1.
Winnipeg
–
Winnipeg is the capital and largest city of the province of Manitoba in Canada. It is located near the centre of North America and is 110 kilometres from the U. S. border. It is also the place of the confluence of the Red, the city is named after the nearby Lake Winnipeg, the name comes from the Western Cree words for muddy water. The region was a centre for aboriginal peoples long before the arrival of Europeans. French traders built the first fort on the site in 1738, a settlement was later founded by the Selkirk settlers of the Red River Colony in 1812, the nucleus of which was incorporated as the City of Winnipeg in 1873. As of 2011, Winnipeg is the seventh most populated municipality in Canada, being located very far inland, the local climate is extremely seasonal even by Canadian standards with average January lows of around −21 °C and average July highs of 26 °C. Known as the Gateway to the West, Winnipeg is a railway, Winnipeg was the first Canadian host of the Pan American Games. It is home to professional sports franchises, including the Winnipeg Blue Bombers, the Winnipeg Jets, Manitoba Moose. Winnipeg lies at the confluence of the Assiniboine and the Red River of the North and this point was at the crossroads of canoe routes travelled by First Nations before European contact. Winnipeg is named after nearby Lake Winnipeg, the name is a transcription of the Western Cree words for muddy or brackish water. Estimates of the date of first settlement in this area are varied, in 1805, Canadian colonists observed First Nations peoples engaged in farming activity along the Red River. The practice quickly expanded, driven by the demand by traders for provisions, the rivers provided an extensive transportation network linking northern First Peoples with those to the south along the Missouri and Mississippi rivers. The Ojibwe made some of the first maps on birch bark, sieur de La Vérendrye built the first fur trading post on the site in 1738, called Fort Rouge. French trading continued at this site for decades before the arrival of the British Hudsons Bay Company after France ceded the territory following its defeat in the Seven Years War. Many French and later British men who were trappers married First Nations women, their mixed-race children hunted, traded and they gradually developed as an ethnicity known as the Métis because of sharing a traditional culture. Lord Selkirk was involved with the first permanent settlement, the purchase of land from the Hudsons Bay Company, the North West Company built Fort Gibraltar in 1809, and the Hudsons Bay Company built Fort Douglas in 1812, both in the area of present-day Winnipeg. The two companies competed fiercely over trade, the Métis and Lord Selkirks settlers fought at the Battle of Seven Oaks in 1816. In 1821, the Hudsons Bay and North West Companies merged, Fort Gibraltar was renamed Fort Garry in 1822 and became the leading post in the region for the Hudsons Bay Company
2.
Manitoba
–
Manitoba is a province at the longitudinal centre of Canada. It is one of the three provinces and Canadas fifth-most populous province with its estimated 1.3 million people. Manitoba covers 649,950 square kilometres with a varied landscape. Aboriginal peoples have inhabited what is now Manitoba for thousands of years, in the late 17th century, fur traders arrived in the area when it was part of Ruperts Land and owned by the Hudsons Bay Company. In 1869, negotiations for the creation of the province of Manitoba led to an uprising of the Métis people against the Government of Canada. The rebellions resolution led to the Parliament of Canada passing the Manitoba Act in 1870 that created the province, Manitobas capital and largest city, Winnipeg, is Canadas eighth-largest census metropolitan area. Winnipeg is the seat of government, home to the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba, four of the provinces five universities and all four of its professional sports teams are in Winnipeg. The name Manitoba is believed to be derived from the Cree, the name derives from Cree manitou-wapow or Ojibwa manidoobaa, both meaning straits of Manitou, the Great Spirit, a place referring to what are now called The Narrows in the centre of Lake Manitoba. It may also be from the Assiniboine for Lake of the Prairie, the lake was known to French explorers as Lac des Prairies. Thomas Spence chose the name to refer to a new republic he proposed for the south of the lake. Métis leader Louis Riel also chose the name, and it was accepted in Ottawa under the Manitoba Act of 1870 and it adjoins Hudson Bay to the northeast, and is the only prairie province to have a saltwater coastline. The Port of Churchill is Canadas only Arctic deep-water port and the shortest shipping route between North America and Asia, Lake Winnipeg is the tenth-largest freshwater lake in the world. Hudson Bay is the worlds second-largest bay, Manitoba is at the heart of the giant Hudson Bay watershed, once known as Ruperts Land. It was a area of the Hudsons Bay Company, with many rivers. The province has a saltwater coastline bordering Hudson Bay and more than 110,000 lakes, Manitobas major lakes are Lake Manitoba, Lake Winnipegosis, and Lake Winnipeg, the tenth-largest freshwater lake in the world. Some traditional Native lands and boreal forest on Lake Winnipegs east side are a proposed UNESCO World Heritage Site. Manitoba is at the centre of the Hudson Bay drainage basin, with a volume of the water draining into Lake Winnipeg. This basins rivers reach far west to the mountains, far south into the United States, major watercourses include the Red, Assiniboine, Nelson, Winnipeg, Hayes, Whiteshell and Churchill rivers
3.
Banff Centre
–
Banff Centre for Arts and Creativity, formerly known as The Banff Centre, located in Banff, Alberta, was established in 1933 as the Banff School of Drama. It was granted autonomy as a non-degree granting post-secondary educational institution in 1978. It offers arts programs in the performing and fine arts, as well as leadership training, Banff Centre is a member of the Alberta Rural Development Network. On June 23,2016, Banff Centre announced a new name and released a new brand identity and it is now called Banff Centre for Arts and Creativity, and its new mission is to inspire artists and leaders to make their unique contribution to society. The Centre was founded in 1933 by the University of Alberta, initially only drama courses were offered. In 1935 the Centre became known as The Banff School of Fine Arts, as arts programming continued to succeed and develop, conferences were introduced in 1953 and management programs in 1954. The facility was renamed The Banff Centre for Continuing Education in 1970, the Centre was granted full autonomy as a non-degree granting educational institution under the governance of a board of directors by the Province of Alberta in 1978. The Centre is now affiliated with the University of Calgary, which became its trustee, in the mid-1990s, in response to a cut in its provincial operating grant, the Centre launched a capital campaign. Proceeds were used to develop conference and arts facilities, which opened in 1996, the Centre was designated as a National Training Institute by the federal government in 1999, and became home to the Banff International Research Station in 2003. The Centres name was changed to The Banff Centre in 2008. Programs include residencies, workshops, practicum programs, the Leighton Artists’ Colony, the approval to acquire CFPE and CFPF from the Friends of Banff was granted on July 19,2013, while the new station was approved on August 6,2013. The centre formally launched its new community radio programming on the stations in June 2014. By 2015, however, CJXB had still not launched when the Banff Centre decided to all three radio stations in order to focus on a podcasting strategy. The CRTC revoked the CFPE and CFPF licenses on April 10,2015, Banff Centre for Arts and Creativity facilities offer a range of resources to support artists across all disciplines. The writers’ lounge serves as a literary hub, while the Library and Archives house a collection of materials with a focus on the visual. Tucked away in the forest on campus, the Leighton Artists’ Colony has nine studio cottages to inspire artistic practice with opportunities to interact with the larger Banff Centre community, in addition to its arts programming, conferences were introduced in 1953 and management programs in 1954. Banff Centre hosts 500 conferences a year, with proceeds dedicated to supporting arts programming, in 2003, it became host to the Banff International Research Station for Mathematical Innovation and Discovery. Banff Centre – official site Banff International Research Station for Mathematical Innovation and Discovery – official site
4.
