1.
Los Angeles
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Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
2.
Christian denomination
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A Christian denomination is a distinct religious body within Christianity, identified by traits such as a name, organisation, leadership and doctrine. Individual bodies, however, may use alternative terms to describe themselves, groups of denominations—often sharing broadly similar beliefs, practices, and historical ties—are sometimes known as branches of Christianity or denominational families. Individual Christian groups vary widely in the degree to which they recognize one another, several groups claim to be the direct and sole authentic successor of the church founded by Jesus Christ in the 1st century AD. Others, however, believe in denominationalism, where some or all Christian groups are legitimate churches of the same regardless of their distinguishing labels, beliefs. Because of this concept, some Christian bodies reject the term denomination to describe themselves, however, the Catholic Church does not view itself as a denomination, but as the original pre-denominational church. This view is rejected by other Christian denominations, Protestant denominations account for approximately 37 percent of Christians worldwide. Together, Catholicism and Protestantism comprise Western Christianity, Western Christian denominations prevail in Western, Northern, Central and Southern Europe, Sub-Saharan Africa, the Americas and Oceania. The Eastern Orthodox Church, with an estimated 225–300 million adherents, is the second-largest Christian organization in the world, unlike the Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church is itself a communion of fully independent autocephalous churches that mutually recognize each other to the exclusion of others. The Eastern Orthodox Church, together with Oriental Orthodoxy and the Assyrian Church of the East, Eastern Christian denominations are represented mostly in Eastern Europe, North Asia, the Middle East and Northeast Africa. Christians have various doctrines about the Church and about how the church corresponds to Christian denominations. Both Catholics and Eastern Orthodox hold that their own organizations faithfully represent the One Holy catholic and Apostolic Church to the exclusion of the other, sixteenth-century Protestants separated from the Catholic Church because of theologies and practices that they considered to be in violation of their own interpretation. But some non-denominational Christians do not follow any particular branch, though regarded as Protestants. Each group uses different terminology to discuss their beliefs and this section will discuss the definitions of several terms used throughout the article, before discussing the beliefs themselves in detail in following sections. A denomination within Christianity can be defined as an autonomous branch of the Christian Church, major synonyms include religious group, sect, Church. Some traditional and evangelical Protestants draw a distinction between membership in the church and fellowship within the local church. Becoming a believer in Christ makes one a member of the universal church, a related concept is denominationalism, the belief that some or all Christian groups are legitimate churches of the same religion regardless of their distinguishing labels, beliefs, and practices. Protestant leaders differ greatly from the views of the leaders of the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church, each church makes mutually exclusive claims for itself to be the direct continuation of the Church founded by Jesus Christ, from whom other denominations later broke away. These churches, and a few others, reject denominationalism, Christianity can be taxonomically divided into five main groups, the Church of the East, Oriental Orthodoxy, Eastern Orthodoxy, Roman Catholicism, and Protestantism
3.
Assemblies of God
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As an international fellowship, the member denominations are entirely independent and autonomous, however, they are united by shared beliefs and history. The Assemblies originated from the Pentecostal revival of the early 20th century and this revival led to the founding of the Assemblies of God in the United States in 1914. Through foreign missionary work and establishing relationships with other Pentecostal churches and it was not until 1988, however, that the world fellowship was formed. As a Pentecostal fellowship, the Assemblies of God believes in the Pentecostal distinctive of baptism with the Holy Spirit with the evidence of speaking in tongues, the World Assemblies of God Fellowship is structured as a loose alliance of independent national and regional Pentecostal denominations. The AG is Trinitarian and holds the Bible as divinely inspired, baptism by immersion is practiced as an ordinance instituted by Christ for those who have been saved. Baptism is understood as an sign of an inward change. As an ordinance, Communion is also practiced, the Assemblies of God also places a strong emphasis on the fulfillment of the Great Commission and believes that this is the calling of the church. As classical Pentecostals, the Assemblies of God believes all Christians are entitled to, the AG teaches that this experience is distinct from and subsequent to the experience of salvation. The baptism in the Holy Spirit empowers the believer for Christian life, the initial evidence of the baptism in the Holy Spirit is speaking in tongues as the Spirit gives utterance. In addition, it believes in the present day use of other spiritual gifts. The Assemblies of God USA, for example, adheres to the Statement of Fundamental Truths, the Assemblies of God has its roots in the Pentecostal revival of the early 20th century. The Pentecostal aspects of the revival were not generally welcomed by established churches and these people sought out their own places of worship and founded hundreds of distinctly Pentecostal congregations. By 1914, many ministers and laymen began to realize just how far-reaching the spread of the revival. Concerned leaders felt the desire to protect and preserve the results of the revival by uniting through cooperative fellowship, a remaining fellowship emerged from the meeting and was incorporated under the name General Council of the Assemblies of God in the United States of America. In 1919, Pentecostals in Canada united to form the Pentecostal Assemblies of Canada which formally affiliated with the Assemblies of God USA the next year. The Assemblies of God in Great Britain was formed in 1924 and would have an influence on the Assemblies of God in Australia. The Australian Assemblies of God was formed in 1937 by a merger of the Pentecostal Church of Australia, the Queensland AG had formed in 1929, though, it was never formally affiliated with the AG in America. The Assemblies of God of South Africa was founded in 1925, prior to 1967, the Assemblies of God, along with the majority of other Pentecostal denominations, officially opposed Christian participation in war and considered itself a peace church
4.
