1.
Syracuse, New York
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Syracuse is a city in, and the county seat of, Onondaga County, New York, in the United States. It is the largest U. S. city with the name Syracuse, and is the fifth most populous city in the state of New York following New York City, Buffalo, Rochester, and Yonkers. At the 2010 census, the city population was 145,170 and it is the economic and educational hub of Central New York, a region with over a million inhabitants. Syracuse is also well-provided with convention sites, with a convention complex. Syracuse was named after the original Greek city Syracuse, a city on the eastern coast of the Italian island of Sicily. The city has functioned as a crossroads over the last two centuries, first between the Erie Canal and its branch canals, then of the railway network. Today, Syracuse is located at the intersection of Interstates 81 and 90, Syracuse is home to Syracuse University, a major research university, as well as Le Moyne College, a nationally recognized liberal arts college. In 2010, Forbes rated Syracuse 4th in the top 10 places in the U. S. to raise a family, the Syracuse area was first seen by Europeans when French missionaries came to the area in the 1600s. Marie de Gannentaha, on the northeast shore of Onondaga Lake, Jesuit missionaries visiting the Syracuse region in the mid 1600s reported salty brine springs around the southern end of Salt Lake, known today as Onondaga Lake. It is the north flowing brine from Tully that is the source of salt for the salty springs found along the shoreline of Onondaga lake, the rapid development of this industry in the 18th and 19th centuries led to the nicknaming of Syracuse as The Salt City. In 1847, the city was named after Syracuse, Sicily. In 1861, he developed the process for the manufacture of soda ash from brine wells dug in the southern end of Tully valley. The process was an improvement over the earlier Leblanc process, the Syracuse Solvay plant was the incubator for a large chemical industry complex owned by Allied Signal in Syracuse, the result of which made Onondaga Lake the most polluted in the nation. The salt industry declined after the Civil War, but a new manufacturing industry arose in its place, the Geneva Medical College was founded in 1834. It is now known as Upstate Medical University, one of four medical colleges in the State University of New York system. The first New York State Fair was held in Syracuse in 1841, world War II sparked significant industrial expansion in the area, specialty steel, fasteners, custom machining. After the war, two of the Big Three automobile manufacturers had major operations in the area, Syracuse was headquarters for Carrier Corporation, and Crouse-Hinds manufactured traffic signals in Syracuse. General Electric had its television manufacturing plant at Electronics Parkway in Syracuse
2.
Central New York
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The total area of the above counties is 8,639 square miles, which is slightly smaller than New Hampshire. The region is served by television stations based in Syracuse. Note, Cortland County and Tompkins County are often considered part of the New York State region called the Southern Tier, Tompkins County, which features Ithaca at the end of Cayuga Lake, is also considered part of the Finger Lakes. Therefore, Tompkins County, Cortland County, Oneida County, only Onondaga County, Cayuga County, Oswego County and Madison County are always considered Central New York. During the early period, the Iroquois successfully excluded Algonquian tribes from the region. The Central New York Military Tract was located here, many towns derived from the tracts have classical names. Many Central New Yorkers pronounce elementary as /ɛləˈmɛntɛri/ instead of the General American pronunciations of /ɛləˈmɛntəri/ and /ɛləˈmɛntri/, the r-colored vowels in documentary and complimentary follow suit
3.
Neighbourhood
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A neighbourhood, or neighborhood, is a geographically localised community within a larger city, town, suburb or rural area. Neighbourhoods are often social communities with considerable face-to-face interaction among members, the Old English word for neighbourhood was neahdæl. ”Most of the earliest cities around the world as excavated by archaeologists have evidence for the presence of social neighbourhoods. Historical documents shed light on life in numerous historical preindustrial or nonwestern cities. Neighbourhoods are typically generated by social interaction among people living near one another, in this sense they are local social units larger than households not directly under the control of city or state officials. In addition to social neighbourhoods, most ancient and historical cities also had administrative districts used by officials for taxation, record-keeping, administrative districts are typically larger than neighbourhoods and their boundaries may cut across neighbourhood divisions. In some cases, however, administrative districts coincided with neighbourhoods, for example, in the T’ang period Chinese capital city Chang’an, neighbourhoods were districts and there were state officials who carefully controlled life and activity at the neighbourhood level. Neighbourhoods in preindustrial cities often had some degree of social specialisation or differentiation, ethnic neighbourhoods were important in many past cities and remain common in cities today. One factor contributing to neighbourhood distinctiveness and social cohesion in past cities was the role of rural to urban migration and this was a continual process in preindustrial cities, and migrants tended to move in with relatives and acquaintances from their rural past. Neighbourhoods have been the site of delivery or service interventions in part as efforts to provide local, quality services. Alfred Kahn, as early as the mid-1970s, described the experience, theory and fads of neighbourhood service delivery over the decade, including discussion of income transfers. Neighbourhoods, as an aspect of community, also are the site of services for youth, including children with disabilities. While the term neighbourhood organisation is not as common in 2015, community and economic development activists have pressured for reinvestment in local communities and neighbourhoods. Community and Economic Development may be understood in different ways, and may involve faith-based groups, urban sociology even has a subset termed neighbourhood sociology which supports the study of local communities and the diversity of urban neighbourhoods. Neighbourhoods are also used in studies from postal codes and health disparities. Neighbourhoods are convenient, and always accessible, since you are already in your neighbourhood when you walk out your door, successful neighbourhood action frequently requires little specialised technical skill, and often little or no money. Action may call for an investment of time, but material costs are often low, with neighbourhood action, compared to activity on larger scales, results are more likely to be visible and quickly forthcoming. The streets are cleaner, the crosswalk is painted, the trees are planted, visible and swift results are indicators of success, and since success is reinforcing, the probability of subsequent neighbourhood action is increased. The social support that a neighbourhood may provide can serve as a buffer against various forms of adversity
4.
Population
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A population is the number of all the organisms of the same group or species, which live in a particular geographical area, and have the capability of interbreeding. In sociology, population refers to a collection of humans, Demography is a social science which entails the statistical study of human populations. This article refers mainly to human population, in population genetics a sexual population is a set of organisms in which any pair of members can breed together. This means that they can regularly exchange gametes to produce normally-fertile offspring and this also implies that all members belong to the same species. If the gamodeme is very large, and all gene alleles are uniformly distributed by the gametes within it, however, there may be low frequencies of exchange with these neighbours. This may be viewed as the breaking up of a sexual population into smaller overlapping sexual populations. The overall rise in homozygosity is quantified by the inbreeding coefficient, note that all homozygotes are increased in frequency – both the deleterious and the desirable. The mean phenotype of the collection is lower than that of the panmictic original – which is known as inbreeding depression. It is most important to note, however, that some lines will be superior to the panmictic original, while some will be about the same. The probabilities of each can be estimated from those binomial equations, in plant and animal breeding, procedures have been developed which deliberately utilise the effects of dispersion. It can be shown that dispersion-assisted selection leads to the greatest genetic advance and this is so for both allogamous and autogamous gamodemes. In ecology, the population of a species in a certain area can be estimated using the Lincoln Index. As of todays date, the population is estimated by the United States Census Bureau to be 7.496 billion. The US Census Bureau estimates the 7 billion number was surpassed on 12 March 2012, according to papers published by the United States Census Bureau, the world population hit 6.5 billion on 24 February 2006. The United Nations Population Fund designated 12 October 1999 as the day on which world population reached 6 billion. This was about 12 years after world population reached 5 billion in 1987, the population of countries such as Nigeria, is not even known to the nearest million, so there is a considerable margin of error in such estimates. Researcher Carl Haub calculated that a total of over 100 billion people have probably been born in the last 2000 years, Population growth increased significantly as the Industrial Revolution gathered pace from 1700 onwards. In 2007 the United Nations Population Division projected that the population will likely surpass 10 billion in 2055
5.