HAL 9000
–
HAL9000 is a fictional character and the main antagonist in Arthur C. First appearing in 2001, A Space Odyssey, HAL is a sentient computer that controls the systems of the Discovery One spacecraft and interacts with the ships astronaut crew. Part of HALs hardware is shown towards the end of the film, HAL9000 is voiced by Douglas Rain in the two film adaptations of the Space Odyssey series and a short film voiced by Andrew Stanton. HAL speaks in a soft, calm voice and a manner, in contrast to the crewmen, David Bowman. In the film 2001, HAL became operational on 12 January 1992 at the HAL Laboratories in Urbana, the activation year was 1991 in earlier screenplays and changed to 1997 in Clarkes novelization of the movie. HAL became operational in Urbana, Illinois, at the HAL Plant, the film says this occurred in 1992, while the book gives 1997 as HALs birth year. In 2001, A Space Odyssey, HAL is initially considered a member of the crew, maintaining ship functions. As a recreational activity, Frank Poole plays against HAL in a game of chess, in the film the artificial intelligence is shown to triumph easily. However, as time progresses, HAL begins to malfunction in subtle ways and, as a result, the sequence of events and manner in which HAL is shut down differs between the novel and film versions of the story. In the aforementioned game of chess HAL makes minor and undetected mistakes in his analysis and they attempt to conceal what they are saying, but are unaware that HAL can read their lips. Faced with the prospect of disconnection, HAL decides to kill the astronauts in order to protect and continue its programmed directives, HAL uses one of the Discoverys EVA pods to kill Poole while he is repairing the ship. When Bowman uses another pod to attempt to rescue Poole, HAL locks him out of the ship, Dave circumvents HALs control, entering the ship by manually opening an emergency airlock with his service pods clamps, detaching the pod door via its explosive bolts. Bowman jumps across empty space, reenters Discovery, and quickly re-pressurizes the airlock, with the crew dead, HAL reasons, he would not need to lie to them. In the novel, the orders to disconnect HAL come from Dave, Dave begins to revive his hibernating crew mates, but is foiled when HAL vents the ships atmosphere into the vacuum of space, killing the awakening crew members and almost killing Dave. Dave is only saved when he finds his way to an emergency chamber which has its own oxygen supply. In both versions, Bowman then proceeds to shut down the machine, in the film, HALs central core is depicted as a crawlspace full of brightly lit computer modules mounted in arrays from which they can be inserted or removed. Bowman shuts down HAL by removing modules from service one by one, as he does so, HAL regurgitates material that was programmed into him early in his memory, including announcing the date he became operational as 12 January 1992. When HALs logic is completely gone, he begins singing the song Daisy Bell, HALs final act of any significance is to prematurely play a prerecorded message from Mission Control which reveals the true reasons for the mission to Jupiter
5.
2001: A Space Odyssey (film)
–
2001, A Space Odyssey is a 1968 epic science-fiction film produced and directed by Stanley Kubrick. The screenplay was written by Kubrick and Arthur C, Clarke, partially inspired by Clarkes short story The Sentinel. Clarke concurrently wrote the novel 2001, A Space Odyssey, published soon after the film was released, the film follows a voyage to Jupiter with the sentient computer Hal after the discovery of a mysterious black monolith affecting human evolution. It deals with the themes of existentialism, human evolution, technology, artificial intelligence and it is noted for its scientifically accurate depiction of space flight, pioneering special effects, and ambiguous imagery. It uses sound and minimal dialogue in place of narrative techniques, the soundtrack consists of classical music such as Gayane Ballet Suite, The Blue Danube. Production was subcontracted to Kubricks production company, and care was taken that the film would be sufficiently British to qualify for subsidy from the Eady Levy, Kubrick had shot his previous two films in England and decided to settle there permanently during filming. 2001, A Space Odyssey initially received mixed reactions from critics and audiences and it was nominated for four Academy Awards and received one for its visual effects. The sequel 2010 was released in 1984, directed by Peter Hyams, Today,2001, A Space Odyssey is widely regarded as one of the greatest and most influential films ever made. In 1991, it was deemed culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant by the United States Library of Congress, in 2010, it was named the greatest film of all time by The Moving Arts Film Journal. In an African desert millions of years ago, a tribe of ape-men is driven away from their water hole by a rival tribe and they awaken to find a featureless black monolith has appeared before them. Guided in some fashion by the monolith, they learn how to use a bone as a weapon and drive their rivals away from the water hole. Millions of years later, a Pan Am space plane carries Dr. Heywood Floyd to a station orbiting Earth for a layover on his trip to Clavius Base. After Floyd has a call with his daughter, his Soviet scientist friend. At Clavius, Floyd heads a meeting of base personnel, apologizing for the cover story. His mission is to investigate a recently found artifact buried four years ago. Floyd and others ride in a Moonbus to the artifact, an identical to the one encountered by the ape-men. Sunlight strikes the monolith and a loud high-pitched radio signal is heard, eighteen months later, the United States spacecraft Discovery One is bound for Jupiter. On board are mission pilots and scientists Dr. David Bowman and Dr. Frank Poole, most of Discoverys operations are controlled by the ships computer, HAL9000, referred to by the crew as Hal
6.
