1.
Cast iron
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Cast iron is a group of iron-carbon alloys with a carbon content greater than 2%. Its usefulness derives from its low melting temperature. Carbon ranging from 1. 8–4 wt%, and silicon 1–3 wt% are the main alloying elements of cast iron, Iron alloys with less carbon content are known as steel. While this technically makes the Fe–C–Si system ternary, the principle of cast iron solidification can be understood from the simpler binary iron–carbon phase diagram, cast iron tends to be brittle, except for malleable cast irons. It is resistant to destruction and weakening by oxidation, the earliest cast iron artefacts date to the 5th century BC, and were discovered by archaeologists in what is now Jiangsu in China. Cast iron was used in ancient China for warfare, agriculture, during the 15th century, cast iron became utilized for artillery in Burgundy, France, and in England during the Reformation. The first cast iron bridge was built during the 1770s by Abraham Darby III, cast iron is also used in the construction of buildings. Cast iron is made by re-melting pig iron, often along with quantities of iron, steel, limestone, carbon. Phosphorus and sulfur may be burnt out of the iron, but this also burns out the carbon. Depending on the application, carbon and silicon content are adjusted to the desired levels, other elements are then added to the melt before the final form is produced by casting. Cast iron is melted in a special type of blast furnace known as a cupola. After melting is complete, the molten cast iron is poured into a furnace or ladle. Cast irons properties are changed by adding various alloying elements, or alloyants, next to carbon, silicon is the most important alloyant because it forces carbon out of solution. A low percentage of silicon allows carbon to remain in solution forming iron carbide, a high percentage of silicon forces carbon out of solution forming graphite and the production of grey cast iron. Other alloying agents, manganese, chromium, molybdenum, titanium and vanadium counteracts silicon, promotes the retention of carbon, nickel and copper increase strength, and machinability, but do not change the amount of graphite formed. The carbon in the form of graphite results in an iron, reduces shrinkage, lowers strength. Sulfur, largely a contaminant when present, forms iron sulfide, the problem with sulfur is that it makes molten cast iron viscous, which causes defects. To counter the effects of sulfur, manganese is added because the two form into manganese sulfide instead of iron sulfide, the manganese sulfide is lighter than the melt so it tends to float out of the melt and into the slag
2.
Dragon
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A dragon is a legendary creature, typically scaled or fire-spewing and with serpentine, reptilian or avian traits, that features in the myths of many cultures around world. The two most well-known cultural traditions of dragon are The European dragon, derived from European folk traditions and ultimately related to Balkans, most are depicted as reptilian creatures with animal-level intelligence, and are uniquely six-limbed. The Chinese dragon, with counterparts in Japan, Korea and other East Asian, most are depicted as serpentine creatures with above-average intelligence, and are quadrupeds. The two traditions may have evolved separately, but have influenced each other to a certain extent, the English word dragon and Latin word draco derives from Greek δράκων, dragon, serpent of huge size, water-snake. The Greek and Latin term referred to any great serpent, not necessarily mythological, a dragon is a mythological representation of a reptile. In antiquity, dragons were mostly envisaged as serpents, but since the Middle Ages, it has become common to them with legs. Dragons are usually shown in modern times with a body like a huge lizard, the European dragon has bat-like wings growing from its back. A dragon-like creature with wings but only a pair of legs is known as a wyvern. The association of the serpent with a monstrous opponent overcome by a deity has its roots in the mythology of the Ancient Near East, including Canaanite, Hittite. Humbaba, the fire-breathing dragon-fanged beast first described in the Epic of Gilgamesh, is described as a dragon with Gilgamesh playing the part of dragon-slayer. The folk-lore motif of the dragon guarding gold may have come from earlier Bronze Age customs of introducing serpents to village granaries to deter rats or mice. Although dragons occur in many legends around the world, different cultures have varying stories about monsters that have been grouped together under the dragon label, some dragons are said to breathe fire or to be poisonous, such as in the Old English poem Beowulf. They are commonly portrayed as serpentine or reptilian, hatching from eggs and they are sometimes portrayed as hoarding treasure. Some myths portray them with a row of dorsal spines, European dragons are more often winged, while Chinese dragons resemble large snakes. Dragons can have a number of legs, none, two, four, or more when it comes to early European literature. Dragons are often held to have spiritual significance in various religions. In many Asian cultures, dragons were, and in some still are, revered as representative of the primal forces of nature, religion. They are associated with wisdom—often said to be wiser than humans—and longevity and they are commonly said to possess some form of magic or other supernatural power, and are often associated with wells, rain, and rivers
3.
City of London
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The City of London is a city and county within London. It constituted most of London from its settlement by the Romans in the 1st century AD to the Middle Ages, the City is now only a tiny part of the metropolis of London, though it remains a notable part of central London. Administratively, it one of the 33 local authority districts of Greater London, however, the City of London is not a London borough. The City of London is widely referred to simply as the City and is colloquially known as the Square Mile. Both of these terms are often used as metonyms for the United Kingdoms trading and financial services industries. The name London is now used for a far wider area than just the City. London most often denotes the sprawling London metropolis, or the 32 London boroughs and this wider usage of London is documented as far back as 1888, when the County of London was created. The local authority for the City, namely the City of London Corporation, is unique in the UK and has some unusual responsibilities for a local council and it is also unusual in having responsibilities and ownerships beyond its boundaries. The Corporation is headed by the Lord Mayor of the City of London, the current Lord Mayor, as of November 2016, is Andrew Parmley. The City is a business and financial centre. Throughout the 19th century, the City was the primary business centre. London came top in the Worldwide Centres of Commerce Index, published in 2008, the insurance industry is focused around the eastern side of the City, around Lloyds building. A secondary financial district exists outside of the City, at Canary Wharf,2.5 miles to the east, the City has a resident population of about 7,000 but over 300,000 people commute to and work there, mainly in the financial services sector. It used to be held that Londinium was first established by merchants as a trading port on the tidal Thames in around 47 AD. However, this date is only supposition, many historians now believe London was founded some time before the Roman conquest of Britain in 43 AD. They base this notion on evidence provided by both archaeology and Welsh literary legend, archaeologists have claimed that as much as half of the best British Iron Age art and metalwork discovered in Britain has been found in the London area. One of the most prominent examples is the famously horned Waterloo Helmet dredged from the Thames in the early 1860s and now exhibited at the British Museum. Also, according to an ancient Welsh legend, a king named Lud son of Heli substantially enlarged and improved a pre-existing settlement at London which afterwards came to be renamed after him, the same tradition relates how this Lud son of Heli was later buried at Ludgate
4.
Coat of arms of the City of London
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The coat of arms of the City of London is the official coat of arms of the City of London, which is one of a number of cities and boroughs in Greater London. The blazon of the arms is as follows, Arms, Argent a cross gules, crest, On a wreath argent and gules a dragons sinister wing argent charged on the underside with a cross throughout gules. Supporters, On either side a dragon argent charged on the undersides of the wings with a cross throughout gules, the coat of arms is anciently recorded at the College of Arms. It was in use in 1381, forming part of the design of a new mayoralty seal taken into use on 17 April of that year, the arms consist of a silver shield bearing a red cross with a red upright sword in the first quarter. They combine the emblems of the saints of England and London. The 1381 arms replaced an earlier shield, found on a charter of 1319, the sword is often erroneously supposed to commemorate the killing of Peasants Revolt leader Wat Tyler by Lord Mayor of London William Walworth. However the arms were in use some months before Tylers death, the crest and supporters came into use in the 17th century, but were used without authority until 30 April 1957, when they were confirmed and granted by letters patent from the College of Arms. The crest is a dragons wing bearing the cross of St George, a primitive form of the crest first appeared in 1539 on the reverse of a new common seal. This showed a fan-like object bearing a cross, over time this evolved into a dragons wing, and was shown as such in 1633 when it appeared above the citys coat of arms in the frontispiece to the fourth edition of John Stows Survey of London. The wing is specified as a left wing, i. e. its proper left wing. It has been speculated that the use of a peers helmet relates to the use of the honorific prefix The Right Honourable by the Lord Mayor, the helm was confirmed in 1957. On the seal of 1381 two lions were shown supporting the arms, however, by 1609 the present supporters, two silver dragons bearing red crosses upon their wings, had been adopted. The dragons were probably suggested by the legend of Saint George, the Latin motto of the City is Domine dirige nos, which translates as Lord, direct us. It appears to have adopted in the 17th Century, as the earliest record of it is in 1633. A banner of the arms is flown as a flag of the City, coat of arms of London County Council
5.
Attitude (heraldry)
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In heraldry, an attitude is the position in which an animal, fictional beast, mythical creature, human or human-like being is emblazoned as a charge, supporter or crest. Many attitudes apply only to predatory beasts and are exemplified by the beast most frequently found in heraldry—the lion, some other terms apply only to docile animals, such as the doe. Other attitudes describe the positions of birds, mostly exemplified by the bird most frequently found in heraldry—the eagle, the term naiant, however, is usually reserved for fish but may also apply to swans, ducks or geese. Birds are often described by the exact position of their wings. The term segreant is apparently reserved for creatures, as this term is the approximation of rampant as it applies to winged quadrupeds such as griffins and dragons. Additionally, there are positions applying to direction, to indicate variations from the position of any charge. Animals and animal-like creatures are presumed to be shown in profile, facing dexter, animals and animal-like creatures are presumed to be shown in profile facing dexter. This attitude is standard unless otherwise stated in the blazon, as a warrior will usually carry a shield in the left hand, the animal shown on the shield will then face toward the knights body. Humans and human-like beings are presumed to be shown affronté, note that the heraldic terms dexter and sinister represent the shield bearers perspective, not the viewers. To dexter or the left is the direction animals are presumed to face. This position is not specified unless necessary for clarity, as when a human or human-like being is depicted or when an animals head. To sinister or contourné is said of a creature facing the viewers right, affronté is said of a creature that faces the viewer. En Arrière is said of a creature positioned with its back to the viewer and it is most common used of birds and insects, where the understanding is of an overhead view of the animal with its wings spread. Guardant or In Full Aspect indicates an animal with a body positioned sideways, regardant indicates an animal with its head turned backward, as if looking over its shoulder. Unless other instructions are given, the body will face to dexter, in Trian Aspect is when the animals head is facing at a 3/4 view to give the appearance of depth. The head will be viewed at an angle somewhere between profile and straight-on, many attitudes commonly met with in heraldic rolls apply specifically to predatory beasts, while others may be better suited to the docile animals. These will each be discussed in detail below, also worth note is that a lion or other beast may additionally be described in terms of the position of its head, differently coloured parts, or by the shape or position of its tail. A beast may be armed or langued of a tincture, while a stag may be attired or unguled of a tincture, a lion carries the tail between its hind legs
6.