Churchmanship
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Churchmanship is a way of talking about and labelling different tendencies, parties, or schools of thought within the Church of England and the sister churches of the Anglican Communion. The word churchmanship itself was first used in 1680 to refer to the attitude of these supporters, while many Anglicans are content to label their own churchmanship, not all Anglicans would feel happy to be described as anything but Anglican. In official contexts the term tradition is preferred. High and Low, the oldest labels, date from the late 17th century and their meaning shifted as historical settings changed and towards the end of the 19th century they were being used to describe different views on the ceremonies to be used in worship. Shortly after the introduction of the High/Low distinction, a section of the Low Church was nicknamed Latitudinarian because of its indifference to doctrinal definition. In the 19th century, this gave birth to the Broad Church which in its turn produced the Modernist movement of the first half of the 20th century. Today, the parties are usually thought of as Anglo-Catholics, Evangelicals, and Liberals, and, with the exception of High Church, the precise shades of meaning of any term vary from user to user and mixed descriptions such as liberal-catholic are found. Today Broad Church may be used today with a different sense to the one mentioned above and used to identify Anglicans who are neither markedly high. It is an Anglican commonplace to say that authority in the church has three sources, Scripture, Reason, and Tradition. In general, the Low churchman and Evangelical tend to put emphasis on Scripture, the Broad churchman and Liberal on reason. The emphasis on parties and differences is necessary but in itself gives an incomplete picture, cyril Garbett wrote of his coming to the Diocese of Southwark, I found the different parties strongly represented with their own organizations and federations. But where there was true reverence and devotion I never felt any difficulty in worshipping and preaching in an Anglo-Catholic church in the morning, and when there was a call for united action. The clergy and laity without distinction of party were ready to join in prayer, work, High Church and Low Church were not exclusive categories of though and churchmanship. They were blurred and broad streams within Anglicanism that often merged, overlapped and coincided, sometimes the concept of churchmanship has been extended to other denominations. In Lutheran churches it can be liberal Protestant, pietist, confessional Lutheran, central Churchmanship Liberal Anglo-Catholicism Conservative Evangelicalism in Britain Homosexuality and the Anglican Communion Balleine, G. R. A History of the Evangelical Party, bebbington, D. W. Evangelicalism in Modern Britain. CS1 maint, Multiple names, authors list Bennett, Gareth, the Church and the Age of Reason 1648–1789. The Caroline Captivity of the Church, the Claims of the Church of England
5.
Pentecostalism
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The term Pentecostal is derived from Pentecost, the Greek name for the Jewish Feast of Weeks. For Christians, this event commemorates the descent of the Holy Spirit upon the followers of Jesus Christ, like other forms of evangelical Protestantism, Pentecostalism adheres to the inerrancy of scripture and the necessity of accepting Christ as personal Lord and Savior. It is distinguished by belief in the baptism in the Holy Spirit that enables a Christian to live a Spirit-filled and empowered life and this empowerment includes the use of spiritual gifts such as speaking in tongues and divine healing—two other defining characteristics of Pentecostalism. For this reason, some Pentecostals also use the term Apostolic or Full Gospel to describe their movement, Pentecostalism emerged in the early 20th century among radical adherents of the Holiness movement who were energized by revivalism and expectation for the imminent Second Coming of Christ. In 1900, Charles Parham, an American evangelist and faith healer, the three-year-long Azusa Street Revival, founded and led by William J. While virtually all Pentecostal denominations trace their origins to Azusa Street, an early dispute centered on challenges to the doctrine of the Trinity. As a result, the Pentecostal Movement is divided between trinitarian and non-trinitarian branches, there are over 279 million Pentecostals worldwide, and the movement is growing in many parts of the world, especially the global South. Together, Pentecostal and Charismatic Christianity numbers over 500 million adherents, Pentecostalism is an evangelical faith, emphasizing the reliability of the Bible and the need for the transformation of an individuals life through faith in Jesus. Like other evangelicals, Pentecostals generally adhere to the Bibles divine inspiration and inerrancy—the belief that the Bible, Pentecostals emphasize the teaching of the full gospel or foursquare gospel. The central belief of Pentecostalism is that through the death, burial and this is the Gospel or good news. The fundamental requirement of Pentecostalism is that one be born again, the new birth is received by the grace of God through faith in Christ as Lord and Savior. In being born again, the believer is regenerated, justified, adopted into the family of God, Pentecostal soteriology is generally Arminian rather than Calvinist. The security of the believer is a doctrine held within Pentecostalism, nevertheless, Pentecostals believe in both a literal heaven and hell, the former for those who have accepted Gods gift of salvation and the latter for those who have rejected it. For most Pentecostals there is no requirement to receive salvation. Baptism with the Holy Spirit and speaking in tongues are not generally required, a notable exception is Oneness Pentecostalism, most adherents of which believe both water baptism and Spirit baptism are integral components of salvation. Pentecostals identify three distinct uses of the baptism in the New Testament, Baptism into the body of Christ. Every believer in Christ is made a part of his body, the Holy Spirit is the agent, and the body of Christ is the medium. Baptism with the Holy Spirit, This is an experience distinct from baptism into the body of Christ
6.