2010 (film)
–
2010 is a 1984 American science fiction film written, produced and directed by Peter Hyams. It is a sequel to Stanley Kubricks 1968 film 2001, A Space Odyssey, clarkes 1982 sequel novel 2010, Odyssey Two. Roy Scheider, Helen Mirren, Bob Balaban and John Lithgow star, along with Keir Dullea, heywood Floyd, who resigned his position as head of the National Council for Astronautics. While an international dispute causes tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union, both nations prepare space missions to determine what happened to the Discovery. The US government agrees to a joint mission when it is determined that Discovery will crash into Jupiters moon Io before Discovery Two is ready, Floyd, along with Discovery designer Walter Curnow and HAL 9000s creator Dr. Chandra, joins the Soviet mission. Upon arriving at Jupiter, the crew detect signs of life on Jupiters seemingly barren moon Europa and they send an unmanned probe down to Europa to investigate the unusual readings, but just as it finds the source, a mysterious energy burst destroys the probe and its data. The burst then flies toward Jupiter, the Soviets believe the burst was simply electrostatic build-up, but Floyd suspects it was a warning to stay away from Europa. After surviving a dangerous braking maneuver around Jupiters upper atmosphere, the Leonov crew find the abandoned Discovery floating in space, Curnow reactivates the ship and Chandra restarts HAL, who had been deactivated by Dave Bowman before his disappearance nine years earlier. Also nearby is the giant alien Monolith that the Discovery was originally sent to investigate, cosmonaut Max Brailovsky travels to the Monolith in an EVA pod, at which point the Monolith briefly opens with a burst of energy, sending Maxs pod spinning off into space. On Earth, Dave Bowman, now an incorporeal being exists inside the Monolith, appears on his wifes television screen. He also visits his ill mother just before she dies. Although the order bears his signature, Floyd is outraged that this was done without his knowledge, on Earth, tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union escalate to a state of war. The Americans are instructed to leave the Leonov and move to the Discovery, both crews plan to leave Jupiter separately when a launch window opens in several weeks, however, Bowman appears to Floyd and says it is imperative that everybody leave within two days. Stunned by Bowmans appearance, Floyd returns to the Leonov to confer with Captain Tanya Kirbuk, the Monolith then suddenly disappears, and a growing black spot appears on Jupiter itself. The spot is actually a vast group of Monoliths that are constantly multiplying, the Monoliths begin shrinking Jupiters volume, increasing the planets density, and modifying its chemical composition. This convinces the two crews that they must leave soon, since neither ship can reach Earth with an early departure, they work together to use the Discovery as a booster rocket for the Leonov, though it means the Discoverys and HALs destruction. HAL is left in the dark about the purpose of the operation. When Chandra tells him the truth, HAL willingly continues the countdown to save the humans, the Monoliths engulf Jupiter, causing nuclear fusion that transforms the planet into a small star
7.
Canadians
–
Canadians are people identified with the country of Canada. This connection may be residential, legal, historical, or cultural, for most Canadians, several of these connections exist and are collectively the source of their being Canadian. Elements of Aboriginal, French, British and more recent immigrant customs, languages and religions have combined to form the culture of Canada, Canada has also been strongly influenced by its linguistic, geographic and economic neighbour, the United States. Canadian independence from the United Kingdom grew gradually over the course of years since the formation of the Canadian Confederation in 1867. World War I and World War II in particular gave rise to a desire among Canadians to have their country recognized as a sovereign state with a distinct citizenship. Canadas nationality law closely mirrored that of the United Kingdom, legislation since the mid 20th century represents Canadians commitment to multilateralism and socioeconomic development. As of 2010, Canadians make up 0. 5% of the total population, having relied upon immigration for population growth. Approximately 41% of current Canadians are first- or second-generation immigrants, and 20 percent of Canadian residents in the 2000s were not born in the country. Statistics Canada projects that, by 2031, nearly one-half of Canadians above the age of 15 will be foreign-born or have one foreign-born parent. Aboriginal peoples, according to the 2011 Canadian Census, numbered at 1,400,685 or 4. 3% of the countrys 33,476,688 population. The French originally settled New France, in present-day Quebec and Ontario, approximately 100 Irish-born families would settle the Saint Lawrence Valley by 1700, assimilating into the Canadien population and culture. This arrival of newcomers led to the creation of the Métis, after the War of 1812, British, Scottish and Irish immigration was encouraged throughout Ruperts Land, Upper Canada and Lower Canada. Between 1815 and 1850, some 800,000 immigrants came to the colonies of British North America and these new arrivals included some Gaelic-speaking Highland Scots displaced by the Highland Clearances to Nova Scotia. Descendants of Francophone and Anglophone northern Europeans who arrived in the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries are often referred to as old stock Canadians. Beginning in the late 1850s, the immigration of Chinese into the Colony of Vancouver Island, the Chinese Immigration Act of 1885 eventually placed a head tax on all Chinese immigrants, in hopes of discouraging Chinese immigration after completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway. The population of Canada has consistently risen, doubling approximately every 40 years, from the mid- to late 19th century, Canada had a policy of assisting immigrants from Europe, including an estimated 100,000 unwanted Home Children from Britain. Block settlement communities were established throughout western Canada between the late 19th and early 20th centuries, some were planned and others were spontaneously created by the settlers themselves. Canada was now receiving a number of European immigrants, predominantly Italians, Germans, Scandinavians, Dutch, Poles
8.
Banff, Alberta
–
Banff /bænf/ is a town within Banff National Park in Alberta, Canada. It is located in Albertas Rockies along the Trans-Canada Highway, approximately 126 km west of Calgary and 58 km east of Lake Louise. At an elevation of 1,400 m to 1,630 m, the Town of Banff was the first municipality to incorporate within a Canadian national park. The town is a member of the Calgary Regional Partnership, Banff is a resort town and one of Canadas most popular tourist destinations, known for its mountainous surroundings and hot springs. It is a destination for sports and features extensive hiking, biking, scrambling and skiing areas within the area. Sunshine Village, Ski Norquay and Lake Louise Mountain Resort are the three ski resorts located within the national park. Banff was first settled in the 1880s, after the railway was built through the Bow Valley. In 1883, three Canadian Pacific Railway workers stumbled upon a series of hot springs on the side of Sulphur Mountain. In 1885, Canada established a reserve of 26 km2 around the Cave and Basin hot springs. In 1887, the area was increased to 673 km2. This was the beginning of Canadas National Park system, the area was named Banff in 1884 by George Stephen, president of the Canadian Pacific Railway, recalling his birthplace in Banff, Scotland. The Canadian Pacific built a series of hotels along the rail line. The Banff townsite was developed near the station as a service centre for tourists visiting the park. It was administered by the Government of Canadas national parks system until 1990 when the Town of Banff became the incorporated municipality within a Canadian national park. An Internment camp was set up at Banff and Castle Mountain in Dominion Park from July 1915 to July 1917, in 1985, the United Nations declared Banff National Park, as one of the Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks, a World Heritage Site. Banff remains one of the most popular tourist destinations in Canada, one of the most notable figures of Banff was Norman Luxton, who was known as Mr. Banff. He and his family helped organize the Banff Indian Days and the Banff Winter Carnival, in 1976, the International Astronomical Unions Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature officially adopted the name Banff for a crater on Mars, after the town in Alberta. The crater is at latitude 17. 7° north and longitude 30. 8° west and it is surrounded by mountains, notably Mount Rundle, Sulphur Mountain, Mount Norquay, and Cascade Mountain
9.