Median income
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Median income is the amount that divides the income distribution into two equal groups, half having income above that amount, and half having income below that amount. Mean income is the amount obtained by dividing the total income of a group by the number of units in that group. Median income can be calculated by household income, by personal income, in 2013, Gallup published a list of countries with median household income, based on a self-reported survey of approximately 1000 adults from each country. The figures are in international dollars using purchasing power parity and are based on responses from at least 2,000 adults in each country, below is a list of the top 30 countries. The figures do not take taxes and social contributions into account, a study on the Census income data claims that when correcting for underreporting, U. S. gross median household income was $57,739 in 2010. The annual median equivalence disposable household income for selected OECD countries is shown in the table below and this is the disposable income of an equivalent adult in a household in the middle of the income distribution in a year. Data are in United States dollars at current prices and current purchasing power parity for private consumption for the reference year, an academic study on the Census income data claims that when correcting for underreporting, U. S. gross median household income was 15% higher in 2010. The OECD uses the Census ASEC as its source for the US Since 1980, U. S. gross domestic product per capita has increased 67%, Median household income is a politically sensitive indicator. Voters can be critical of their government if they perceive that their cost of living is rising faster than their income, figure 1 shows how American incomes have changed since 1970. The last recession was the early 2000s recession and was started with the bursting of the dot-com bubble and it affected most advanced economies including the European Union, Japan and the United States. An economic recession will normally cause household incomes to decrease, often by as much as 10%, the Late-2000s recession began with the bursting of the U. S. housing bubble, which caused a problem in the dangerously exposed sub prime-mortgage market. This in turn triggered a financial crisis. In constant price,2011 American median household income was 1. 13% lower than what it was in 1989 and this corresponds to a 0. 05% annual decrease over a 22-year period. In the mean time, GDP per capita has increased by 33. 8% or 1. 33% annually, a comparison between Median Equivalised Household Income and GDP per Capita in USD for select developed countries is shown in the chart below. In 2015, the household income spiked 5.2 percent, reaching $56,000. List of countries by average wage List of U. S
6.
Owner-occupancy
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Owner-occupancy or home-ownership is a form of housing tenure where a person, called the owner-occupier, owner-occupant, or home owner, owns the home in which he/she lives. This home can be house, apartment, condominium, or a housing cooperative, in addition to providing housing, owner-occupancy also functions as a real estate investment. Some homes are constructed by the owners with the intent to occupy, a large number are purchased, as new homes from a real estate developer or as an existing home from a previous landlord or owner-occupier. A house is usually the most expensive single purchase an individual or family makes, given the high cost, most individuals do not have enough savings on hand to pay the entire amount outright. In developed countries, mortgage loans are available from institutions in return for interest. If the home owner fails to meet the agreed repayment schedule, in several government-run home sale programs, such as those run by the U. S. Home ownership gives occupants the right to modify the building and land as they please, protects them from eviction, in some jurisdictions, it also confers certain legal rights with regard to abutters. Houses and the land they sit on are expensive, and the combination of monthly mortgage, insurance, maintenance and repairs, and property tax payments are sometimes greater than monthly rental costs. Buildings may also gain and lose substantial value due to real estate market fluctuations and this can make home ownership more constraining if the homeowner intends to move at a future date. Some home owners see their purchase as an investment and intend to sell or rent the property after renovating or letting the house appreciate in value. Compared to renters and absentee landlords, owner-occupiers are sometimes seen as more responsible toward property maintenance and community concerns, traditionally home-ownership has been encouraged by governments in Western countries because it was thought to help people acquire wealth, to encourage savings, and promote civic engagement. However the housing crash of 2008 in most of the English-speaking world has caused academic. Source, Housing Finance Information Network Homeowners are usually required to pay property tax periodically, multiple jurisdictions may tax the same property. In most Canadian provinces home purchasers must pay a tax called a Property Transfer Tax which is based on the cost of the home. Home ownership in Australia Homeownership in the United States Imputed rent Negative equity Ownership Property Kwak, a World of Homeowners, American Power and the Politics of Housing Aid. Home Ownership Rate by U. S. State – Aggregation of Federal Reserve economic data
7.
ZIP Code
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ZIP Codes are a system of postal codes used by the United States Postal Service since 1963. The term ZIP, an acronym for Zone Improvement Plan, was chosen to suggest that the travels more efficiently, and therefore more quickly. The basic format consists of five numerical digits, an extended ZIP+4 code, introduced in 1983, includes the five digits of the ZIP Code, a hyphen, and four additional digits that determine a more specific location within a given ZIP Code. The term ZIP Code was originally registered as a servicemark by the U. S. Postal Service, USPS style for ZIP is all caps and the c in code is also capitalized, although style sheets for some publications use sentence case or lowercase. The early history and context of postal codes began with postal district/zone numbers, the United States Post Office Department implemented postal zones for numerous large cities in 1943. For example, Mr. John Smith 3256 Epiphenomenal Avenue Minneapolis 16, by the early 1960s a more organized system was needed, and on July 1,1963, non-mandatory five-digit ZIP Codes were introduced nationwide. Three months later, on October 1,1963, the U. S, an earlier list in June had proposed capitalized abbreviations ranging from two to five letters. The abbreviations have remained unchanged, with one exception, according to the historian of the U. S. Robert Moon, an employee of the post office, is considered the father of the ZIP Code, he submitted his proposal in 1944 while working as a postal inspector. The post office gives credit to Moon only for the first three digits of the ZIP Code, which describe the sectional center facility or sec center, an SCF is a central mail processing facility with those three digits. The SCF sorts mail to all post offices with those first three digits in their ZIP Codes, the mail is sorted according to the final two digits of the ZIP Code and sent to the corresponding post offices in the early morning. Sectional centers do not deliver mail and are not open to the public, Mail picked up at post offices is sent to their own SCF in the afternoon, where the mail is sorted overnight. The United States Post Office used a character, which it called Mr. ZIP. He was often depicted with a such as USE ZIP CODE in the selvage of panes of stamps or on labels contained in, or the covers of. In 1983, the U. S. Postal Service introduced an expanded ZIP Code system that it called ZIP+4, often called plus-four codes, add-on codes, or add ons. But initial attempts to promote use of the new format met with public resistance. For Post Office Boxes, the rule is that each box has its own ZIP+4 code. However, there is no rule, so the ZIP+4 Code must be looked up individually for each box. It is common to use add-on code 9998 for mail addressed to the postmaster,9999 for general delivery, for a unique ZIP Code, the add-on code is typically 0001
8.
Salt industry in Syracuse, New York
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The salt industry has a long history in and around Syracuse, New York. Jesuit missionaries visiting the region in 1654 were the first to report salty brine springs around the end of Salt Lake. The salt springs extended around much of Onondaga Lake, originating in the town of Salina and passing through Geddes and Liverpool to the mouth of Ninemile Creek, the majority of salt used in the United States in the 19th century came from Syracuse. Even today, Syracuse is sometimes known as the Salt City, a series of deep and shallow aquifer systems in the Onondaga Creek Valley provided the brine that stimulated early growth in the Syracuse area. Many settlers came to the region to mine the salt and earn a standard of living for their families. Thick layers of shale beneath the Syracuse area were formed over a period of 300 to 500 million years ago, on the East Coast of North America, two landmasses collided and formed a large mountain range. A large shallow depression to the west formed an inland sea, precipitation and runoff over millions of years gradually eroded the mountain range and sediment, in the form of mud, consolidated into thick layers of what later hardened into shale. The northern shore of the sea was situated in Tully. The salt was formed after evaporation from the shallowest areas left layers of evaporites or salts and these included calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate and sodium chloride, also known as common salt. During the Ice Age, the processes of glaciation followed by deglaciation eroded and reshaped the bedrock foundation that consists of limestone, shale, from there, it continues through Southern Ontario to Saginaw, Michigan, and extends as far west as Wisconsin and Iowa. Salt springs are one of three sources from which salt is obtained, rock salt, sea water and salt brine which is derived from springs, lakes, the salt springs of Onondaga Lake were well known to the Jesuit missionaries. Early in the 16th century a number of Spaniards traveled from Florida in order to examine a mysterious substance that covered the ground. On August 5,1654, Father Simon Le Moyne, a French Jesuit missionary, during his short stay, Le Moyne drank from a spring which the Onondagas believed to be tainted due to an evil spirit. Unlike the Onondagas who considered the salt springs evil, the French instead, by 1660, the Dutch at New Amsterdam and Fort Orange, Albany, New York, were in receipt of information that salt grew out of the ground, however, they refused to believe it. The British began to take an active interest in the land around Onondaga Lake in the early 18th century and they befriended the Onondagas by giving them guns, which were highly prized. British agent, Sir William Johnson, acquired 200,000 acres of land in the Mohawk country near present-day Johnstown, in 1751, Johnson heard that the French intended on securing a military post in the vicinity of the salt springs. He discussed the consequences of that action with the Onondagas and proposed that they grant him rights to all of Onondaga Lake, the Onondagas agreed and were paid £350 sterling. The deed made in 1773 by Sir William Johnson with the Onondaga chiefs was declared invalid in September 1788, as a result of the treaty, the area was designated by the State as the Onondaga Salt Springs Reservation
9.