Matthew Barnett
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Matthews father, Tommy Barnett, is pastor of the Phoenix First Assembly of God megachurch in Phoenix, Arizona. In September 1994 his church purchased the Queen of Angels Hospital, the building was converted for use as a soup kitchen, a group home for runaways, prostitutes and gang members, and a shelter for the homeless. It also provided job training and religious services, by 1997 Matthew, then 23, was managing the day-to-day operations of what was to be called The Dream Center. The Dream Center now reaches over 35,000 people each week in 273 ministries and outreaches, an important role is rehabilitating drug addicts, who account for about half its residents, including underage teens. In November 2001 the Angelus Temple, founded in 1923 by Aimee Semple McPherson, merged with The Dream Center, at the time of the merger, Angelus Temple was a long way from its glory days as one of the largest churches in the nation. Its main sanctuary had not been used on a basis in several years. A1, 000-member Hispanic congregation met in a nearby auditorium, at the same time, the Dream Center was holding services in a packed gym. The temples sanctuary was renovated at a cost of $7 million and is now used for Dream Center services, Barnett received the Religious Heritage Award in 1999. U. S. President George W. Bush endorsed his ministry and expressed high regard for his achievements
7.
Presbyterian polity
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Presbyterian polity is a method of church governance typified by the rule of assemblies of presbyters, or elders. Each local church is governed by a body of elected elders usually called the session or consistory, though other terms, such as church board, may apply. Responsibility for conduct of services is reserved to an ordained minister or pastor known as a teaching elder, or a minister of the word. Presbyterian polity was developed as a rejection of governance by hierarchies of single bishops, in contrast to the other two forms, authority in the presbyterian polity flows both from the top down and from the bottom up. This theory of governance developed in Geneva under John Calvin and was introduced to Scotland by John Knox after his period of exile in Geneva and it is strongly associated with French, Dutch, Swiss and Scottish Reformation movements, and the Reformed and Presbyterian churches. St. Jerome In Epistle Titus, vol, decreed throughout the world that one chosen from among the presbyters should be placed over the others. This observation was made by Chrysostom in Homilia i, in Phil. I,1 and Theodoret in Interpret ad, Presbyterianism was first described in detail by Martin Bucer of Strasbourg, who believed that the early Christian church implemented presbyterian polity. The first modern implementation was by the Geneva church under the leadership of John Calvin in 1541, Presbyterian polity is constructed on specific assumptions about the form of the government intended by the Bible, Bishop and elder are synonymous terms. Episcopos means literally overseer and describes the function of the elder, rather than the maturity of the officer, a bishop holds the highest office of the church. In addition to these ministers, there are also others … with gifts for government … commonly call elders or ruling elders. Pastoral care, church discipline, leadership and legislation are committed to the care of ruling assemblies of presbyters among whom the ministers, all Christian people together are the priesthood, on behalf of whom the elders are called to serve by the consent of the congregation. Presbyterianism uses a method of church government. Thus, the presbyters and elders govern together as a group, the elders together exercise oversight over the local congregation, with superior groups of elders gathered on a regional basis exercising wider oversight. Presbyterians typically have viewed this method of government as approximating that of the New Testament, however, sometimes it is admitted that episcopacy was a form of government that was used very early in the church for practical reasons. Presbyterianism is also distinct from congregationalism, in that individual congregations are not independent, moreover, the ordained ministry possesses a distinct responsibility for preaching and sacraments. Thus, these are ruled by only at the level of the congregations. Reformed Baptist churches are organized to be governed by elders, on the congregationalist model, there are two types of elder, the teaching elder and the ruling elder
8.
Assemblies of God USA
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It is the U. S. branch of the World Assemblies of God Fellowship, the worlds largest Pentecostal body. With a constituency of over 3 million, the Assemblies of God was the ninth largest denomination in the United States in 2011 and it defines for itself a fourfold mission to evangelize others, worship God, disciple believers, and show compassion. The fellowships polity is a hybrid of presbyterian and congregational models and this tension between local independence and national authority is seen in the AGs historical reluctance to refer to itself as a denomination, preferring the terms fellowship and movement. The national headquarters are in Springfield, Missouri, where the administrative and executive offices and it maintains relationships with other Pentecostal groups at both regional and national levels through the Pentecostal/Charismatic Churches of North America and the Pentecostal World Fellowship. It is also a member of the Wesleyan Holiness Consortium and the National Association of Evangelicals, the central beliefs of the Assemblies of God are summarized in its Statement of Fundamental Truths. The following is a summary of these 16 non-negotiable Truths, The Bible is inspired by God and is the infallible, authoritative rule of faith, there is only one true God who exists as a Trinity. Jesus Christ is the Son of God and, as the person of the Trinity, is God. Man was created good by God but was separated from God through original sin, salvation is received through repentance toward God and faith toward the Lord Jesus Christ. Believers baptism by immersion is a declaration to the world that the believer has died and been raised together with Christ, becoming a new creation. The Lords Supper is a symbol expressing the believers sharing in the nature of Christ, a memorial of Christs suffering and death. Baptism in the Holy Spirit is a separate and subsequent experience following conversion, Spirit baptism brings empowerment to live an overcoming Christian life and to be an effective witness. Speaking in tongues is the physical evidence of the baptism in the Holy Spirit. Sanctification is. an act of separation from that which is evil and it occurs when the believer identifies with, and has faith in, Christ in his death and resurrection. It is not believed to be a definite work of grace, as in some other Pentecostal denominations. The Churchs mission is to seek and save all who are lost in sin, divinely called and scripturally-ordained ministers serve the Church. Divine healing of the sick is provided for in the atonement, the imminent and blessed hope of the Church is its rapture preceding the bodily return of Christ to earth. The rapture of the Church will be followed by the return of Christ. There will be a judgment and eternal damnation for the wicked dead
9.
