1.
Beer pong
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Beer pong, also known as Beirut, is a drinking game in which players throw a ping pong ball across a table with the intent of landing the ball in a cup of beer on the other end. The game typically consists of opposing teams of two or more players per side with 6 or 10 cups set up in a formation on each side. Each team then takes turns attempting to shoot ping pong balls into the opponents cups, if a ball lands in a cup, the contents of that cup are consumed by the other team and the cup is removed from the table. The first team to all of the opponents cups is the winner. Beer pong is played at parties, bars, colleges/universities and other such as tailgating at sporting events. The original version resembled an actual ping pong game with a net, eventually, a version without paddles was created and the names Beer Pong and Beirut were adopted in some areas of the United States sometime in the 1980s. Bucknell Universitys student-run newspaper, The Bucknellian, claims Delta Upsilon fraternity members at Bucknell created Throw Pong, Throw Pong was then brought to Lehigh University by fraternity brothers who visited Bucknell and this led to the creation of the version of beer pong that is played today. In some places, Beer Pong refers to the version of the game with paddles, however, according to a CollegeHumor survey, beer pong is the more common term than Beirut for the paddle-less game. The origin of the name Beirut is disputed, Beirut, the capital of Lebanon, was the scene of much fighting during the war, particularly mortar fire. Beer pong is played with two teams of two to four players each. Each team begins the game by standing at either end of the table behind their rack of cups, although the game is typically played on either a ping pong table or a folding banquet table, enthusiasts may create a personalized table for use by friends and visitors. In general, this will be a plywood board cut to size, sometimes painted with sports, school, or fraternity symbols. Some companies sell tables, including portable and inflatable tables, however, the game can be played on any flat surface. The most common cups used are 18-US-fluid-ounce disposable plastic cups with ridge-lines which can be used precisely to measure the amount of beer to be poured into the cup, on each side of the table, teams assemble equilateral triangles with a convergence point focusing on the other team. Each team usually also has a cup of water used to rinse off the ball. An inexpensive pale lager or light beer of 3. 2–5% ABV is sometimes preferred because of the quantities consumed during the course of several games. Sometimes under house rules, there might be cups of other liquors used during the game, for non-drinkers, the game may be played without beer, as is done at Utah State University, where alcohol is not allowed on campus, root beer is used instead. For sanitary reasons, the game may also be played with cups of water that players do not drink from, traditionally, the game of beer pong has been played by countless variations of rule sets
2.
Game
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A game is a structured form of play, usually undertaken for enjoyment and sometimes used as an educational tool. Games are distinct from work, which is carried out for remuneration, and from art. However, the distinction is not clear-cut, and many games are considered to be work or art. Key components of games are goals, rules, challenge, games generally involve mental or physical stimulation, and often both. Many games help develop practical skills, serve as a form of exercise, or otherwise perform an educational, simulational, attested as early as 2600 BC, games are a universal part of human experience and present in all cultures. The Royal Game of Ur, Senet, and Mancala are some of the oldest known games, ludwig Wittgenstein was probably the first academic philosopher to address the definition of the word game. In his Philosophical Investigations, Wittgenstein argued that the elements of games, such as play, rules, from this, Wittgenstein concluded that people apply the term game to a range of disparate human activities that bear to one another only what one might call family resemblances. A piece of entertainment is an if it is interactive. Movies and books are cited as examples of non-interactive entertainment, if no goals are associated with a plaything, it is a toy. If it has goals, a plaything is a challenge, if a challenge has no active agent against whom you compete, it is a puzzle, if there is one, it is a conflict. Finally, if the player can only outperform the opponent, but not attack them to interfere with their performance, however, if attacks are allowed, then the conflict qualifies as a game. Crawfords definition may thus be rendered as, an interactive, goal-oriented activity made for money, with agents to play against. A game is a system in which players engage in a conflict, defined by rules. A game is a form of art in which participants, termed players, according to this definition, some games that do not involve choices, such as Chutes and Ladders, Candy Land, and War are not technically games any more than a slot machine is. A game is an activity among two or more independent decision-makers seeking to achieve their objectives in some limiting context, a game is a form of play with goals and structure. When you strip away the differences and the technological complexities, all games share four defining traits, a goal, rules, a feedback system. Games can be characterized by what the player does and this is often referred to as gameplay. Major key elements identified in this context are tools and rules that define the context of game
3.
Alcoholic drink
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Long-term use can lead to alcohol abuse, physical dependence, and alcoholism. Drinking alcohol plays an important social role in many cultures, most countries have laws regulating their production, sale, and consumption, some countries ban such activities entirely. However, alcoholic drinks are legal in most parts of the world, the global alcoholic drink industry exceeded $1 trillion in 2014. Alcohol is one of the most widely used drugs in the world. For instance, in 2015, among Americans, 89% of adults had consumed alcohol at point, 70% had drunk it in the last year. Alcoholic drinks are divided into three classes—beers, wines, and spirits—and typically contain between 3% and 40% alcohol by volume. Discovery of late Stone Age jugs suggest that intentionally fermented drinks existed at least as early as the Neolithic period, wine is a fermented beverage produced from grapes. Wine involves a longer process than beer and also a long aging process. Sparkling wine can be made by means of a secondary fermentation, fruit wines are made from fruits other than grapes, such as plums, cherries, or apples. Sake is an example of rice wine. Beer is a beverage fermented from grain mash and it is made from barley or a blend of several grains. If the fermented mash is distilled, then the drink is a spirit, beer is the most consumed alcoholic beverage in the world. Cider or cyder is an alcoholic drink made from any fruit juice, apple juice, peaches. Cider alcohol content varies from 1. 2% ABV to 8. 5% or more in traditional English ciders, in some regions, cider may be called apple wine. Mead is a drink created by fermenting honey with water, sometimes with various fruits, spices, grains. The alcoholic content of mead may range from about 8% ABV to more than 20%, the defining characteristic of mead is that the majority of the drinks fermentable sugar is derived from honey. A distilled drink or liquor is a drink produced by distilling ethanol produced by means of fermenting grain, fruit. Unsweetened, distilled, alcoholic drinks that have a content of at least 20% ABV are called spirits
4.