Erie Canal
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The Erie Canal is a canal in New York that is part of the east–west, cross-state route of the New York State Canal System. Originally, it ran about 363 miles from Albany, on the Hudson River, to Buffalo and it was built to create a navigable water route from New York City and the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes. First proposed in the 1780s, then re-proposed in 1807, a survey was authorized, funded, proponents of the project gradually wore down opponents, its construction began in 1817. The canal has 35 numbered locks, plus the Federal Black Rock Lock, and it opened on October 26,1825. In a time when bulk goods were limited to pack animals and it was faster than carts pulled by draft animals, and cut transport costs by about 95%. The canal fostered a population surge in western New York and opened regions farther west to settlement and it was enlarged between 1834 and 1862. The canals peak year was 1855, when 33,000 commercial shipments took place. In 1918, the part of the canal was enlarged to become part of the New York State Barge Canal, which ran parallel to the eastern half of the Erie Canal. Mainly used by recreational watercraft since the retirement of the last large ship, the Day Peckinpaugh in 1994. This was not unique to the Americas, and the still exists in those parts of the world where muscle power provides a primary means of transportation within a region. An equally ancient solution was implemented in many cultures — things in the water weighed far less, passengers and freight had to travel overland, a journey made more difficult by the rough condition of the roads. In 1800, it typically took 2.5 weeks to travel overland from New York to Cleveland, the principal exportable product of the Ohio Valley was grain, which was a high-volume, low-priced commodity, bolstered by supplies from the coast. Frequently it was not worth the cost of transporting it to far-away population centers and this was a factor leading to farmers in the west turning their grains into whiskey for easier transport and higher sales, and later the Whiskey Rebellion. In time, projects were devised in Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, the successes of the Canal du Midi in France, Bridgewater Canal in Britain, and Eiderkanal in Denmark spurred on what was called in Britain canal mania. Two men, Gouverneur Morris and Elkanah Watson, were proponents of a canal along the Mohawk River. Their efforts led to the creation of the Western and Northern Inland Lock Navigation Companies in 1792, by 1788, Washingtons Potomac Company was successful in constructing five locks which took boats 4,500 feet past the Potomac Great Falls. However, the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal superseded the Potomac Canal in 1823, christopher Colles surveyed the Mohawk Valley, and made a presentation to the New York state legislature in 1784, proposing a shorter canal from Lake Ontario. The proposal drew attention and some action, but was never implemented, jesse Hawley finally got the canal built
10.
F. W. Woolworth Company
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The F. W. Woolworth Company was a retail company and one of the original pioneers of the five-and-dime store. It was arguably the most successful American and international business, setting trends. The first Woolworth store was opened by Frank Winfield Woolworth on February 22,1878, as Woolworths Great Five Cent Store in Utica, though it initially appeared to be successful, the store soon failed. When Woolworth searched for a new location, a friend suggested Lancaster, using the sign from the Utica store, Woolworth opened his first successful Woolworths Great Five Cent Store on July 18,1879, in Lancaster. He brought his brother, Charles Sumner Woolworth, into the business, the two Woolworth brothers pioneered and developed merchandising, direct purchasing, sales, and customer service practices commonly used today. The chain went out of business in July 1997, when the decided to focus primarily on sporting goods. By 2001, the company focused exclusively on the goods market, changing its name to the present Foot Locker. Retail chains using the Woolworth name survive in Austria, Germany, Mexico and, until the start of 2009, however, Woolworths Limited did take their name from the original company, as it had not been registered or trademarked in Australia at the time. Similarly, in South Africa, Woolworths Holdings Limited operates a Marks & Spencer-like store and uses the Woolworth name, the property development company Woolworth Group in Cyprus began life as an offshoot of the British Woolworths company, originally operating Woolworths department stores in Cyprus. In 2003, these stores were rebranded Debenhams, but the property arm of the business retained the Woolworths name. The F. W. Woolworth Co. had the first five-and-dime stores, Woolworth, as the stores popularly became known, was one of the first American retailers to put merchandise out for the shopping public to handle and select without the assistance of a sales clerk. Earlier retailers had kept all merchandise behind a counter and customers presented the clerk with a list of items they wished to buy, the store failed and closed in May 1878, after Frank earned enough money to pay back William Moore. Frank soon made an attempt, and opened his Woolworths Great Five Cent Store, using the same sign, on June 21,1879, in Lancaster. Lancaster proved a success, and Frank never forgot the city for the rest of his life, Frank wanted to open a second store in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, and so he asked his brother Charles Sumner Sum Woolworth to join him by managing it. The Harrisburg store opened as, 5¢ Woolworth Bros Store on July 19,1879, after a falling-out with the landlord, that store moved to York, Pennsylvania, opening in March 1880. That store did not last long either, closing three months later, Frank searched for a larger, low-rent building. He found a location in Scranton, Pennsylvania, at 125 Penn Avenue. The Scranton store is where Sum fully developed the brothers 5¢ & 10¢ merchandising model, Sum spent a lot of time working the sales floor, talking with customers and employees
11.
Suburb
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A suburb is a residential area or a mixed use area, either existing as part of a city or urban area or as a separate residential community within commuting distance of a city. In some areas, such as Australia, China, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and a few U. S. states, new suburbs are routinely annexed by adjacent cities. In others, such as Arabia, Canada, France, and much of the United States, Suburbs first emerged on a large scale in the 19th and 20th centuries as a result of improved rail and road transport, which led to an increase in commuting. Suburbs tend to proliferate around cities that have an abundance of adjacent flat land, the English word is derived from the Old French subburbe, which is in turn derived from the Latin suburbium, formed from sub and urbs. The first recorded usage of the term in English, was made by John Wycliffe in 1380, in Australia and New Zealand, suburbs have become formalised as geographic subdivisions of a city and are used by postal services in addressing. In rural areas in both countries, their equivalents are called localities, the terms inner suburb and outer suburb are used to differentiate between the higher-density suburbs in proximity to the city center, and the lower-density suburbs on the outskirts of the urban area. The term middle suburbs is also used, Suburbs, in this sense, can range from areas that seem more like residential areas of a city proper to areas separated by open countryside from the city centre. In large cities such as London, suburbs include formerly separate towns and villages that have been gradually absorbed during a growth and expansion. In the United States and Canada, suburb can refer either to an residential area of a city or town or to a separate municipality or unincorporated area outside a town or city. The earliest appearance of suburbs coincided with the spread of the first urban settlements, large walled towns tended to be the focus around which smaller villages grew up in a symbiotic relationship with the market town. The word suburbani was first used by the Roman statesman Cicero in reference to the large villas, as populations grew during the Early Modern Period in Europe, urban towns swelled with a steady influx of people from the countryside. In some places, nearby settlements were swallowed up as the city expanded. The peripheral areas on the outskirts of the city were generally inhabited by the very poorest, by the mid-19th century, the first major suburban areas were springing up around London as the city became more overcrowded and unsanitary. A major catalyst in suburban growth came from the opening of the Metropolitan Railway in the 1860s, the line joined the capitals financial heart in the City to what were to become the suburbs of Middlesex. Harrow was reached in 1880, and the line extended as far as Verney Junction in Buckinghamshire, more than 50 miles from Baker Street. Unlike other railway companies, which were required to dispose of surplus land, in 1912, it was suggested that a specially formed company should take over from the Surplus Lands Committee and develop suburban estates near the railway. However, World War I delayed these plans and it was only in 1919, with expectation of a housing boom. The term Metro-land was coined by the Mets marketing department in 1915 when the Guide to the Extension Line became the Metro-land guide and this promoted the land served by the Met for the walker, visitor and later the house-hunter
12.