Supporter
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In heraldry, supporters, sometimes referred to as attendants, are figures or objects usually placed on either side of the shield and depicted holding it up. Early forms of supporters are found in medieval seals, however, unlike the coronet or helmet and crest, supporters were not part of early medieval heraldry. As part of the achievement, they first become fashionable towards the end of the 15th century. The arms of nutritionist John Boyd-Orr use two garbs as supporters, the arms of the USS Donald Cook, missiles, the arms of the state of Rio Grande do Norte in Brazil, letters of the alphabet are used as supporters in the arms of Valencia, Spain. Human supporters can also be allegorical figures, or, more rarely, specifically named individuals, the arms of the Congo provide an extremely unusual example of two supporters issuing from behind the shield. While such single supporters are generally eagles with one or two heads, there are examples, including the cathedra in the case of some Canadian cathedrals. At the other extreme and even rarer, the Scottish chief Dundas of that Ilk had three supporters, two red lions and the whole supported by a salamander. The coat of arms of Iceland even has four supporters, an example of whales non-rampant is the arms of the Dutch municipality of Zaanstad. However, medieval Scottish seals afford numerous examples in which the 13th and 14th century shields were placed between two creatures resembling lizards or dragons, further, on his retirement from office as Chief Herald, Robert Watt was granted supporters as an honour. Trees and other objects which are sometimes used are called Soutiens. Knights Grand Companion and Principal Companions of the New Zealand Order of Merit are granted the use of heraldic supporters, originally, in England, supporters were regarded as little more than mere decorative and artistic appendages. In the United Kingdom, supporters are typically an example of royal favour. Hereditary supporters are normally limited to hereditary peers, certain members of the Royal Family, knights banneret were also granted non-hereditary supporters, but no such knight has been created since the time of Charles I. Tom Brown was so knighted by George II at the Battle of Dettingen, supporters may also be granted to corporations which have a royal charter
7.
Coal Exchange (London)
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The London Coal Exchange was situated on the north side of Thames Street in the City of London, nearly opposite to Old Billingsgate Market, occupying three different structures from 1770 to 1962. The original coal exchange opened in 1770, a second building from 1805 was replaced by a new purpose-built structure constructed from 1847 to 1849, and opened by Prince Albert on 30 October 1849. This third London coal exchange was one of the first substantial buildings constructed from cast iron and it was demolished in 1962 to allow widening of what is now Lower Thames Street despite a campaign by The Victorian Society to save the building. Cast iron decorations from the 1849 Coal Exchange building were selected as the model for the dragon boundary mark for the entrances to the City of London. Coal had been imported to London by sea since at least medieval times. A coal exchange was established in 1770 on Thames Street in the City of London, near the site of Smarts Quay and close to Billingsgate Market, the main trades at Billingsgate Dock were fish and coal. A new building had been built in 1805, with a classical portico supported by small Doric pillars and triangular pediment above. Under the control of the City Corporation, the Coal Exchange became a free and open market, regulated by various Acts of Parliament, at this period, London was heated almost entirely by coal. By 1848, approximately 3.5 million tons of coal was being transported each year from the coalfields in Northumberland and Durham to London, the coal trade was also an important source of tax revenue for the city. Historically, coal taxes were charged by the City based on volume measurements. A coal duty of 4 pence was confirmed by James I, with a duty of 8 pence more added under William and Mary, by 1875, five million tons of coal were being brought to London each year by rail and three million tons by sea. The coal was sorted by coal-sifter and put into coal-sacks by a coal-filler, then transported by coal-waggoners, the work was heavy manual labour, but the trade was essential and workers were reasonably well paid for the period. In the Coal Exchange, coal factors acted as agents between sellers and buyers, all sales were agreed privately, with no public auction, and factors would take a 0. 5% commission. By 1845, a petition was made to build a new exchange, construction started in December 1847 and the new Coal Exchange was formally opened by Prince Albert on 30 October 1849. The Lord Mayor and City MP, James Duke, was made a baronet in honour of the occasion, the new Coal Exchange was built on the north side of Thames Street, on the east side of its junction with St. Mary-at-Hill, with four floors. A Roman hypocaust was found during the excavation of the foundations, part of the Roman house at Billingsgate. The south and west fronts, facing the streets, were built in Italianate style from Portland stone, with four floors, measuring 112 feet wide and 61 feet high. At the southwest corner was an unusual high semi-circular portico with Doric columns and entablature, surmounted by a tower of Portland stone 109 feet high, within the tower was a staircase providing access to the upper floors
8.
Thames Street, London
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Thames Street, divided into Lower and Upper Thames Street, is a road in the City of London, the historic and financial centre of London. It forms part of the busy A3211 route from Tower Hill to Westminster, the London Bridge underpass marks the divide between Upper and Lower Thames Street, with Lower to the east and Upper to the west. Thames Street is mentioned in the diary of Samuel Pepys, the first mention of the road, however, is from 1013 when the Custom-house was founded on the street. During the reign of King Henry VIII, the contained the London residences of many courtiers, including that of William Compton. In the culture of the twentieth-century, the street is probably best remembered for its place in T. S, at 101 Lower Thames Street, remains of a Roman bath were excavated. They are preserved in the cellar of the building on the site. The London Fire Brigades fire investigation unit is based at Dowgate fire station on Upper Thames Street at the corner of Allhallows Lane, Lower Thames Street formed part of the marathon course of the 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games. The womens Olympic marathon took place on 5 August and the mens on 12 August, the Paralympic marathons were held on 9 September. John Timbs, Thames-Street, Curiosities of London, London, J. C. Hotten, OCLC12878129
9.
James Bunstone Bunning
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James Bunstone Bunning was a British architect. He held the post of architect to the City of London from 1843 until his death, Bunning was born in London on 6 October 1802. He was trained in the office of his father, the surveyor Daniel James Bunning and he was then articled to George Smith. He exhibited at the Royal Academy between 1819 and 1848, giving his address as Bernard Street between 1819 and 1823, and Guilford Street after 1832. He was a fellow of the Institute of British Architects, Bunning was district surveyor for Bethnal Green, and, from around 1825 surveyor to the Foundling Hospital estates. He went on to hold the same post with the Haberdashers Company, the London and County Bank, the Thames Tunnel, the Victoria Life Office and the Chelsea waterworks. In 1834 he built a receiving house – a first-aid post for people rescued from the water – by the Serpentine in Hyde Park for the Royal Humane Society. He won the commission in a competition, entered under a pseudonym and he also won the competition to build the new City of London School on the site of Honey Lane Market in Cheapside. Begun in October 1835, it was a Gothic building more than 180 feet long, accommodating 400 pupils and he also entered the competitions to rebuild the Royal Exchange and the Houses of Parliament. In 1843, Bunning was appointed Clerk of the Citys Works to the City of London in 1843, the title of the post was changed to City Architect in 1847. He had previously made a design for remodelling the market on its site at Smithfield. In 1856 he built two law courts at the Guildhall, and in 1858 began the reconstruction of Newgate prison. In 1858 he built Rogers almshouses at Brixton and the Pauper Lunatic Asylum at Stone in Kent, much of his time as City architect was spent on work connected with the valuation, leasing and sale of the City estates. He also surveyed and planned many road improvements, including the building of New Cannon Street and his unexecuted projects included one for the widening of London Bridge. Another duty was to provide decorations for the annual Lord Mayors banquet and his last work was the decoration of London Bridge and other buildings for the ceremonial welcome of Princess Alexandra of Denmark to London. During this time his health broke down and he tendered his resignation from his post with the City of London, Bunning died at his home in Gloucester Terace, Regents Park, on 2 November 1863. A street in Islington is named after him, in 1826, he married a Miss Basan, who was of Italian origin
10.