Classical antiquity
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It is the period in which Greek and Roman society flourished and wielded great influence throughout Europe, North Africa and Southwestern Asia. Conventionally, it is taken to begin with the earliest-recorded Epic Greek poetry of Homer, and continues through the emergence of Christianity and it ends with the dissolution of classical culture at the close of Late Antiquity, blending into the Early Middle Ages. Such a wide sampling of history and territory covers many disparate cultures, Classical antiquity may refer also to an idealised vision among later people of what was, in Edgar Allan Poes words, the glory that was Greece, and the grandeur that was Rome. The culture of the ancient Greeks, together with influences from the ancient Near East, was the basis of art, philosophy, society. The earliest period of classical antiquity takes place before the background of gradual re-appearance of historical sources following the Bronze Age collapse, the 8th and 7th centuries BC are still largely proto-historical, with the earliest Greek alphabetic inscriptions appearing in the first half of the 8th century. Homer is usually assumed to have lived in the 8th or 7th century BC, in the same period falls the traditional date for the establishment of the Ancient Olympic Games, in 776 BC. The Phoenicians originally expanded from Canaan ports, by the 8th century dominating trade in the Mediterranean, carthage was founded in 814 BC, and the Carthaginians by 700 BC had firmly established strongholds in Sicily, Italy and Sardinia, which created conflicts of interest with Etruria. The Etruscans had established control in the region by the late 7th century BC, forming the aristocratic. According to legend, Rome was founded on April 21,753 BC by twin descendants of the Trojan prince Aeneas, Romulus and Remus. As the city was bereft of women, legend says that the Latins invited the Sabines to a festival and stole their unmarried maidens, leading to the integration of the Latins and the Sabines. Archaeological evidence indeed shows first traces of settlement at the Roman Forum in the mid-8th century BC, the seventh and final king of Rome was Tarquinius Superbus. As the son of Tarquinius Priscus and the son-in-law of Servius Tullius, Superbus was of Etruscan birth and it was during his reign that the Etruscans reached their apex of power. Superbus removed and destroyed all the Sabine shrines and altars from the Tarpeian Rock, the people came to object to his rule when he failed to recognize the rape of Lucretia, a patrician Roman, at the hands of his own son. Lucretias kinsman, Lucius Junius Brutus, summoned the Senate and had Superbus, after Superbus expulsion, the Senate voted to never again allow the rule of a king and reformed Rome into a republican government in 509 BC. In fact the Latin word Rex meaning King became a dirty and hated throughout the Republic. In 510, Spartan troops helped the Athenians overthrow the tyrant Hippias, cleomenes I, king of Sparta, put in place a pro-Spartan oligarchy conducted by Isagoras. Greece entered the 4th century under Spartan hegemony, but by 395 BC the Spartan rulers removed Lysander from office, and Sparta lost her naval supremacy. Athens, Argos, Thebes and Corinth, the two of which were formerly Spartan allies, challenged Spartan dominance in the Corinthian War, which ended inconclusively in 387 BC
5.
Symposium
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In ancient Greece, the symposium was a drinking party. Symposia are depicted in Greek and Etruscan art that shows similar scenes, the equivalent in Roman society is the Latin convivium. In modern usage it has come to mean an academic conference or meeting such as a scientific conference, the Greek symposium was a key Hellenic social institution. It was a forum for men of respected families to debate, plot, boast and they were frequently held to celebrate the introduction of young men into aristocratic society. Symposia were also held by aristocrats to celebrate special occasions. They were a source of pride for them, symposia were usually held in the andrōn, the mens quarters of the household. The participants, or symposiasts, would recline on pillowed couches arrayed against the three walls of the room away from the door, due to space limitations the couches would number between seven and nine, limiting the total number of participants to somewhere between fourteen and twenty seven. If any young men took part they did not recline but sat up, however, in Macedonian symposia the focus was not only on drinking but hunting, and young men were allowed to recline only after they had killed their first wild boar. Entertainment was provided, and depending on the occasion could include games, songs, flute-girls or boys, slaves performing various acts, symposia often were held for specific occasions. The most famous symposium of all, described in Platos dialogue of that name was hosted by the poet Agathon on the occasion of his first victory at the theater contest of the 416 BC Dionysia. The men at the symposium would discuss a multitude of philosophical, such as love. A symposium would be overseen by a symposiarch who would decide how strong the wine for the evening would be, the Greeks and Romans customarily served their wine mixed with water, as the drinking of pure wine was considered a habit of uncivilized peoples. However, there were differences between the Roman and Greek symposiums. A Roman symposium served wine before, with and after food, in a Greek symposium, wine was only drunk after dinner, and women were not allowed to attend. The wine was drawn from a krater, a large jar designed to be carried by two men, and served from pitchers. Certain formalities were observed, most important among which were libations, in a fragment from his c. After the third one is drained, wise men go home, symposiums are often featured on Attic pottery and Richard Neer has argued that the chief function of Attic pottery was for use in the symposium. Poetry and music were central to the pleasures of the symposium, although free women of status did not attend symposia, high-class female prostitutes and entertainers were hired to perform, consort, and converse with the guests
6.