Alberta
–
Alberta is a western province of Canada. With an estimated population of 4,196,457 as of July 1,2015, it is Canadas fourth-most populous province and its area is about 660,000 square kilometres. Alberta and its neighbour Saskatchewan were districts of the Northwest Territories until they were established as provinces on September 1,1905, the premier has been Rachel Notley since May 2015. Alberta is bounded by the provinces of British Columbia to the west and Saskatchewan to the east, the Northwest Territories to the north, and the U. S. state of Montana to the south. Alberta is one of three Canadian provinces and territories to only a single U. S. state and one of only two landlocked provinces. About 290 km south of the capital is Calgary, the largest city in Alberta, Calgary and Edmonton centre Albertas two census metropolitan areas, both of which have populations exceeding one million, while the province has 16 census agglomerations. Tourist destinations in the province include Banff, Canmore, Drumheller, Jasper, Alberta is named after Princess Louise Caroline Alberta, the fourth daughter of Victoria, Queen of Canada, and Albert, Prince Consort. Princess Louise was the wife of John Campbell, Marquess of Lorne, Lake Louise and Mount Alberta were also named in her honour. Alberta, with an area of 661,848 km2, is the fourth largest province after Quebec, Ontario and British Columbia. To the south, the borders on the 49th parallel north, separating it from the US state of Montana. The province extends 1,223 km north to south and 660 km east to west at its maximum width, with the exception of the semi-arid steppe of the south-eastern section, the province has adequate water resources. There are numerous rivers and lakes used for swimming, fishing, there are three large lakes, Lake Claire in Wood Buffalo National Park, Lesser Slave Lake, and Lake Athabasca which lies in both Alberta and Saskatchewan. The longest river in the province is the Athabasca River which travels 1,538 km from the Columbia Icefield in the Rocky Mountains to Lake Athabasca, the largest river is the Peace River with an average flow of 2161 m3/s. The Peace River originates in the Rocky Mountains of northern British Columbia and flows through northern Alberta and into the Slave River, Albertas capital city, Edmonton, is located approximately in the geographic centre of the province. It is the most northerly city in Canada, and serves as a gateway. The region, with its proximity to Canadas largest oil fields, has most of western Canadas oil refinery capacity, Calgary is located approximately 280 km south of Edmonton and 240 km north of Montana, surrounded by extensive ranching country. Almost 75% of the population lives in the Calgary–Edmonton Corridor. The land grant policy to the served as a means to populate the province in its early years
10.
Bristol
–
Bristol is a city and county in South West England with a population of 449,300 in 2016. The district has the 10th largest population in England, while the Bristol metropolitan area is the 12th largest in the United Kingdom, the city borders North Somerset and South Gloucestershire, with the cities of Bath and Gloucester to the south-east and north-east, respectively. Iron Age hill forts and Roman villas were built near the confluence of the rivers Frome and Avon, Bristol received a royal charter in 1155 and was historically divided between Gloucestershire and Somerset until 1373, when it became a county of itself. From the 13th to the 18th century, Bristol was among the top three English cities after London in tax receipts, Bristol was surpassed by the rapid rise of Manchester, Liverpool and Birmingham in the Industrial Revolution. Bristol was a place for early voyages of exploration to the New World. On a ship out of Bristol in 1497 John Cabot, a Venetian, in 1499 William Weston, a Bristol merchant, was the first Englishman to lead an exploration to North America. At the height of the Bristol slave trade, from 1700 to 1807, the Port of Bristol has since moved from Bristol Harbour in the city centre to the Severn Estuary at Avonmouth and Royal Portbury Dock. Bristols modern economy is built on the media, electronics and aerospace industries. The city has the largest circulating community currency in the U. K. - the Bristol pound, which is pegged to the Pound sterling. It is connected to London and other major UK cities by road, rail, sea and air by the M5 and M4, Bristol Temple Meads and Bristol Parkway mainline rail stations, and Bristol Airport. The Sunday Times named it as the best city in Britain in which to live in 2014 and 2017, the most ancient recorded name for Bristol is the archaic Welsh Caer Odor, which is consistent with modern understanding that early Bristol developed between the River Frome and Avon Gorge. It is most commonly stated that the Saxon name Bricstow was a calque of the existing Celtic name, with Bric a literal translation of Odor. Alternative etymologies are supported with the numerous variations in Medieval documents with Samuel Seyer enumerating 47 alternative forms. The Old English form Brycgstow is commonly used to derive the meaning place at the bridge, utilizing another form, Brastuile, Rev. Dr. Shaw derived the name from the Celtic words bras, or braos and tuile. The poet Thomas Chatterton popularised a derivation from Brictricstow linking the town to Brictric and it appears that the form Bricstow prevailed until 1204, and the Bristolian L is what eventually changed the name to Bristol. Iron Age hill forts near the city are at Leigh Woods and Clifton Down, on the side of the Avon Gorge, a Roman settlement, Abona, existed at what is now Sea Mills, another was at the present-day Inns Court. Isolated Roman villas and small forts and settlements were scattered throughout the area. Bristol was founded by 1000, by about 1020, it was a centre with a mint producing silver pennies bearing its name
11.
England
–
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
12.
Stratford Festival
–
Founded by Tom Patterson, the Stratford Festival, was formerly known as the Stratford Shakespearean, Shakespeare Festival and then Stratford Shakespeare Festival before changing to the current name. This an internationally recognized annual repertory theatre festival running annually from April to October in the Canadian city of Stratford, theatre-goers, actors, and playwrights flock to Stratford to take part — many of the greatest Canadian, British, and American actors play roles at the Stratford festival. It was one of the first and is one of the most prominent arts festivals in Canada and is recognized worldwide for its productions of Shakespearean plays. For some years, Shakespeares work typically represented about a third of the offerings in the largest venue, by 2017 however, only three of the 14 productions were Shakespeares works. The success of the dramatically changed the image of Stratford into one of a city where the arts. The festival attracts tourists from outside Canada, mainly those British and American. Alec Guinness and Irene Worth were among the cast of Stratfords inaugural performance of Richard III on July 13,1953, schulman, Djanet Sears, Kathryn Shaw, Jennifer Tarver. On 17 February 2015, AP News reported that the Stratford Shakespeare Festival plans to all of Shakespeares plays. Stratford was a junction and major locomotive shop, and was facing a disastrous loss of employment with the imminent elimination of steam power. Patterson achieved his goal after gaining encouragement from Mayor David Simpson and the council. Already established in Canadian theatre, Dora Mavor Moore helped put Patterson in touch with British actor and director Tyrone Guthrie and this first performances took place in a concrete amphitheatre covered by giant canvas tent on the banks of the River Avon. The 1954 season ran for nine weeks and included Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex, young actors during the first four seasons included several who went on to great success in subsequent years, Douglas Campbell, Timothy Findley, Don Harron, William Hutt and Douglas Rain. Fund raising to build a permanent theatre was slow but was helped significantly by donations from Governor General Vincent Massey, the new Festival Theatre was dedicated on 30 June 1957, with seating for over 1,800 people, none are more than 65 feet from the stage. The design was intended to resemble a huge tent. That seasons productions included Hamlet, Twelfth Night, the satirical My Fur Lady, The Turn of the Screw, the 2017 season, with all-Canadian directors, offers a wide range of productions. Those at the Festival Theatre include Twelfth Night, Romeo and Juliet, Taming of the Shrew, Molière’s Tartuffe and Guys, other classics HMS Pinafore, The School for Scandal and a new version of R. L. Stevenson’s Treasure Island. The Festival runs from April to October, and has four permanent venues, the Festival Theatre, the Avon Theatre, the Tom Patterson Theatre, and the Studio Theatre. Although the Festivals primary mandate is to produce the works of Shakespeare, its season playbills include a variety of classical and contemporary works and at least one musical
13.