Dewer
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A vacuum flask is an insulating storage vessel that greatly lengthens the time over which its contents remain hotter or cooler than the flasks surroundings. Invented by Sir James Dewar in 1892, the vacuum consists of two flasks, placed one within the other and joined at the neck. The gap between the two flasks is partially evacuated of air, creating a near-vacuum which significantly reduces heat transfer by conduction or convection, Vacuum flasks are used domestically to keep beverages hot or cold for extended periods of time and for many purposes in industry. The vacuum flask was designed and invented by Scottish scientist Sir James Dewar in 1892 as a result of his research in the field of cryogenics and is called a Dewar flask in his honour. He evacuated the air between the two creating a partial vacuum to keep the temperature of the contents stable. Through the need for this insulated container James Dewar created the vacuum flask, the flask was later developed using new materials such as glass and aluminum, however, Dewar refused to patent his invention. Prior to Dewars invention, German chemist and physician Adolf Ferdinand Weinhold invented his own version of a flask in 1881. Dewars design was transformed into a commercial item in 1904 as two German glassblowers discovered that it could be used to keep cold drinks cold and warm drinks warm. The name later became a trademark after the term thermos became the household name for such a liquid container. The vacuum flask went on to be used for different types of scientific experiments. Thermos remains a trademark in some countries but was declared a genericized trademark in the US in 1963 since it is colloquially synonymous with vacuum flasks in general. However, there are other vacuum flasks, after the German glassblowers determined the commercial uses for the Dewar flask, the technology was sold to the Thermos company who used it to mass-produce vacuum flasks for at-home use. Eventually other manufacturers produced similar products for consumer use, the vacuum flask consists of two flasks, placed one within the other and joined at the neck. The gap between the two flasks is partially evacuated of air, creating a partial-vacuum which reduces heat conduction or convection, most heat transfer occurs through the neck and opening of the flask, where there is no vacuum. Vacuum flasks are made of metal, borosilicate glass, foam or plastic and have their opening stoppered with cork or polyethylene plastic. Vacuum flasks are used as insulated shipping containers. Extremely large or long vacuum flasks sometimes cannot fully support the inner flask from the neck alone and these spacers act as a thermal bridge and partially reduce the insulating properties of the flask around the area where the spacer contacts the interior surface. Several technological applications, such as NMR and MRI machines, rely on the use of vacuum flasks
11.
Portland stone
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Portland stone is a limestone from the Tithonian stage of the Jurassic period quarried on the Isle of Portland, Dorset. The quarries consist of beds of white-grey limestone separated by chert beds and it has been used extensively as a building stone throughout the British Isles, notably in major public buildings in London such as St Pauls Cathedral and Buckingham Palace. It is also exported to many countries—Portland stone is used in the United Nations headquarters building in New York City, Portland stone formed in a marine environment, on the floor of a shallow, warm, sub-tropical sea probably near land. When seawater is warmed by the sun, its capacity to hold dissolved gas is reduced, calcium and bicarbonate ions within the water are then able to combine, to form calcium carbonate as a precipitate. The process of lime scale build up in a kettle in hard water areas is similar, calcium carbonate is the principal constituent of most limestones. Billions of minute crystals of precipitated calcium carbonate accumulated forming lime mud which covered the sea floor, small particles of sand or organic detritus, such as shell fragments, formed a nucleus, which became coated with layers of calcite as they were rolled around in the muddy micrite. The calcite gradually accumulated around the fragments of shell in concentric layers and this process is similar to the way in which a snowball grows in size as it is rolled around in the snow. Over time, countless billions of these balls, known as ooids or ooliths, became partially cemented together by more calcite and this is one of the reasons why Portland stone is so favoured as a monumental and architectural stone. Dr Geoff Townson conducted three years research on the Portlandian, being the first to describe the patch-reef facies. Stone has been quarried on Portland since Roman times and was being shipped to London in the 14th century, Extraction as an industry began in the early 17th century, with shipments to London for Inigo Jones Banqueting House. Wrens choice of Portland for the new St Pauls Cathedral was a great boost for the quarries, the island was connected by railway to the rest of the country from 1865. Albion Stone PLC has been quarrying and mining Portland stone since 1984, Portland Stone Firms Ltd have been quarrying Portland stone since 1994. Jordans is part of the Inmosthay Quarry in the centre of the Island, the quarry has been worked since the late 19th century. Albion Stone leases the section from The Crown Estate and purchased the northern part of the site in 2006. The majority of the southern reserves lie under the grounds of the cricket club. To avoid disturbing the site at surface level, the company has applied and received permission to extract the stone using mining rather than quarrying techniques, the reserves to the north will be quarried using the diamond bladed cutting machines, hydro bags and wire saws to shape the blocks. Albion Stone PLC now extract all their stone through mining which dramatically reduces the impact on the environment, jordans Mine is currently the biggest mine on Portland. Bowers Quarry has been operational since the late 18th century and it has been leased from The Crown Estate since 1979 and in 2002 it became the site of the first Portland stone mine by Albion Stone PLC
12.
Temple, London
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The Royal Courts of Justice are just to the north and Temple tube station is located to the west in the City of Westminster. The wider Temple area is bound by the River Thames to the south, Surrey Street to the west, Strand and Fleet Street to the north. It contains many chambers, solicitors offices, as well as some notable legal institutions such as the Employment Appeal Tribunal. The International Institute for Strategic Studies has its headquarters at Arundel House, the name is recorded in the 12th century as Novum Templum, meaning New Temple. It is named after a church belonging to the Knights Templar, the Old Temple was located in Holborn. The name is shared with Inner Temple, Middle Temple, Temple Church, the Temple was originally the precinct of the Knights Templar whose Temple Church was named in honour of Solomons Temple in Jerusalem. The Knights had two halls, whose modern successors are the Middle Temple Hall and the Inner Temple Hall, only the Inner Temple Hall preserves elements of the medieval hall on the site, however. Upon the dissolution of the Knights Templar in 1312, the pope granted their possessions to the Knights Hospitaller. On Hughs death in 1326 the Inner Temple passed first to the mayor of London and then in 1333 to one William de Langford, in 1337 the Knights petitioned the king, now Edward III, to rectify the grant of consecrated land to a layman. Langford continued to hold Middle Temple at a reduced rent, in 1346, Langfords lease having by then expired, the Knights Hospitaller leased both Middle and Inner Temples to lawyers from St Georges Inn and Thavies Inn respectively. However lawyers had already occupied the Temple since 1320, when it belonged to the Earl of Lancaster, when the Knights Hospitaller were dissolved by Henry VIII in the Reformation, the barristers remained as tenants of the Crown, for an annual rent of £10 for each society. Their current tenure dates from a charter granted to them by James I in 1608, originally a grant of fee farm, the reversion was purchased from Charles II, finally giving the lawyers absolute title. The area of the Temple was increased when the River Thames was embanked by the Victoria Embankment, the original bank of the river can clearly be seen in a drop in ground level, for example in the Inner Temple Gardens or the stairs at the bottom of Essex Street. The area suffered damage due to enemy air raids in World War II and many of the buildings. Temple Church itself was badly damaged and had to be rebuilt. Nonetheless the Temple is rich with Grade I listed buildings, the core of the district lies in the City of London and consists of two Inns of Court, Inner Temple and Middle Temple. The Temple Church is roughly central to two inns and is governed by both of them. The Inns each have their own gardens, dining halls, libraries and administrative offices, most of the land is, however, taken up by buildings in which barristers practise from sets of rooms known as chambers
13.
Victoria Embankment
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Victoria Embankment is part of the Thames Embankment, a road and river-walk along the north bank of the River Thames in London. It runs from the Palace of Westminster to Blackfriars Bridge in the City of London, the Victoria Embankments construction started in 1865 and was completed in 1870 under the direction of Joseph Bazalgette. It was a project of the Metropolitan Board of Works, the contractor for the work was Thomas Brassey. The original impetus was the need to provide London with a sewerage system. Another major consideration was the relief of congestion on the Strand, the project involved building out on to the foreshore of the River Thames, narrowing the river. The construction work required the purchase and demolition of much expensive riverside property, the cut-and-cover tunnel for the District Railway was built within the Embankment and roofed over to take the roadway. At ground level, in addition to the new roads, two gardens were laid out. One of these backs onto the government buildings of Whitehall, the gardens contain many statues, including a monument to Bazalgette. The Victoria section was the most complex of the three sections and it was much larger, more complex and more significant to the metropolis than the other two and officially opened on 13 July 1870 by the Prince of Wales and Princess Louise. When people refer to the Embankment they are referring to that portion of it. The total cost of the construction of the Victoria Embankment is estimated to be £1,260,000, the total cost includes the cost of materials used in the construction of the embankment. Construction of the Victoria Embankment proved to be difficult because of the grandness of it, parliament was assured that three years would be ample time to complete the project, which did not hold to be true. They had a labour force along with issues of the architect and property appraiser securing all the wharves and other property needed for access. There was also difficulty in acquiring contract requirement to access to steamboat landings at Westminster. In addition, time and money was lost in experimenting with a new type of cofferdam, in December 1878 Victoria Embankment became the first street in Britain to be permanently lit by electricity. The light was provided by 20 Yablochkov candles powered by a Gramme DC generator,16 March 1879 the system was extended to 40 lamps and 10 October to 55 lamps. Previously the street had been lit by gas, and in June 1884, shell Mex House, the Savoy Hotel and Savoy Place are located between the Embankment and the Strand. London Underground stations along Victoria Embankment are Westminster, Embankment, Charing Cross, Temple, the former Aldwych station was also located nearby
14.