Fresco
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Fresco is a technique of mural painting executed upon freshly-laid, or wet lime plaster. Water is used as the vehicle for the pigment to merge with the plaster, and with the setting of the plaster, the fresco technique has been employed since antiquity and is closely associated with Italian Renaissance painting. Buon fresco pigment mixed with water of temperature on a thin layer of wet, fresh plaster, for which the Italian word for plaster. Because of the makeup of the plaster, a binder is not required, as the pigment mixed solely with the water will sink into the intonaco. The pigment is absorbed by the wet plaster, after a number of hours, many artists sketched their compositions on this underlayer, which would never be seen, in a red pigment called sinopia, a name also used to refer to these under-paintings. Later, new techniques for transferring paper drawings to the wall were developed. The main lines of a drawing made on paper were pricked over with a point, the paper held against the wall, if the painting was to be done over an existing fresco, the surface would be roughened to provide better adhesion. This area is called the giornata, and the different day stages can usually be seen in a large fresco, buon frescoes are difficult to create because of the deadline associated with the drying plaster. Once a giornata is dried, no more buon fresco can be done, if mistakes have been made, it may also be necessary to remove the whole intonaco for that area—or to change them later, a secco. An indispensable component of this process is the carbonatation of the lime, the eyes of the people of the School of Athens are sunken-in using this technique which causes the eyes to seem deeper and more pensive. Michelangelo used this technique as part of his trademark outlining of his central figures within his frescoes, in a wall-sized fresco, there may be ten to twenty or even more giornate, or separate areas of plaster. After five centuries, the giornate, which were nearly invisible, have sometimes become visible, and in many large-scale frescoes. Additionally, the border between giornate was often covered by an a secco painting, which has fallen off. One of the first painters in the period to use this technique was the Isaac Master in the Upper Basilica of Saint Francis in Assisi. A person who creates fresco is called a frescoist, a secco or fresco-secco painting is done on dry plaster. The pigments thus require a medium, such as egg. Blue was a problem, and skies and blue robes were often added a secco, because neither azurite blue nor lapis lazuli. By the end of the century this had largely displaced buon fresco
7.
Tomb of the Diver
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The tomb is now displayed in the museum at Paestum. It is a made of five local limestone slabs forming the four lateral walls and the roof. The five slabs, accurately bonded with plaster, formed a chamber sized — roughly –215 ×100 ×80 cm, all five slabs forming the monument were painted on the interior sides using a true fresco technique. The paintings on the four walls depict a scene, while the cover slab shows the famous scene that gives the tomb its name. Two masters have been distinguished, the wall being by a less impressive artist than the others. Among the thousands of Greek tombs known from this time, this is the one to have been decorated with frescoes of human subjects. This was presumably inspired by the many Etruscan painted tombs, Paestum was at the time a few miles from the border of the Greek, wall-paintings in other types of building were common in the Greek world, but survivals are extremely rare. The local Campanians, who had control of Paestum by about 400 BC, left many painted tombs, mostly showing an obsession with horse. Several of these are also in the museum in Paestum, in the interior of the tomb, only a few objects were found, near the corpse were a turtle shell, two arýballoi and an Attic lekythos. This last object, in black-figure technique from about 480 BC, the Tomb of the Diver, in American Journal of Archaeology, Vol.110, n. Angela Pontrandolfo, Agnès Rouveret, Marina Cipriani, pandemos Editions, Paestum,2004 ISBN 88-87744-11-4, other versions, French ISBN 88-87744-13-0, German ISBN 88-87744-12-2, Italian ISBN 88-87744-10-6, Agnès Rouveret. La Tombe du Plongeur et les fresques étrusques, témoignages sur la peinture grecque, dans Revue Archéologique,1974, Fascicule 1, pp. 15–32. La tombe du plongeur à Paestum, dans Revue de lhistoire de Religions. Paris, PUF, Tome 196, fascicule 1, July 1979, la Tombe du Plongeur, Étude de la relation entre le symposion et le plongeon. Dans Revue de lhistoire de Religions, Paris, PUF, Tome 213, fascicule 2,1996, p. 143–60 – Abstract on line 23 August 2007. Que représente la fresque de la paroi Ouest de la tombe au plongeur de Poseidonia. in Kernos,1999, n
8.
Paestum
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Paestum was a major ancient Greek city on the coast of the Tyrrhenian Sea in Magna Graecia. The ruins of Paestum are famous for their three ancient Greek temples in the Doric order, dating from about 600 to 450 BC, the city walls and amphitheatre are largely intact, and the bottom of the walls of many other structures remain, as well as paved roads. The site is open to the public, and there is a national museum within it. After its foundation by Greek colonists under the name of Poseidonia it was conquered by the local Lucanians. The Lucanians renamed it to Paistos and the Romans gave the city its current name, as Pesto or Paestum, the town became a bishopric, but it was abandoned in the Early Middle Ages, and left undisturbed and largely forgotten until the eighteenth century. Today the remains of the city are found in the frazione of Paestum. The modern settlement, directly to the south of the site, is a popular seaside resort. Much the most celebrated features of the site today are the three temples in the Archaic version of the Greek Doric order, dating from about 550 to 450 BC. All are typical of the period, with massive colonnades having a pronounced entasis. Above the columns, only the second Temple of Hera retains most of its entablature, the two temples of Hera are right next to each other, while the Temple of Athena is on the other side of the town center. There were other temples, both Greek and Roman, which are far less well-preserved, Paestum is far from any sources of good marble. The three main temples had few stone reliefs, perhaps using painting instead, painted terracotta was for some detailed parts of the structure. The large pieces of terracotta that have survived are in the museum, the whole ancient city of Paestum covers an area of approximately 120 hectares. It is only the 25 hectares that contain the three temples and the other main buildings that have been excavated. The other 95 hectares remain on land and have not been excavated. The city is surrounded by walls that still stand. The walls are approximately 4750 m long,5 –7 m thick and 15 m high, positioned along the wall are 24 square and round towers. There may have been as many as 28, but some of them were destroyed during the construction of a highway during the century that effectively cut the site in two
9.