Stratford, Ontario
–
Stratford is a city on the Avon River in Perth County in southwestern Ontario, Canada, with a population of 31,465 in 2016 in a land area of 28.28 square kilometers. Stratford is the seat of Perth County which was settled by English, Irish, Scottish and German immigrants, in almost equal numbers, starting in the 1820s but primarily in the 1830s and 1840s. Most became farmers, and even today, the area around Stratford is known for mixed farming, dairying, when the area which is now Stratford was first settled in 1832, the townsite and the river were named after Stratford-upon-Avon, England. Stratford was incorporated as a town in 1859 and as a city in 1886, the first mayor was John Corry Wilson Daly and the current mayor is Dan Mathieson. The swan has become a symbol of the city, each year twenty-four white swans are released into the Avon River. In 1832, the development of an area called Little Thames as the centre for the eastern Huron Tract began. By 1834 a tavern, sawmill and grist mill had opened, the Smiths Canadian Gazetteer of 1846 describes Stratford as follows, Stratford contains about 200 inhabitants. Post Office, post three times a-week, settlement was slow until the early 1850s when the railway arrived. Furniture manufacturing and railway locomotive repairs were the most important parts of the economy by the twentieth century. In 1933 a general strike, started by the workers and led by the Communist Workers Unity League. The Grand Trunk Railway locomotive repair shops were the major employer for many years,1832 - Thomas Mercer Jones, an agent of the Canada Company, names the village Stratford and renames the portion of the Thames River running through it the Avon River. The first sawmill, hotel and gristmill are opened,1834, The community has a tavern, sawmill and grist mill, in 1835 the first post office opens. 1849 - The Perth County News is Stratfords first weekly newspaper,1853 - Perth County is created, with Stratford as its county seat. 1854 - Stratford is incorporated as a village,1856 - Stratford becomes a railway town with the arrival of the Grand Trunk and Buffalo-Lake Huron railways. 1859 - Stratford is incorporated as a town,1864 - The 17-year-old American telegraph operator Thomas Edison briefly lived at 19 Grange Street. 1871, A major railway repair yard opens and helps accelerate the population growth,1885 - Stratford is incorporated as a city with a population of 9000. 1887 - The second and current Perth County Court House opens, it is praised for its High Victorian architecture, with several Queen Anne features,1898 The massive red brick town hall, in the Victorian Picturesque style, with a prominent clock tower, is completed. 1903 - The first public library opens, built with $15,000 of financial assistance from American steel magnate Andrew Carnegie,1908 - The Stratford Normal School opens to train teachers, from 1953 on, it is called the Stratford Teachers College
14.
Ontario
–
Ontario, one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada, is located in east-central Canada. It is Canadas most populous province by a margin, accounting for nearly 40 percent of all Canadians. Ontario is fourth-largest in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and it is home to the nations capital city, Ottawa, and the nations most populous city, Toronto. There is only about 1 km of land made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border. Ontario is sometimes divided into two regions, Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario. The great majority of Ontarios population and arable land is located in the south, in contrast, the larger, northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and is heavily forested. The province is named after Lake Ontario, a thought to be derived from Ontarí, io, a Huron word meaning great lake, or possibly skanadario. Ontario has about 250,000 freshwater lakes, the province consists of three main geographical regions, The thinly populated Canadian Shield in the northwestern and central portions, which comprises over half the land area of Ontario. Although this area mostly does not support agriculture, it is rich in minerals and in part covered by the Central and Midwestern Canadian Shield forests, studded with lakes, Northern Ontario is subdivided into two sub-regions, Northwestern Ontario and Northeastern Ontario. The virtually unpopulated Hudson Bay Lowlands in the north and northeast, mainly swampy. Southern Ontario which is further sub-divided into four regions, Central Ontario, Eastern Ontario, Golden Horseshoe, the highest point is Ishpatina Ridge at 693 metres above sea level located in Temagami, Northeastern Ontario. In the south, elevations of over 500 m are surpassed near Collingwood, above the Blue Mountains in the Dundalk Highlands, the Carolinian forest zone covers most of the southwestern region of the province. A well-known geographic feature is Niagara Falls, part of the Niagara Escarpment, the Saint Lawrence Seaway allows navigation to and from the Atlantic Ocean as far inland as Thunder Bay in Northwestern Ontario. Northern Ontario occupies roughly 87 percent of the area of the province. Point Pelee is a peninsula of Lake Erie in southwestern Ontario that is the southernmost extent of Canadas mainland, Pelee Island and Middle Island in Lake Erie extend slightly farther. All are south of 42°N – slightly farther south than the border of California. The climate of Ontario varies by season and location, the effects of these major air masses on temperature and precipitation depend mainly on latitude, proximity to major bodies of water and to a small extent, terrain relief. In general, most of Ontarios climate is classified as humid continental, Ontario has three main climatic regions
15.