Cobblestone
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Cobblestone is a natural building material based on cobble-sized stones, and is used for pavement roads, streets, and buildings. In England, it was commonplace since ancient times for flat stones with a narrow edge to be set on edge to provide an even paved surface. This was known as a surface and was common all over Britain. Pitched surfaces predate the use of regularly-sized granite setts by more than a thousand years, such pitched paving is quite distinct from that formed from rounded stones, although both forms are commonly referred to as cobbled surfaces. Most surviving genuinely old cobbled areas are in reality pitched surfaces, a cobbled area is known as a causey, cassay or cassie in Scots. Cobblestones are typically set in sand or similar material, or are bound together with mortar. Paving with cobblestones allows a road to be used all year long. It prevents the build-up of ruts often found in dirt roads and it has the additional advantage of not getting muddy in wet weather or dusty in dry weather. Shod horses are able to get better traction on stone cobbles, pitches or setts than tarmac/asphalt. In England, the custom was to strew the cobbles outside the house of a sick or dying person with straw to dampen the sound, cobblestones set in sand have the environmental advantage of being permeable paving, and of moving rather than cracking with movements in the ground. Cobblestones were largely replaced by quarried granite setts in the nineteenth century, the word cobblestone is often wrongly used to describe such treatment. Setts were relatively even and roughly rectangular stones that were laid in regular patterns, cobblestoned and setted streets gradually gave way to macadam roads, and later to tarmac, and finally to asphalt concrete at the beginning of the 20th century. However, cobblestones are often retained in areas, even for streets with modern vehicular traffic. Many older villages and cities in Europe are still paved with cobblestones or pitched, in recent decades, cobblestones have become a popular material for paving newly pedestrianised streets in Europe. In this case, the nature of the surface is an advantage as pedestrians can hear approaching vehicles. The visual cues of the cobblestones also clarify that the area is more than just a normal street, the use of cobblestones/setts is also considered to be a more upmarket roadway solution, having been described as unique and artistic compared to the normal asphalt road environment. In some places such as Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, as late as the 1990s some busy intersections still showed cobblestones through worn down sections of pavement. In Toronto streets using setts were used by routes and disappeared by the 1980s
13.
Clinton Square
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Clinton Square, in downtown Syracuse, New York, was the original town center and first came into existence in the early 19th century where roadways from north and south convened. By 1825, the construction of the Erie Canal further transformed the busy intersection into the center of commerce, the canal was filled in during 1925 and was converted to Erie Boulevard, a major thoroughfare that runs east to west through the city. Today the square is a location for outdoor events and festivals in the city and is located on Erie Boulevard West. Clinton Square is the center of downtown Syracuse, New York and was named in honor of 19th century politician. During his tenure, Clinton was instrumental in the construction of the Erie Canal which ran through the center of the square. The small park is bounded by West Genesee Street on the north, East Water Street to the south, South Salina Street on the east and South Clinton Street on the west. Erie Boulevard East meets Erie Boulevard West at the square, however, in 2001 traffic was rerouted around the park for the ice rink and it was the marketing facilities which made the square the nucleus of the city. Frame and brick buildings soon crowded out the structures and brick buildings coated with a yellow finish resembling whitewash dominated the square. Excavation began on the Onondaga County stretch of the canal in 1817 and was completed in 1825, in the early days, the canal was known as Clintons Ditch and it split the square in half. The square was the heart of Downtown Syracuse and its role as the citys business center grew after the Erie Canal was completed. Besides being the main marketplace, the square also served as a dock for canal boats. The packet docks were used by companies who did not have their own dock to ship and receive goods. Packet boats made scheduled runs up and down the Erie Canal to various destinations between Albany and Buffalo, in the beginning, trappers and traders were among those who used the packet dock located in the square. By 1830, nearly five years after the canal opened, deer still ran through the village, a 20-pound salmon was caught in Furnace Brook. Pelts were traded or sold and wild animals were offered for sale to packet boat travelers, Canal life was wild, with brawling at the locks and at licensed places where drink was cheap and plentiful. Wood marketing flourished in the city and the forest was cleared to supply fuel for salt boiling, lumber for new homes. The pepperidge tree, adapted for use in the salt industry were so valuable and in such high demand. For decades, the central location made it the citys social and commercial hub
14.
Hanover Square, Syracuse
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Hanover Square in Downtown Syracuse, New York, is a triangular-shaped public park located at the intersection of Warren, Water, and East Genesee streets. The triangle was originally named Veterans Park, the name may also refer to the larger Hanover Square Historic District which includes seventeen historic buildings in the area that was the first commercial district in Syracuse. In the warm months, entertainment is common on the plaza around the fountain. Workers in the office buildings and retail establishments often lunch there. The public square was originally named Veterans Park and it was renamed to Hanover Square after the Soldiers and Sailors Monument was dedicated in Clinton Square in 1910 and the function of commemorating Syracuses war dead was shifted there. The triangular shape of the park came as a result of the new grid street system in the early 19th century which was superimposed on the diagonal route of early Genesee Turnpike. When Syracuse was still a village, the well was located in Hanover Square. In the 1820s, a group of shops called the Hanover Arcade were located where the State Tower Building now stands, the buildings on Water Street were backed by the Erie Canal, and were known as “double-enders. ”This facilitated the unloading of goods from barges on the canal. Civil War recruiting booths were set up in the square, and were made into a bonfire at the end of the war. The first buildings in the square were a church and several structures which were both residential and commercial. In March 1834, the area was devastated by fire which destroyed all the buildings on the side of the square. Later in 1834, the owners of the buildings on the south side of the square erected a similar row of brick buildings along East Genesee Street known as the Franklin buildings. The area was known as Franklin Square. Three of the buildings are standing today. Similar to Clinton Square, the space became an important center of social and political life in the city with its public meetings, demonstrations. After 1840, the railroad brought additional commerce to the intersection, in 1865, after Abraham Lincolns funeral procession traveled through Syracuse on the way to Springfield, Illinois, thousands came to the square to hear eulogies for the former president. Hanover Square has played a role in Syracuses commercial development. At one time, banks and theaters lined the square which was known as Veterans Park
15.
Armory Square
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Armory Square is a small neighborhood on the west side of Downtown Syracuse, New York. It began life as a commercial and industrial area just to the west of the central city. After World War II, Syracuses central city became less and less populated as more housing, in the 1980s, plans were first made to transform the languishing district into a small shopping/arts/nightlife district surrounding the former Syracuse Armory. A number of firms are also located in Armory Square, including Eric Mower and Associates, OBrien & Gere. The area is popular with students from Syracuse University and Le Moyne College and its borders are generally considered to be the circular road around the armory to the south, Onondaga Creek to the west, Washington Street to the north, and Clinton Street to the east. Armory Square is also home to the Shot Clock Monument, in June 2009 the book Then and Now, Armory Square was published by Arcadia Publishing. Historic pictures were contributed in part by the Onondaga Historical Association, forty-six industrial and commercial buildings make up the Armory Square Historic District. West Fayette Street is the boundary of the district, the rear property lines of the buildings on South Clinton Street the eastern boundary. The southern boundary is a railroad track, while the western boundary includes the buildings on Walton Street. The buildings in the include the Armory, a railroad station, hotels, warehouses. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984, Armory Square MOST Then and Now, Armory Square
16.
