1.
Bay Area Rapid Transit
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Bay Area Rapid Transit is a public transportation system serving the San Francisco Bay Area. The rapid transit elevated and subway system connects San Francisco with cities in Alameda, Contra Costa, BART operates 5 routes on 104 miles of track connecting 45 stations, plus a 3. 2-mile automated guideway transit line to the Oakland International Airport which adds an additional station. A spur line in eastern Contra Costa County will utilize other rail technologies, with an average of 433,000 weekday passengers and 128.5 million annual passengers in fiscal year 2016, BART is the fifth-busiest heavy rail rapid transit system in the United States. The systems acronym is pronounced Bart, like the name, BART is operated by the San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District, formed in 1957. As of 2017, it is being expanded to San Jose with the consecutive Warm Springs, some of the Bay Area Rapid Transit Systems current coverage area was once served by an electrified streetcar and suburban train system called the Key System. This early 20th-century system once had regular trans-bay traffic across the deck of the Bay Bridge. By the mid-1950s, that system had been dismantled in favor of highway travel, a new rapid-transit system was proposed to take the place of the Key System during the late 1940s, and formal planning for it began in the 1950s. Some funding was secured for the BART system in 1959, passenger service began on September 11,1972, initially just between MacArthur and Fremont. All nine Bay Area counties were involved in the planning and envisioned to be connected by BART, before the system began revenue service, serious problems in the design and operation of the Automatic Train Control system were observed. Three engineers working for BART, Max Blankenzee, Robert Bruder, BART management was dismissive of their concerns, so the three took the issue to the board of directors. All but two of the directors voted in February 1972 to support management and reject the safety concerns, management retaliated against the engineers, firing them in March 1972. The IEEE later filed the first amicus brief in its history to support the engineers. The California Society of Professional Engineers reported to the California State Senate in June 1972 that there were serious safety risks with the ATC. Legislative analyst A. Alan Post, opened an investigation immediately, an ATC failure caused the train to run off the end of the elevated track and crash to the ground, injuring four people on-board, and drawing national and international attention. The “Fremont Flyer” led to a redesign of the train controls. The California State Public Utilities Commission imposed stringent oversight over train operations, the legislative analyst issued the first of three “Post Reports” in November 1972. The report was “sharply critical” of BART, finding that the ATC system was unreliable, the ATC program was mismanaged, and “no solution was in sight. ”The report accused BART of paying excessive fees for engineering services. BART’s general manager called the indictment of safety in the Post Report “not only disappointing, telephone calls were placed manually between stations, instead
2.
Berkeley, California
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Berkeley is a city on the east shore of San Francisco Bay in northern Alameda County, California. It is named after the 18th-century Anglo-Irish bishop and philosopher George Berkeley and it borders the cities of Oakland and Emeryville to the south and the city of Albany and the unincorporated community of Kensington to the north. Its eastern border with Contra Costa County generally follows the ridge of the Berkeley Hills, the 2010 census recorded a population of 112,580. It also has the Graduate Theological Union, one of the largest religious studies institutions in the world and it is one of the most politically liberal cities in the United States. The site of todays City of Berkeley was the territory of the Chochenyo/Huchiun band of the Ohlone people when the first Europeans arrived, other artifacts were discovered in the 1950s in the downtown area during remodeling of a commercial building, near the upper course of the creek. The first people of European descent arrived with the De Anza Expedition in 1776, today, this is noted by signage on Interstate 80, which runs along the San Francisco Bay shoreline of Berkeley. The De Anza Expedition led to establishment of the Spanish Presidio of San Francisco at the entrance to San Francisco Bay, luis Peralta was among the soldiers at the Presidio. For his services to the King of Spain, he was granted a vast stretch of land on the east shore of San Francisco Bay for a ranch, luis Peralta named his holding Rancho San Antonio. The primary activity of the ranch was raising cattle for meat and hides, eventually, Peralta gave portions of the ranch to each of his four sons. What is now Berkeley lies mostly in the portion that went to Peraltas son Domingo, with a little in the portion that went to another son, no artifact survives of the Domingo or Vicente ranches, but their names survive in Berkeley street names. However, legal title to all land in the City of Berkeley remains based on the original Peralta land grant, the Peraltas Rancho San Antonio continued after Alta California passed from Spanish to Mexican sovereignty after the Mexican War of Independence. The lands of the brothers Domingo and Vicente were quickly reduced to reservations close to their respective ranch homes, the rest of the land was surveyed and parceled out to various American claimants. Politically, the area that became Berkeley was initially part of a vast Contra Costa County, on March 25,1853, Alameda County was created from a division within Contra Costa County, as well as from a small portion of Santa Clara County. The area of Berkeley was at this period mostly a mix of land, farms and ranches. It was not yet Berkeley, but merely the part of the Oakland Township subdivision of Alameda County. In 1866, Oaklands private College of California looked for a new site, according to the Centennial Record of the University of California, In 1866…at Founders Rock, a group of College of California men watched two ships standing out to sea through the Golden Gate. Although the philosophers name is pronounced bark-lee, the pronunciation of the name has evolved to suit American English as burk-lee. The College of Californias College Homestead Association planned to raise funds for the new campus by selling off adjacent parcels of land, to this end, they laid out a plat and street grid that became the basis of Berkeleys modern street plan
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
Island platform
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An island platform is a station layout arrangement where a single platform is positioned between two tracks within a railway station, tram stop or transitway interchange. Island platforms are popular on twin-track routes due to pragmatic and cost-effective reasons, an alternative arrangement is to position side platforms on either side of the tracks. The historical use of island platforms depends greatly upon the location, the island platform layout is a popular, cost-effective and practical solution in modern railway systems. Island platforms allow facilities such as escalators, elevators, shops, toilets and this is essential for wheelchair accessible stations. An island platform makes it easier for users and the infirm to change services between tracks. Additionally, an island platform layout eliminates the need to construct a crossover or subway between two platforms, however, island platforms may become overcrowded, especially at busy stations, and this can lead to safety issues such as Clapham Common and Angel on the London Underground. However, for the tracks to diverge around the platform, extra width is required along the right-of-way on each approach to the station. Track centers vary for rail systems throughout the world but are normally 3 to 5 meters, if the island platform is 6 meters wide, the tracks have to slew out by the same distance. While this is not a problem on a new line that is being constructed, in addition, a single island platform makes it quite difficult to have through tracks, which are usually between the local tracks. A common configuration in busy locations on high speed lines is a pair of island platforms, high-speed trains can therefore pass straight through the station, while slow trains pass around the platforms. This arrangement also allows the station to serve as a point where trains can be passed by faster trains. The purpose of this design was to reduce unnecessary passenger congestion at a station with a high volume of passengers. Many of the stations on the Great Central Railway were constructed in this form and this was because the line was planned to connect to a Channel Tunnel. Island platforms are a normal sight on Indian railway stations. Almost all railway stations in India consist of island platforms, in Toronto,29 subway stations use island platforms. A slight disadvantage is that crossovers have to be rather long, in southern New Jersey and Philadelphia, PATCO uses island platforms in all of its 13 stations, to facilitate one-person train operation. Most elevated stations in Singapores Mass Rapid Transit system use island platforms, the exception is Dover MRT Station, which uses side platforms as it is built on an existing rail line. The planned Canberra MRT Station will also use side platforms, as it also be built on an existing rail line
5.
AC Transit
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AC Transit is an Oakland-based public transit agency serving the western portions of Alameda and Contra Costa counties in the East Bay of the San Francisco Bay Area. AC Transit also operates Transbay routes across San Francisco Bay to San Francisco and selected areas in San Mateo, AC Transit is constituted as a special district under California law. It is governed by seven elected members and it is not a part of or under the control of Alameda or Contra Costa counties or any local jurisdictions. Buses operate out of three operating divisions, Emeryville, East Oakland, and Hayward, the Operations Control Center is located in Emeryville. The Richmond operating division closed in 2011, the District is the public successor to the privately owned Key System. The Districts bus lines also serve parts of some other East Bay communities, including Milpitas, Pinole, most routes connect with regional train service, primarily BART, in addition to ACE and Amtrak, including the Capitol Corridor. While most AC Transit service consists of lines throughout the East Bay. Most of these run across the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge to connect communities as distant as El Sobrante, Bus service is also provided across the San Mateo and Dumbarton bridges to the south. AC Transits primary hubs include BART stations, major shopping centers, and points of interest, most routes serve and/or terminate at BART stations, providing convenience for transit users. The hubs include, See also AC Transits page on fares and passes or AC Transits page on bus fares, on July 1,2014, AC Transit introduced a Day Pass, designed for customers taking more than two local buses in a day. The pass is good for unlimited rides on local routes from 3,01 a. m. to 3,00 a. m. Customers can obtain a Day Pass in one of two ways, Using Clipper, Customers keep cash value on their card. Once fares equalling the Day Pass price have been deducted, the Day Pass automatically activates, on subsequent rides, the card is tagged but no additional fare is deducted. On-Board, Customers deposit the amount in the farebox and request a Day Pass from the bus operator. On subsequent rides, the pass is swiped at the farebox, AC Transit fares are structured to promote the use of Clipper. Not only are local bus rides cheaper, but certain interagency transfers and day passes are easier to obtain, monthly passes are only available on Clipper. Local BART-to-bus transfer, $0.25 cash discount to and from BART with paper transfer issued at BART, applied as $0.50 Clipper discount on bus trip away from BART only. To transfer from AC Transit to another bus agency without Clipper, to transfer from another bus agency to AC Transit without Clipper, ask the other bus driver for a transfer. Notes, All fares are in USD,1 Issued upon request when full price is paid
6.