City of London Corporation
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In 2006 the name was changed from Corporation of London to avoid confusion with the wider London local government, the Greater London Authority. The Corporation is probably the worlds oldest continuously-elected local government authority, the corporations structure includes the Lord Mayor, the Court of Aldermen, the Court of Common Council, and the Freemen and Livery of the City. In Anglo-Saxon times, consultation between the Citys rulers and its citizens took place at the Folkmoot, administration and judicial processes were conducted at the Court of Husting and the non-legal part of the courts work evolved into the Court of Aldermen. Numerous subsequent Royal Charters over the centuries confirmed and extended the citizens rights, around 1189, the City gained the right to have its own mayor, later being advanced to the degree and style of Lord Mayor of London. The individual commissioners were nominated by the Corporation, but it was a separate body. Local government legislation often makes special provision for the City to be treated as a London borough, the Chief Executive of the administrative side of the Corporation holds the ancient office of Town Clerk of London. The Chamberlain, the City Treasurer and Finance Officer, the City Remembrancer, who is responsible for protocol, ceremonial, security issues as well as legislative matters that may affect the Corporation and is legally qualified. The Comptroller and City Solicitor, legal officer. e, former Lord Mayors, and the junior Aldermen. The Common Serjeant, the senior judge at the Central Criminal Court Old Bailey. C) The Ward Beadles, responsible to a specific Ward from which they are elected, largely ceremonial support to their respective Aldermen, and also perform a formal role at Ward Motes. In 1801, the City had a population of about 130,000 and it has risen slightly to around 9,000 since, largely due to the development of the Barbican Estate. As it has not been affected by other municipal legislation over the period of time since then, therefore, the non-residential vote, abolished in the rest of the country in 1969, became an increasingly large part of the electorate. The non-residential vote system used disfavoured incorporated companies, the City of London Act 2002 greatly increased the business franchise, allowing many more businesses to be represented. In 2009, the vote was about 24,000. Each body or organisation, whether unincorporated or incorporated, whose premises are within the City of London may appoint a number of based on the number of workers it employs. Limited liability partnerships fall into this category, though workers count as part of a workforce regardless of nationality, only certain individuals may be appointed as voters. The City of London is divided into twenty-five Wards, each of which is a division, electing one Alderman. The numbers below reflect the changes caused by the City of London Act, there are over one hundred livery companies in London
15.
C. B. Birch
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Charles Bell Birch ARA was an English sculptor. Birch was born in Brixton, son of the author and translator Jonathan Birch, as a child he showed artistic promise, and at the age of twelve he was admitted to study at Somerset House School of Design. He returned to England in 1852 and became a student at the Royal Academy of Arts, gaining two medals. For ten years he was assistant to John Henry Foley R. A. and from 1852 till his death he exhibited regularly at the Royal Academy. He won a significant prize of £600 in a competition in 1864 from the Art Union of London for his marble work The Wood Nymph. It was subsequently selected as one of the works of British art for the Vienna, Philadelphia. In 1891 he was one of eight eminent artists who were invited to submit designs for new British coinage, adrian Jones and Horace Montford were pupils of Birch. Wood Nymph, his first really popular work Griffin on Temple Bar Memorial Statue of Lieutenant Walter Hamilton in Dublin, dictionary of National Biography,1901 supplement
16.
Temple Bar, London
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Temple Bar was the principal ceremonial entrance to the City of London on its western side from the City of Westminster. The road east of Temple Bar and within the City is Fleet Street, at Temple Bar the Corporation of the City of London formerly erected a barrier to regulate trade into the City. The 19th century Royal Courts of Justice are located next to it on its north side, to its south is the Temple Church and the Inner Temple and Middle Temple Inns of Court. Wrens arch was preserved and was re-erected in 2004 in the City, in the Middle Ages the authority of the City of London Corporation reached beyond the Citys ancient defensive walls in several places, known as the Liberties of London. To regulate trade into the City, barriers were erected on the major entrance routes wherever the true boundary was a distance from the nearest ancient gatehouse in the walls. Temple Bar was the most used of these, since traffic between the City of London and the Palace of Westminster passed through it and it was originally located where Fleet Street now meets The Strand, which was actually outside the London boundary wall. The historic ceremony of the monarch halting at Temple Bar and being met by the Lord Mayor has often featured in art and it is commented on in televised coverage of modern-day royal ceremonial processions. However the popular belief that the monarch requires the Lord Mayors permission to enter the City is incorrect, a bar is first mentioned in 1293 and was probably only a chain or bar between a row of posts. More substantial structures with arches followed, by 1351, a wooden archway had been built housing a small prison above it. The earliest known documentary and historical notice of Temple Bar is in 1327, in 1384 Richard II granted a licence for paving the Strand Street from Temple Bar to the Savoy, and collecting tolls to cover the expense. On 5 November 1422, the corpse of Henry V was borne to Westminster Abbey by the citizens and nobles. Anne Boleyn passed through the Bar on May 31,1534, on that occasion Temple Bar was new painted and repaired, and near it stood singing men and children—the Fleet Street conduit all the time running claret. In 1554 Thomas Wyatt led an uprising in opposition to Queen Mary Is proposed marriage to Philip II of Spain and this revolt persuaded the government to go through with the verdict against Lady Jane Grey. The notable Scottish bookseller Andrew Millar owned his first London shop at Temple Bar, taken over from the ownership of James McEuen in 1728, whom Millar had apprenticed to. Although it escaped damage by the Great Fire of London of 1666, the statues of Anne of Denmark, James l, Charles I, and Charles II, in niches in the upper floor were carved by John Bushnell. Rusticated, it is a structure consisting of one wide central arch for the road traffic. During the 18th century the heads of convicted traitors were frequently mounted on pikes and exhibited on the roof, the other seven principal gateways to London, had all been demolished by 1800, but Temple Bar remained despite its impediment to the ever-growing traffic. The upper-storey room was leased to the banking house of Child & Co for storage of records
17.
Fleet Street
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Fleet Street is a major street in the City of London. It runs west to east from Temple Bar at the boundary with the City of Westminster to Ludgate Circus at the site of the London Wall, having been an important through route since Roman times, businesses were established along the road during the Middle Ages. Senior clergy lived in Fleet Street during this period there are several churches including Temple Church. Much of the industry moved out in the 1980s after News International set up cheaper manufacturing premises in Wapping, the term Fleet Street remains a metonym for the British national press, and pubs on the street once frequented by journalists remain popular. The street is mentioned in works by Charles Dickens and is where the legendary fictitious murderous barber Sweeney Todd lived. Fleet Street is named after the River Fleet, which runs from Hampstead to the River Thames at the edge of the City of London. It is one of the oldest roads outside the city and was established by the Middle Ages. In the 13th century, it was known as Fleet Bridge Street, the street runs east from Temple Bar, the boundary between the Cities of London and Westminster, as a continuation of the Strand from Trafalgar Square. It crosses Chancery Lane and Fetter Lane to reach Ludgate Circus by the London Wall, the road ahead is Ludgate Hill. The street numbering runs consecutively from west to east south-side and then east to west north-side and it links the Roman and medieval boundaries of the City after the latter was extended. The nearest London Underground stations are Temple, Chancery Lane, and Blackfriars tube/mainline station, London Bus routes 4,11,15,23,26,76 and 172 run along the full length of Fleet Street, while route 341 runs between Temple Bar and Fetter Lane. Fleet Street was established as a thoroughfare in Roman London and there is evidence that a route led west from Ludgate by 200 AD. Local excavations revealed remains of a Roman amphitheatre near Ludgate on what was Fleet Prison, the Saxons did not occupy the Roman city but established Lundenwic further west around what is now Aldwych and the Strand. Many prelates lived around the street during the Middle Ages, including the Bishops of Salisbury and St Davids, tanning of animal hides became established on Fleet Street owing to the nearby river, though this increased pollution leading to a ban on dumping rubbish by the mid-14th century. Many taverns and brothels were established along Fleet Street and have been documented as early as the 14th century, records show that Geoffrey Chaucer was fined two shillings for attacking a friar in Fleet Street, though modern historians believe this is apocryphal. An important landmark in Fleet Street during the late Middle Ages was a conduit that was the water supply for the area. When Anne Boleyn was crowned Queen following her marriage to Henry VIII in 1533, by the 16th century, Fleet Street, along with much of the City, was chronically overcrowded, and a Royal proclamation in 1580 banned any further building on the street. This had little effect, and construction continued, particularly timber, Prince Henrys Room over the Inner Temple gate dates from 1610 and is named after Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales, eldest son of James I, who did not survive to succeed his father
18.
Birmingham Guild of Handicraft
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Birmingham Guild of Handicraft was an Arts and Crafts organisation operating in Birmingham, England. Its motto was By Hammer and Hand, in 1895, the Guild set up as an independent workshop and limited company with the guidance of Edward R. Taylor, who was an important figure in the history of Birmingham School of Art. William Kenrick, the local MP and an Arts and Crafts enthusiast, the Guilds first address was at Kyrle Hall, Sheep Street, the same studios later being taken over by John Paul Cooper. In 1898, the Guild moved to 44-5 Great Charles Street, the Guild produced furniture and metalware, taking special advantage of the switch to electric lighting and the consequent need for new light fittings. Arthur Dixon was the designer and head of metalwork workshop. Other members were Albert Edward Jones and Thomas Birkett, bernard Sleigh was a teacher at the Guild. The Guild also produced fine books under the Press of the Birmingham Guild of Handicraft, Limited, the Quest began in November 1894 and aimed to appear three times a year, but was short-lived. Those involved with the Press were Ernest Treglown, Arthur Gaskin, Charles Carr and Mary Newill were book illustrators for the Guild. The Press was still active in 1919, when it published Memorials, The Work of the Architect and Craftsman in the Design, the Guild ran a London showroom, headed by Martin Muir, at 7 Newman Street, Oxford Square. Due to commercial pressures, there was a merger with E & R Gittins in 1905, in 1919, there was a further merger with Hart, Son & Pearl. The name was shown until 1950 in directories as The Birmingham Guild Ltd. Architectural & Decorative Metalworkers, the addresses being Grosvenor Road West, by Hammer and Hand, Arts and Crafts Movement in Birmingham
19.