Forman Park
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Forman Park, in Syracuse, New York, was first established on June 16,1839 and was known as Forman Square. The main attraction is a memorial of early civic leaders, Joshua Forman. Redfield was a printer who died in 1882. Before his death he wrote an account of the land ownership over the years. The park is 1.3 acres and is located at East Genesee, Forman Park was first named Forman Square and was declared a public park in 1839 by the Trustees of the village of Syracuse. Lewis H. Redfield was born in 1736 and died in 1882, two years before his death, in 1880, he wrote about the history of the park which was designed by Henry Davis, Jr. in 1839. At that time, Redfield and Davis and two other residents owned the land on the side of Genesee Street and the Syracuse Company owned the property on the south side. Genesee Street ran diagonally northeast to southwest through the center of the property designated for the park, Redfield and others donated the land for the north side triangle and the Syracuse Company donated the property for the south side triangle. The name was chosen to honor Joshua Forman who is considered the founder of Syracuse, on January 16,1839, the Trustees adopted an ordinance declaring Forman Square as a public square. Redfield proposed the scheme to his associates and they consented and he then made application to the Syracuse Company to unite in the undertaking and the company agreed to the proposition. The result was the creation of Forman Square which were considered two of the most attractive parks in the city, early resident, Theodore Clarke wrote in May 1848 that he purchased a building lot on the south side of Forman Park which cost $6.00. The house cost $1,093 and was ready for occupancy on May 1,1849, the lot was 66 feet wide and situated at 720 East Jefferson Street and was the first house built on Forman Park. Clarke circulated a petition and Jefferson Street was soon opened to Genesee Street and he circulated another petition for grading and improvements to the park. At the order of the city Common Council, Genesee Street was narrowed from a width of 100 feet to 66 feet in order to route it around the park. Residents of Lodi Hill section opposed the work, but Clarke appeared before the council. Shortly after, a fence was erected and Clarke circulated a third petition and he received a total of $158 from 19 residents and the fence was completed. Theodore Clarke was deputy and acting County Clerk for 13 years as well as Search Clerk and clerk and he was also first assessor of the city and a member of the city Engineering staff and helped draw a complete city map during the years 1895 through 1910. In his private life, Clarke was an officer of the First Congregational Church and he came to the city in 1835 and moved to Eastwood in 1866
17.
Nightlife
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Nightlife is a collective term for entertainment that is available and generally more popular from the late evening into the early hours of the morning. It may include pubs, bars, nightclubs, parties, live music, concerts, cabarets, theatre, cinemas, shows and these venues often require a cover charge for admission. Nightlife entertainment is often more adult-oriented than daytime entertainment, people who prefer to be active during the night-time are called night owls. Nightlife has been a vibrant area of research for sociologists, nightlife establishments including pubs, bars, restaurants, and nightclubs function as third places, according to Ray Oldenburg in The Great Good Place. Some sociologists have argued that vibrant city nightlife scenes contribute to the development of culture as well as political movements, there is debate about the degree to which nightlife contributes positively to social capital and the public goods of society. David Grazian points out that nightlife can replicate the same structures of race, ethnic, nightlife venues must be licensed to serve alcohol under the Licensing Act 2003. Venues with door security are required to ensure that the security staff are licensed by the Security Industry Authority. Since the introduction of the Licensing Act 2003, pubs and bars have been able to apply to operate until later, for nightclubs, this has become a form of competition as patrons can stay in the same pub or bar rather than move on to a club
18.
Oktoberfest celebrations
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The Oktoberfest is a two-week festival held each year in Munich, Germany during late September and early October. In New York City, there is even an Oktoberfest held under a big tent along the citys East River, however, the largest one mostly depends on specific years numbers and varies with sources. Currently Oktoberfest is spreading to new locations, starting in September 2007. One can find Oktoberfest celebrations mixing German traditions, food and beer with local culture outside of Germany, the National Beer Festival is Argentinas version of the German Oktoberfest. It has taken place every October since 1963 in Villa General Belgrano, the party emerged by the hand of the first German immigrants. This festival attracts thousands of tourists for two consecutive weekends, after the 2012 Oktoberfest Party the university council banned the celebration of the festival on university campus grounds. Following the end of many of the university based events a private event company, Nokturnl Events, launched Oktoberfest in the Gardens in the Supreme Court Gardens, Perth on 7 October 2011. The event was so popular that it spread across the country and in 2016 will be hosted in Perth, Adelaide, Melbourne. Oktoberfest in the Gardens has now claimed the title of Australias largest Oktoberfest. The Harmonie German Club, Canberra, holds an Oktoberfest over a period every year in October. The festival has held for over 45 years, and attracts a large number of visitors from Canberra. In 2017 the event is set to be moved over the border to Queanbeyan in New South Wales, in Brazil there are several Oktoberfests around the country, most of them in towns settled by Germans and Austrians in the Southern portion of the country. There are also Oktoberfests in other portions of the country, the Oktoberfest of Blumenau is one of the largest German festivals around the world, attracting around one million people every year. In Canada there is an annual nine-day celebration spread over 18 days in Kitchener and it attracts over 1,000,000 visitors annually. While its most popular draws are the celebrations, other cultural. The most well-known is the held on Thanksgiving Day. As the only major parade on Canadian Thanksgiving, it is televised nationally, coincidentally, the closing day of the Bavarian Oktoberfest also falls on the German equivalent of Thanksgiving, Erntedankfest. The twin cities and surrounding area have a history of German roots
19.
Marriott Syracuse Downtown
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The Marriott Syracuse Downtown is a historic hotel located at 100 E. Onondaga St. Syracuse, New York. It was built in 1924 as the Hotel Syracuse and was restored in 2016. It is significant in that it is an excellent example of an early 20th century modern hotel designed by one of the leading designers of the day. It was designed by William Stone Post of George B, Post & Sons of New York City in 1921. Ground was broken for the building in 1922 and the Hotel Syracuse opened for business on August 16,1924, among its first guests that day was child star Jackie Coogan. The hotel celebrated its opening a month later, on September 18,1924, with its first event. In 1927, Charles Lindbergh visited the hotel to talk about his historic flight from New York to Paris in the Spirit of St. Louis. In 1980 the hotel was renamed the Hilton at Syracuse Square and it was expanded with an extension containing the Imperial Ballroom and a new tower wing designed by William B. The hotel left Hilton in the 1990s and returned to its original name, the massive 790-room Hotel Syracuse eventually found itself battling bankruptcy and closed in 2004. In December 2004, the city announced that a payment by the chief creditor of the Hotel Syracuse would settle the unpaid property taxes dispute. This allowed the hotel to emerge from bankruptcy, in August 2005, the Israeli firm GMUL agreed to buy the Hotel Syracuse and its garage and renovate the property into a new four-star hotel and condos. AMERIS Holdings Ltd, controlled by Levi Kushnir and his son Elad, has a portfolio of development across the globe. The new owners reconfigured some of the previous plans, rather than selling condominiums in the tower, the condo portion of the project was to be shifted into the historic building. When ownership changed in 2006, Ameris Holdings ltd. reopened the banquet facilities, shortly after, the garage was fully renovated, and the complex hosted some large-scale events, including the Syracuse Film Festival in April 2007. In July 2007, work began on converting the 1980 tower to apartments, then-mayor Matt Driscoll committed to turning Onondaga Street near the hotel complex into a park, in order to push the development along. Hotel Syracuse was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2008, Ameris went bankrupt later in 2008, however, and work on the apartment tower was halted when about eighty percent complete. The 1980 tower, renamed Symphony Tower, was severed from the rest of the building. As of 2014, that sale was still the focus of ongoing litigation, on April 14,2013, Boston-based Pyramid Hotel Group made an offer of an undisclosed amount to the City of Syracuse to renovate and reopen the Hotel Syracuse
20.
