Dormer
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A dormer is a roofed structure, often containing a window, that projects vertically beyond the plane of a pitched roof. A dormer window is a form of roof window.
Dormer window of the Building of Préfecture de police de Paris (île de la Cité)
Gable dormers at Hospices de Beaune in Beaune, France
Pair of hip roof dormer windows on the Howard Memorial Hall, Letchworth
Gable fronted dormer (shallow instance wholly glazed)
Mansard roof
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A mansard or mansard roof is a multi-sided gambrel-style hip roof characterised by two slopes on each of its sides, with the lower slope at a steeper angle than the upper, and often punctured by dormer windows. The steep roofline and windows allow for additional floors of habitable space, and reduce the overall height of the roof for a given number of habitable storeys. The upper slope of the roof may not be visible from street level when viewed from close proximity to the building.
A mansard roof on the Château de Dampierre, by Jules Hardouin-Mansart, great-nephew of François Mansart
Mansard rooftops along Boulevard Haussmann in Paris constructed during the Second French Empire.
The Landed Gentry House in Szczecin, Poland
The Hôtel de Besenval in Paris. The mansard roof was added in 1866.