All Nighter (bus service)
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The All Nighter is a night bus service network in the San Francisco Bay Area, California. Portions of the shadow the rapid transit and commuter rail services of BART and Caltrain. BART and Caltrain do not operate owl service so that maintenance can be performed. The slogan is, Now transit stays up as late as you do, the service launched initially in December 2005, and fully launched in March 2006. BART and Caltrain riders who previously faced uncoordinated substitute bus service after midnight can now take advantage of the coordinated All Nighter bus service. The service is operated by AC Transit, Muni, SamTrans, the agencies have a network of timed transfers, and half-hourly weekend service was implemented between downtown San Francisco and several BART stations along the Richmond and Fremont lines. AC Transit Route 800 operates along Market Street in San Francisco, the service is funded by Regional Measure 2, which voters approved in 2004. The measure increased tolls by $1 on state-owned bridges in the Bay Area, the All Nighter service initially included County Connection Route 820, which operated between downtown Oakland and central Contra Costa County. This route was discontinued in December 2008 due to budgetary problems and it also included WHEELS Route 810, which operated between Bay Fair BART in San Leandro and Livermore via Dublin/Pleasanton BART. This route was discontinued in June 2009 due to budgetary problems, additional service from Bay Fair BART to Castro Valley BART via AC Transit Route 880 was discontinued in March 2010 due to that agencys budgetary problems. Weekend service to Pittsburg/Bay Point BART via AC Transit Line 822 was discontinued in December 2015 due to low ridership, overnight transit service throughout the Bay Area predated the All Nighter initiative. AC Transits long-standing overnight service was withdrawn in 1996 and then restored and expanded in later years. SamTrans introduced overnight service to SFO in 2001 and maintained it with a subsidy from the airport starting in 2003, VTA introduced overnight service on Route 22 and the light rail network, but later withdrew overnight light rail service due to financial difficulties. Golden Gate Transit, which had offered an essentially 24-hour service on Route 80 to Santa Rosa. 24-hour service was one of the issues considered in the Metropolitan Transportation Commissions Lifeline study, Service in Contra Costa and Alameda counties is provided by AC Transit. AC Transit also operates Transbay service to and from San Francisco over the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge, Service in San Francisco is provided by the San Francisco Municipal Railway. Service on the Peninsula is provided by SamTrans in San Mateo County with connections to San Francisco, Service in the South Bay is provided by the VTA in Santa Clara County between Palo Alto and San Jose. All Nighter service generally operates daily between midnight and 5 a. m, AC Transits Transbay service operates until 6 a. m. on Saturdays and 8 a. m. on Sundays and designated holidays to correspond with the times BART is not operating
7.
Bear Transit
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Bear Transit is the bus service operated by the Department of Parking and Transportation of the University of California, Berkeley. Its fleet includes a combination of shuttle vans and passenger buses, in the early 2000s the passenger buses used were refurbished by AC Transit. It also provides service to the Richmond Field Station, a research facility also owned by the University. Bear Transit operates five daytime and five nighttime routes that operate mostly around the UC Berkeley Campus, on all Cal football home games, game day shuttles carry students and visitors to the California Memorial Stadium two hours before and one hour after games start. Return service after the games, though, is limited, humphrey Go-Bart Unitrans List of Bear Transit routes and descriptions Bear Transit System Guide Game Day Information
8.
Ashby station (BART)
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Ashby Station is a BART station, located beneath and parallel to Adeline Street, extending from Woolsey Street to Ashby Avenue in the southern part of Berkeley, California. It consists of an island platform. The station was planned to be elevated but the City of Berkeley paid the extra cost to have it built underground. Service at this station began on January 29,1973, the station includes park-and-ride facilities with 715 automobile parking spaces in two separate parking lots,24 motorcycle spaces,36 bike lockers, and bike rack spaces. Access mode shares were, 40% pedestrian, 38% automobile, 9% automobile, 8% bicycle, unique in the BART system, the City of Berkeley, rather than BART, controls the air rights on the parking lots. The west parking lot of the hosts a popular flea market on weekends. Between 2008 and 2010, a portion of the east parking lot was redeveloped as the Ed Roberts Campus, the Ed Roberts Campus is a regional center housing disability-related organizations in one large integrated resource center with a scope for the entire Bay Area. The east parking lot and station entrance were closed for construction on August 18,2008, the east parking lot reopened on April 19,2010, and the east entrance was open again before March 30,2013. There is additional public transit in the free West Berkeley Shuttle that connects the flatlands with the BART station, alta Bates Hospital also provides a free shuttle between the station and its Berkeley campus, which is within walking distance. That is next to the Pacific Center for Human Growth an LGBT community center, furthermore, attractions in the immediate vicinity include a Berkeley Bowl Grocery Store and The Berkeley Public Tool Lending Library. Restaurants and small businesses line the Shattuck Avenue corridor and a market is hosted on the south parking lot weekly. The Shotgun Players theater is across the street and La Peña Cultural Center is 2 blocks up the hill, below is data for average weekday entries and exits between the Ashby BART and other BART stations as of January 2017. The transit time and one-way trip cost is based on BARTs fares and schedules booklet, last updated in February 2016, a few notes for interpretation, Ashby BART primarily serves residents. Regular commuters therefore mainly depart from here in the morning and return in the evening, the exceptions are mostly people who work in downtown Berkeley but happen to find Ashby more convenient. The following kinds of stations will have higher counts, nearby stations, stations in downtowns, stations with transfers, end-of-line stations. Some daily commuters dont enter and exit at the same station, for instance, commuters from Ashby who work in downtown San Francisco exit at an earlier station in the morning and enter at a station farther south when returning. This is to get on a crowded train. List of Bay Area Rapid Transit stations Black Repertory Theatre Judah L. Magnes Museum La Peña Cultural Center Shotgun Players BART - Ashby Station Overview Ed Roberts Campus
9.
Millbrae station
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The Millbrae Intermodal Terminal is an at-grade Bay Area Rapid Transit and Caltrain station located in suburban Millbrae, California, in northern San Mateo County. It was expected to support over 30,000 BART trips per day, Millbrae Station is the largest intermodal terminal in the United States west of the Mississippi. It has three tracks for BART and two for Caltrain. An island platform allows a connection between the two systems. A concourse mezzanine is above the platforms, currently two BART tracks and one island platform usually are kept out of regular service, used instead to hold train sets that are also out of service. The station is also a bus transit hub with multiple bus bays served by several SamTrans lines. Millbrae Station has about 2,900 parking spaces, including a parking garage. The Reserved Parking areas cost $2/day from 10am-3pm on weekdays, a free Library-a-Go-Go Peninsula Library System library book vending machine was added in May 2011. The station has daily Caltrain commuter rail service along the line between San Jose and San Francisco. Midday trains are hourly each way, service is frequent during commute hours. Service south of San Jose to Gilroy is limited to three weekday round trips. Passengers who board the train without a ticket are subject to fines of up to $250 plus court fees. Passengers who use the electronic Clipper card to ride the Caltrain must remember to tag on their card prior to boarding, if they board the train without tagging on, they will be subject to the same fines. In addition, Caltrain passengers are charged the maximum one way fare when they tag on prior to boarding the train, if passengers who use the Clipper card forget to tag off when they exit the train, they will be charged the highest cash fare from point of origin. In 2015, construction began on the rail system. If completed as planned, Millbrae would serve as one of one or two stations between San Francisco and San Jose, and would allow high-speed rail passengers to reach SFO via BART. $290 million has been allocated to lengthen the platforms for connection to High Speed Rail, before the Millbrae Intermodal Terminal was built for the BART San Mateo Extension terminus Millbrae had a free Caltrain shuttle bus between the station and San Francisco International Airport. The former Southern Pacific Depot has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since September 1,1978, in 1985 Caltrain service began at the original Millbrae depot, replacing Southern Pacific trains that had operated along the San Francisco Peninsula since the early 20th century
10.