Dublin
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Dublin is the capital and largest city of Ireland. Dublin is in the province of Leinster on Irelands east coast, the city has an urban area population of 1,345,402. The population of the Greater Dublin Area, as of 2016, was 1,904,806 people, founded as a Viking settlement, the Kingdom of Dublin became Irelands principal city following the Norman invasion. The city expanded rapidly from the 17th century and was briefly the second largest city in the British Empire before the Acts of Union in 1800, following the partition of Ireland in 1922, Dublin became the capital of the Irish Free State, later renamed Ireland. Dublin is administered by a City Council, the city is listed by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network as a global city, with a ranking of Alpha-, which places it amongst the top thirty cities in the world. It is a historical and contemporary centre for education, the arts, administration, economy, the name Dublin comes from the Irish word Dubhlinn, early Classical Irish Dubhlind/Duibhlind, dubh /d̪uβ/, alt. /d̪uw/, alt /d̪u, / meaning black, dark, and lind /lʲiɲ pool and this tidal pool was located where the River Poddle entered the Liffey, on the site of the castle gardens at the rear of Dublin Castle. In Modern Irish the name is Duibhlinn, and Irish rhymes from Dublin County show that in Dublin Leinster Irish it was pronounced Duílinn /d̪ˠi, other localities in Ireland also bear the name Duibhlinn, variously anglicized as Devlin, Divlin and Difflin. Historically, scribes using the Gaelic script wrote bh with a dot over the b and those without knowledge of Irish omitted the dot, spelling the name as Dublin. Variations on the name are found in traditionally Irish-speaking areas of Scotland, such as An Linne Dhubh. It is now thought that the Viking settlement was preceded by a Christian ecclesiastical settlement known as Duibhlinn, beginning in the 9th and 10th century, there were two settlements where the modern city stands. Baile Átha Cliath, meaning town of the ford, is the common name for the city in modern Irish. Áth Cliath is a name referring to a fording point of the River Liffey near Father Mathew Bridge. Baile Átha Cliath was an early Christian monastery, believed to have been in the area of Aungier Street, there are other towns of the same name, such as Àth Cliath in East Ayrshire, Scotland, which is Anglicised as Hurlford. Although the area of Dublin Bay has been inhabited by humans since prehistoric times and he called the settlement Eblana polis. It is now thought that the Viking settlement was preceded by a Christian ecclesiastical settlement known as Duibhlinn, beginning in the 9th and 10th century, there were two settlements where the modern city stands. The subsequent Scandinavian settlement centred on the River Poddle, a tributary of the Liffey in an area now known as Wood Quay, the Dubhlinn was a small lake used to moor ships, the Poddle connected the lake with the Liffey. This lake was covered during the early 18th century as the city grew, the Dubhlinn lay where the Castle Garden is now located, opposite the Chester Beatty Library in Dublin Castle
10.
Kottabos
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Kottabos was a game of skill played at ancient Greek and Etruscan symposia, especially in the 5th and 4th centuries BC. The game is played by flinging wine lees at targets, the player would utter the name of the object of his affection. The game appears to have been of Sicilian origin, but it spread through Greece from Thessaly to Rhodes, references to the practice by the writers of the Roman and Alexandrian periods show that the fashion had died out. In Latin literature it is almost entirely unknown, halfway down the stand was a larger disc called the manes. To be successful the player had to knock off the plastinx in such a way that it would fall to the manes, both the wine thrown and the noise made were called latax. The thrower, in the form of the game, was expected to retain the recumbent position that was usual at table. To succeed in the aim of the game dexterity was required, the competitor who sank the greatest number was considered victorious, and received the prize, which consisted of cakes or sweetmeats. Sunken kottabos is not so simple, the apparatus involved consisted of the rhabdus, the plastinx, the lecanis, and the manes. The rhabdus had a base, and the main structure tapered towards the top. The plastinx had a hole near the edge and was slightly concave in the middle, about two-thirds of the way down, the rhabdus was encircled by the lecanis. A socket near the top of the held the manes. The manes was in the shape of a man, with his arm and leg uplifted. According to Helbig, three games were played with this apparatus, The plastinx was fixed on top of the rhabdus, the players tried to fill the plastinx with enough wine to tip it over onto the lecanis. Played exactly the same as method No,1, except that the plastinx was supposed to hit the manes on the way down to the lecanis. Played exactly the same as method No,1, except that the manes was fixed on top of the rhabdus, and it was at this that the wine was thrown. List of drinking games This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh. This article in turn cites, Sartoris, C, a complete treatise on the subject with a full bibliography of ancient and more modern authorities. “Recent Discoveries of the Apparatus used in playing the Game of Kottabos. ”Dictionnaire des antiquités de Fouquières, smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities
11.