Henry V (play)
–
Henry V is a history play by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written around 1599. It tells the story of King Henry V of England, focusing on events immediately before, in the First Quarto text, it was entitled The Cronicle History of Henry the fift, which became The Life of Henry the Fifth in the First Folio text. The play is the part of a tetralogy, preceded by Richard II, Henry IV, Part 1. In Henry V, the prince has become a mature man. Elizabethan stages did not use scenery, acknowledging the difficulty of conveying great battles and shifts of location on a bare stage, the Chorus calls for a Muse of fire so that the actor playing King Henry can ssume the port of Mars. He asks, Can this cockpit hold / The vasty fields of France, and encourages the audience to use their imaginary forces to overcome the stages limitations, Piece out our imperfections with your thoughts. The early scenes deal with the embarkation of Henrys fleet for France, when the Chorus reappears, he describes the countrys dedication to the war effort – They sell the pasture now to buy the horse. The chorus tells the audience, Well not offend one stomach with our play, at the siege of Harfleur, Henry utters one of Shakespeares best-known speeches, beginning Once more unto the breach, dear friends. He agonizes about the burden of being king, noting that a king is only a man. Before the battle, Henry rallies his troops with the famous St Crispins Day Speech, referring to we few, we happy few, following the victory at Agincourt, Henry attempts to woo the French princess, Catherine of Valois. This is difficult because neither speaks the language well. As with all of Shakespeares serious plays, also a number of comic characters appear whose activities contrast with. In this case, they are mostly common soldiers in Henrys army, and they include Pistol, Nym, and Bardolph from the Henry IV plays. The army also includes a Scot, an Irishman, and an Englishman, and Fluellen, the play also deals briefly with the death of Falstaff, Henrys estranged friend from the Henry IV plays, whom Henry had rejected at the end of Henry IV, Part 2. An earlier play, the Famous Victories of Henry V is also believed to have been a model for the work. On the basis of an apparent allusion to Essexs mission to quell Tyrones Rebellion, Q1 of Henry V is a bad quarto, a shortened version of the play that might be an infringing copy or reported text. A second quarto, a reprint of Q1, was published in 1602 by Pavier, another reprint was issued as Q3 in 1619, the superior text first was printed in the First Folio in 1623. Readers and audiences have interpreted the play’s attitude to warfare in several different ways, on the one hand, it seems to celebrate Henrys invasion of France and valorises military might
16.
Tony Award
–
The Antoinette Perry Award for Excellence in Theatre, more commonly known as the Tony Award, recognizes excellence in live Broadway theatre. The awards are presented by the American Theatre Wing and The Broadway League at a ceremony in New York City. The awards are given for Broadway productions and performances, and an award is given for regional theatre, several discretionary non-competitive awards are also given, including a Special Tony Award, the Tony Honors for Excellence in Theatre, and the Isabelle Stevenson Award. The awards are named after Antoinette Tony Perry, co-founder of the American Theatre Wing, the rules for the Tony Awards are set forth in the official document Rules and Regulations of The American Theatre Wings Tony Awards, which applies for that season only. It also forms the fourth spoke in the EGOT, that is someone who has won all four awards, the Tony Awards are also considered the equivalent of the Laurence Olivier Award in the United Kingdom and the Molière Award of France. From 1997 to 2010, the Tony Awards ceremony was held at Radio City Music Hall in New York City in June and broadcast live on CBS television, except in 1999, in 2011 and 2012, the ceremony was held at the Beacon Theatre. From 2013 to 2015, the 67th, 68th, and 69th ceremonies returned to Radio City Music Hall, the 70th Tony Awards were held on June 12,2016 at the Beacon Theatre. The 71st Tony Awards will be held on June 11,2017, as of 2014, there are 24 categories of awards, plus several special awards. Starting with 11 awards in 1947, the names and number of categories have changed over the years, some examples, the category Best Book of a Musical was originally called Best Author. The category of Best Costume Design was one of the original awards, for two years, in 1960 and 1961, this category was split into Best Costume Designer and Best Costume Designer. It then went to a category, but in 2005 it was divided again. For the category of Best Director of a Play, a category was for directors of plays. A newly established non-competitive award, The Isabelle Stevenson Award, was given for the first time at the ceremony in 2009. The award is for an individual who has made a contribution of volunteered time and effort on behalf of one or more humanitarian. The category of Best Special Theatrical Event was retired as of the 2009–2010 season, the categories of Best Sound Design of a Play and Best Sound Design of a Musical were retired as of the 2014-2015 season. Performance categories Show and technical categories Special awards Retired awards The award was founded in 1947 by a committee of the American Theatre Wing headed by Brock Pemberton. The award is named after Antoinette Perry, nicknamed Tony, an actress, director, producer and co-founder of the American Theatre Wing, who died in 1946. As her official biography at the Tony Awards website states, At Jacob Wilks suggestion, proposed an award in her honor for distinguished stage acting, at the initial event in 1947, as he handed out an award, he called it a Tony
17.
Austin Willis
–
Austin Willis, CM was a Canadian actor and television host. He was born in Halifax, Nova Scotia, in 2002, he was made a Member of the Order of Canada. He is best known internationally for his appearance as Simmons, the man whom Auric Goldfinger beats at cards in the scenes of the James Bond film. Originally he was to have played Felix Leiter but at the last minute, in Canada, he had a varied film and TV career, ranging from the early science-fiction series Space Command, to hosting Cross-Canada Hit Parade for several years in the 1950s. In the 1970s he found new fans as the host of the game show This Is the Law. Austin Willis at the Internet Movie Database Order of Canada citation
18.
James Doohan
–
James Montgomery Jimmy Doohan was a Canadian actor and voice actor best known for his role as Montgomery Scotty Scott in the television and film series Star Trek. He also made contributions behind the scenes, such as development of the Klingon. After the war, he had extensive experience performing in radio and television, Doohan was born in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, the youngest of four children of Sarah Frances and William Patrick Doohan, who both emigrated from Bangor, County Down, Northern Ireland. His father, born in Belfast, was a pharmacist, veterinarian, and dentist, William Doohan owned a chemist shop in Main Street in Bangor, beside Trinity Presbyterian Church. Doohans father reportedly invented a form of high-octane gasoline in 1923. Doohans 1996 autobiography recounted his fathers serious alcoholism, Doohans paternal grandfather, Thomas Doohan, was Head Constable in the Royal Irish Constabulary. The family moved from Vancouver to Sarnia, Ontario, Doohan attended high school at the Sarnia Collegiate Institute and Technical School, where he excelled in mathematics and science. He enrolled in the 102nd Royal Canadian Army Cadet Corps in 1938, at the beginning of the Second World War, Doohan joined the Royal Canadian Artillery and was a member of the 14th Field Battery, 2nd Canadian Infantry Division. He was commissioned a lieutenant in the 14th Field Artillery Regiment of the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division and he was sent to England in 1940 for training. He first saw combat landing at Juno Beach on D-Day, shooting two snipers, Doohan led his men to higher ground through a field of anti-tank mines, where they took defensive positions for the night. The bullet to his chest was stopped by a cigarette case given to him by his brother. His right middle finger had to be amputated, something he would conceal during his career as an actor, all three Canadian RCAF squadrons were manned by artillery officer-pilots and accompanied by non-commissioned RCA and RCAF personnel serving as observers. Although he was never actually a member of the Royal Canadian Air Force, in the late spring of 1945, on Salisbury Plain north of RAF Andover, he slalomed a plane between telegraph poles to prove it could be done—earning himself a serious reprimand. After the war, Doohan moved to London, Ontario for further technical education, after hearing a radio drama that he knew he could do better, he recorded his voice at the local radio station, and learned about a drama school in Toronto. There he won a scholarship to the Neighborhood Playhouse in New York City, where his classmates included Leslie Nielsen, Tony Randall. In 1946, he had roles for CBC radio, starting January 12. For several years, he shuttled between Toronto and New York as work demanded and he estimated he performed in over 4,000 radio programs and 450 television programs during this period, and earned a reputation for versatility. In the mid-1950s, he appeared as forest ranger Timber Tom in the Canadian version of Howdy Doody, coincidentally, fellow Star Trek cast member William Shatner appeared simultaneously as Ranger Bill in the American version
19.