Daly City station
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Daly City is a Bay Area Rapid Transit station located in extreme northern San Mateo County, California, in suburban Daly City, less than one block outside the San Francisco city and county limits. Interstate 280 and California Route 1 run along the immediate west side of the station, the elevated station serves as a terminus for some BART lines. It consists of three tracks with a shared island platform and one side platform. The side platform is used primarily by southbound trains continuing on to Colma, the island platform is used primarily by northbound trains coming from Colma or Milbrae, or southbound trains terminating at the station. Southbound trains terminating at Daly City reverse their direction to make the trip to San Francisco. The station also has a service that makes round trips to San Francisco State University. Service at this station began on November 5,1973, technically, Fremont and Dublin/Pleasanton passengers coming out of the Millbrae/SFO line can transfer for trains at Daly City because Platforms 1 and 2 are for East Bay passengers. Several SamTrans and Muni lines stop and/or terminate at the station, 14R-Mission Rapid - weekday peak-period service to Mission and this line also serves the South of Market area, Mission District, Bernal Heights, Excelsior, and Crocker-Amazon. Also serves San Francisco State University, Golden Gate Park, 28R-19th Avenue Rapid - weekday peak-period service to Chestnut and Fillmore Streets in San Franciscos Marina District, serving the Parkmerced, Sunset, and Richmond districts. This bus line provides service to Route 28, but provides limited stop service. 54-Felton - daily local service to the Bayview/Hunters Point district via Lake Merced, Ingleside, Excelsior, Mission, Bernal Heights, Visitacion Valley, also serves City College of San Francisco and Balboa Park Station. 57-Parkmerced - daily local service to West Portal Station and Lakeshore Plaza at Sloat and 36th Avenue, serving West Portal, Stonestown Galleria, Parkmerced, Sunset, and Lake Merced. 110 - daily service to Linda Mar Shopping Center via Westlake Shopping Center, Pacific Manor Shopping Center, Eureka Square Shopping Center,120 - daily service to Colma BART and Brunswick & Templeton via Westlake District, Skyline Plaza Shopping Center, Serramonte Shopping Center, and Serra Center. 130 - daily service to Colma BART via Mission Street and Hillside Drive, ECR - daily service to Palo Alto Caltrain via Top of the Hill, Mission Street, and the El Camino Real corridor. A free shuttle service, it operates from 6, 30am to 11, 40am and from 3, 20pm to 8, Seton Shuttle to Seton Medical Center. The service operates from 6am to 9am and from noon to 7pm weekdays only, redi-Wheels, SamTrans paratransit service, also operates to the station with waiting shelters located next to the parking garage. San Francisco State University operates a shuttle between its campus and the station five days a week. Service is from 7 AM to 10,30 PM Monday through Thursday, list of Bay Area Rapid Transit stations BART - Daly City Station Overview Transit unlimited profile
11.
North Berkeley station
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North Berkeley is an underground Bay Area Rapid Transit station located on Sacramento Street in Berkeley, California. The station is bounded by Virginia, Sacramento, Delaware, and Acton Streets to the north, east, south, and west, respectively. The main station entrance sits within a building at the center of a parking lot. The site was originally an area across which the Key System constructed its Westbrae streetcar line. The tracks ran diagonally across the property in virtually the same alignment as todays underground BART tracks, homes began to be constructed along the periphery of the site, and after the G-Westbrae line was closed in 1941, filled in most of the rest of it. All of these were demolished in the 1960s to make way for construction of the North Berkeley Station, service at this station began on January 29,1973. This station is in BART District 3 and is represented by Bob Franklin, list of Bay Area Rapid Transit stations BART - North Berkeley Station Overview
12.
Richmond station (California)
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Richmond Station is an at-grade Bay Area Rapid Transit and Amtrak station located in Richmond, California. Each system is served by an island platform, the Capitol Corridor, San Joaquins, and California Zephyr stop here and connect to BART. The station was rebuilt and rededicated on October 18,2007, the Metro Walk - Richmond Transit Village is adjacent, north of the station is a BART rail yard. This station has identified as an important hub in the transportation network for metropolitan. Around that same time the Southern Pacific Railroad opened a station just south of the current station at MacDonald Avenue, BART service at this station began along dedicated tracks that paralleled the SP line on January 29,1973. Amtrak service to the station started, using the SP lines tracks, a station house for the Amtrak service was constructed in 1984. A transit village and rebuild of the approach to the station was started in 2007. A transit store opened at the station in August 2008, joining other major stations in the system, the Coast Starlight no longer stops at Richmond as of January 14,2013. The station is served by two bus agencies, AC Transit provides a variety of local and regional service. Routes 70,71, 72M,74, and 76 provide local intra-city service and also feeder service into the BART, routes 376 and 800 both provide late night service. It is the route in the All Nighter regional Bay Area network. There is also a free Kaiser Shuttle service to the nearby Richmond Medical Center, of the 74 California stations served by Amtrak, Richmond was the 16th-busiest in FY2012, boarding or alighting an average of about 773 passengers daily. List of Bay Area Rapid Transit stations BART - Richmond Station Overview Capitol Corridor Richmond Station Page Amtrak Station Information Page Richmond --Great American Stations
13.
Warm Springs/South Fremont station
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Warm Springs / South Fremont is a Bay Area Rapid Transit station in Fremont, California. Service began on March 25,2017, during peak hours, weekdays before 6,00 p. m. this station has four trains per hour on the San Francisco and Daly City line. In comparison, the neighboring Fremont station has eight trains per hour running on the Daly City, during off-peak hours, both stations are served by the Richmond line with three trains per hour. The reason for only having one of the lines serve this station at any time is a shortage of available train cars. Originally targeted for 2014, the start of service was delayed repeatedly, service terminates at this station pending completion of the Milpitas and Berryessa stations. The station has a platform, overhead concourse, connections to AC Transit,2,082 parking spaces on 34 acres at ground level, bicycle lockers. AC Transit buses, not VTA buses, serve this station, planning for the Warm Springs extension began as early as 1994, and BART estimated it would cost $550 million with 7,800 daily riders by 2010. A1994 study by the Metropolitan Transportation Commission forecast 3,200 daily riders in 2010, as of 2010, construction was underway with an estimated cost of $890 million, but the final cost was reduced to $790 million. The cost of the subway segment under the lake in Fremont was reduced by 45% from the estimate of $249 million to $136 million. Service began on on March 25,2017, the extension broke ground in 2009. Construction of the began in 2011, and was expected to take three and a half years. However, the opening was pushed back from the original 2014, to fall 2015, to early 2016, to spring 2016, to summer 2016, to fall 2016, to late fall 2016, to winter 2017, and to spring 2017. The schedule for opening was withdrawn, because it was hard to predict, the yet-to-open station was fully staffed six months in advance of the opening, due to a union contract. The station was expected to open as an October surprise, an event for the November 8 vote on a BART bond measure. In 2011 the city of Fremont approved $90,000 to lobby against construction of a Union Pacific rail yard adjacent to the station, a pedestrian and bicycle bridge to the west side of the station is planned for completion in 2018
14.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
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United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
16.
Central Pacific Railroad
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It is now part of the Union Pacific Railroad. Many 19th century national proposals to build a railroad failed because of the energy consumed by political disputes over slavery. With the secession of the South, the modernizers in the Republican Party controlled the US Congress and they passed legislation authorizing the railroad, with financing in the form of government railroad bonds. These were all eventually repaid with interest, the government and the railroads both shared in the increased value of the land grants, which the railroads developed. The construction of the railroad also secured for the government the economical safe and speedy transportation of the mails, troops, munitions of war, planned by Theodore Judah, the Central Pacific Railroad was authorized by Congress in 1862. It was financed and built through The Big Four, Sacramento, California businessmen Leland Stanford, Collis Huntington, Charles Crocker, Crocker was in charge of construction. Construction crews comprised 12,000 Chinese emigrant workers by 1868 and they laid the first rails in 1863. The Golden spike, connecting the railroad to the Union Pacific Railroad at Promontory. Coast-to-coast train travel in eight days became possible, replacing months-long sea voyages and lengthy, in 1885 the Central Pacific Railroad was leased by the Southern Pacific Company. Technically the CPRR remained an entity until 1959, when it was formally merged into Southern Pacific. The original right-of-way is now controlled by the Union Pacific, which purchased Southern Pacific in 1996, the Union Pacific-Central Pacific mainline followed the historic Overland Route from Omaha, Nebraska to San Francisco Bay. Chinese labor was the most vital source for constructing the railroad, fifty Chinese laborers were hired by the Central Pacific Railroad in February 1865, and soon more and more Chinese men were hired. Working conditions were harsh, and Chinese men were compensated less than their white counterparts, Chinese men were paid thirty-one dollars each month, and while white workers were paid the same, they were also given room and board. Construction of the road was financed primarily by 30-year, 6% U. S. government bonds authorized by Sec.5 of the Pacific Railroad Act of 1862. The U. S. Government Bonds, which constituted a lien upon the railroads and all their fixtures, were repaid in full by the company as and when they became due. Sec.10 of the 1864 amending Pacific Railroad Act additionally authorized the company to issue its own First Mortgage Bonds in total amounts up to that of the bonds issued by the United States, such company-issued securities had priority over the original Government Bonds. Sec.3 of the 1862 Act granted the railroads 10 square miles of land for every mile laid, except where railroads ran through cities. This grant was apportioned in 5 sections on alternating sides of the railroad and these grants were later doubled to 20 square miles per mile of grade by the 1864 Act
17.