National Register of Historic Places
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The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal governments official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 established the National Register, of the more than one million properties on the National Register,80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts, each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings. For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service and its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties, protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, the application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians. Occasionally, historic sites outside the proper, but associated with the United States are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, the Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties, district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties, some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks, National Historic Sites, National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, on October 15,1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices. Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Registers creation, approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior, hartzog, Jr. established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation. Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law, ernest Connally was the Offices first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register, the first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Registers earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U. S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two Assistant Directorates. Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation, from 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs, jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate
21.
Amos Block
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The Amos Block is a Romanesque Revival building located on the southwest corner of Clinton Square in Downtown Syracuse, New York. The buildings developer and namesake, Jacob Amos, served as mayor of Syracuse from 1892-1896, the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. In 2006, the Amos Block was renovated, and was renamed The Amos, the building continues to serve as a multi-purpose structure, with retail on the first floor, and residential apartments on the upper floors. National Register of Historic Places listings in Syracuse, New York
22.
Armory Square Historic District
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Armory Square is a small neighborhood on the west side of Downtown Syracuse, New York. It began life as a commercial and industrial area just to the west of the central city. After World War II, Syracuses central city became less and less populated as more housing, in the 1980s, plans were first made to transform the languishing district into a small shopping/arts/nightlife district surrounding the former Syracuse Armory. A number of firms are also located in Armory Square, including Eric Mower and Associates, OBrien & Gere. The area is popular with students from Syracuse University and Le Moyne College and its borders are generally considered to be the circular road around the armory to the south, Onondaga Creek to the west, Washington Street to the north, and Clinton Street to the east. Armory Square is also home to the Shot Clock Monument, in June 2009 the book Then and Now, Armory Square was published by Arcadia Publishing. Historic pictures were contributed in part by the Onondaga Historical Association, forty-six industrial and commercial buildings make up the Armory Square Historic District. West Fayette Street is the boundary of the district, the rear property lines of the buildings on South Clinton Street the eastern boundary. The southern boundary is a railroad track, while the western boundary includes the buildings on Walton Street. The buildings in the include the Armory, a railroad station, hotels, warehouses. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984, Armory Square MOST Then and Now, Armory Square
23.
Central Technical High School
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Central Technical High School, also known as Central Tech, is located on South Warren Street in Syracuse, New York. It was designed by Archimedes Russell, and built in 1900, at that time, it represented the latest in educational building design. Classes were first held in the school in 1903, the school building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1981. Institute of Technology at Syracuse Central Syracuse Central Technical High School, History
24.
Gere Bank Building
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The Gere Bank Building is a five-story building located on Water Street in Syracuse, New York. It was designed by Charles Colton, and built in 1894 and it is distinctive for its facade and use of contrasting materials. The cost of the building was $150,000, including nearly $50,000 for fireproof vaults in a room beneath the sidewalk, the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. It is part of the Hanover Square Historic District, in the warm weather months, entertainment is common on the plaza around the fountain. Workers in the office buildings and retail establishments often lunch there
25.
Gridley Building
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The Gridley Building, built in 1867 and known previously as the Onondaga County Savings Bank Building, is a prominent historic building on Clinton Square and Hanover Square in Syracuse, New York. It was designed by Horatio Nelson White and was adjacent to what was then the Erie Canal and is now Erie Boulevard. The building was designed by Horatio Nelson White in the Second Empire style and it was built of limestone quarried on Onondaga Nation territory and then finished in a stone yard where the Dey Brothers previously resided. The address of the Gridley Building is 101 S. Salina Street, five years later, the Hanover Square Historic District nomination listed its address as 101 East Water Street. The Syracuse Savings Bank Building is located directly across Erie Boulevard, Syracuse Savings Bank Building National Register of Historic Places listings in Syracuse, New York Media related to Gridley Building at Wikimedia Commons Historic American Buildings Survey No. NY-5450, Old Onondaga Savings Bank, Erie Boulevard & Salina Street, Syracuse, Onondaga County, NY,6 photos,2 data pages,1 photo caption page Syracuse Then and Now. org, The Gridley Building
26.
Landmark Theatre (Syracuse, New York)
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The Landmark Theatre, originally known as Loews State Theater, is an historic theater from the era of movie palaces, located on South Salina Street in Syracuse, New York, United States. Designed by Thomas W. Lamb, it is the only surviving example of the opulent theatrical venues of the 1920s. The Landmark is on the National Register of Historic Places, the Loews Corporation announced plans for a new theater on February 19,1926. It would be built at the intersection of South Salina Street and West Jefferson Street, the Loews State Theatre opened on February 18,1928, and offered double bills of famous vaudeville stage acts and first-run films. During the Great Depression and World War II it continued to do good business, however, by the 1970s, the theater suffered from low attendance and was in disrepair. It closed in 1975 and was in danger of demolition, in 1976, Syracuse Area Landmark Theatre, or SALT, was formed to preserve and renovate the venue. With the help of an October 11,1977 benefit concert by Harry Chapin, SALT gained ownership of the theater while the remainder of the building including the upper floors remained with then-owner Sutton Real Estate. The aging, recessed loading dock in the rear on South Clinton Street was removed and replaced with a new two-bay dock. The box office was relocated from Jefferson Street to Salina Street, next to the lobby entrance, awnings over the street-level storefronts were removed. In addition to the theater, the building includes several storefronts. The Clinton Street storefronts were eliminated during the expansion, the display windows now used for event posters. The upper floors have an entrance on West Jefferson Street and are collectively referred to as the Loews Building. Two floors have been converted by developer Robert Doucette into 24 condominium apartments, several blocks of South Salina Street, normally a main thoroughfare through downtown, were closed to traffic for the event. Architect Thomas Lamb described the theatre as European, Byzantine, Romanesque – which is the Orient as it came to us through the merchants of Venice, a large chandelier once hung in the lobby, originally designed by Louis Tiffany for Cornelius Vanderbilts mansion. The chandelier was sold during the 1970s, a 1, 400-pipe Wurlitzer organ was also once a major feature of the venue, but was also gone by the time SALT purchased the property. The promenade lobby, reached via a staircase, once held a fishpond with a Japanese pagoda fountain. The Landmarks red and gold decor and several large murals have been preserved and restored, the restored lobby is closed to the public and is only open for special events. Landmark Theatre official site Landmark Theatre at Cinema Treasures
27.
Niagara Mohawk Building
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The Niagara Mohawk Building is an art deco classic building in Syracuse, New York. It is a building of the Niagara Mohawk power utility company and it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Niagara Hudson Building in 2010. According to the National Park Service, The Niagara Hudson Building in Syracuse is an example of Art Deco architecture. The design elements applied by architects Melvin L. King and Bley & Lyman transformed a corporate office tower into a widely admired beacon of light, the building was listed on the United States National Register of Historic Places in June,2010. The listing was announced as the listing in the National Park Services weekly list of June 25,2010. The building was built in 1932 and it was headquarters for what was then the nations largest electric utility company. It was nominated by New York States Board of Historic Preservation for listing on the National Register of Historic Places in December,2009, the Board described the building as an outstanding example of Art Deco architecture and a symbol of the Age of Electricity. Media related to Niagara Mohawk Building at Wikimedia Commons
28.
