayor of Minamisōma, Fukushima, list of individuals included in the TIME100 in 2010 In its online presentation, Time introduced the list as follows, In our annual TIME100 issue, we name the people who most affect our world. Oprah Winfrey continued her streak of having been included on every Time 100 list and was one of women on the list. The list included many expected names and some such as Scott Brown. Others who were considered surprise selections included Elton John, Ashton Kutcher, the announcement of the list was celebrated by a black tie gala at the Time Warner Center in New York City on May 4,2010. The list was published the following day, Time readers contributed to the selection by an online vote of over 200 finalists