Southern Pacific Transportation Company
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The Southern Pacific Transportation Company, earlier Southern Pacific Railroad and Southern Pacific Company, and usually called the Southern Pacific or Espee, was an American Class I railroad. It was absorbed in 1988 by the company controlled the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad. The railroad was founded as a holding company in 1865. By 1900 the Southern Pacific Company was a railroad system incorporating many smaller companies, such as the Texas and New Orleans Railroad and Morgans Louisiana. It extended from New Orleans through Texas to El Paso, across New Mexico and through Tucson, to Los Angeles, through most of California, including San Francisco, Central Pacific lines extended east across Nevada to Ogden, Utah, and reached north through Oregon to Portland. By the 1980s route mileage had dropped to 10,423 miles, in 1988 the Southern Pacific was taken over by D&RGW parent Rio Grande Industries. The combined railroad kept the Southern Pacific name due to its recognition in the railroad industry. Along with the addition of the SPCSL Corporation route from Chicago to St. Louis, by 1996 years of financial problems had dropped SPs mileage to 13,715 miles, and it was taken over by the Union Pacific Railroad. Southern Pacific founded important hospitals in San Francisco, Tucson, in the 1970s, it also founded a telecommunications network with a state-of-the-art microwave and fiber optic backbone. This evolved into Sprint, a company name that came from the acronym for Southern Pacific Railroad Internal Networking Telephony. The original aim was to construct a railroad from Galveston Bay to a point on the Red River near a trading post known as Coffees Station, the GRR built 2 miles of track in Houston in 1855. Track laying began in earnest in 1856 and on 1 September 1856 GRR was renamed the Houston and Texas Central Railway. SP acquired H&TC in 1883 but it continued to operate as a subsidiary under its own management until 1927, when it was leased to another SP-owned railroad, the Texas and New Orleans Railroad. The Buffalo Bayou, Brazos and Colorado Railway, was chartered in Texas on 11 February 1850 by a group that included General Sidney Sherman, bBB&C was the first railroad to commence operation in Texas and the first component of SP to commence operation. Surveying of the route alignment commenced at Harrisburg, Texas in 1851, the first 20 miles of track opened in August 1853. SP was founded in San Francisco, California in 1865 by a group of businessmen led by Timothy Phelps with the aim of building a connection between San Francisco and San Diego, California. The company was purchased in September 1868 by a group of known as the Big Four, Charles Crocker, Leland Stanford, Mark Hopkins. The Big Four had, in 1861, created the Central Pacific Railroad, CPRR was merged into SP in 1870
18.
Key System
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At its height during the 1940s, the Key System had over 66 miles of track. The local streetcars were discontinued in 1948 and the trains to San Francisco were discontinued in 1958. The Key Systems territory is served by BART and AC Transit bus service. The Key System began as the San Francisco, Oakland, and San Jose Railway, service began on October 26,1903 with a 4-car train carrying 250 passengers, departing downtown Berkeley for the ferry pier. The company touted its key route, which led to the adoption of the name Key System, in 1908, the SFOSJR changed its name to the San Francisco, Oakland & San Jose Consolidated Railway, changed to the San Francisco-Oakland Terminal Railway in 1912. This went bankrupt in December 1923 and was re-organized as the Key System Transit Co. transforming a marketing buzzword into the name of the company. Following the Great Crash of 1929, a company called the Railway Equipment & Realty Co. was created. In 1938, the became the Key System. During World War II, the Key System built and operated the Shipyard Railway between a station in Emeryville and the Kaiser Shipyards in Richmond. National City Lines acquired 64% of the stock in the system in 1946, jay Quinby hand published a document exposing the ownership of National City Lines. The new owners made a number of rapid changes, in 1946 they cut back the A-1 train route and then the express trains in 1947. The company increased fares in 1946 and then in both January and November 1947, during the period there were many complaints of overcrowding. They were convicted of conspiring to monopolize sales of buses and supplies and they were acquitted of conspiring to monopolize the ownership of these companies. In 1948 they proposed a plan to all the streetcars to buses. They placed an advertisement in the local papers explaining their plan to modernize and motorize Line 14, Oakland city council opposed the plan by 5–3. The Public Utilities Commission supported the plan which included large fare increases, in October 1948,700 people signed a petition with the PUC against the Key System, seeking restoration of the bus service on the #70 Chabot Bus line. The councils of Oakland, Berkeley and San Leandro opposed the removal of street cars, the traffic planners supported removal of the streetcar lines to facilitate movement of automobiles. Local governments in the East Bay attempted to purchase the Key System, Streetcars were converted to buses during November/December 1948
19.
Benjamin Ide Wheeler
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Benjamin Ide Wheeler was a Greek and comparative philology professor at Cornell University as well as President of the University of California from 1899 to 1919. Benjamin Ide Wheeler was born at Randolph, Massachusetts, on July 15,1854 and his father was successively a church pastor in Plaistow, New Hampshire, Pawtucket, Rhode Island, Randolph, Massachusetts, Haverhill, Massachusetts, Saco, Maine, Franklin, New Hampshire. His mother, Mary Eliza Ide, was born in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, daughter of Ebenezer Ide of the Ide family which had its origin in South Attleborough, then Rehoboth. Their only son, Benjamin Ide Wheeler, had his education first in the schools of Haverhill and Saco. It was at Saco that he first entered a school in 1866. This high school was the institution which formerly had been called Thornton Academy, on removing in 1868 to Franklin, New Hampshire, he entered the Franklin Academy, and after six months there, went to the New London Academy, subsequently Colby–Sawyer College. From this school he was graduated in the summer of 1871. In the following autumn he entered Brown University from which he was graduated in 1875 and his studies at college followed the usual curriculum without any suggestion of specialization. On the commencement stage he had the honour of the classical oration, after graduation he taught for four years in the Providence High School. During the first two years he instructed mostly in mathematics, during the last two his work was about evenly divided between classics and mathematics. In 1879 he was appointed Tutor in Brown University to take the place, for four years, 1881–85, Wheeler studied in German universities—for a year at Leipzig, then for two years at Heidelberg, a half year at Jena, and a half year at Berlin. In 1899, he became President of the University of California, during the year 1895-96, he was Professor of Greek Literature at the American School of Classical Studies in Athens, and during the year 1909-10, Roosevelt Professor at the University of Berlin. He was member of the American Oriental Society, the American Philological Association, during the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire he was a member of Mayor Eugene Schmitzs Committee of Fifty. Under Wheeler the University of California underwent one of its periods of greatest growth and he also expanded the powers of the president, gaining the power to appoint all faculty. The University of California, Berkeley named Wheeler Hall in his honor, a Liberty ship was also named in his honor, the SS Benjamin Ide Wheeler. On June 25,1881, he was married to Miss Amey Webb of Providence, Rhode Island, daughter of Henry Aborn Webb, a banker of Providence, Rhode Island, and Amey Gorham Webb
20.
E. H. Harriman
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Edward Henry Ned Harriman was an American railroad executive. Harriman was born on February 20,1848 in Hempstead, New York, the son of Orlando Harriman, Sr. an Episcopal clergyman and he had a brother, Orlando Harriman, Jr. His great-grandfather, William Harriman, emigrated from England in 1795 and engaged successfully in trading, as a young boy, Harriman spent a summer working at the Greenwood Iron Furnace in the area owned by the Robert Parker Parrott family that would become Harriman State Park. He quit school at age 14 to take a job as a boy on Wall Street in New York City. His uncle Oliver Harriman had earlier established a career there, by age 22, he was a member of the New York Stock Exchange. Harrimans father-in-law was president of the Ogdensburg and Lake Champlain Railroad Company, in 1881, Harriman acquired the small, broken-down Lake Ontario Southern Railroad. He renamed it the Sodus Bay & Southern, reorganized it and this was the start of his career as a rebuilder of bankrupt railroads. Harriman was nearly 50 years old when in 1897 he became a director of the Union Pacific Railroad, by May 1898, he was chairman of the executive committee, and from that time until his death his word was law on the Union Pacific system. In 1903, he assumed the office of president of the company, from 1901 to 1909, Harriman was also the President of the Southern Pacific Railroad. The vision of a unified UP/SP railroad was planted with Harriman, estimates of his estate ranged from $150 million to $200 million. It was left entirely to his wife, in 1899, Harriman sponsored and accompanied a scientific expedition to catalog the flora and fauna of the Alaska coastline. Many prominent scientists and naturalists went on the expedition, aboard the luxuriously refitted 250-foot steamer George W. Elder, Harriman became interested in ju-jitsu after his two-month visit to Japan in 1905. When he returned to America, he brought him a troupe of six Japanese ju-jitsu wrestlers, including the prominent judokas Tsunejiro Tomita. Among many performances, the gave a exhibition that drew six hundred spectators in the Columbia University gymnasium on February 7,1905. In 1879, Harriman married Mary Williamson Averell, daughter of William J. Averell, naturalist John Muir, who had joined him on the 1899 Alaska Expedition, wrote in his eulogy of Harriman, In almost every way, he was a man to admire. Harriman was buried at the St. Johns Episcopal Church cemetery in the hamlet of Arden, in 1885, Harriman acquired Arden, the 7, 863-acre Parrott family estate in the Ramapo Highlands near Tuxedo, New York, for $52,500. Over the next years he purchased almost 40 different nearby parcels of land, adding 20,000 acres. His 100,000 sq ft residence, Arden House, was completed seven months before he died
21.