Oncenter War Memorial Arena
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The War Memorial Arena is a multi-purpose arena located in Syracuse, New York. It is part of the Oncenter Complex and it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988. The War Memorial Arena is home to the Syracuse Crunch ice hockey team, previous teams to call the War Memorial home included the NBAs Syracuse Nationals, the NLLs Syracuse Smash and several now-defunct American Hockey League teams. The Nationals defeated the Fort Wayne Pistons in a seventh game at home to win the 1954–55 NBA Championship. The War Memorial also hosted the NBA All-Star Game in 1961, the 1977 film Slap Shot included the War Memorial among the various arenas used as shooting locations for in-game action. The Onondaga County War Memorial was home to the annual NYSPHSAA wrestling tournament in 1968, from 1970 to 1972, the championship event has since been hosted by various venues around the state. Professional wrestling has also experienced its share of history at the War Memorial and it also hosted the first WWF In Your House pay-per-view in 1995. In April 1998 the Oncenter hosted WWF Monday Night Raw, the Oncenter is occasionally host to WWE house shows. The American Hockey Leagues Syracuse Crunch have hosted the AHL All-Star Classic twice, elvis Presley also performed at the venue, July 25 and 26,1976. An audience recording featuring both shows was released in 2015 under the title Onondaga Nights, the Oncenter War Memorial Arena was the first professional hockey arena to install LED lighting in 2012, provided by Ephesus Lighting. On top of the stage are the words, In memory of our service veterans
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C. W. Snow and Company Warehouse
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The C. W. Snow and Company Warehouse was built in 1913. It was designed by Russell & King and it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007. It was listed for its Modern Movement architecture, the building was renovated extensively in recent years. Windows that had been bricked in were restored, and much more
30.
South Salina Street Downtown Historic District
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South Salina Street Downtown Historic District is a historic district representing what was the commercial core of in Syracuse, New York from the mid-nineteenth century to the mid-twentieth century. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 16,2009, the vacancy rate in the district is high, and some buildings need extensive rehabilitation. Recent revitalization plans served as impetus for seeking listing on the National Register of Historic Places, originally it included the east side of the 200 block of South Salina Street, the entire 300 block and one building in the 400 block. This area had 22 contributing buildings and 3 non-contributing buildings, among the contributing properties are two the White Memorial Building and the Loews State Theater, also individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places. In 2014 its boundaries were increased to some more side streets. Architects represented in the district include Horatio Nelson White, Archimedes Russell, Charles E. Colton, Joseph Lyman Silsbee, Charles D. Wilsey and Thomas W. Lamb. South Salina Street Historic District, also NRHP-listed, further down the same street National Register of Historic Places listings in Syracuse, New York
31.
Syracuse Savings Bank Building
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Syracuse Savings Bank Building, also known as Bank of America building, is a historic building in Syracuse, New York designed by Joseph Lyman Silsbee, then aged 26. It was built in 1875 adjacent to the Erie Canal, and and it opened in 1876 as Syracuse Savings Bank. Its passenger elevator, the first in Syracuse, was a curiosity that drew visitors, the buildings current principal tenant, in the first four floors, is Bank of America. It was bought in 2007 by a limited liability corporation having four local principals for $1.75 million and it is located at 102 N. Salina Street, across Erie Boulevard from the Gridley Building. List of Registered Historic Places in Onondaga County, New York Historic American Buildings Survey No, nY-5449, Syracuse Savings Bank,102 North Salina Street, Syracuse, Onondaga County, NY,6 photos,1 photo caption page
32.
Third National Bank (Syracuse, New York)
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The Third National Bank, also known as the Community Chest Building, is located on James Street in Syracuse, New York. It was designed by architect Archimedes Russell in 1885 and it is significant for its architecture and for its role in commerce in Syracuse in the late eighteenth century. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972
33.
Weighlock Building
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The Erie Canal Museum is a historical museum about the Erie Canal, located in Syracuse, New York. The museum was founded in 1962 and is a private, non-profit corporation and it is housed in a weigh lock building dating from 1850, where canal boats used to be weighed when travelling through Syracuse on the canal. The museum includes a gallery of present canal life, the museums Weighlock Building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971. The Weighlock Building was constructed in 1850 and was known by 1940 as the State Department of Public Works, since 1962, the building has been occupied by the Erie Canal Museum. Market Building was built in a canal basin which extended south from the Weighlock Building in East Water Street. The building was intended as a center for meat dealers. Later, the building was repurposed for city offices and as a place for the public. The front of the building was occupied by a small, fenced grass plot, Erie Canalway National Heritage Corridor New York State Canalway Trail Old Erie Canal State Historic Park Official website Historic American Buildings Survey No. NY-5451, Weighlock Building, Erie Boulevard East & Montgomery Street, Syracuse, Onondaga County, New York,19 photos,2 data pages,2 photo caption pages
34.
White Memorial Building (Syracuse, New York)
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The White Memorial Building is a Gothic-style building prominently located on the main downtown street of Syracuse, New York. It was designed by Joseph Lyman Silsbee and it is built primarily of Ohio sandstone blocks and red brick, plus Onondaga limestone along the base. Lines of cement were black, and there are lines of black brick, providing sharp dissimilatudes which are yet exceedingly pleasant to the eye. The style is Gothic overall, though the roof is termed French, nY-5448, White Memorial Building, East Washington & South Salina Streets, Syracuse, Onondaga County, NY,6 photos,2 data pages,1 photo caption page
35.
Hamilton White House
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The Hamilton White House is a historic home in Syracuse, New York. The house, Greek Revival in design, was built by and for Hamilton White, Esq circa 1840/42, and occupied by his family in 1842/43. Hamilton White, born in 1807, lived at the White House until his death in 1865, his family retained ownership until 1911/12, in 1976 it was purchased by an investment group and converted into business offices. In 2002, it was sold to a private environmental firm, the White family was prominent in central New York. Hamilton White was the son of John White, a farmer. Hamilton White became a lawyer, farmer, investor and businessman and he was active in numerous community leadership roles, especially religious and social-welfare issues. The family supported the abolishment of slavery, quietly funding black churches and he also supported the efforts of Dr. Samuel May, the founder of May Memorial Unitarian Universalist Church. The local United Way leadership campaign, the Hamilton White Society, is named for the familys philanthropy, created in 1988, The Hamilton White Society is the United Ways national model for leadership in small and medium-sized communities. He funded his own fire company becoming the first paid and professional firehouse in the world, among Whites many contributions to safety and equipment design, White is also acknowledged for first initiating the concept of response time into firefighting and life-saving techniques. His interest started at an early age, as early as age four, he boarded his pony cart in the stables behind the house and rushed out to watch the volunteer firefighters of the city, watching their efforts shaped his future life. Later, as a student at Cornell, he stabled a horse outside his room, so he could visit fires and watch the volunteer firemen in Ithaca. After graduation from Cornell University, Hamilton S and he continually focused on the firefighters education and improvement in what he regarded as a science of firefighting. His company worked seven days on, seven off, White is credited with the first practical use of the concept of response time. The normal arrival period for volunteers was 20 or more minutes, White, himself, would arrive at a fire, dressed in his turnout and equipment, before his company, coming from his home or a community function. He had realized the importance of early arrival in saving lives, ironically, White died in 1899 fighting a downtown chemical fire - most probably from a heart attack induced by toxic fumes from burning chemicals stored in the rear of the structure. He died at the nearby Dawsons Pharmacy in downtown Syracuse, the White family remained in the house until 1911, the property was sold out of family ownership in 1912 and later belonged to a neighboring church and various businesses. Detailed information on both the house and White family is available in the Onondaga Historic Association, the park across from the house was used to fence in farm animals for the several park-side residences. Sherman, a native Syracusean, was one of the first independent female architects, other prominent family members included, Horace K White, Horace White, II, Howard Ganson White, Adelaide, wife of Hamilton S. Historic American Buildings Survey No
36.