Ancient Greece
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Ancient Greece was a civilization belonging to a period of Greek history from the Greek Dark Ages of the 12th-9th centuries BC to the end of antiquity. Immediately following this period was the beginning of the Early Middle Ages and this was followed by the period of Classical Greece, an era that began with the Greco-Persian Wars, lasting from the 5th to 4th centuries BC. Due to the conquests by Alexander the Great of Macedonia, Hellenistic civilization flourished from Central Asia to the end of the Mediterranean Sea. Classical Greek culture, especially philosophy, had a influence on ancient Rome. For this reason Classical Greece is generally considered to be the culture which provided the foundation of modern Western culture and is considered the cradle of Western civilization. Classical Antiquity in the Mediterranean region is considered to have begun in the 8th century BC. Classical Antiquity in Greece is preceded by the Greek Dark Ages and this period is succeeded, around the 8th century BC, by the Orientalizing Period during which a strong influence of Syro-Hittite, Jewish, Assyrian, Phoenician and Egyptian cultures becomes apparent. The end of the Dark Ages is also dated to 776 BC. The Archaic period gives way to the Classical period around 500 BC, Ancient Periods Astronomical year numbering Dates are approximate, consult particular article for details The history of Greece during Classical Antiquity may be subdivided into five major periods. The earliest of these is the Archaic period, in which artists made larger free-standing sculptures in stiff, the Archaic period is often taken to end with the overthrow of the last tyrant of Athens and the start of Athenian Democracy in 508 BC. It was followed by the Classical period, characterized by a style which was considered by observers to be exemplary, i. e. classical, as shown in the Parthenon. This period saw the Greco-Persian Wars and the Rise of Macedon, following the Classical period was the Hellenistic period, during which Greek culture and power expanded into the Near and Middle East. This period begins with the death of Alexander and ends with the Roman conquest, Herodotus is widely known as the father of history, his Histories are eponymous of the entire field. Herodotus was succeeded by authors such as Thucydides, Xenophon, Demosthenes, Plato, most of these authors were either Athenian or pro-Athenian, which is why far more is known about the history and politics of Athens than those of many other cities. Their scope is limited by a focus on political, military and diplomatic history, ignoring economic. In the 8th century BC, Greece began to emerge from the Dark Ages which followed the fall of the Mycenaean civilization, literacy had been lost and Mycenaean script forgotten, but the Greeks adopted the Phoenician alphabet, modifying it to create the Greek alphabet. The Lelantine War is the earliest documented war of the ancient Greek period and it was fought between the important poleis of Chalcis and Eretria over the fertile Lelantine plain of Euboea. Both cities seem to have suffered a decline as result of the long war, a mercantile class arose in the first half of the 7th century BC, shown by the introduction of coinage in about 680 BC
12.
China
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China, officially the Peoples Republic of China, is a unitary sovereign state in East Asia and the worlds most populous country, with a population of over 1.381 billion. The state is governed by the Communist Party of China and its capital is Beijing, the countrys major urban areas include Shanghai, Guangzhou, Beijing, Chongqing, Shenzhen, Tianjin and Hong Kong. China is a power and a major regional power within Asia. Chinas landscape is vast and diverse, ranging from forest steppes, the Himalaya, Karakoram, Pamir and Tian Shan mountain ranges separate China from much of South and Central Asia. The Yangtze and Yellow Rivers, the third and sixth longest in the world, respectively, Chinas coastline along the Pacific Ocean is 14,500 kilometers long and is bounded by the Bohai, Yellow, East China and South China seas. China emerged as one of the worlds earliest civilizations in the basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain. For millennia, Chinas political system was based on hereditary monarchies known as dynasties, in 1912, the Republic of China replaced the last dynasty and ruled the Chinese mainland until 1949, when it was defeated by the communist Peoples Liberation Army in the Chinese Civil War. The Communist Party established the Peoples Republic of China in Beijing on 1 October 1949, both the ROC and PRC continue to claim to be the legitimate government of all China, though the latter has more recognition in the world and controls more territory. China had the largest economy in the world for much of the last two years, during which it has seen cycles of prosperity and decline. Since the introduction of reforms in 1978, China has become one of the worlds fastest-growing major economies. As of 2016, it is the worlds second-largest economy by nominal GDP, China is also the worlds largest exporter and second-largest importer of goods. China is a nuclear weapons state and has the worlds largest standing army. The PRC is a member of the United Nations, as it replaced the ROC as a permanent member of the U. N. Security Council in 1971. China is also a member of numerous formal and informal multilateral organizations, including the WTO, APEC, BRICS, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the BCIM, the English name China is first attested in Richard Edens 1555 translation of the 1516 journal of the Portuguese explorer Duarte Barbosa. The demonym, that is, the name for the people, Portuguese China is thought to derive from Persian Chīn, and perhaps ultimately from Sanskrit Cīna. Cīna was first used in early Hindu scripture, including the Mahābhārata, there are, however, other suggestions for the derivation of China. The official name of the state is the Peoples Republic of China. The shorter form is China Zhōngguó, from zhōng and guó and it was then applied to the area around Luoyi during the Eastern Zhou and then to Chinas Central Plain before being used as an occasional synonym for the state under the Qing
13.