John Galen Howard
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John Galen Howard was an American architect who began his career in New York before moving to San Francisco, California. He was the architect at Howard, Cauldwell & Morgan. Howard was educated at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the École des Beaux-Arts and he was an apprentice with H. H. Richardson and then a draftsman with Shepley, Rutan & Coolidge. Howard completed many projects and was elected a Fellow in the American Institute of Architects in 1901. Among his most famous buildings are the Campanile, California Memorial Stadium, Sather Gate, some of his works are listed on the U. S. National Register of Historic Places. In 1910 he was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate Academician, john Galen Howard born May 8,1864 in Chelmsford, MA. Howard was son of physician, Dr. Levi Howard and Lydia Jane Hapgood and he married Mary Robertson Bradbury on August 1,1893. California Hall, Berkeley, CA, NRHP-listed California Memorial Stadium, University of California campus, Berkeley, CA, NRHP-listed Durant Hall, Berkeley, CA, NRHP-listed Electric Tower, Buffalo, NY, Destroyed shortly after the Pan-American Exposition. First Congregational Church, Oakland, CA Haviland Hall, University of California Campus, Berkeley, CA, NRHP-listed Hearst Greek Theatre, Gayley Road. C
22.
Campus of the University of California, Berkeley
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Later buildings were designed by architects such as Charles Willard Moore and Joseph Esherick. Very little of the early University of California remains, with the Victorian Second Empire-style South Hall and this unprecedented competition came about from one-upmanship between the prominent Hearst and Stanford families of the Bay Area. In response to the founding of Stanford University, the Hearst Family decided to adopt the fledgling University of California, although Emile Bénard, a Frenchman, won the competition, he disliked the uncultured San Francisco atmosphere and refused to personally revise the plan to the site. He was replaced by fourth-place winner John Galen Howard, who would later become UC Berkeleys resident campus architect, only University House, designed by architect Albert Pissis and then home to the President of the University of California, was placed according to the original Bénard plan. Much of the campus is built in the Beaux-Arts Classical style. This area is now referred to as the “classical core” of the campus, with the support of University President Benjamin Ide Wheeler, Howard designed over twenty buildings, which set the tone for the campus up until its expansion in the 1950s and 60s. Buildings he regarded as temporary, nonacademic, or not particularly serious were designed in shingle or Collegiate Gothic styles, such as North Gate Hall, Dwinelle Annex, bowles Hall—built in 1928—is Californias oldest state-owned dormitory and is also listed in the National Register of Historic Places. John Galen Howard retired in 1924, his support base gone with both Phoebe Hearsts death and President Wheelers resignation in 1919. These were originally to include a huge domed auditorium, a museum, an art school, however, only the Hearst Womens Gymnasium was completed before the Great Depression, at which point Hearst decided to focus on his estate at San Simeon instead. However, the administration moved out of Sproul and into California Hall, situated in the heart of campus, gray-green Evans Hall is the tallest instructional building on the campus and houses the offices of faculty in mathematics, statistics, and economics. Evans Hall is widely reviled, a recent campus development plan lists Evans Hall as a candidate for demolition within the fifteen years. Cory Hall, the engineering building, was the site of two attacks by the Unabomber in 1982 and 1985. Its neighbor, Soda Hall, is one of the few buildings on campus with showers. It was completed in August 1994 at the cost of $35.5 million, because this confusing building is host to both large lecture classes and numerous discussion classes, it is sometimes called the freshman maze. Underneath UC Berkeleys oldest buildings is a system of tunnels which carry steam for heat. During the 1960s, Berkeley students chained the doorknobs of the Chancellors office in protest over the Vietnam War, the Chancellor, having no other way in or out of the building, used the steam tunnels to escape. Afterwards, the double doors on that building were changed so they only had one doorknob. Recent developments include the newly completed Jean Hargrove Music Library, the fourth free-standing music library to be constructed in the United States, in 2006, the new Stanley Hall, named after the 1946 winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, opened its doors
23.
University of California, Berkeley
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The University of California, Berkeley, is a public research university located in Berkeley, California. In 1960s, UC Berkeley was particularly noted for the Free Speech Movement as well as the Anti-Vietnam War Movement led by its students. S, Department of Energy, and is home to many world-renowned research institutes and organizations including Mathematical Sciences Research Institute and Space Sciences Laboratory. Faculty member J. R. Oppenheimer, the father of the atomic bomb, Lawrence Livermore Lab also discovered or co-discovered six chemical elements. The Academic Ranking of World Universities also ranks the University of California, Berkeley, third in the world overall, in 1866, the private College of California purchased the land comprising the current Berkeley campus. Ten faculty members and almost 40 students made up the new University of California when it opened in Oakland in 1869, billings was a trustee of the College of California and suggested that the college be named in honor of the Anglo-Irish philosopher George Berkeley. In 1870, Henry Durant, the founder of the College of California, with the completion of North and South Halls in 1873, the university relocated to its Berkeley location with 167 male and 22 female students and held its first classes. In 1905, the University Farm was established near Sacramento, ultimately becoming the University of California, by the 1920s, the number of campus buildings had grown substantially, and included twenty structures designed by architect John Galen Howard. Robert Gordon Sproul served as president from 1930 to 1958, by 1942, the American Council on Education ranked UC Berkeley second only to Harvard University in the number of distinguished departments. During World War II, following Glenn Seaborgs then-secret discovery of plutonium, UC Berkeley physics professor J. Robert Oppenheimer was named scientific head of the Manhattan Project in 1942. Along with the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley is now a partner in managing two other labs, Los Alamos National Laboratory and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, originally, military training was compulsory for male undergraduates, and Berkeley housed an armory for that purpose. In 1917, Berkeleys ROTC program was established, and its School of Military Aeronautics trained future pilots, including Jimmy Doolittle, both Robert McNamara and Frederick C. Weyand graduated from UC Berkeleys ROTC program, earning B. A. degrees in 1937 and 1938, in 1926, future fleet admiral Chester W. Nimitz established the first Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps unit at Berkeley. The Board of Regents ended compulsory military training at Berkeley in 1962, during the McCarthy era in 1949, the Board of Regents adopted an anti-communist loyalty oath. A number of faculty members objected and were dismissed, ten years passed before they were reinstated with back pay, in 1952, the University of California became an entity separate from the Berkeley campus. Each campus was given autonomy and its own Chancellor. Then-president Sproul assumed presidency of the entire University of California system, Berkeley gained a reputation for student activism in the 1960s with the Free Speech Movement of 1964 and opposition to the Vietnam War. In the highly publicized Peoples Park protest in 1969, students and the school conflicted over use of a plot of land, then governor of California Ronald Reagan called the Berkeley campus a haven for communist sympathizers, protesters, and sex deviants. Modern students at Berkeley are less active, with a greater percentage of moderates and conservatives
24.
1906 San Francisco earthquake
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The 1906 San Francisco earthquake struck the coast of Northern California at 5,12 a. m. on April 18 with an estimated moment magnitude of 7.8 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI. Severe shaking was felt from Eureka on the North Coast to the Salinas Valley, devastating fires soon broke out in the city and lasted for several days. As a result, about 3,000 people died and over 80% of the city of San Francisco was destroyed, the events are remembered as one of the worst and deadliest natural disasters in the history of the United States. The death toll remains the greatest loss of life from a disaster in Californias history. The San Andreas Fault is a transform fault that forms part of the tectonic boundary between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate. The strike-slip fault is characterized by mainly lateral motion in a dextral sense, the 1906 rupture propagated both northward and southward for a total of 296 miles. This fault runs the length of California from the Salton Sea in the south to Cape Mendocino in the north, the maximum observed surface displacement was about 20 feet, geodetic measurements show displacements of up to 28 feet. The 1906 earthquake preceded the development of the Richter magnitude scale by three decades. The most widely accepted estimate for the magnitude of the quake on the moment magnitude scale is 7.8. According to findings published in the Journal of Geophysical Research, severe deformations in the earths crust took place both before and after the earthquakes impact. Accumulated strain on the faults in the system was relieved during the earthquake, the main shock epicenter occurred offshore about 2 miles from the city, near Mussel Rock. Shaking was felt from Oregon to Los Angeles, and inland as far as central Nevada, a strong foreshock preceded the main shock by about 20 to 25 seconds. The strong shaking of the main shock lasted about 42 seconds, there were decades of minor earthquakes – more than at any other time in the historical record for northern California – before the 1906 quake. For years, the epicenter of the quake was assumed to be near the town of Olema, in the Point Reyes area of Marin County, because of evidence of the degree of local earth displacement. In the 1960s, a seismologist at UC Berkeley proposed that the epicenter was more likely offshore of San Francisco, at the time,375 deaths were reported, partly because hundreds of fatalities in Chinatown went ignored and unrecorded. The total number of deaths is uncertain today, and is estimated to be roughly 3,000 at minimum. Most of the deaths occurred in San Francisco itself, but 189 were reported elsewhere in the Bay Area, nearby cities, such as Santa Rosa and San Jose, in Monterey County, the earthquake permanently shifted the course of the Salinas River near its mouth. Where previously the river emptied into Monterey Bay between Moss Landing and Watsonville, it was diverted 6 miles south to a new channel just north of Marina
25.