Minister (Christianity)
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The term is taken from Latin minister, which itself was derived from minus. In Catholic churches, the concept of a priesthood is emphasised, many ministers are styled as The Reverend, however some use Pastor as a title, and others do not use any specific form of address. The Church of England defines the ministry of priests as follows, Priests are called to be servants, with their Bishop and fellow ministers, they are to proclaim the word of the Lord and to watch for the signs of Gods new creation. Formed by the word, they are to call their hearers to repentance and to declare in Christs name the absolution, with all Gods people, they are to tell the story of Gods love. They are to baptize new disciples in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit and they are to unfold the Scriptures, to preach the word in season and out of season, and to declare the mighty acts of God. They are to preside at the Lords table and lead his people in worship, offering them a spiritual sacrifice of praise. They are to bless the people in Gods name and they are to resist evil, support the weak, defend the poor, and intercede for all in need. They are to minister to the sick and prepare the dying for their death, guided by the Spirit, they are to discern and foster the gifts of all Gods people, that the whole Church may be built up in unity and faith. All denominations require that the minister has a sense of calling. One of the clearest references is found in 1 Timothy 3, 1-16, moreover he must have a good report of them which are without, lest he fall into reproach and the snare of the devil. Likewise must the deacons be grave, not doubletongued, not given to wine, not greedy of filthy lucre. And let these also first be proved, then let them use the office of a deacon, even so must their wives be grave, not slanderers, sober, faithful in all things. Let the deacons be the husbands of one wife, ruling their children, the churches have three orders of ordained clergy, Bishops are the primary clergy, administering all sacraments and governing the church. Priests administer the sacraments and lead local congregations, they cannot ordain other clergy, however, in some denominations, deacons play a non-sacramental and assisting role in the liturgy. Until the Reformation, the clergy were the first estate but were relegated to the estate in Protestant Northern Europe. After compulsory celibacy was abolished during the Reformation, the formation of an hereditary priestly class became possible, whereby wealth. Higher positioned clergy formed this clerical educated upper class, High Church Anglicanism and High Church Lutheranism tend to emphasise the role of the clergy in dispensing the Christian Sacrament. Bishops, priests and deacons have traditionally officiated over of acts worship, reverence, rituals, among these central traditions have been baptism, Confirmation, Penance, Anointing of the Sick, Holy Orders, marriage, the Mass or the Divine Service, and coronations
10.
Pastor
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A pastor is usually an ordained leader of a Christian congregation. When used as an ecclesiastical styling or title, the term may be abbreviated to Pr or Ps, a pastor also gives advice and counsel to people from the community or congregation. The word pastor derives from the Latin noun pastor which means shepherd and relates to the Latin verb pascere - to lead to pasture, set to grazing, cause to eat. The term pastor also relates to the role of elder within the New Testament, many Protestant churches call their ministers pastors. Present-day usage of the word is rooted in the Biblical image of shepherding, the Hebrew Bible uses the Hebrew word רעה. English-language translations of the New Testament usually render the Greek noun ποιμήν as shepherd, the two words occur a total of 29 times in the New Testament, most frequently referring to Jesus. For example, Jesus called himself the Good Shepherd in John 10,11, the same words in the familiar Christmas story refer to literal shepherds. 1 Corinthians 9,7 - Paul says, of himself and the apostles, in the United States, the term pastor is used by Catholics for what in other English-speaking countries is called a parish priest. The Latin term used in the Code of Canon Law is parochus, the parish priest is the proper clergyman in charge of the congregation of the parish entrusted to him. Many Protestants use the term pastor as a title or as a job title, United Methodists, for example, ordain to the office of deacon and elder, each of whom can use the title of pastor depending upon their job description. These pastors may be lay people, seminary students, or seminary graduates in the ordination process, and cannot exercise any functions of clergy outside the charge where they are appointed. The use of the pastor can also be regional in some denominations, including some parts of the Methodist, Presbyterian, Seventh-day Adventist, American Churches of Christ. The use of the pastor to refer to the common Protestant title of modern times dates to the days of John Calvin. Both men, and other Reformers, seem to have revived the term to replace the Catholic priest in the minds of their followers, the pastor was considered to have a role separate from the board of presbyters. In some Lutheran churches, ordained clergy are called priests, while in others the term pastor is preferred, ordained clergy are called priests in the Episcopal Church, as in all other branches of the Anglican Communion. Bercot, David W. Will The Real Heretics Please Stand Up, newAdvent. org, The Catholic Encyclopedias entry on the term pastor. LifeWay. com, Articles to help the pastor in the roles of preacher, missionary, leader, shepherd, and person
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Christian mission
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A Christian mission is an organized effort to spread Christianity. Missions often involve sending individuals and groups, called missionaries, across boundaries, most commonly geographical boundaries and this involves evangelism, and humanitarian work, especially among the poor and disadvantaged. There are a few different kinds of trips, short-term, long-term, relational. Some might choose to dedicate their lives to missions as well. Missionaries have the authority to preach the Christian faith, and provide work to improve economic development, literacy, education, health care. Christian doctrines permit the provision of aid without requiring religious conversion, the earliest examples of Christian missionary activity are those recorded in writings that would eventually come to form the New Testament. Early writings include the letters of Apostle Paul, written in the course of his activity in Asia Minor. His activities were preceded by an expansion of Christianity from the first followers of Jesus in Jerusalem throughout Syro-Palestine and this is also described in the Acts of the Apostles. The earliest Christian mission, then, the Great Commission and Dispersion of the Apostles, was active within Second Temple Judaism, as Christianity had not yet split from Judaism. Whether a Jewish proselytism existed or not that would have served as a model for the early Christians is unclear, soon, the expansion of the Christian mission beyond Judaism to those who were not Jewish became a contested issue, notably at the Council of Jerusalem. The Apostle Paul was a proponent of this expansion, and contextualized the Christian message for the Greek and Roman cultures, permitting it to reach beyond its Hebrew. From Late Antiquity onward, much activity was carried out by members of religious orders. Monasteries followed disciplines and supported missions, libraries, and practical research, all of which were perceived as works to reduce human misery and suffering, for example, Nestorian communities evangelized parts of Central Asia, as well as Tibet, China, and India. Cistercians evangelized much of Northern Europe, as well as developing most of European agricultures classic techniques, st Patrick evangelized many in Ireland. St David was active in Wales, during the Middle Ages, Ramon Llull advanced the concept of preaching to Muslims and converting them to Christianity by means of non-violent argument. A vision for mission to Muslims would die with him. Additional events can be found at the timeline of Christian missions, during the Middle Ages Christian monasteries and missionaries such as Saint Patrick, and Adalbert of Prague propagated learning and religion beyond the boundaries of the old Roman Empire. In the seventh century Gregory the Great sent missionaries, including Augustine of Canterbury, the Hiberno-Scottish mission began in 563
12.