Syracuse University
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Syracuse University, commonly referred to as Syracuse, Cuse, or SU, is a private research university in Syracuse, New York, United States. The institutions roots can be traced to the Genesee Wesleyan Seminary, founded in 1831 by the Methodist Episcopal Church in Lima, after several years of debate over relocating the college to Syracuse, the university was established in 1870, independent of the college. Since 1920, the university has identified itself as nonsectarian, although it maintains a relationship with The United Methodist Church, the campus is in the University Hill neighborhood of Syracuse, east and southeast of downtown, on one of the larger hills. Its large campus features a mix of buildings, ranging from nineteenth-century Romanesque Revival structures to contemporary buildings. Syracuse University athletic teams, known as the Orange, participate in 20 intercollegiate sports, SU is a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference for all NCAA Division I athletics, except for the mens rowing and womens ice hockey teams. SU is also a member of the Eastern College Athletic Conference, the Genesee Wesleyan Seminary was founded in 1831 by the Genesee Annual Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church in Lima, New York, south of Rochester. In 1850, it was resolved to enlarge the institution from a seminary into a college, or to connect a college with the seminary, however, the location was soon thought by many to be insufficiently central. Its difficulties were compounded by the set of technological changes. The trustees of the college then decided to seek a locale whose economic. Meanwhile, there were years of dispute between the Methodist ministers, Lima, and contending cities across the state, over proposals to move Genesee College to Syracuse. At the time, the ministers wanted a share of the funds from the Morrill Land Grant Act for Genesee College and they agreed to a quid pro quo donation of $25,000 from Senator Cornell in exchange for their support for his bill. Cornell insisted the bargain be written into the bill and Cornell became New York States Land Grant University in 1865. In 1869, Genesee College obtained New York State approval to move to Syracuse, but Lima got an injunction to block the move. By that time, however, the injunction had been made moot by the founding of a new university on March 24,1870. On that date the State of New York granted the new Syracuse University its own charter, the City of Syracuse had offered $100,000 to establish the school. Bishop Jesse Truesdell Peck had donated $25,000 to the school and was elected the first president of the Board of Trustees. Rev. Daniel Steele, a former Genesee College president, served as the first administrative leader of Syracuse until its Chancellor was appointed, the university opened in September 1871 in rented space downtown. George F. Comstock, a member of the new Universitys Board of Trustees, had offered the school 50 acres of farmland on a hillside to the southeast of the city center
37.
The Warehouse (Syracuse)
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The Warehouse in Downtown Syracuse, New York, United States, is a former storage warehouse of the Syracuse-based Dunk and Bright Furniture Company. It was purchased in 2005 by Syracuse University, which renovated the building for classroom, gallery, the renovation was designed by Syracuse alumnus Richard Gluckman of New York City-based Gluckman Mayner Architects. It is currently home to the School of Design of the College of Visual, in addition, the Goldring Arts Journalism Program is headquartered in the building. The design firm that developed the renovation was honored for their work on the Warehouse. As of 2014, the building has given the official name of The Nancy Cantor Warehouse in honor of Chancellor Cantor. The renovated structure provides space for design studios, classrooms, and offices for the School of Design, while providing a downtown venue for public lectures, exhibitions. The Warehouse marks the boundary of the Connective Corridor, the cultural arts pathway connecting the main campus of Syracuse University to downtown. It underscores the growing momentum for the revitalization of downtown Syracuse, the Warehouse houses the Syracuse University School of Design. The first floor is home to the School of Design administrative offices, a lecture space, a digital fabrication lab/wood shop. The second floor is a storage space for the SU library. Part of The Warehouses basement contains spray booths and a dirty room for messy projects, elaine Quick was hired as Administrative Assistant for CMAC. Elaine is now the Programs Coordinator at The Warehouse Gallery, in late June 2006, curator and artist Astria Suparak was hired as the director of the gallery, renaming it The Warehouse Gallery. The first exhibition, CMAC, Roots of Collaboration, exhibited selections from each of the CMAC member collections, artist Frank Olive was hired as Assistant Director in September 2006. Olive is now the designer and preparator at The Warehouse Gallery. Artists included Alex Da Corte, Emily Vey Duke and Cooper Battersby, Nick Lenker, Annie MacDonell, Allyson Mitchell and Andrea Vander Kooij. It also featured displays with take-home elements created by The Warehouse Gallery, a film screening titled Winter Light. Networked Nature, on exhibit from April 17,2007 to July 17,2007 was an exhibition that explored the representation of “nature” through the perspective of networked culture. The exhibition was organized by Rhizome and Astria Suparak, COME ON, Desire Under The Female Gaze, curated by Suparak, included artists Jo-Anne Balcaen, Juliet Jacobson, and Rachel Rampleman
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Syracuse Herald-Journal
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The Syracuse Herald-Journal was an evening newspaper in Syracuse, New York, United States, with roots going back to 1839 when it was named the Western State Journal. The final issue — volume 124, number 37,500 — was published on September 29,2001, the newspapers name came from the merger of the Syracuse Herald and the Syracuse Journal. Publisher William Randolph Hearst, who had purchased the Syracuse, New York, newspaper the Syracuse Telegram, closed that newspaper on November 24,1925, in the days of extremely partisan newspapers, it held the reputation as one of the strongest Republican publications in New York state. The merger was accomplished after Hearst acquired a controlling interest in The Journal for nearly $1,000,000. in November 1925. The transaction was carried out, and Hearst sold the publication for $1,000,000 to Syracuse Newspapers, Inc. a new corporation, after the merger was completed, Hearst was a director of the company and still played a major role in the decision-making. Before the merger, there were three evening newspapers in Syracuse and the public was somewhat oversupplied, the merger left two papers in the market, The Herald and the consolidated Journal-Telegram. Like its predecessors, the new publication was delivered in the evening, and it was decided that the Journal operating plant and facilities would be used as the office and publishing plant for the combined effort. The Hearst Building at the corner of Genesee and State streets was sold and 100 Hearst employees lost their jobs
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National Park Service
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It was created on August 25,1916, by Congress through the National Park Service Organic Act and is an agency of the United States Department of the Interior. As of 2014, the NPS employs 21,651 employees who oversee 417 units, the National Park Service celebrated its centennial in 2016. National parks and national monuments in the United States were originally individually managed under the auspices of the Department of the Interior, the movement for an independent agency to oversee these federal lands was spearheaded by business magnate and conservationist Stephen Mather, as well as J. Horace McFarland. With the help of journalist Robert Sterling Yard, Mather ran a publicity campaign for the Department of the Interior and they wrote numerous articles that praised the scenic and historic qualities of the parks and their possibilities for educational, inspirational, and recreational benefits. This campaign resulted in the creation of a National Park Service, Mather became the first director of the newly formed NPS. On March 3,1933, President Herbert Hoover signed the Reorganization Act of 1933, the act would allow the President to reorganize the executive branch of the United States government. It wasnt until later that summer when the new President, Franklin D. Roosevelt, President Roosevelt agreed and issued two Executive orders to make it happen. In 1951, Conrad Wirth became director of the National Park Service, the demand for parks after the end of the World War II had left the parks overburdened with demands that could not be met. In 1952, with the support of President Dwight D. Eisenhower, he began Mission 66, New parks were added to preserve unique resources and existing park facilities were upgraded and expanded. In 1966, as the Park Service turned 50 years old, emphasis began to turn from just saving great and wonderful scenery, Director George Hartzog began the process with the creation of the National Lakeshores and then National Recreation Areas. Since its inception in 1916, the National Park Service has managed each of the United States national parks, Yellowstone National Park was the first national park in the United States. In 1872, there was no government to manage it. Yosemite National Park began as a park, the land for the park was donated by the federal government to the state of California in 1864 for perpetual conservation. Yosemite was later returned to federal ownership, at first, each national park was managed independently, with varying degrees of success. In Yellowstone, the staff was replaced by the U. S. Army in 1886. Due to the irregularities in managing these national treasures, Stephen Mather petitioned the government to improve the situation. In response, Secretary of the Interior Franklin K. Lane challenged him to lobby for creating a new agency, Mather was successful with the ratification of the National Park Service Organic Act in 1916. Later, the agency was given authority over other protected areas, the National Park System includes all properties managed by the National Park Service