Buff (colour)
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Buff is the pale yellow-brown colour of the un-dyed leather of several animals. As an RYB quaternary colour, it is the colour produced by an equal mix of the tertiary colours citron. The first recorded use of the buff to describe a colour was in the London Gazette of 1686. Such buff leather was suitable for buffing or serving as a buffer between polished objects and it is not clear which bovine buffalo referred to, but it may not have been any of the animals called buffalo today. In the buff, today meaning naked, originally applied to English soldiers wearing the buff leather tunic that was their uniform until the 17th century, the naked signification is due to the perception that skin is buff-coloured. Sand, rock, and loess tend to be buff in many areas, because buff is effective in camouflage, it is often naturally selected. In areas where raw materials are available, buff walls. Unless bleached or dyed, paper products, such as Manila paper, Buff envelopes are used extensively in commercial mailings. Buff paper is sometimes favoured by artists seeking a neutral background colour for drawings, Buff domesticated animals and plants have been created, including dogs, cats, and poultry. The word buff is used in written standards of several breeds, in 16th and 17th century European cultures, buff waistcoats, were considered proper casual wear. In the 17th century, the colour of formal dress boot uppers was often described as buff. Clothing depicted on John Bull, a personification of Britain in general and England in particular, in political cartoons. Bulls buff waistcoats, topcoats, trousers and boot uppers were typical of sixteenth-, Buff is a traditional European military uniform colour. Buff has good camouflage qualities as sand, soil, and dry vegetation are buff in many areas, the term Buff coat refers to a part of 17th-century European military uniforms. Such coats were intended to protect the wearer, and the strongest and finest leathers tend to be buff, so the term buff coats came to refer to all such coats, the Royal East Kent Regiment was nicknamed The Buffs from the colour of their waistcoats. Popularised by Rudyard Kipling in his 1888 work Soldiers Three, has its origins during 2nd Battalions garrison duties in Malta. Adjutant Cotter, not wanting to be shown up in front of his regiment, the 21st Royal Fusiliers, spurred his men on with the words, Steady. The uniform of American Continental Army was buff and blue, Buff is the traditional colour of the U. S. Army Quartermaster Corps
26.
MacArthur station (BART)
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MacArthur is a rapid transit station of the Bay Area Rapid Transit system in Oakland, California, United States. It is the largest station in the BART system, being the one with four platform tracks in regular use. Service through MacArthur is timed for cross-platform transfers between the lines that pass through the station. MacArthur station is in North Oakland, in the median of Route 24 just north of its interchange with I-580, the surrounding area is mostly low-density residential, making MacArthur station a commuting hub. The current plan calls for 624 residential units as well as 42,500 square feet of retail space, the redevelopment is supported by the Bay Area Rapid Transit District board member, Lynette Sweet. Connecting AC Transit transit lines at this station include Line 31 to Alameda Point and 57 to Foothill Square, MacArthur station opened on September 11,1972, as the northern terminus of the inaugural BART line, which ran to Fremont. Upon the opening of the Transbay Tube, the station began to serve Cross-Bay trains to San Francisco, MacArthur station was built with cross-platform interchanges in mind. There are two platforms and four tracks. Platforms 3 and 4 serve the Pittsburg/Bay Point-SFO/Millbrae line, Platform 3 goes Northbound toward Pittsburg/Bay Point, connections between the lines are timed for Southbound passengers between Platforms 2 and 4. This is not the case for Northbound passengers, as a transfer point already exists further south at 19th Street Station. MacArthur tends to be crowded in the due to high transfer volume between two lines where only a few people get off while many are trying to board. List of Bay Area Rapid Transit stations Official BART station page
27.
Fremont station (BART)
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Fremont is a Bay Area Rapid Transit station that serves Fremont, California. The station was the terminus of the Richmond-Fremont and Fremont-Daly City lines until March 25,2017 and this station has full service at all times, while the neighboring Warm Springs/South Fremont station will have half the service. Parking is in demand, and lots at most stations are full during peak hours. Service at this station began on September 11,1972, when the Automatic Train Control system had safety problems with its design and operation. On October 2,1972, an ATC failure caused the “Fremont Flyer” to run off the end of the track at the Fremont station. The incident drew national and international attention, followed a month later by release of the Post Report on BART safety by the legislative analyst for the California State Senate. The “Fremont Flyer” train crash led to a redesign of the automatic train control system, the firing of the general manager. Fremont station is a hub for AC Transit and Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority buses. Local buses, mainly within Fremont, and routes to the north Bay Fair BART, one All-Nighter route to 14th & Broadway in downtown Oakland with a timed transfer at to from Civic Center/UN Plaza station and to Richmond Station. VTA, has express and commuter buses serving San Jose, Milpitas, VTA will discontinue service at this station, upon the opening of the Milpitas and Berryessa stations. The Stanford Marguerite Shuttles AE-F and East Bay Express lines serve Fremont BART as their terminal station, list of Bay Area Rapid Transit stations BART - Fremont Station Overview The station address on Google Maps Map of overflow parking lot for Fremont BART
28.
Transbay Tube
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The Transbay Tube is an underwater rail tunnel which carries Bay Area Rapid Transits four transbay lines under San Francisco Bay between the cities of San Francisco and Oakland in California. The tube is 3.6 miles long, including the approaches from the nearest stations and it has a maximum depth of 135 feet below sea level. The tube was constructed on land, transported to the site and this immersed tube technique is in contrast to bored tunneling, where rock is removed to leave a passage. The Tube was the segment to open in the original BART plan. All BART lines except the Richmond–Warm Springs line operate through the Transbay Tube, making it one of the busiest sections of the system in terms of passenger and train traffic. During peak commute times, over 28,000 passengers per hour travel through the tunnel with headways as low as 2.5 minutes. BART trains reach their highest speeds in the Tube, almost 80 miles per hour, the idea of an underwater rail tunnel traversing San Francisco Bay was suggested by the San Francisco eccentric Emperor Norton in a proclamation that he issued on May 12,1872. Emperor Norton issued a proclamation on September 17,1872, threatening to arrest the city leaders of Oakland. Official consideration to the idea was first given in October 1920 by Major General George Washington Goethals, goethalss proposal was estimated to cost up to US$50,000,000. The Davies and Modjeski proposal was joined by twelve other proposed projects to cross the Bay in October 1921, in 1947, a joint Army-Navy Commission recommended an underwater tube as a means of relieving automobile congestion on the then-ten-year-old Bay Bridge. The recommendation was issued in a report undertaken to determine the feasibility of the Reber Plan, seismic studies commenced in 1959, including boring and testing programs in 1960 and 1964, and the installation of an earthquake recording system on the Bay floor. The Tubes route was modified after preliminary surveys were unable to identify a continuous bedrock profile, the route was deliberately chosen to avoid bedrock as much as possible so the tube was free to flex, avoiding concentrated bending stresses. Design concepts and route alignment were completed by July 1960, a 1961 report estimated the cost of the Transbay Tube at US$132,720,000. Construction was started on the Tube in 1965, and the structure was completed after the section was lowered on April 3,1969. BART sold commemorative bronzed aluminum coins to mark the placement of the final section, prior to being fitted out, the Tube was opened for visitors to walk through a small portion on November 9,1969. The first test run was performed by a train under control on August 10,1973. The tunnel is set in a trench 60 feet wide with a gravel foundation 2 feet deep. Lasers were used to guide the dredging of the trench and the laying of the gravel foundation, construction of the trench required dredging 5,600,000 cubic yards of material from the Bay
29.
Parsons Brinckerhoff
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Parsons Brinckerhoff is a multinational engineering and design firm with approximately 14,000 employees. The firm operates in the fields of consulting, planning, engineering, construction management, infrastructure. In 2013, the company was named the tenth largest U. S. -based engineering/design firm by Engineering News Record, on October 31,2014 Parsons Brinckerhoff became a wholly owned independent subsidiary of WSP Global, a Canadian-based professional services firm. Together, WSP/Parsons Brinckerhoff is one of the largest professional services firms in the world with approximately 31,500 employees in 500 offices serving 39 countries. Parsons Brinckerhoff also designed the Cape Cod Canal, which opened in 1914 and charted the course of a railway in China from Hankow to Canton, in 1906, Henry M. Brinckerhoff, a highway engineer, brought his expertise in electric railways to the firm. He is known for his co-invention of the third rail, Parsons Brinckerhoff was acquired by Balfour Beatty in October 2009 and operated as a wholly owned subsidiary of the Balfour Beatty plc. In October 2010 Balfour Beatty acquired Halsall Associates, which became a subsidiary of Parsons Brinckerhoff, on October 31,2014 Balfour Beatty sold Parsons Brinckerhoff to WSP Global. C. An extension of the East London Line of the London Overground, Parsons Brinckerhoff partnered with rival engineering firm Bechtel to build the troubled Big Dig in Boston, Massachusetts. The Big Dig, or Central Artery / Tunnel project, as it was known was intended to replace an elevated Interstate freeway. The Big Dig was years over schedule and engineering costs to several times of Bechtel/Parsons Brinckerhoffs original estimates, due to the poor construction, it has been estimated that the Big Digs life span will be far short of the original specification that taxpayers paid for. The tunnels still have thousands of leaks and substandard materials, subsequent to the fatal tunnel ceiling collapse, light fixtures have been found to have been incorrectly installed and corroding, posing a risk of failure and falling to the tunnel roadway. Parsons Brinckerhoff was also the engineering firm to build the Silver Spring. Despite a ballooning budget and a project that has run far behind schedule, Parsons Brinckerhoff were in a lawsuit for Lane Cove Tunnel, Sydney, Australia. The claim by AMP Capital Investors for $144M was settled in September 2014, the basis of the claim was Misleading and defective conduct but the settlement is on confidential terms with no admission of liability. On 3 September 2014, it was announced that WSP Global had made an offer to purchase Parsons Brinckerhoff from Balfour Beatty plc for USD$1.24 billion, the transaction closed on October 31,2014 and Parsons Brinckerhoff is now a wholly owned subsidiary of WSP Global. On 10 January 2017, it was announced that the brand Parsons Brinckerhoff would be retired and combined into the parent company, WSP Global
30.