Echo Park, Los Angeles
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Echo Park is a densely populated neighborhood of 43, 000+ residents in Central Los Angeles. It contains one school and eight other schools, and has been home to many notable people. The neighborhood is centered on the lake of the same name, within Echo Park are the following, Angelino Heights is most notable for its Victorian era residences, although these are few in number. It lies at an elevation of 502 feet, since the 1910s, Elysian Heights, along with Edendale, has been home to many of the counter-culture, political radicals, artists, writers, architects and filmmakers. The children of many progressives attended school there during the 1930s, 40s and 50s, historic Filipinotown makes up the southwest portion of Echo Park. It was created by a resolution proposed by then-City Councilmember Eric Garcetti on August 2,2002, the district is bounded by the Hoover Street on the west to Glendale Boulevard on the east, Temple Street on the north and Beverly Boulevard on the south. Victor Heights lies between Chinatown, Los Angeles, and the part of Echo Park, off Sunset Boulevard near the Pasadena Freeway below Elysian Park. New condominium complexes stand next to 1920s-era bungalow houses and old apartment buildings, in 2009 Victor Heights and its hilly streets were described as a collection of stuccoed apartments and faded bungalows, a place with a lot of old-timers. The area became known for the flock of peacocks and peahens, with their chicks, who had taken over parts of the district, often on Everett Street, Victor Heights is an old area. In 1887 Choice lots, commanding a view, were being advertised for $1,200. Lesser lots went for $700 to $1,300, all had Water piped through the street. In 1908 its residents took a fight against disruptive dynamite blasting by the Los Angeles Brick Company in Chavez Ravine to the Los Angeles City Police Commission. They complained that the explosions were cracking the plaster on their walls, the 2000 U. S. census counted 40,455 residents in the 2. 4-square-mile neighborhood—an average of 16,868 people per square mile, one of the highest densities in Los Angeles. In 2008 the city estimated that the population had increased to 43,832, the median age for residents was 30, about the same as the city norm. Echo Park was considered moderately diverse ethnically, the breakdown was Latinos, 64%, Asians,18. 8%, whites,12. 9%, blacks, 2%, and others,2. 3%. Mexico and El Salvador were the most common places of birth for the 53% of the residents who were born abroad, a figure that was considered high compared to the city as a whole. The median household income in 2008 dollars was $37,708, a low figure for Los Angeles, the average household size of three people was about the same as the rest of the city. Renters occupied 76% of the units, and house- or apartment owners the rest
13.
Alvarado Street
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Alvarado Street is a north-south thoroughfare in Los Angeles, California in the United States. The street was named after California governor Juan Bautista Alvarado, north of Glendale Boulevard, it starts off as a residential street. It becomes a major thoroughfare south of Glendale Boulevard, directly south of Pico Boulevard and north of Venice Boulevard, Alvarado Street merges with Hoover Street. Alvarado Street is signed as State Route 2 from Glendale Boulevard to the Hollywood Freeway, langers Delicatessen-Restaurant and El Pollo Locos first United States restaurant are located on Alvarado Street which is where it quickly became a local favorite. Edwards Steak House was originally located on this street, Metro Local line 200 operates on Alvarado Street. The Metro Shuttle 603 also operates on Alvarado Street only going Southbound, macArthur Park St. Vincent Medical Center Westlake Theatre
14.