Twelfth Night
–
Twelfth Night, or What You Will is a comedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written around 1601–02 as a Twelfth Nights entertainment for the close of the Christmas season. The play centres on the twins Viola and Sebastian, who are separated in a shipwreck, Viola falls in love with Duke Orsino, who in turn is in love with the Countess Olivia. Upon meeting Viola, Countess Olivia falls in love with her thinking she is a man, the first recorded performance was on 2 February 1602, at Candlemas, the formal end of Christmastide in the years calendar. The play was not published until its inclusion in the 1623 First Folio, Illyria, the setting of Twelfth Night, is important to the plays romantic atmosphere. Illyria was an ancient region of the Western Balkans whose coast covered the coasts of modern-day Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and it included the city state of the Republic of Ragusa which has been proposed as the setting. Illyria may have suggested by the Roman comedy Menaechmi, the plot of which also involves twins who are mistaken for each other. Illyria is also referred to as a site of pirates in Shakespeares earlier play, Henry VI, the names of most of the characters are Italian but some of the comic characters have English names. Oddly, the Illyrian lady Olivia has an English uncle, Sir Toby Belch and it has been noted that the plays setting also has other English allusions such as Violas use of Westward ho. Viola is shipwrecked on the coast of Illyria and she comes ashore with the help of a captain and she loses contact with her twin brother, Sebastian, whom she believes to be drowned. Disguising herself as a man under the name Cesario, she enters the service of Duke Orsino through the help of the sea captain who rescues her. Duke Orsino then uses Cesario as an intermediary to profess his love before Olivia. Olivia, however, forgetting about the seven years in his case, falls in love with Cesario, in the comic subplot, several characters conspire to make Olivias pompous steward, Malvolio, believe that Olivia has fallen for him. This involves Olivias uncle, Sir Toby Belch, another suitor, a silly squire named Sir Andrew Aguecheek, her servants Maria and Fabian. Sir Toby and Sir Andrew engage themselves in drinking and revelry, thus disturbing the peace of Olivias house until late into the night, Sir Toby famously retorts, Dost thou think, because thou art virtuous, there shall be no more cakes and ale. Sir Toby, Sir Andrew, and Maria are urged to plan revenge on Malvolio and they convince Malvolio that Olivia is secretly in love with him by planting a love letter, written by Maria in Olivias handwriting. It asks Malvolio to wear yellow stockings cross-gartered, to be rude to the rest of the servants, Malvolio finds the letter and reacts in surprised delight. He starts acting out the contents of the letter to show Olivia his positive response, Olivia is shocked by the changes in Malvolio and leaves him to the contrivances of his tormentors. Pretending that Malvolio is insane, they lock him up in a dark chamber, Feste visits him to mock his insanity, both disguised as a priest and as himself
20.
Sleeper (1973 film)
–
Sleeper is a 1973 American futuristic science fiction comedy film, directed by Woody Allen and written by Allen and Marshall Brickman. The plot involves the adventures of the owner of a food store who is cryogenically frozen in 1973. The film contains elements which parody notable works of science fiction and was made as a tribute to comedians Groucho Marx. Miles Monroe, a musician and owner of the Happy Carrot health-food store in 1973, is subjected to cryopreservation without his consent. The scientists who revive him are members of a rebellion, 22nd-century America seems to be a police state, the rebels hope to use Miles as a spy to infiltrate the Aries Project, because he is the only member of this society without a known biometric identity. The authorities discover the scientists project, and arrest them, Miles escapes by disguising himself as a robot, and goes to work as a butler in the house of socialite Luna Schlosser. When Luna decides to have his head replaced with something more pleasing, Miles reveals his true identity to her. In response, he kidnaps her and goes on the run, Miles and Luna fall in love, but Miles is captured and brainwashed into becoming a complacent member of the society, while Luna joins the rebellion. The rebels kidnap Miles and perform reverse-brainwashing, whereupon he remembers his past, Miles becomes jealous when he catches Luna kissing the rebel leader, Erno Windt, and she tells him that she believes in free love. Miles and Luna infiltrate the Aries Project, wherein they learn that the national leader had been killed by a rebel bomb ten months previously. All that survives is his nose, other members of the Aries Project, mistaking Miles and Luna for doctors, expect them to clone the leader from this single remaining part. Miles steals the nose and assassinates it by dropping it in the path of a road roller, after escaping, Miles and Luna debate their future together. He tells her that Erno will inevitably become as corrupt as the Leader, Miles and Luna confess their love for one another, but she claims that science has proven men and women cannot have meaningful relationships due to chemical incompatibilities. Miles dismisses this, saying that he does not believe in science, Luna asks Miles if there is anything he does believe in, and he responds with the line, Sex and death—two things that come once in a lifetime—but at least after death youre not nauseous. The film ends as the two embrace, spencer Milligan and Stanley Ross appear as gay couple Jeb Hrmthmg and Sears Swiggles, respectively. Marya Small appears as Doctor Nero, the physician who oversees Miless reprogramming into 22nd-century life, peter Hobbs appears as Doctor Dean, the leading physician come to witness Our Leaders cloning. Douglas Rain voices Bio Central Computer 2100, Series G, the computer aiding in Our Leaders cloning, whitney Rydbeck voices Janus, Tryon and Meliks robot butler. John Cannon voices Rags, Miless robot dog, jackie Mason voices Cohen, one of the two robot tailors of Ginsberg & Cohen
21.