Bechtel
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Bechtel Corporation is the largest construction and civil engineering company in the United States, and the 9th-largest privately owned American company in 2016. Its headquarters are in the South of Market, San Francisco, Bechtels business activities began in 1898 when cattle farmer Warren A. Bechtel moved from Peabody, Kansas, to the Oklahoma Territory to construct railroads with his own team of mules, Bechtel won his first subcontract to build part of the Oroville-to-Oakland section of the Western Pacific Railroad. That same year, he bought his own steam shovel, becoming a pioneer of the new technology, Bechtel Co. on the side of the steam shovel, effectively establishing Bechtel as a company, though it was not yet incorporated. Bechtel completed work on a series of railroad contracts during the early 1900s, starting with the construction of Klamath River Highway in California in 1919, Bechtel ventured into jobs outside of building railroads. The company built roads, bridges, and highways throughout the western United States, the company worked on its first hydroelectric projects in the 1920s for Pacific Gas and Electric Company in California. By the time Bechtel incorporated in 1925, it was the construction company in the western United States. In 1929, Warrens son, Stephen, urged his father to take on the companys first pipeline project, Bechtel began working with California Standard Oil Company to build pipelines and refineries. In January 1931, Bechtel joined other contractors in the west to form Six Companies, Six Companies won the bid in March and construction on the dam began in the summer of 1931. Warren Bechtel died unexpectedly in 1933 while in Moscow on business and he was succeeded by his son, Stephen Bechtel, Sr. who became both the head of Bechtel and chief executive of the Hoover Dam project. Under his leadership, the Hoover Dam was finished in 1935, the project was the largest of its kind in US history at the time and Bechtels first megaproject. During World War II, the United States Maritime Commission invited the company to bid for a contract to build half of their order of 60 cargo ships, the company had no prior experience in shipbuilding, but bid for the entire 60 ships. Between 1941 and 1945, Bechtels wartime shipyards, including Marinship and Calship, Bechtel also worked on a pipeline from the Yukon to Alaska called Canol for the United States Department of War during this time period. Under Stephen Bechtel, Sr. the company diversified its projects, the company also focused on turnkey projects, a concept Stephen Bechtel, Sr. pioneered, in which Bechtel handled a project from planning and design through construction. Bechtel’s first job outside the US was building the Mene Grande pipeline in Venezuela in 1940. In 1947, Bechtel began construction on what was then the worlds longest oil pipeline, the Trans-Arabian Pipeline, which began in Saudi Arabia, ran across Jordan and Syria, the company continued to expand globally throughout the 1940s, particularly in the Middle East. In 1949, Bechtel began working with power after being contracted to build the Experimental Breeder Reactor I in Idaho. The company later built the Dresden Generating Station, the first commercial power plant
31.
Rotunda (architecture)
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A rotunda is any building with a circular ground plan, and sometimes covered by a dome. It can also refer to a room within a building. The Pantheon in Rome is a famous rotunda, a Band Rotunda is a circular bandstand, usually with a dome. The rotunda has historical and architectural value because it was widespread in medieval Central Europe, a great number of parochial churches were built in this form in the 9th to 11th centuries BCE in Central Europe. This type of circular shaped parochial building can be found in great number in Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Croatia, Austria, Bavaria, Dalmatia, Germany, and it was thought of as a structure descending from the Roman Pantheon. However, it can be found mainly not on former Roman territories, generally its size was 6–9 meters inner diameter and the apsis was directed toward the east. Sometimes 3 or 4 apsides were glued to the central circle, several types of rotundas are found in the Carpathian Basin, within the former boundaries of Medieval Hungary. The role and form developed from gradual enlargements of ancient small village churches, many of them still stand today, e. g. in Nagytótlak, Kallósd and Kissikátor in Hungary or in Bíňa and Šivetice in Slovakia. In many places the ancient foundations have been excavated and conserved, the village church of Sárospatak is complete with a simple circular nave and an eastern apse. The church of Alagimajor at Dunakeszi was enlarged toward the apse in the 14th century, in many cases the rotunda was used as the apse of the villages new and larger church. Such semi-circle apses are preserved all over the Carpathian Basin, rotundas of six apses, a most interesting form, are found at Karcsa, Kiszombor in Hungary, at Horjany in Ukraine and several places in Armenia. There is a connection between Central European and Caucasian rotundas of the 9th to 11th centuries BCE. Several Armenian built rotunda churches have sixfold arched central apsis, i. e. at Aragatz, Bagaran, Bagnayr, Botshor, at the same time eightfold arched central buildings are also frequently occurring in Armenia, Ani, Irind, Varzhahan. It was a suggestion that there was not only western European, temple of Heaven construction completed on 1420 during Yongle Emperor who also constructed Forbidden City of China. Fujian Tulou is a traditional rural dwellings of the Hakka in Fujian region of China and they are built between the 12th and the 20th centuries. The Baptistery at the Piazza dei Miracoli, Pisa, Italy, the Church of the Rotonda in Thessaloniki, built as the Tomb of Galerius in 306 AD. The St George Rotunda in Sofia, Bulgaria, a 4th-century Early Christian church, St. George Cathedral Church at Zvartnots, Armenia. St. Martins Rotunda in Vyšehrad Castle, Prague, Czech Republic, the Rotunda of St Marija Assunta in Mosta, Malta
32.
Downtown Oakland
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Downtown Oakland hosts the only celebration of its kind in the nation in memory of the black cowboys who helped settle the American West. The annual parade typically begins on an early October weekend at DeFremery Park in West Oakland en route to Frank H. Ogawa Plaza where judging booths are set up, after an awards ceremony, the parade returns to DeFremery Park, for a celebration. Downtown includes a portion of the oldest part of the city, the Oakland Museum is located on Oak Street near the southeastern edge of Downtown. Laney College, with more than 12,000 students, is located on Fallon Street near the Lake Merritt BART station, other educational institutions include Lincoln University, a small business school catering mainly to international students, and a downtown office of Cal State East Bay. Oaksterdam University, a college which prepares students for medical cannabis work, is located on 15th Street in an area referred to as Oaksterdam. The original campus of UC Berkeley was located between Franklin, Harrison, 12th and 14th streets, and the University of California system is headquartered in Downtown. Lincoln Elementary School, one of the few public schools in the downtown of a major US city, is on the edge of downtown. The Oakland School for the Arts, a school, is building a new facility surrounding the Fox Oakland Theatre in Oaklands Uptown Oakland. City Hall Plaza is a city park and a plaza which includes what was once the terminus of San Pablo Avenue where it met Broadway at 14th Street. Motor vehicle traffic has also excluded from where former city streets, Washington street. Today the area features a retail mall with pedestrian streets laid out to replicate the original street grid. Several routes operated by AC Transit pass by or end at Downtown Oakland and these include, Local Routes 1 - International Blvd. 51A - Rockridge BART via Broadway-Downtown-Fruitvale BART via Santa Clara Ave. 72/72M - San Pablo Ave. / MacDonald Ave. 72R - San Pablo Ave, Rapid 88 - Market Street Transbay Route NL - MacArthur Blvd. Limited All-Nighter Routes 800 - Transbay 801 - International Blvd. /Mission Blvd,802 - San Pablo Ave.805 - MacArthur Blvd. These stations host local service, Rapid service, Transbay Express, a Translink Add Value Machine is located at AC Transit Headquarters on Franklin Street. The transformation of the 1 line into a full scale bus rapid transit corridor is years into the planning process. Three underground BART stations are located in Downtown, 12th Street/Oakland City Center, the Downtown Oakland and Lake Merritt/Uptown District Associations are community benefit districts that were formed in February 2009. The associations meet and function jointly, in June 2013, the districts were recognized by the International Downtown Association and named the IDA’s June Downtown of the Month
33.