U.S. Route 101 in California
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U. S. Route 101 in the state of California is one of the last remaining and longest U. S. Routes still active in the state, and the longest highway of any kind in California, US101 was also one of the original national routes established in 1926. Significant portions of US101 between the Los Angeles area and the San Francisco Bay Area follow El Camino Real, the road connecting the former Alta Californias 21 missions. US101 also has designated as the Santa Ana Freeway, Hollywood Freeway, Ventura Freeway, South Valley Freeway. This route is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System, the south terminus of US101 is in Los Angeles, about one mile east of downtown Los Angeles at the East Los Angeles Interchange, also known as the Commuters Complex. This southernmost portion is named the Santa Ana Freeway, inheriting that title as the extension of the roadway now known as I-5. From here, US101 becomes the Hollywood Freeway and it then heads to Hollywood and up through the Cahuenga Pass before reaching the San Fernando Valley. US101 then intersects with SR134 and SR170 at the known as the Hollywood Split. Here, the alignment of US101 shifts to the alignment of SR134, though confusing, the Hollywood Freeway name continues northward from this interchange on SR170, and the Ventura Freeway name continues eastward to SR134. From the Hollywood Split, US101 is an east–west highway and it meets with I-405 in Sherman Oaks, an interchange which holds claim to the most traveled intersection in the nation. Upon reaching Ventura, there is an interchange with SR126, North of Ventura, US101 switches intermittently between freeway and expressway status, but there are no traffic signals until San Francisco. From Ventura and through Santa Barbara, US101 closely follows the Pacific coastline until Gaviota State Park, at Gaviota State Park, the highway shifts back from an east–west highway to a north–south alignment. About one mile north of this point, US101 passes through the Gaviota Tunnel, a few miles north of the Gaviota Tunnel, SR1 splits from US101 and heads northwest, running along the Pacific coastline parallel and to the west of US101. US101 passes through Buellton, Los Alamos, Orcutt, Santa Maria, South of Santa Maria, US101 widens from a four-lane highway to a six-lane freeway. SR166 joins US101 for about 3 miles before splitting just north of the city limits, farther north, SR1 rejoins US101 between Pismo Beach and San Luis Obispo. Then US101 takes a route through the Salinas Valley, while Highway 1 heads northwest, running along the Pacific coastline in California, parallel. A steep segment between San Luis Obispo and Atascadero is known as the Cuesta Grade, North of Atascadero, the highway joins SR46 for about three miles through Paso Robles. From Paso Robles to Salinas, US101 is a known as the Salinas River Valley Highway
15.
Downtown Los Angeles
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Downtown Los Angeles is the central business district of Los Angeles, California, as well as a diverse residential neighborhood of some 58,000 people. A2013 study found that the district is home to over 500,000 jobs, Downtown Los Angeles is known for its government buildings, parks, theaters and other public places. The earliest known settlements in the area of what is now Downtown Los Angeles was by the Tongva, on September 4,1781, the city was founded by a group of settlers who trekked north from present-day Mexico. Land speculation increased in the 1880s, which saw the population of the city explode from 11,000 in 1880 to nearly 100,000 by 1896. Infrastructure enhancements and the laying of a street grid eventually brought development south of the settlement into what is today the Civic Center. By 1920, the private and municipal rail lines were the most far-flung and most comprehensive in the world in mileage. By this time, an influx of residents and aggressive land developers had transformed the city into a large metropolitan area. Rail lines connected four counties with over 1,100 miles of track, during the early part of the 20th century, banking institutions clustered around South Spring Street, forming the Spring Street Financial District. The Los Angeles Stock Exchange was also located on the corridor from 1929 until 1986 before moving into a new building across the Harbor Freeway, Broadway became the nightlife, shopping and entertainment district of the city, with over a dozen theater and movie palaces built before 1932. Numerous specialty stores also flourished including those in the business which gave rise to the Downtown Jewelry District. Among these early jewelers included the Laykin Diamond Company and Harry Winston & Co. both of which found their beginnings in the Alexandria Hotel at 5th and Spring Streets. The Los Angeles Union Passenger Terminal opened in May,1939, unifying passenger service among local, regional. It was built on a scale and would be one of the last of the Great Railway Stations built in the United States. Following World War II, suburbanization, the development of the Los Angeles freeway network, many corporate headquarters slowly dispersed to new suburbs or fell to mergers and acquisitions. The once-wealthy Bunker Hill neighborhood became a haven for low-income renters, the drastic reduction in the number of residents in the area further reduced the viability of streetfront businesses that would be able to attract pedestrians. For most Angelenos, downtown became a destination as they would come into the area for a particular objective. This period saw the clearing and upzoning of the neighborhood as well as the shuttering of the Angels Flight funicular railway in 1969. Angels Flight resumed operation in 1996 for a period of five years, on March 15,2010, the railway once again opened for passenger service following extensive upgrades to brake and safety systems
16.
Hollywood
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Hollywood is an ethnically diverse, densely populated neighborhood in the central region of Los Angeles, California. It is notable as the home of the U. S. film industry, including several of its studios, and its name has come to be a shorthand reference for the industry. Hollywood was a community in 1870 and was incorporated as a municipality in 1903. It was consolidated with the city of Los Angeles in 1910, in 1853, one adobe hut stood in Nopalera, named for the Mexican Nopal cactus indigenous to the area. By 1870, an agricultural community flourished, the area was known as the Cahuenga Valley, after the pass in the Santa Monica Mountains immediately to the north. According to the diary of H. J. Whitley, known as the Father of Hollywood, along came a Chinese man in a wagon carrying wood. The man got out of the wagon and bowed, the Chinese man was asked what he was doing and replied, I holly-wood, meaning hauling wood. H. J. Whitley had an epiphany and decided to name his new town Hollywood, Holly would represent England and wood would represent his Scottish heritage. Whitley had already started over 100 towns across the western United States, Whitley arranged to buy the 500-acre E. C. Hurd ranch and disclosed to him his plans for the land. They agreed on a price and Hurd agreed to sell at a later date, before Whitley got off the ground with Hollywood, plans for the new town had spread to General Harrison Gray Otis, Hurds wife, eastern adjacent ranch co-owner Daeida Wilcox, and others. Daeida Wilcox may have learned of the name Hollywood from Ivar Weid, her neighbor in Holly Canyon and she recommended the same name to her husband, Harvey. In August 1887, Wilcox filed with the Los Angeles County Recorders office a deed and parcel map of property he had sold named Hollywood, Wilcox wanted to be the first to record it on a deed. The early real-estate boom busted that year, yet Hollywood began its slow growth. By 1900, the region had a post office, newspaper, hotel, Los Angeles, with a population of 102,479 lay 10 miles east through the vineyards, barley fields, and citrus groves. A single-track streetcar line ran down the middle of Prospect Avenue from it, but service was infrequent, the old citrus fruit-packing house was converted into a livery stable, improving transportation for the inhabitants of Hollywood. The Hollywood Hotel was opened in 1902 by H. J. Whitley who was a president of the Los Pacific Boulevard, having finally acquired the Hurd ranch and subdivided it, Whitley built the hotel to attract land buyers. Flanking the west side of Highland Avenue, the structure fronted on Prospect Avenue, the hotel was to become internationally known and was the center of the civic and social life and home of the stars for many years. Whitleys company developed and sold one of the residential areas
17.