London Bridge
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London Bridge refers to several historical bridges that have spanned the River Thames between the City of London and Southwark, in central London. The current crossing, which opened to traffic in 1973, is a box girder bridge built from concrete and this replaced a 19th-century stone-arched bridge, which in turn superseded a 600-year-old medieval structure. This was preceded by a succession of bridges, the first built by the Roman founders of London. The current bridge stands at the end of the Pool of London but is positioned 30 metres upstream from previous alignments. The traditional ends of the bridge were marked by St Magnus-the-Martyr on the northern bank. Until Putney Bridge opened in 1729, London Bridge was the only road-crossing of the Thames downstream of Kingston-upon-Thames and its importance has been the subject of popular culture throughout the ages such as in the nursery rhyme London Bridge Is Falling Down and its inclusion within art and literature. The modern bridge is owned and maintained by Bridge House Estates and it carries the A3 road, which is maintained by the Greater London Authority. The crossing also delineates an area along the bank of the River Thames. The abutments of modern London Bridge rest several metres above natural embankments of gravel, sand, between the embankments, the River Thames could have been crossed by ford when the tide was low, or ferry when it was high. There is archaeological evidence for scattered Neolithic, Bronze Age and Iron Age settlement nearby, two ancient fords were in use a few miles upstream, beyond the rivers upper tidal reach. They were aligned with the course of Watling Street and led into the heartlands of the Catuvellauni, some time before Claudius conquest of AD43, power shifted to the Trinovantes, who held the region northeast of the Thames estuary from a capital at Camulodunum. Claudius imposed a major colonia on Camulodunum, and made it the city of the new Roman province of Britannia. The first London Bridge was built by the Roman military as part of their road-building programme, around AD55, the temporary bridge over the Thames was replaced by a permanent timber piled bridge, maintained and guarded by a small garrison. On the relatively high, dry ground at the end of the bridge, a small, opportunistic trading and shipping settlement took root. A smaller settlement developed at the end of the bridge. The bridge was destroyed along with the town in the Boudican revolt. Just downstream of the bridge were substantial quays and depots, convenient to seagoing trade between Britain and the rest of the Roman Empire, with the end of Roman rule in Britain in the early 5th century, Londinium was gradually abandoned and the bridge fell into disrepair. In the Saxon period, the became a boundary between the emergent, mutually hostile kingdoms of Mercia and Wessex
20.
High Holborn
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High Holborn is a street in Holborn, Central London, which forms a part of the A40 route from London to Fishguard. It starts in the west as a turn off Charing Cross Road, near St Giles Circus, the nearest London Underground stations are Tottenham Court Road, Holborn, and Chancery Lane, all on the Central line which runs beneath High Holborn. Landmarks along High Holborn include the Cittie of Yorke, at no,22, and the Embassy of Cuba, at no.167. The street was a Feature site for introduction of the Camden bench
21.
Gray's Inn Road
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Grays Inn Road, formerly Grays Inn Lane, also spelt without the apostrophe, is a major road in central London, in the London Borough of Camden. It is named after Grays Inn, one of the four Inns of Court, the road starts in Holborn, near Chancery Lane tube station and the boundaries of the City of London and the London Borough of Islington. From here it goes north and slightly west, forming the boundary between Clerkenwell to the east and Holborn, Bloomsbury and finally St Pancras to the west. Along its course the road passes the Eastman Dental Hospital and the UCL Eastman Dental Institute, Grays Inn, ITN, ITV and the London Welsh Centre. Near the north end of the road, where it meets Cromer Street and Acton Street, throughout its route the road keeps to the higher ground, above the valley of the River Fleet to the east. In earlier times it was the route from London to Hampstead. The area of Grays Inn Road was clearly populated from palaeolithic times,350, 000-year-old Grays Inn Lane Hand Axe in 1679, one of the important artefacts in the emerging consciousness of human antiquity, now in the British Museum. Given the roads height above the Fleet valley, it may have formed part of an ancient trackway, from at least the 13th century onwards it was in the possession of the Grey family, after whom Grays Inn is named. The name Purtepol Street is recorded in the time of Henry III, in a document of 1299 it is called Street of Pourtepol without London, which is appropriate as it lies only just outside the boundary of the City. In a document of 1468 the road is called Graysynlane, otherwise Portpole Lane, todays Portpool Lane, which leads off Grays Inn Road to the east, is a separate road which is not mentioned prior to 1641. On the Woodcut map of c.1561, Greys ynne la. is shown leading from Holborn Bars to Grays Inn, from where it becomes an unnamed track leading into the country. John Ogilby and William Morgans map of 1676 shows Grayes-Inn Lane which is built up as far as Elm Street. Richard Horwoods map calls the whole stretch from Holborn to modern Kings Cross Grays Inn Lane, the Bourne Estate is a group of well-regarded Edwardian tenement blocks southeast of the junction with Clerkenwell Road
22.
Aldgate High Street
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Aldgate was the eastern-most gateway through the London Wall leading from the City of London to Whitechapel and the East End of London. The road is situated 2.3 miles east north-east of Charing Cross, John Casss school, where a plaque records the former placement of London Wall, is sited on the north side of Aldgate. The etymology of the name Aldgate is disputed and it is first recorded in 1052 as Æst geat but had become Alegate by 1108. Writing in the 16th century, John Stow derived the name from Old Gate, however, Henry Harben, writing in 1918, contended that this was wrong and that documents show that the d is missing in documents written before 1486–7. Alternative meanings include Ale Gate in connection with a putative ale-house or All Gate meaning the gate was free to all, other possibilities canvassed by Harben include reference to a Saxon named Ealh, or reference to foreigners or oil or awl. It is thought that a gate at Aldgate spanned the road to Colchester in the Roman period, when London Wall was constructed. The gateway – which probably had two circular towers – stood at the corner of the modern Dukes Place, on the east side of the City, with a busy thoroughfare passing through it. It was rebuilt between 1108 and 1147, again in 1215, and reconstructed completely between 1607 and 1609 “in a more classical and less functional style”, like London’s other gates, Aldgate was “fortified with porticullises and chained” in 1377 due to concerns about potential attacks by the French. The gate was removed in 1761, it was temporarily re-erected at Bethnal Green. Aldgate did have defensive functions, and, between its early 13th and early 17th-century reconstructions, was breached on only two occasions. The first occurred during the Great Rising in the summer of 1381 when thousands of insurgents from surrounding region, assisted by sympathizers within and without, the second breach came in the summer of 1471 when troops led by the Bastard of Fauconberg forced open the gate. The Augustinians priory of Holy Trinity Aldgate was founded by Matilda, within Aldgate ward, a short distance to the north of the gate, Jews settled from 1181, until their expulsion in 1290 by King Edward I. The area became known as Old Jewry, Jews were welcomed back by Oliver Cromwell, and once again they settled in the area, founding Londons oldest synagogue at Bevis Marks in 1698. While he was an official, from 1374 until 1386, Geoffrey Chaucer occupied apartments above the gate. London’s aldermen had first conceived of renting unneeded space over the City gates earlier in the century, although keenly sought after due to their location, the rooms “were built for military occupancy and remained rough-hewn nonprivate”. Chaucer likely occupied the tower on the south end of the gate. A1585 sketch of Aldgate’s north tower reveals a room of approximately 16 by 14. The space would have been “cramped, cold, rudimentary in its sanitary arrangements, in about 1420 the Whitechapel Bell Foundry was founded in Aldgate, but it later moved to nearby Whitechapel
23.
Bishopsgate
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Bishopsgate is one of the 25 wards of the City of London and also the name of a major road between Gracechurch Street and Norton Folgate in the northeast corner of Londons main financial district. Bishopsgate is named one of the original eight gates in the London Wall. The site of this gate is marked by a stone bishops mitre, fixed high upon a building located at Bishopsgates junction with Wormwood Street, by the gardens there. Although tens of thousands of people commute to and work in the ward, the ward is bounded by Worship Street to the north, where the edge of the City meets the boroughs of Islington and Hackney. It neighbours Portsoken ward and the borough of Tower Hamlets in the east, the western boundary is formed by Old Broad Street and Broad Street ward itself. Bishopsgate also bounds the wards of Aldgate, Coleman Street, Cornhill, Bishopsgate ward straddles the line of the Wall and the old gate and is often divided into Within and Without parts, with a deputy appointed for each part. Since the 1994 and 2003 boundary changes, almost all of the ward is Without, no changes to Bishopsgates ward boundaries occurred in the 2013 boundary changes. Originally Roman, the Bishops Gate was rebuilt by the Hansa merchants in 1471 in exchange for Steelyard privileges and its final form was erected in 1735 by the City authorities and demolished in 1760. This gate often displayed the heads of criminals on spikes, London Wall divided the ward and road into an intramural portion called Bishopsgate Within and an extramural portion called Bishopsgate Without. The Bishopsgate thoroughfare forms part of the A10 and the section to the north of the site of the original Gate is the start of Roman Ermine Street, the parish church for the area of Bishopsgate Without is St Botolph-without-Bishopsgate. This is located just to the north of the original Gate on the west side of the road, Bishopsgate was originally the location of many coaching inns which accommodated passengers setting out on the Old North Road. Others included the Dolphin, the Flower Pot, the Green Dragon, the Wrestlers, the Angel, the latter was a venue for the Queens Men theatrical troupe in the 16th century. The name of an inn called the Catherine Wheel is commemorated by Catherine Wheel Alley which leads off Bishopsgate to the east, in the 18th century this grand residence became a tavern called Sir Paul Pindars Head, another notable venue was the London Tavern. Also demolished was the old Crosby Hall, at one time the residence of Richard III, Bishopsgate is also the site of Dirty Dicks, the Bishopsgate Institute, and many offices and skyscrapers. Police had received a warning, but were still evacuating the area at the time of the explosion. The area had suffered damage from the Baltic Exchange bombing one year before. The street is home to the main London offices of major banks, including the Royal Bank of Scotland. Within the ward falls the Broadgate Estate, only electors who are Freemen of the City of London are eligible to stand
24.