Alameda County, California
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Alameda County is a county in the state of California in the United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 1,510,271, Alameda County is included in the San Francisco Bay Area, occupying much of the East Bay region. The county was formed on March 25,1853, from a portion of Contra Costa County. The Spanish word alameda means a place where trees grow. The willow and sycamore trees along the banks of the river reminded the early explorers of a road lined with trees, the county seat at the time it was formed was located at Alvarado, now part of Union City. In 1856 it was moved to San Leandro, where the county courthouse was destroyed by the devastating 1868 quake on the Hayward Fault, the county seat was then re-established in the town of Brooklyn from 1872-1875. Brooklyn is now part of Oakland, which has been the county seat since 1873, much of what is now considered an intensively urban region, with major cities, was developed as a trolley car suburb of San Francisco in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The annual county fair is held at the Alameda County Fairgrounds in Pleasanton, the fair runs for three weekends from June to July. Attractions include horse racing, carnival rides, 4-H exhibits, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 821 square miles, of which 739 square miles is land and 82 square miles is water. The San Francisco Bay borders the county on the west, the crest of the Berkeley Hills form part of the northeastern boundary, and reach into the center of the county. A coastal plain several miles wide lines the bay, and is Oaklands most populous region, Livermore Valley lies in the eastern part of the county. Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge A2014 analysis found Alameda County to be the 4th most racially diverse county in the United States, the 2010 United States Census reported that Alameda County had a population of 1,510,271. The population density was 2,047.6 people per square mile, Hispanic or Latino of any race were 339,889 persons,16. 4% Mexican,0. 8% Puerto Rican,0. 2% Cuban,5. 1% Other Hispanic. 26. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.71 and the average family size was 3.31. In the county, the population was out with 24. 6% under the age of 18,9. 6% from 18 to 24,33. 9% from 25 to 44,21. 7% from 45 to 64. The median age was 34 years, for every 100 females there were 96.60 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.00 males, the median income for a household in the county was $55,946, and the median income for a family was $65,857. Males had an income of $47,425 versus $36,921 for females
34.
Icositetragon
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In geometry, an icositetragon or 24-gon is a twenty-four-sided polygon. The sum of any icositetragons interior angles is 3960 degrees, the regular icositetragon is represented by Schläfli symbol and can also be constructed as a truncated dodecagon, t, or a twice-truncated hexagon, tt, or thrice-truncated triangle, ttt. One interior angle in a regular icositetragon is 165°, meaning that one exterior angle would be 15°, the area of a regular icositetragon is, A =6 t 2 cot π24 =6 t 2. The icositetragon appeared in Archimedes polygon approximation of pi, along with the hexagon, dodecagon, tetracontaoctagon, as 24 =23 ×3, a regular icositetragon is constructible using a compass and straightedge. As a truncated dodecagon, it can be constructed by an edge-bisection of a regular dodecagon, the regular icositetragon has Dih24 symmetry, order 48. There are 7 subgroup dihedral symmetries, and, and 8 cyclic group symmetries and these 16 symmetries can be seen in 22 distinct symmetries on the icositetragon. John Conway labels these by a letter and group order, the full symmetry of the regular form is r48 and no symmetry is labeled a1. The dihedral symmetries are divided depending on whether they pass through vertices or edges, cyclic symmetries in the middle column are labeled as g for their central gyration orders. Each subgroup symmetry allows one or more degrees of freedom for irregular forms, only the g24 subgroup has no degrees of freedom but can seen as directed edges. A regular triangle, octagon, and icositetragon can completely fill a plane vertex, an icositetragram is a 24-sided star polygon. There are 3 regular forms given by Schläfli symbols, and, there are also 7 regular star figures using the same vertex arrangement,2,3,4,6,8,3, and 2. There are also isogonal icositetragrams constructed as deeper truncations of the regular dodecagon and these also generate two quasitruncations, t=, and t=. A skew icositetragon is a polygon with 24 vertices and edges. The interior of such an icositetragon is not generally defined, a skew zig-zag icositetragon has vertices alternating between two parallel planes. A regular skew icositetragon is vertex-transitive with equal edge lengths, in 3-dimensions it will be a zig-zag skew icositetragon and can be seen in the vertices and side edges of a dodecagonal antiprism with the same D12d, symmetry, order 48. The dodecagrammic antiprism, s and dodecagrammic crossed-antiprism, s also have regular skew dodecagons, the regular icositetragon is the Petrie polygon for many higher-dimensional polytopes, seen as orthogonal projections in Coxeter planes, including, Weisstein, Eric W. Icositetragon. Naming Polygons and Polyhedra polygon icosatetragon
35.
University of California Botanical Garden
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The University of California Botanical Garden is a 34-acre botanical garden located on the University of California, Berkeley campus, in Strawberry Canyon. The Garden is in the Berkeley Hills, inside the city boundary of Oakland and it is one of the most diverse plant collections in the United States, and famous for its large number of rare and endangered species. The Garden was established in 1890 on the Universitys central campus and it was moved to its present location in the Berkeley Hills above the main campus under the directorship of Thomas Harper Goodspeed. Its present location is less than a mile down the road from the Lawrence Hall of Science. The Gardens layout in Strawberry Canyon was designed by Goodspeed and fellow Berkeley professor and landscape architect, the Garden now contains more than 20,000 accessions, representing 324 plant families,12,000 different species and subspecies, and 2,885 genera. Outdoor collections are in general arranged geographically, and nearly all specimens have been collected from the wild, the major family collections include, Cactus, Lily, Sunflower, Heath, and Orchid. Other well-represented families include about 500 types of ferns and fern allies, Chinese medicinal herbs, plants of economic importance, Old rose cultivars, a set of greenhouses contain succulents, epiphytes, ferns, carnivorous plants, and tropicals. The Gardens collections are in geographically organized sections, and include, African — featuring South African plants, including, lilies, Proteas, ice plants, Aloes, asian — features an outstanding Rhododendron collection, including many mature tree Rhododendrons too tender for most North American climates. Also present are many specimens of the family, including the original dawn redwoods, and dozens of unusual shrubs, vines. Australasian — plants from Australia and New Zealand, with southern beeches, Banksias, myrtles such as Eucalyptus, cycads, and Phormiums. Mediterranean — exhibits flora from the countries, including, Morocco, Spain, Portugal and the Canary Islands, Turkey. New World Desert — bristles with cacti and other succulents from North and Central America, North American — includes deciduous trees such as tulip tree, bald cypress, and dogwoods. Meso American — shows the diversity of Central American habitats with genera found in mountain and desert areas such as Agaves, oaks, pines, and an extensive range of brightly flowered Salvias. South American — with a grove of monkey puzzle trees, an outstanding collection of Fuchsias. The garden has one of the most complete selections of cultivars of Lapageria, greenhouses The Gardens greenhouses include, the Arid House presenting seasonal exhibits of cacti and succulents. The Fern and Carnivorous Plants House display diverse ferns and unusual insect-eating plants, the Tropical House features tropical plants of economic value, and many curiosities such as the giant corpse lily Amorphophallus
36.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
37.
Rapid transit
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Rapid transit, also known as heavy rail, metro, subway, tube, or underground, is a type of high-capacity public transport generally found in urban areas. The stations typically have high platforms, without steps inside the trains and they are typically integrated with other public transport and often operated by the same public transport authorities. However, some transit systems have at-grade intersections between a rapid transit line and a road or between two rapid transit lines. It is unchallenged in its ability to transport large numbers of people quickly over short distances with little use of land, variations of rapid transit include people movers, small-scale light metro, and the commuter rail hybrid S-Bahn. The worlds first rapid-transit system was the partially underground Metropolitan Railway which opened as a railway in 1863. In 1868, New York opened the elevated West Side and Yonkers Patent Railway, china has the largest number of rapid transit systems in the world. The worlds longest single-operator rapid transit system by length is the Shanghai Metro. The worlds largest single rapid transit service provider by both length of revenue track (665 miles and number of stations is the New York City Subway. The busiest rapid transit systems in the world by annual ridership are the Tokyo subway system, the Seoul Metropolitan Subway, the Moscow Metro, the Beijing Subway, Metro is the most common term for underground rapid transit systems used by non-native English speakers. One of these terms may apply to a system, even if a large part of the network runs at ground level. In Scotland, however, the Glasgow Subway underground rapid transit system is known as the Subway, in the US, underground mass transit systems are primarily known as subways, whereas the term metro is a shortened reference to a metropolitan area. In that vein, Chicagos commuter rail system, serving the area, is called Metra. Exceptions in naming rapid transit systems are Washington DCs subway system the Washington Metro, Los Angeles Metro Rail, and the Miami Metrorail, the opening of Londons steam-hauled Metropolitan Railway in 1863 marked the beginning of rapid transit. Initial experiences with steam engines, despite ventilation, were unpleasant, experiments with pneumatic railways failed in their extended adoption by cities. Electric traction was more efficient, faster and cleaner than steam, in 1890 the City & South London Railway was the first electric-traction rapid transit railway, which was also fully underground. Both railways were merged into London Underground. The 1893 Liverpool Overhead Railway was designed to use electric traction from the outset, budapest in Hungary and Glasgow, Chicago and New York all converted or purpose-designed and built electric rail services. Advancements in technology have allowed new automated services, hybrid solutions have also evolved, such as tram-train and premetro, which incorporate some of the features of rapid transit systems
AC Transit: Routes 6, 7, 18, 51B, 52, 65, 67, 79, 88, 800, 851, F, FS