Angelus Temple
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Angelus Temple is a Pentecostal megachurch of the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel in the Echo Park district of Los Angeles, California, United States. The senior pastor is Matthew Barnett, the church was founded in 1923 by Aimee Semple McPherson. The Angelus Temple building, seating 5,300 people, was opened in Echo Park in 1923, the attendance has become a megachurch with 10000 people. In November 2001, Matthew Barnett became the senior pastor, in 2015, the weekly attendance is 8,975 persons. It was constructed under the leadership of denominational founder Aimee Semple McPherson, the cornerstone of the building bears the inscription Dedicated unto the cause of inter-denominational and worldwide evangelism. The halcyon days have yet to be repeated, and a 2002 renovation has left it with a capacity of a more manageable 3,500. According to the United States Department of Labor’s Consumer Price Index and it was the largest construction of its time in North America, rising 125 feet from the main floor. The building underwent renovations in 1972, while retaining its original interior and exterior appearance. The lighted cross atop the dome is a longstanding landmark. The entire temple was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1992 and it was a Class A fireproof building constructed of concrete and steel designed by Brook Hawkins. The main architectural feature of the structure is its large, unsupported concrete dome coated with a mixture of ground abalone shells, the domes interior was painted azure blue, with fleecy clouds, a reminder to work while its day and to look for His coming. McPherson insisted on a bright joyous setting, avoiding any reminder of sin from either artwork or motto, in back of the pulpit was her theme verse from Hebrews 13,8 Jesus Christ the same yesterday, and today and forever. She later said that she loved every stone in Angelus Temple. I love to touch its walls, but no part of the church pleased her more than the magnificent Kimball pipe organ which always soothed her and brought her peace of mind. The main building was dedicated on January 1,1923, the auditorium had a seating capacity of 5,300 people and was filled three times each day, seven days a week. Bible College was founded in an adjacent to Angelus Temple. This building is currently the home of the Angelus Temple Hispanic Church, the former Queen of Angels Hospital is the base of operations for the Dream Center, which housed many people from the Gulf States displaced after Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Rita. In 2001, Pastor Matthew Barnett and the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel united the Dream Center with Angelus Temple, List of Registered Historic Places in Los Angeles List of the largest churches in the USA Official Homepage
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International Church of the Foursquare Gospel
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As of 2000, it had a worldwide membership of over 8,000,000, with almost 60,000 churches in 144 countries. The headquarters is in Los Angeles, California, United States, in 1922, Aimee Semple McPherson, an evangelist known as Sister Aimee, explains for the first time its definition of the term Foursquare Gospel. According to chapter 1 of Book of Ezekiel, Ezekiel had a vision of God as revealed to be four different aspects, a man, a lion, an ox and an eagle. It also represents the four aspects of the Department of Christ, Savior, Baptizer with the Holy Spirit, Healer and this will be the vision and the name that she will give at Foursquare Church, founded in 1923 to Los Angeles. Los Angeles was her center of operations, and Angelus Temple, the attendance has become a megachurch with 10000 people. She built the temple, as well as what is now known as Life Pacific College adjacent to it, after Aimee Semple McPhersons death in 1944, her son Rolf K. McPherson became president and leader of the church, a position he held for 44 years. On May 31,1988, John R. Holland became the Churchs third President, Harold Helms served as interim president from July 1997 until July 1998, he was followed by Paul C. Risser, who became the president on April 16,1998, in October 2003, under Rissers tenure, the church sold Los Angeles radio station KFSG-FM to the Spanish Broadcasting System for $250 million. Risser resigned his position under fire in March 2004. Jack W. Hayford, founder of The Church On The Way in Van Nuys, Hayford along with Pastors Roy Hicks, Jr. in Eugene, Oregon, Jerry Cook in Gresham, Oregon, Ronald D. The Foursquare denomination, under Hayfords leadership, is in Missional Conversation with the emerging church movement, Church Multiplication also supports the house church movement through resources that support the expansion of Foursquare Simple Church Networks. Glenn Burris Jr. has held the position of president of the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel since June 2009. In 2014, facts came to light that under Burris leadership, the beliefs of the Foursquare Church are expressed in its Declaration of Faith, compiled by its founder Aimee Semple McPherson. McPherson also authored a shorter, more concise creedal statement, the church believes in the verbal inspiration of the Bible, the doctrine of the Trinity, and the deity of Jesus Christ. It believes that human beings were created in the image of God but, because of the Fall, are naturally depraved and it believes in the substitutionary atonement accomplished by the death of Christ. The church teaches that salvation is by grace through faith and not by good works, believers are justified by faith and born again upon repentance and acceptance of Christ as Lord and king. Consistent with its belief in free will, the Foursquare Church also teaches that it is possible for a believer to backslide or commit apostasy. The Foursquare Church teaches that sanctification is a process of spiritual growth
19.