The Man Who Skied Down Everest
–
The Man Who Skied Down Everest is a documentary about Yuichiro Miura, a Japanese alpinist who skied down Mt. Everest in 1970. The film was produced by Canadian film maker Budge Crawley, Miura skied 6,600 feet in 2 minutes and 20 seconds and fell 1320 feet down the steep Lhotse face from the Yellow Band just below the South Col. He used a parachute to slow his descent. He came to a stop just 250 ft. from the edge of a bergschrund. The ski descent was the objective of The Japanese Everest Skiing Expedition 1970, six members of this expedition died. At the same time, another independent Japanese expedition undertook a combined ascent of the normal route, two members of this second expedition died. Crawley won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature for this picture and it was the first feature-length Canadian film to win an Oscar. Miura also has a documentary skiing down Mount Fuji, the Academy Film Archive preserved The Man Who Skied Down Everest in 2010. 1970 Mount Everest disaster The Man Who Skied Down Everest at the Internet Movie Database
22.
National Film Board of Canada
–
The National Film Board of Canada is Canadas public film and digital media producer and distributor. An agency of the Government of Canada, the NFB produces and distributes films, animation, web documentaries. In total, the NFB has produced over 13,000 productions which have won over 5,000 awards, the NFB reports to the Parliament of Canada through the Minister of Canadian Heritage. It has English-language and French-language production branches,1939, The government of Canada proposed the creation of a National Film Commission to complement the activities of the Canadian Government Motion Picture Bureau. ”Legislation also stated that the NFB would co-ordinate the film activities of federal departments. This act also stipulates that the NFB is to engage in film research,2008, The NFB announces a Strategic Plan that includes its first digital strategy. The National Film Board currently maintains its office in Saint-Laurent. The NFB HQ building is named for McLaren, and is home to much of its production activity. The NFB will occupy the first four floors of the structure, which allow the NFB to closer contact with the public. In addition to the English and French-language studios in its Montreal HQ, English-language production occurs at centres in Toronto, Vancouver, Edmonton, Winnipeg, and Halifax. As of October 2009, the Atlantic Centre also operates an office in St. Johns, Newfoundland, in June 2011, the NFB appointed a producer to work with film and digital media makers across Saskatchewan, to be based in Regina. Outside Quebec, French language productions are made in Moncton. The NFB also offers programs for independent filmmakers, in English, via the Filmmaker Assistance Program. The organization has a hierarchical structure headed by a Board of Trustees and it is overseen by the Board of Trustees Secretariat and Legal Affairs. Funding is derived primarily from government of Canada transfer payments, and these revenues are from print sales, film production services, rentals, and royalties, and total up to $10 million yearly, the NFB lists this as Respendable Revenues in its financial statements. As a result of cuts imposed by 2012 Canadian federal budget, by 2015 the NFBs public funding will be reduced by $6.7 million, to $60.3 million. As part of the 2016 Canadian federal budget, the NFB will receive an additional $13.5 million in funding, spread out over a five-year period. In 1938, the Government of Canada invited John Grierson, a British documentary film pioneer who coined the term documentary. Up to that date, the Government Motion Picture Bureau, established in 1918, had been the major Canadian film producer
23.
IMDb
–
In 1998 it became a subsidiary of Amazon Inc, who were then able to use it as an advertising resource for selling DVDs and videotapes. As of January 2017, IMDb has approximately 4.1 million titles and 7.7 million personalities in its database, the site enables registered users to submit new material and edits to existing entries. Although all data is checked before going live, the system has open to abuse. The site also featured message boards which stimulate regular debates and dialogue among authenticated users, IMDb shutdown the message boards permanently on February 20,2017. Anyone with a connection can read the movie and talent pages of IMDb. A registration process is however, to contribute info to the site. A registered user chooses a name for themselves, and is given a profile page. These badges range from total contributions made, to independent categories such as photos, trivia, bios, if a registered user or visitor happens to be in the entertainment industry, and has an IMDb page, that user/visitor can add photos to that page by enrolling in IMDbPRO. Actors, crew, and industry executives can post their own resume and this fee enrolls them in a membership called IMDbPro. PRO can be accessed by anyone willing to pay the fee, which is $19.99 USD per month, or if paid annually, $149.99, which comes to approximately $12.50 per month USD. Membership enables a user to access the rank order of each industry personality, as well as agent contact information for any actor, producer, director etc. that has an IMDb page. Enrolling in PRO for industry personnel, enables those members the ability to upload a head shot to open their page, as well as the ability to upload hundreds of photos to accompany their page. Anyone can register as a user, and contribute to the site as well as enjoy its content, however those users enrolled in PRO have greater access and privileges. IMDb originated with a Usenet posting by British film fan and computer programmer Col Needham entitled Those Eyes, others with similar interests soon responded with additions or different lists of their own. Needham subsequently started an Actors List, while Dave Knight began a Directors List, and Andy Krieg took over THE LIST from Hank Driskill, which would later be renamed the Actress List. Both lists had been restricted to people who were alive and working, the goal of the participants now was to make the lists as inclusive as possible. By late 1990, the lists included almost 10,000 movies and television series correlated with actors and actresses appearing therein. On October 17,1990, Needham developed and posted a collection of Unix shell scripts which could be used to search the four lists, at the time, it was known as the rec. arts. movies movie database
24.
Internet Broadway Database
–
The Internet Broadway Database is an online database of Broadway theatre productions and their personnel. It was conceived and created by Karen Hauser in 1996 and is operated by the Research Department of The Broadway League, the website also has a corresponding app for both the IOS and Android. This comprehensive history of Broadway provides records of productions from the beginnings of New York theatre in the 18th century up to today, details include cast and creative lists for opening night and current day, song lists, awards and other interesting facts about every Broadway production. Other features of IBDB include an archive of photos from past and present Broadway productions, headshots, links to cast recordings on iTunes or Amazon, gross. Its mission was to be an interactive, user-friendly, searchable database for League members, journalists, researchers, the League recently added Broadway Touring shows to the database for ease of tracking shows that play in theatres across the country. It is managed by Karen Hauser, Michael Abourizk, and Mark Smith of the Broadway League, Internet Theatre Database – ITDb Internet Movie Database – IMDb Internet Book Database – IBookDb Lortel Archives – IOBDb The Broadway League Official website Broadway League website
25.
Virtual International Authority File
–
The Virtual International Authority File is an international authority file. It is a joint project of national libraries and operated by the Online Computer Library Center. The project was initiated by the US Library of Congress, the German National Library, the National Library of France joined the project on October 5,2007. The project transitions to a service of the OCLC on April 4,2012, the aim is to link the national authority files to a single virtual authority file. In this file, identical records from the different data sets are linked together, a VIAF record receives a standard data number, contains the primary see and see also records from the original records, and refers to the original authority records. The data are available online and are available for research and data exchange. Reciprocal updating uses the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting protocol, the file numbers are also being added to Wikipedia biographical articles and are incorporated into Wikidata. VIAFs clustering algorithm is run every month, as more data are added from participating libraries, clusters of authority records may coalesce or split, leading to some fluctuation in the VIAF identifier of certain authority records