Moorgate
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Moorgate was a postern in the London Wall originally built by the Romans. It was turned into a gate in the 15th century, though the gate was demolished in 1762, the name survives as a major street in the City of London. The street connects the City to the London Boroughs of Islington and Hackney, the name Moorgate derives from the surrounding area of Moorfields, which was one of the last pieces of open land in the City. Today this region is a centre, and is home to several investment banks. The street also showcases historic and contemporary office buildings, Moorgate station on the London Underground is remembered for the Moorgate tube crash of 1975. In the incident, a train terminating at the failed to stop and crashed into a brick wall. This resulted in systems being installed on the Underground which automatically stop trains at dead-ends, the earliest descriptions of Moorgate date from the early 15th century, where it was described as only a postern in the London city wall. Located between Bishopsgate and Cripplegate and leading to a known as Moorfields, it was not one of the larger or more important of the city gates. In 1415 an ordinance enacted that the old postern be demolished and it was replaced with a newer and larger structure located farther to the west, which included a wooden gate to be shut at night. This gate was enlarged again in 1472 and 1511, and then damaged in the Great Fire of London in 1666. Although the City gates had ceased to have any modern function apart from decoration, it was replaced along with Ludgate, Newgate, Little Moorgate was a gate opposite Little Winchester Street leading into Moorfields. It had been demolished by 1755, but gave its name to a street that was removed for the building of a railway. The Moorfields were one of the last pieces of land in the City of London. The fields were divided into three areas, the Moorfields proper, just inside the City boundaries, north of Bethlem Royal Hospital, much of Moorfields was developed in 1777 and turned into present day Finsbury Circus. Moorfields was the site of the first hydrogen balloon flight in England, Lunardi flew in a hydrogen balloon from the area of the Honourable Artillery Company near Moorfields. The ascent took place in front of 100,000 spectators as well as the then Prince of Wales, George, the envelope of the balloon was made of oiled silk, and had a diameter of 33 ft which resulted in a volume of 18,200 cubic feet. Due to the size of the balloon, it all of the previous evening. Lunardi first landed at Welham Green, Hertfordshire,13 miles north of London and it is located inside the EC2 postal district
25.
Aldersgate
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Aldersgate is a Ward of the City of London, named after a gate in the ancient London Wall around the City. The gate also gave its name to Aldersgate Street, which runs north from the site of the gate towards Clerkenwell. The name Aldersgate is first recorded around 1000 in the form Ealdredesgate, the gate, constructed by the Romans in the 2nd or 3rd centuries when London Wall was constructed, probably acquired its name in the late Saxon period. The ward of Aldersgate straddles the line of London Wall and the old gate and historically was divided into Within and Without divisions and it took in the liberty of St. Martins Le Grand when that was dis-established in the 16th century. However, since boundary changes in 2003, almost all of the ward is Without. In 1554 Aldersgate Street was the scene of a fraud where Elizabeth Crofts was smuggled into a wall to pretend to be a heavenly voice, reputedly 17,000 people came to listen to her give out anti-catholic propaganda. The old gate was taken down in 1617, and rebuilt in the year from a design by Gerard Christmas. The gate was damaged in the Great Fire of London in 1666 but was repaired and remained until 1761, the house of Sarah Sawyer, in Rose and Rainbow Court, formed one of the earliest Quaker meetings in London. In 1675, it became a meeting house, the Box Meeting, used mainly by Quaker women for poor relief. Aldersgate Street forms a section of the A1 route towards Edinburgh. It is located on the west side of the Barbican Estate and Barbican Centre, near St Bartholomews Hospital, northbound it continues into Goswell Road at the junction with Fann Street, southbound it continues into St. Martins Le Grand. Barbican tube station is located on Aldersgate Street and when it was opened in 1865 was named Aldersgate Street tube station, in 1910 it was renamed Aldersgate, then Aldersgate & Barbican in 1924, before finally being renamed Barbican in 1968. Originally Aldersgate Street only corresponded to the starting from the church of St Botolph without Aldersgate towards Long Lane. The portion of the road from Long Lane till Goswell Street was formerly named Pickax Street and this name may derive from Pickt Hatch, an area of brothels said to be in this part of London during the Elizabethan era. Pick Hatch is mentioned in The Merry Wives of Windsor and in The Alchemist, by the late eighteenth century the name Pickax was no more in use, and the road was fully incorporated into Aldersgate Street. 28 Aldersgate Street is the former location of a Moravian Church. On 24 May 1738, attending a meeting at the church, the following year, he broke with the Moravians and founded the Methodist Society of England. The yearly anniversary of his experience is celebrated by Methodists as Aldersgate Day, wesleys Chapel, in nearby City Road, remains a major focal point of the international Methodist movement
26.
Farringdon Street
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Farringdon Road is a road in Clerkenwell, London. Its construction, which took almost 20 years between the 1840s and the 1860s, is considered one of the greatest urban engineering achievements of the 19th century. Not only was it one of the first engineered multi-lane roads, pancras into the City at Farringdon. Today, Farringdon Road is part of the A201 route connecting Kings Cross to Elephant and it goes southeast from Kings Cross, crossing Roseberry Avenue, then turns south, crossing Clerkenwell Road before going past Farringdon station. It finishes on the border between the City of London, the London Borough of Camden and the London Borough of Islington and its line continues into the City as Farringdon Street. The construction of Farringdon Road necessitated the removal of the Fleet Market that had built in 1736 above the course of the River Fleet. North of the market was Hockley-in-the-Hole, an area notorious for bear-baiting, amongst the notable buildings on Farringdon Road are the former headquarters of The Guardian newspaper at No. 119, the so-called Zeppelin Building at No.61 built in 1917 after a Zeppelin raid during World War I, a notorious building on Farringdon Road was the Farringdon Road Buildings, a five-tenement block of dwellings built for the working classes during the Victorian era. Lacking bathrooms and with poor sanitary conditions this building, one of the last slum dwellings to exist in central London, was occupied until the early 1970s. Common features were poor lighting, overcrowding, with rat- and cockroach-infested living conditions, a contemporary description of the buildings is given in George Gissings novel The Nether World. The dwellings in Faringdon Road had an annex at the bottom of Safron Hill, the original set of dwellings were occupied predominantly by Italians and formed part of Little Italy Farringdon station
27.
Blackfriars Bridge
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Blackfriars Bridge is a road and foot traffic bridge over the River Thames in London, between Waterloo Bridge and Blackfriars Railway Bridge, carrying the A201 road. The north end is near the Inns of Court and Temple Church, the south end is near the Tate Modern art gallery and the Oxo Tower. The first fixed crossing at Blackfriars was a 995 feet long toll bridge designed in an Italianate style by Robert Mylne, beating designs by John Gwynn and George Dance, it took nine years to build, opening to the public in 1769. It was the bridge across the Thames in the then built-up area of London, supplementing the ancient London Bridge, which dated from several centuries earlier. It was later made toll free, the Fleet can be seen discharging into the Thames at its north side. This created the junction at St Georges Circus between Westminster Bridge Road, Borough Road and the later named Blackfriars Road which crossed the largely open parish of Christchurch Surrey, the continuation to the south at the major junction at Elephant and Castle is therefore named London Road. Although it was built of Portland stone the workmanship was very faulty and this is the present bridge which in 1869 was opened by Queen Victoria. The present bridge is 923 feet long, consisting of five wrought iron arches built to a design by Joseph Cubitt, Cubitt also designed the adjacent rail bridge and it was a condition that the spans and piers of the two bridges be aligned. It was built by P. A. Thom & Co, like its predecessor it is owned and maintained by the Bridge House Estates, a charitable trust overseen by the City of London Corporation. Like London Bridge the full length and its end is within the Citys borders. Due to the volume of traffic over the bridge, it was widened between 1907–10, from 70 feet to its present 105 feet. In 2005, five suspected members of the Mafia were tried in a Rome court for Calvis murder, on the piers of the bridge are stone carvings of water birds by sculptor John Birnie Philip. On the East side, the carvings show marine life and seabirds, on the north side of the bridge is a statue of Queen Victoria, to whom the bridge was dedicated. The ends of the bridge are shaped like a pulpit in a reference to Black Friars, Blackfriars Bridge station continued as a goods stop until 1964 when it was completely demolished, and much of it redeveloped into offices. The River Fleet empties into the Thames under the end of Blackfriars Bridge. The structure was given Grade II listed status in 1972, in 1774 the new bridge was mentioned in a popular song in Charles Dibdins opera The Waterman, referring to the boatmen who used to carry fashionable folks to Vauxhall Gardens and Ranelagh Gardens. And did you not hear of the jolly young waterman, Who at Blackfriars Bridge used for to ply, and he feathered his oars with such skill and dexterity, Winning each heart and delighting each eye. The name was given to one of the Bailey Bridges over the Rhine River in 1945, in Neil Gaimans Neverwhere, Blackfriars Bridge was named as the home of an unknown order of monks who held the key to an angelic prison
28.
Lake Havasu City, Arizona
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Lake Havasu City is a city in Mohave County, Arizona, United States. According to 2010 census, the population of the town is 52,527 people and it is served by Lake Havasu City Airport. Lake Havasu City is geographically isolated from the cities in Mohave County and is the southernmost community of Greater Las Vegas. The community first started as an Army Air Corps rest camp during World War II on the shores of Lake Havasu. In 1958, Robert P. McCulloch purchased 3,353 acres of property on the east side of the lake along Pittsburgh Point, after four years of planning, McCulloch Properties acquired another 13,000 acres of federal land in the surrounding area. Lake Havasu City was established on September 30,1963 by a resolution of the Mohave County Board of Supervisors as the Lake Havasu Irrigation and Drainage District, the city was incorporated in 1978. The London Bridge crosses a channel that leads from Lake Havasu to Thompson Bay. It was bought for US $2.5 million from the City of London when the bridge was replaced in 1968, the bridge was disassembled, and the marked stones were shipped to Lake Havasu City and reassembled for another US $7 million. Since its inauguration on October 5,1971, it has attracted thousands of visitors each year, McCulloch gave an acre of land to London. When Lake Havasu City wanted to use land for a visitors center. Lake Havasu City is a destination for a wide range of people. During the spring months, the community is joined by university students during Spring Break, with its reputation as a party community, Lake Havasu has twice been featured during MTVs Spring Break coverage. For boaters, March to September are the months on Lake Havasu. During the winter months, the community is joined by retirees from colder regions of the country, during this period, multiple events are held on McCulloch Boulevard. Lake Havasu City is located at 34°29′24″N 114°18′32″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 43.1 square miles. The only surface access to Lake Havasu City is by road via Arizona State Route 95, wood, who designed Disneyland, was hired by Robert McCulloch to lay out Lake Havasus unique road system. Lake Havasu City does not have a public transit system, private shuttles provide transportation to Las Vegas and Laughlin, Nevada
29.