Argosy University
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Argosy University is a system of for-profit colleges owned by Education Management Corporation. The university maintains 18 locations in the United States, as well as an online division, the university offers programs at the associates, bachelors, masters and doctorate level through its seven colleges. In 2017, Education Management Corporation reported that that had sold Argosy schools to The Dream Foundation, the origins of Argosy University trace to three separate institutions, the American School of Professional Psychology, the Medical Institute of Minnesota, and the University of Sarasota. In the late 1970s, Michael Markovitz founded the Illinois School of Professional Psychology, in 1976, Markovitz became the founding chairman of Argosy Education Group, which acquired the University of Sarasota in 1992. The University of Sarasota was a business and education-focused school and was founded in 1969, six years later Argosy Education Group acquired the health profession training school the Medical Institute of Minnesota, which was established in 1961. In July 2001, Argosy Education Group was acquired by Education Management Corporation, in 2012, the law school Western State University College of Law, which was founded in 1966 and originally acquired by Argosy in 2000, was renamed Western State College of Law at Argosy University. Argosy University offers degrees at the associates, bachelors, masters, Argosy University operates 28 campuses in the United States, Students at Argosy University can attend classes on campus, online or a combination of both. In 2015, EDMC was planning on closing in The Art Institute of California, Silicon Valley, IN2016, Argosy, Seattle stopped taking new students. Here is a list of Argosy locations, Argosy University is accredited by the Western Association of Schools, American Psychological Association accreditation varies by campus. Argosys counseling programs are accredited by The Council for Accreditation of Counseling, according to the National Center for Educational Statistics, Argosy onlines 6-year graduation rate is 7 percent. The school had not completed accreditation process by the time the students graduated, at the time of the lawsuit, Argosy University Dallas had not applied for APA accreditation. According to a response from Argosy Universitys parent company, EDMC, accreditation with the APA is not required for clinical psychology licensure in many jurisdictions, Argosy officials rejected charges of fraud, noting that pursuit of APA accreditation for the Dallas campus was still underway. As of 2013, Argosy University in Dallas does not offer any degrees in psychology and is not listed as part of the universitys College of Clinical Psychology. In December 2013, EDMC agreed to pay about $3.3 million as part of the lawsuit, the settlement did not require EDMC to admit liability. In 2010, Argosy University was one of 15 schools named in a Government Accountability Office report, the report stated that recruiters at the school were found to have made deceptive or otherwise questionable statements when speaking with undercover applicants. The following year, Argosy University was investigated by the Florida Attorney General following eight consumer complaints, the school cooperated in the investigation. In May 2010, the PBS program Frontline aired a program about for-profit universities called College, in December 2013, EDMC agreed to pay $3.3 million in restitution and fines to settle charges with the Colorado Attorney General that Argosy University had engaged in deceptive marketing practices. The Colorado Attorney General alleged that Argosy University led students to believe that the school was working to get its Ed. D, the settlement did not require EDMC to admit liability
20.
Education Management Corporation
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Education Management Corporation is a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania-based operator of for-profit post-secondary educational institutions in the United States and Canada. The company was founded in 1962, Education Management Corporation has operated 110 schools through its four higher education divisions, Argosy University, The Art Institutes, Brown Mackie College and South University. In October 2015, EDMC reported a student enrollment of 91,000, EDMC has a reported 109 locations, but more than 40 Brown Mackie Colleges and Art Institutes schools are in the process of closing. In 2011, EDMC and its subsidiary, the Art Institutes, received public scrutiny with the release of the Frontline documentary. In the documentary, Iraq war veteran Chris Pantzke discussed the lack of disability services at the school, according to Pantzke, Being a soldier, you don’t want to quit, you don’t want to give up or fail. But after doing his own research, Pantzke concluded that the degree he was pursuing wasn’t worth much more than the paper is worth, and he felt he was throwing away taxpayer money” by using GI Bill funds. Todd S. Nelson, who was previously the CEO of Apollo Education Group, became the CEO in 2007, from June 2013 to June 2014, the company eliminated about 2,600 positions, and campuses have been closed or are in the process of closing. EDMC has faced significant financial problems, including a 99. 9% drop in the value of its stock, under a pending agreement, shareholder stock value will be diluted an additional 96%. Moodys credit rating service in January 2015 dropped EDMC to its lowest rating, EDMCs CEO, Edward West, resigned from the company on August 28,2015, to pursue other interests. The company was never profitable under his leadership, as of 2016, EDMC announced that it was planning to close 19 of its Art Institute campuses and 22 of 26 Brown Mackie College campuses. EDMC schools offer online and campus-based programs at the doctoral, masters, bachelors, as of January 2013, EDMC operated 110 colleges and universities in 32 U. S. states and Canada. However, at least 19 Art Institutes are in the process of closing, Argosy University offers degrees at the bachelors, masters and doctoral level in business, health sciences, education, and psychology and behavioral sciences. There are 19 Argosy University campuses in the U. S. the institution operates a law school, the Western State College of Law at Argosy University, which was previously a separate institution. The Art Institutes, of which there are approximately 50 locations in the U. S. and Canada, offer programs in design, fashion, media and culinary arts. Brown Mackie College offers programs in sciences, business, legal studies, information technology and design technology at the associate. The school also offers diploma and certificate programs, there are 28 Brown Mackie College locations in the U. S. South University offers degrees at the associate, bachelors, masters and doctoral level in areas including business, nursing, pharmacy, the school has 13 locations in the U. S. and offers online programs. In December 2016, Southern Association of Colleges and Schools placed South Universities on probation, EDMC was incorporated in Pennsylvania in 1962 and acquired its first educational institution in 1969 with the purchase of the nearly 50-year-old Art Institute of Pittsburgh
21.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
