The Drake equation is a probabilistic argument used to estimate the number of active, communicative extraterrestrial civilizations in the Milky Way Galaxy.
Frank Drake in c. 1960s
Completed 300 Foot Telescope. Frank Drake is the second from left.
The Allen Telescope Array for SETI
Commemorative plate on Europa Clipper
In planetary astronomy and astrobiology, the Rare Earth hypothesis argues that the origin of life and the evolution of biological complexity, such as sexually reproducing, multicellular organisms on E
Drake equation
…moons of gas giants (such as Jupiter's moon Europa, or Saturn's moons Titan and Enceladus) adds further uncertainty to this figure. The authors of the rare Earth hypothesis propose a number of additional constraints on habitability for planets, including being in galactic zones with suitably low radiation, high star…
The Rare Earth hypothesis argues that planets with complex life, like Earth, are exceptionally rare.
Dense centers of galaxies such as NGC 7331 have high radiation levels hostile to complex life.
According to the Rare Earth hypothesis, globular clusters are unlikely to support life.
Planets of the Solar System, shown to scale. Rare Earth argues that complex life cannot exist on giant planets such as Jupiter and Neptune or smaller planets such as Mars and Mercury.