London Bridge (Lake Havasu City)
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London Bridge is a bridge in Lake Havasu City, Arizona. It was built in the 1830s and formerly spanned the River Thames in London and it was dismantled in 1967 and relocated to Arizona. The Arizona bridge is a concrete structure clad in the original masonry of the 1830s bridge. The bridge was completed in 1971, and links an island in the Colorado River with the part of Lake Havasu City. The song London Bridge is Falling Down is a rhyme that predates the bridges original 19th century construction. The 1831 London Bridge was the last project of engineer John Rennie and was completed by his son, by 1962, the bridge was not sound enough to support the increased load of modern traffic, and it was sold by the City of London. The purchaser, Robert P. McCulloch purchased the bridge as a tourist attraction for Lake Havasu, the idea was successful, bringing interested tourists and retirement home buyers to the area. Originally, the deserted Lake Havasu vacant land was given to the state of Arizona by the U. S. Federal Government, the federal property was an abandoned military landing strip. McCulloch made a deal with the government and received the property for free with a promise to develop the land. But the real estate agents could not bring in prospective buyers, because the land was far from centers of population and had a very hot, arid climate. McCullochs real estate agent, Robert Plumer, learned that London Bridge was for sale and convinced McCulloch to buy it, the initial response from McCulloch was, Thats the craziest idea I have ever heard, but after consideration, he decided to go ahead with the purchase. Plumer then arranged with a shipping company that was going to sail a newly-built ship from Great Britain to the United States without any cargo. Plumer said they would pay for all operating costs of the sailing, the bridges facing stones were disassembled, and each was numbered. After the bridge was dismantled, it was transported to Merrivale Quarry where 15 to 20 cm were sliced off many of the original stones. The bridge arrived in pieces at the Port of Long Beach, California and was transported overland to Lake Havasu City, on 23 September 1968, the foundation stone was relaid by Sir Gilbert Inglefield, Lord Mayor of London. The original stonework was used to clad a new concrete structure, the reconstruction took slightly over three years and was completed in late 1971. Once completed, the Bridgewater Channel Canal was dredged under the bridge and flooded, separating Pittsburgh Point from the city, creating an island. The bridge thus now traverses a navigable shortcut between the Thompson Bay part of Lake Havasu south of Pittsburgh Point, and the remainder of Lake Havasu to the north
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International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
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Richard Coeur de Lion (statue)
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Richard Coeur de Lion is a Grade II listed equestrian statue of the 12th-century English monarch Richard I, also known as Richard the Lionheart, who reigned from 1189–99. It stands on a pedestal in Old Palace Yard outside the Palace of Westminster. The statue was first produced in clay and displayed at The Great Exhibition in 1851, although the money was duly raised and the bronze cast of the statue was finally completed in 1856, a lengthy dispute delayed its installation for several years. The original idea had been to erect the statue as a memorial to the Great Exhibition and this prompted opposition, as did proposals to place it outside Charles Barrys newly completed Palace of Westminster. Various other locations to display the statue were initially considered before agreement was reached that it would be placed in Old Palace Yard, Marochettis preferred location. It was installed in October 1860, though it was not until March 1867 that it was completed with the addition of bronze bas-reliefs on either side of the pedestal. It narrowly escaped destruction during the Second World War when a German bomb dropped during the Blitz landed a few metres away, the pedestal and the horses tail were damaged and Richards sword was bent by the blast. In 2009, the Parliamentary authorities undertook a project to conserve, the statue was created by Baron Carlo Marochetti and is located in Old Palace Yard outside the Palace of Westminster, opposite Westminster Abbey in London. With its pedestal, it stands 9 metres high, showing King Richard I on horseback, the king is depicted wearing a crowned helmet and a chainmail shirt with a surcoat, and lifting a sword into the air. The horse paws the ground, as if preparing for a charge into battle, Marochetti described his work as being inspired by Richard I rather than accurately depicting a 12th-century knight. It stands on a granite pedestal designed by Marochetti and made by Freeman & Co. of Penryn. According to Marochetti, the two bas-reliefs were designed in the style of Lorenzo Ghibertis doors at the Florence Baptistry, bronze letters on the front of the pedestal bear the inscription RICHARD I CŒUR DE LION / 1189–1199. The great majority of the art in and around the Houses of Parliament is of British origin, Marochettis statue thus represents one of the few examples of a non-British artists work being selected for the Parliamentary estate. Marochetti was born in Italy and was ennobled by the Kingdom of Sardinia but lived and worked in France and he made his name by creating equestrian statues, one, of the Duke of Wellington, was erected in Glasgow in 1840. By the 1840s, however, his popularity in continental Europe was in decline, the French Revolution of 1848, which saw the final overthrow of the French monarchy, prompted him to resettle in London and seek new patrons among the British elite. It was certainly true that he benefited from the patronage of Queen Victoria and his courtly manners impressed Victoria on their first meeting in 1849, and soon afterwards he became involved with the Prince Consorts plans for what became The Great Exhibition of 1851. Several countries planned to display sculptures of historical figures in their contributions to the exhibition. The genre was common in mainland Europe but relatively rare in England at the time, the Italian sculptor was probably motivated by a sense of competition with the Belgian in designing his Richard I
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Equestrian statue of Charles I, Charing Cross
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The equestrian statue of Charles I in Charing Cross, London, is a work by the French sculptor Hubert Le Sueur, probably cast in 1633. Its location at Charing Cross is on the site of the most elaborate of the Eleanor crosses erected by Edward I. Charing Cross is used to define the centre of London and a plaque by the statue indicates that road signage distances are measured from this point, the statue faces down Whitehall towards Charles Is place of execution at Banqueting House. The first Renaissance-style equestrian statue in England, it was commissioned by Charless Lord High Treasurer Richard Weston for the garden of his house in Roehampton. Following the English Civil War the statue was sold to a metalsmith to be broken down and it was installed in its current, far more prominent location in the centre of London in 1675, and the elaborately carved plinth dates from that time. The statue shows Charles I of England on horseback, with the wearing a demi-suit of armour. Across the chest is a scarf tied into a bow on the right shoulder, the king is holding a baton in his right hand, and the reins of the horse in his left. The statue was commissioned by Weston in January 1630, the contract, in French with an English translation, is thought to have been drafted by the architect Balthazar Gerbier, who was then building Putney Park, Westons country house in Roehampton. The statue was to be finished in 18 months but its execution was delayed, after the Parliamentary victory in the English Civil War the statue was sold to a metalsmith in the Holborn area by the name of John Rivet. Rivet received instructions from Parliament to break down the statue, but instead he hid it on his premises and it was purchased by the King and in 1675 was placed in its current location. The pedestal itself is made of Portland stone with a coat of arms, the work was completed by Joshua Marshall. On 28 October 1844, during the visit of Queen Victoria to open the Royal Exchange, the sword, during the Second World War the statue was removed by the Ministry of Works for protection, and was stored at Mentmore Park, Leighton Buzzard. Before being returned to its plinth in Whitehall, the Ministry carried out repairs on the statue, including adding a replacement sword. Additionally, a tablet was added to the base of the plinth. In 1977, the plinth was cleaned for the first time in three centuries, the work was conducted by the Department of the Environment and the department of conservation at the Victoria and Albert Museum. As I was going by Charing Cross Bibliography Ward-Jackson, Philip, public Sculpture of Historic Westminster, Volume 1. Media related to Equestrian statue of Charles I, Charing Cross at Wikimedia Commons
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Statue of Charles II, Soho Square
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The statue of Charles II is an outdoor sculpture of Charles II of England by the Danish sculptor Caius Gabriel Cibber, located near the centre of Soho Square in London. The statue was once the centrepiece of an erected in the middle of the square in 1681, each corner of which had statues of river gods representing the Thames, Severn, Humber. The water, which was pumped by a windmill in nearby Rathbone Place and it appears to have been one of a number of works by Cibber that stood in the square. By the early 19th century, the statue was described as being in a most wretched and mutilated state, in 1875–6 the square underwent substantial changes to its layout, during which the badly deteriorated statue was removed and the fountain demolished. The statue was rescued by Thomas Blackwell of the condiment firm Crosse & Blackwell and he gave it to his friend, the artist Frederick Goodall, with the intention that it might be restored. The present half-timbered gardeners shed took the place at the centre of the square. Goodall installed the statue on an island in a lake at Grims Dyke, his house near Harrow Weald, he wrote that in the twilight it looks very mysterious and weird with its reflection in the water. The statue portrays Charles in a pose, left hand on hip, with his head turned to the right. He is shown wearing some body and thigh armour and a long cloak at the back. The low pedestal once had an inscription on it, but this became illegible as long ago as 1815, as the square was once called Monmouth Square, some people erroneously supposed the statue to represent Charles favoured illegitimate son, the Duke of Monmouth. By the 1920s it was described as black with age, the pedestals decorative carvings comprise a crown in relief surmounting scroll motifs on the front and rear, with each side depicting a crown surmounting crossed sceptres and a decorative riband. Both the statue and pedestal are in poor condition and are eroded, especially around the face. The baton once held in the hand has disappeared. The statue is used as a major plot device/character in Patrick Marbers 2017 production of Don Juan in Soho starring David Tennant
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Statue of James II, Trafalgar Square