Dice
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Dice are small throwable objects with multiple resting positions, used for generating random numbers. Dice are suitable as gambling devices for games like craps and are used in non-gambling tabletop games. A traditional die is a cube, with each of its six faces showing a different number of dots from 1 to 6. When thrown or rolled, the die comes to rest showing on its surface a random integer from one to six. A variety of devices are also described as dice, such specialized dice may have polyhedral or irregular shapes. They may be used to produce other than one through six. Loaded and crooked dice are designed to favor some results over others for purposes of cheating or amusement. A dice tray, a used to contain thrown dice, is sometimes used for gambling or board games. Dice have been used since before recorded history, and it is uncertain where they originated, the oldest known dice were excavated as part of a backgammon-like game set at the Burnt City, an archeological site in south-eastern Iran, estimated to be from between 2800–2500 BCE. Other excavations from ancient tombs in the Indus Valley civilization indicate a South Asian origin, the Egyptian game of Senet was played with dice. Senet was played before 3000 BC and up to the 2nd century AD and it was likely a racing game, but there is no scholarly consensus on the rules of Senet. Dicing is mentioned as an Indian game in the Rigveda, Atharvaveda, there are several biblical references to casting lots, as in Psalm 22, indicating that dicing was commonplace when the psalm was composed. Knucklebones was a game of skill played by women and children, although gambling was illegal, many Romans were passionate gamblers who enjoyed dicing, which was known as aleam ludere. Dicing was even a popular pastime of emperors, letters by Augustus to Tacitus and his daughter recount his hobby of dicing. There were two sizes of Roman dice, tali were large dice inscribed with one, three, four, and six on four sides. Tesserae were smaller dice with sides numbered one to six. Twenty-sided dice date back to the 2nd century AD and from Ptolemaic Egypt as early as the 2nd century BC, dominoes and playing cards originated in China as developments from dice. The transition from dice to playing cards occurred in China around the Tang dynasty, in Japan, dice were used to play a popular game called sugoroku
14.
Riddle
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A riddle is a statement or question or phrase having a double or veiled meaning, put forth as a puzzle to be solved. Defining riddles precisely is hard and has attracted a fair amount of scholarly debate, the first major modern attempt to define the riddle was by Robert Petsch in 1899, with another seminal contribution, inspired by structuralism, by Robert A. Georges and Alan Dundes in 1963. In some traditions and contexts, riddles may overlap with proverbs, an example from a different language, Nothing hurts it, but it groans all the time can be deployed as a proverb or as a riddle. Much academic research on riddles has focused on collecting, cataloguing, defining and typologising riddles, key work on cataloguing and typologising riddles was published by Antti Aarne in 1918-20, and by Archer Taylor. In the case of ancient riddles recorded without solutions, considerable scholarly energy also goes into proposing and debating solutions, however, wide-ranging studies of riddles have tended to be limited to Western countries, with Oriental and African riddles being relatively neglected. Riddles have also attracted linguists, often studying riddles from the point of view of semiotics, the riddle was at times a prominent literary form in the ancient and medieval world, and so riddles are extensively, if patchily, attested in our written records from these periods. According to Archer Taylor, the oldest recorded riddles are Babylonian school texts which show no literary polish and it is clear that we have here riddles from oral tradition that a teacher has put into a schoolbook. It is thought that the worlds earliest surviving poetic riddles survive in the Sanskrit Rigveda, the first book of the Rigveda contains a number of riddles, overlapping in significant part with a collection of forty-seven in the Atharvaveda, riddles also appear elsewhere in Vedic texts. The highly sophisticated quality of many Sanskrit riddles can perhaps be illustrated by one rather simple example. Who makes a noise on seeing a thief, who is the enemy of lotuses. Who is the climax of fury, the answers to the first three questions, when combined in the manner of a charade, yield the answer to the fourth question. The first answer is bird, the dog, the third sun, and the whole is Viçvamitra, Ramas first teacher and counselor. Thus, for example, Daṇḍin cites this as an example of a name-riddle, A city, five letters, the one is a nasal. The Mahabharata also portrays riddle-contests and includes riddles accordingly, the first riddle collection in a medieval Indic language was by Amir Khusro, although he mostly wrote in Persian, he wrote his riddles in the language he called Hindawi. The riddles are in Mātrika metre, one example is, The emboldened text here indicates a clue woven into the text, it is a pun on nadi. While riddles are not numerous in the Bible, they are present, most famously in Samsons riddle in Judges xiv.14, but also in I Kings 10, 1-13, sirach also mentions riddles as a popular dinner pastime. The Aramaic Story of Ahikar contains a section of proverbial wisdom that in some versions also contains riddles. However, under the influence of Arabic literature in medieval al-Andalus, dunash ben Labrat, credited with transposing Arabic metres into Hebrew, composed a number of riddles, mostly apparently inspired by folk-riddles
15.
Tang dynasty
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The Tang dynasty was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui dynasty and followed by the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. It is generally regarded as a point in Chinese civilization. Its territory, acquired through the campaigns of its early rulers, rivaled that of the Han dynasty. The dynasty was founded by the Lǐ family, who seized power during the decline, the dynasty was briefly interrupted when Empress Wu Zetian seized the throne, proclaiming the Second Zhou dynasty and becoming the only Chinese empress regnant. In two censuses of the 7th and 8th centuries, the Tang records estimated the population by number of registered households at about 50 million people. Various kingdoms and states paid tribute to the Tang court, while the Tang also conquered or subdued several regions which it controlled through a protectorate system. Besides political hegemony, the Tang also exerted a powerful influence over neighboring states such as those in Korea, Japan. Like the previous Sui dynasty, the Tang dynasty maintained a service system by recruiting scholar-officials through standardized examinations and recommendations to office. This civil order was undermined by the rise of military governors known as jiedushi during the 9th century. Chinese culture flourished and further matured during the Tang era, it is considered the greatest age for Chinese poetry. Two of Chinas most famous poets, Li Bai and Du Fu, belonged to this age, as did many famous painters such as Han Gan, Zhang Xuan, there was a rich variety of historical literature compiled by scholars, as well as encyclopedias and geographical works. The adoption of the title Tängri Qaghan by the Tang Emperor Taizong in addition to his title as emperor was eastern Asias first simultaneous kingship, there were many notable innovations during the Tang, including the development of woodblock printing. Buddhism became an influence in Chinese culture, with native Chinese sects gaining prominence. However, Buddhism would later be persecuted by the state, subsequently declining in influence, although the dynasty and central government were in decline by the 9th century, art and culture continued to flourish. This family was known as the Longxi Li lineage, which includes the Tang poet Li Bai, the Tang Emperors also had Xianbei maternal ancestry, from Emperor Gaozu of Tangs Xianbei mother Duchess Dugu. He had prestige and military experience, and was a first cousin of Emperor Yang of Sui, Li Yuan rose in rebellion in 617, along with his son and his equally militant daughter Princess Pingyang, who raised and commanded her own troops. In winter 617, Li Yuan occupied Changan, relegated Emperor Yang to the position of Taishang Huang or retired emperor, and acted as regent to the puppet child-emperor, Emperor Gong of Sui. On the news of Emperor Yangs murder by General Yuwen Huaji on June 18,618, Li Yuan declared himself the emperor of a new dynasty, the Tang
16.