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The statue of James II is an outdoor bronze sculpture located in the front garden of the National Gallery at Trafalgar Square in London, United Kingdom. Probably inspired by French statues of the period, it depicts James II of England as a Roman emperor, wearing Roman armour. It originally also depicted him holding a baton and it was produced by the workshop of Grinling Gibbons, though probably not by Gibbons himself. The statue has been relocated several times since it was first erected in the grounds of the old Palace of Whitehall in 1686, the statue is executed in bronze and depicts James II as a Roman emperor. He is shown standing in a pose and pointing downwards in great ease of attitude. It formerly held a baton in its hand, though this is now missing. The face is said to be an excellent depiction of the king, the statue was probably inspired by similar imperial portrayals of Louis XIV of France. The statue of James II was commissioned for the Palace of Whitehall, apparently at the time as the standing Charles II. It was produced in the workshop of Grinling Gibbons at a reported cost of £300, the James II was erected at the Palace of Whitehall on 24 March 1686, as recorded by a contemporary, Sir John Bramston the Younger. George Vertue, who found an agreement and a receipt of payment for the work, & Devoot who was imployed by. Gibbons, and that Thomas Benniere was involved in the casting, a series of five drawings in the British Museum, which might be for either the standing Charles II or the James II, is attributed variously to Gibbons or to Peter Van Dievoet. Its artistic qualities were praised by J. P. Malcolm in his 1803 history, London Redivivum, in which he wrote, There is but one fault in the figure, and that is the attitude. The King seems to point with a baton at the earth, to which his eyes are directed, surely this is an egregious error. James IIs statue has stood in several locations since it was first erected and it originally stood in the Palace of Whitehalls Pebble Court, where it was installed on New Years Day,1686. It was taken down after the Glorious Revolution but was replaced by order of William III, in 1898 it was moved to a location in the garden of Gwydyr House but was taken down four years later to make room for the stands for the coronation of Edward VII. During the Second World War it was put into storage at Aldwych tube station and it was relocated to its present site in 1947. The statue is listed by Historic England as a Grade I listed building,1686 in art Statue of James II – Trafalgar Square, London, UK at Waymarking. com
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Statue of Queen Anne, Queen Anne's Gate
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A Grade I-listed statue of Queen Anne stands on a pedestal alongside the north wall of No.15 Queen Annes Gate in Westminster, London. It portrays the queen wearing a skirt and bodice and an open cloak with the insignia of the Order of the Garter, on her head is a small crown and in her hands she holds an orb. The statue, carved from Portland stone, stands on a plinth of the material with the inscription ANNA REGINA. The pedestal consists of a fat engaged cylinder with a volute on either side, each with scrolls adorned with carved flowers. Neither the sculptors identity nor the date of the work are known. The statue is first mentioned in Edward Hattons A New View of London as being erected in full proportion on a pedestal at the E. End of Q. An engraved map of 1710 depicts the statue of Queen Anne in the middle of the wall, at some point in the early 19th century the statue was moved to a new position in the square. The Gentlemans Magazine reported in 1814 that the statue until of late occupied a conspicuous situation on the East end of the square, by 1862, the statue had lost its nose and right arm. The Earl of Caernarvon and other local residents pressed the Office of Works to repair it and his request received a favourable response from the First Commissioner of Works, William Cowper. The sculptor John Thomas was hired to repair it and he based the face on a squeeze of Francis Birds statue of Queen Anne outside St Pauls Cathedral. The right arm was replaced with a substitute and a replacement bronze sceptre was also installed. The statues poor condition was due in part to the local childrens mistaken belief that the statue represented the ill-reputed Queen Mary. They would ask Bloody Queen Mary to come down from her pedestal, Cowper recommended in 1862 that if the name of Queen Anne be written in legible characters on the pedestal, their puerile outrage will not be repeated. The inscription was added by John Thomas as part of his restoration work. Nonetheless the vandalism continued, and it was not until a generation later that the complaints ceased, another legend concerning the statue holds that on 1 August, the anniversary of Queen Annes death, the statue climbs down and walks three times up and down the street. The dividing wall between the two streets was demolished in 1873 to form the present Queen Annes Square, and at time the statue was removed to its present position. It became the subject of a dispute over ownership, as it was not brought into the care of the Office of Works when the Public Statues Act 1854 was enacted. The owner of 15 Queen Annes Gate permitted the Office of Works to carry out repairs in 1862 but objected to its removal, in 1938, the houses then owner, E. Thornton Smith, carried out repairs at his own expense
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Statue of George III, Somerset House
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The sculptor was John Bacon, and the statue was erected between 1778 and 1789. George III is dressed in Roman apparel, leaning on a rudder, flanked by the prow of a Roman boat, father Thames is reclining on a lower, semi-circular plinth, one hand on an urn with a cornucopia behind him. When Queen Charlotte first saw the statue of her husband she asked the sculptor Why did you make so frightful a figure, Bacon bowed and replied Art cannot always effect what is ever within the reach of Nature – the union of beauty and majesty. Media related to Statue of George III, Somerset House, London at Wikimedia Commons
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Equestrian statue of George IV, Trafalgar Square
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The statue of George IV in Trafalgar Square, London, is a bronze equestrian statue by Sir Francis Legatt Chantrey. It depicts the King dressed in ancient Roman attire and riding bareback, the sculpture was originally designed to sit on top of the Marble Arch at the entrance to Buckingham Palace, but was placed in its current location following the Kings death. Sir Francis Leggatt Chantrey originally designed the statue to stand on top of Marble Arch in its position as the entrance to Buckingham Palace. Edward Blore took over the work, and his redesign to reduce costs removed the Chantrey statue, chantreys work was funded by George IV himself, rather than by public subscription. The statue was cast in 1828, George IV died in 1830, and the statue was placed on an empty plinth in Trafalgar Square in December 1843, which was expected to be on a temporary basis, however it has remained there ever since. It was unveiled to little ceremony, with The Times describing it as somewhat suddenly erected and it was the first statue erected on one of the pedestals, which were installed three years earlier with architect Charles Barry expecting them to be filled by groups of statues. An inscription was added towards the end of the 19th century as the public were no longer aware of whom it was a statue, media related to Equestrian statue of George IV, Trafalgar Square, London at Wikimedia Commons
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Statue of George V, Westminster
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The statue of George V in Old Palace Yard, Westminster, London, is a sculpture of George V, King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India. The statue was sculpted prior to the Second World War and was hidden in a quarry during the war years, other locations were suggested for the statue, including Parliament Square, but it was unveiled opposite the House of Lords in 1947. The statue stands 10 feet high and is made of Portland stone and it is located south of The Lady Chapel, Westminster Abbey and opposite the House of Lords. It is a Grade II listed building, having become so on 5 February 1970, a location in Abingdon Street opposite the House of Lords was announced in October 1937. The construction was organised by the King George V National Memorial Committee, the original design proved controversial and resulted in some criticism, it was to feature an ornate Gothic canopy which critics described as dwarfing the statue itself. Following a public consultation this feature was removed from later designs, a model of the statue was exhibited in the Members tea room of the House of Commons. The Royal Fine Art Commission suggested that the statue should be located in Parliament Square instead of opposite the House of Lords. The construction of the statue took place on Portland prior to the Second World War, following the war it was moved to the Tate Gallery while the statues site was prepared for it. The statue was placed in the original proposed spot opposite the House of Lords and it was unveiled by King George VI, on 22 October 1947 and was attended by Queen Elizabeth, Queen Mary, and Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret. In 1968, the symbol of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament was drawn on the side of the plinth, British Pathe footage of the unveiling of the statue
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Robert Burns (Steell)
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Robert Burns is a bronze portrait statue of Robert Burns by John Steell. Four versions exist, in New York City, Dundee, London, the memorial sculpture in Manhattans Central Park was cast ca.1880 and dedicated on October 2,1880. It was the first statue of Burns to be erected outside Scotland and was a gift to the City of New York from Saint Andrews Society of the State of New York, for this sculpture Steell closely followed the portrait of Burns painted by Alexander Nasmyth in 1787. Seated on a stump with a quill pen in one hand. He is thinking of his true love Mary Campbell, who died at an early age and it was to her that he had written the poem To Mary in Heaven inscribed on the scroll at his feet. The Dundee statue was unveiled only two weeks after the one in New York in 1880 and the third cast was erected on the Thames Embankment in London in 1884, the Dunedin statue was the last of the set to be unveiled on 24 May 1887. A statue of Burns was deemed relevant to the city, both because of the citys Scottish roots, and also one of the citys founding fathers was Rev. Thomas Burns. In likeness, it is closest to the London statue, there had been discussion whether to place the statue in front of the railway station, but an elevated placement in The Octagon, the central plaza of Dunedin, was eventually chosen. The statue was unveiled by Miss Burns, a niece of Robert Burns. Speeches were given by former Governor and Premier of New Zealand Sir George Grey, and Richard Henry Leary, because of its placement on what is now known as the McMillan terrace, the statue is the backdrop to many public speeches. On 27 July 1988, the statue was registered by the New Zealand Historic Places Trust as a Category I heritage structure with reference number 2208. The statue is located at 45°52′26. 5″S 170°30′11. 5″E List of Robert Burns memorials List of sculptures in Central Park Media related to Robert Burns by John Steell at Wikimedia Commons
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