Silver
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Silver is a metallic element with symbol Ag and atomic number 47. The symbol Ag stems from Latin argentum, derived from the Greek ὰργὀς, a soft, white, lustrous transition metal, it exhibits the highest electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and reflectivity of any metal. The metal is found in the Earths crust in the pure, free form, as an alloy with gold and other metals. Most silver is produced as a byproduct of copper, gold, lead, Silver is more abundant than gold, but it is much less abundant as a native metal. Its purity is measured on a per mille basis, a 94%-pure alloy is described as 0.940 fine. As one of the seven metals of antiquity, silver has had a role in most human cultures. Silver has long valued as a precious metal. Silver metal is used in many premodern monetary systems in bullion coins, Silver is used in numerous applications other than currency, such as solar panels, water filtration, jewelry, ornaments, high-value tableware and utensils, and as an investment medium. Silver is used industrially in electrical contacts and conductors, in specialized mirrors, window coatings, Silver compounds are used in photographic film and X-rays. Dilute silver nitrate solutions and other compounds are used as disinfectants and microbiocides, added to bandages and wound-dressings, catheters. Silver is similar in its physical and chemical properties to its two neighbours in group 11 of the periodic table, copper and gold. This distinctive electron configuration, with an electron in the highest occupied s subshell over a filled d subshell. Silver is a soft, ductile and malleable transition metal. Silver crystallizes in a cubic lattice with bulk coordination number 12. Unlike metals with incomplete d-shells, metallic bonds in silver are lacking a covalent character and are relatively weak and this observation explains the low hardness and high ductility of single crystals of silver. Silver has a brilliant white metallic luster that can take a polish. Protected silver has greater optical reflectivity than aluminium at all wavelengths longer than ~450 nm, at wavelengths shorter than 450 nm, silvers reflectivity is inferior to that of aluminium and drops to zero near 310 nm. The electrical conductivity of silver is the greatest of all metals, greater even than copper, during World War II in the US,13540 tons of silver were used in electromagnets for enriching uranium, mainly because of the wartime shortage of copper
17.
Ethanol
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Ethanol, also called alcohol, ethyl alcohol, and drinking alcohol, is the principal type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages. It is a volatile, flammable, colorless liquid with a characteristic odor. Its chemical formula is C 2H 6O, which can be written also as CH 3-CH 2-OH or C 2H 5-OH, ethanol is mostly produced by the fermentation of sugars by yeasts, or by petrochemical processes. It is a psychoactive drug, causing a characteristic intoxication. It is widely used as a solvent, as fuel, and as a feedstock for synthesis of other chemicals, the eth- prefix and the qualifier ethyl in ethyl alcohol originally come from the name ethyl assigned in 1834 to the group C 2H 5- by Justus Liebig. He coined the word from the German name Aether of the compound C 2H 5-O-C 2H5, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, Ethyl is a contraction of the Ancient Greek αἰθήρ and the Greek word ύλη. The name ethanol was coined as a result of a resolution that was adopted at the International Conference on Chemical Nomenclature that was held in April 1892 in Geneva, Switzerland. The term alcohol now refers to a class of substances in chemistry nomenclature. The Oxford English Dictionary claims that it is a loan from Arabic al-kuḥl, a powdered ore of antimony used since aniquity as a cosmetic. The use of alcohol for ethanol is modern, first recorded 1753, the systematic use in chemistry dates to 1850. Ethanol is used in medical wipes and most common antibacterial hand sanitizer gels as an antiseptic, ethanol kills organisms by denaturing their proteins and dissolving their lipids and is effective against most bacteria and fungi, and many viruses. However, ethanol is ineffective against bacterial spores, ethanol may be administered as an antidote to methanol and ethylene glycol poisoning. Ethanol, often in high concentrations, is used to dissolve many water-insoluble medications, as a central nervous system depressant, ethanol is one of the most commonly consumed psychoactive drugs. The amount of ethanol in the body is typically quantified by blood alcohol content, small doses of ethanol, in general, produce euphoria and relaxation, people experiencing these symptoms tend to become talkative and less inhibited, and may exhibit poor judgment. Ethanol is commonly consumed as a drug, especially while socializing. The largest single use of ethanol is as a fuel and fuel additive. Brazil in particular relies heavily upon the use of ethanol as an engine fuel, gasoline sold in Brazil contains at least 25% anhydrous ethanol. Hydrous ethanol can be used as fuel in more than 90% of new gasoline fueled cars sold in the country, Brazilian ethanol is produced from sugar cane and noted for high carbon sequestration
18.
Referee
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The term referee originated in association football. Originally the team captains would consult each other in order to resolve any dispute on the pitch. Eventually this role was delegated to an umpire, each team would bring their own partisan umpire allowing the team captains to concentrate on the game. Later, the referee, a neutral official was added. The referee did not take his place on the pitch until 1891, in this case, the role of the linesmen is limited to indicating out of play and cannot decide off side. An umpire is an official in the sport of Australian rules football, games are overseen by one to three field umpires, two to four boundary umpires, and two goal umpires. A game of bandy is officiated by a referee, the authority and enforcer of the rules, the referee may be assisted by one or two assistant referees. On any question, the umpire has the final call. In international basketball and in basketball, the referee is the lead official in a game. In the National Basketball Association, the official is referred to by the term crew chief. In boxing a referee is the person who enforces the rules during the fight, in cricket, the match referee is an off-field official who makes judgements concerning the reputable conduct of the game and hands out penalties for breaches of the ICC Cricket Code of Conduct. On-field decisions relevant to the play and outcome of the game itself are handled by two umpires, although an off-field third umpire may help with certain decisions. In cue sports, such as billiards and snooker, matches are presided over by a referee, the referee will determine all matters of fact relating to the rules, maintain fair playing conditions, call fouls, and take other action as required by these rules. A commissaire is an official in competitive cycling, a fencing match is presided over by a referee. An umpire in field hockey is a person with the authority to make decisions on a field in accordance with the laws of the game. Each match is controlled by two umpires, where it is typical for umpires to aid one another and correct each other when necessary. Referees for international events are trained by the International Skating Union, there are two levels of referee, International Referee and ISU Referee, with ISU Referees ranking higher. In Synchronized Ice Skating, there are two Referees, one, sits with the Judges as with ordinary competition and operates a touch screen computer, inputing deductions and marking the skaters
19.
Iranian peoples
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The Iranian peoples or Iranic peoples are a diverse Indo-European ethno-linguistic group that comprise the speakers of the Iranian languages. Proto-Iranians are believed to have emerged as a branch of the Indo-Iranians in Central Asia in the mid 2nd millennium BC. In the 1st millennium AD, their area of settlement was reduced as a result of Slavic, Germanic, Turkic and Mongol expansions and many being subjected to Slavicisation. The Iranian peoples include Balochs, Kurds, Gilaks, Lurs, Mazanderanis, Ossetians, Pashtuns, Pamiris, Persians, Tajiks, Talysh people, the term Iran derives directly from Middle Persian Ērān and Parthian Aryān. The Middle Iranian terms ērān and aryān are oblique plural forms of gentilic ēr- and ary-, there have been many attempts to qualify the verbal root of ar- in Old Iranian arya-. The following are according to 1957 and later linguists, Emmanuel Laroche, Old Iranian arya- being descended from Proto-Indo-European ar-yo-, meaning assembler. Harold Walter Bailey, ar- to beget, unlike the Sanskrit ā́rya-, the Old Iranian term has solely an ethnic meaning. Today, the Old Iranian arya- remains in ethno-linguistic names such as Iran, Alan, Ir, in the Iranian languages, the gentilic is attested as a self-identifier included in ancient inscriptions and the literature of Avesta. The earliest epigraphically attested reference to the word occurs in the Bistun Inscription of the 6th century BC. The inscription of Bistun describes itself to have composed in Arya. As is also the case for all other Old Iranian language usage, in royal Old Persian inscriptions, the term arya- appears in three different contexts, As the name of the language of the Old Persian version of the inscription of Darius I in the Bistun Inscription. As the ethnic background of Darius the Great in inscriptions at Rustam Relief and Susa, as the definition of the God of Iranians, Ohrmazd, in the Elamite version of the Bistun Inscription. In the Dna and Dse, Darius and Xerxes describe themselves as an Achaemenid, a Persian, son of a Persian, although Darius the Great called his language arya-, modern scholars refer to it as Old Persian because it is the ancestor of the modern Persian language. The trilingual inscription erected by the command of Shapur I gives a clear description. The languages used are Parthian, Middle Persian, and Greek, tou Arianon ethnous despotes eimi, which translates to I am the king of the kingdom of the Iranians. In Middle Persian, Shapur says ērānšahr xwadāy hēm and in Parthian he says aryānšahr xwadāy ahēm, the Avesta clearly uses airiia- as an ethnic name, where it appears in expressions such as airyāfi daiŋˊhāvō, airyō šayanəm, and airyanəm vaējō vaŋhuyāfi dāityayāfi. In the late part of the Avesta, one of the homelands was referred to as Airyanəm Vaējah which approximately means expanse of the Iranians. The homeland varied in its range, the area around Herat
20.
Beer glassware
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Beer glassware comprises the drinking vessels made of glass designed or commonly used for drinking beer. Several kinds of beer glassware have a stem which serves to prevent the heat of the drinkers hand from warming the beer. Beer glasses are made from a variety of materials not limited to glass, including stoneware, earthenware, pewter, a pilsner glass is used for many types of light beers, including pale lager or pilsner. Pilsner glasses are generally smaller than a pint glass, usually in 200 ml,250 ml,300 ml,330 ml or 400 ml sizes and they are tall, slender and tapered. The slender glass reveals the colour, and carbonation of the beer, weizen glasses are sometimes mistakenly called Pilsner glasses because they are somewhat similar in appearance, but true Pilsner glasses have an even taper without any amount of curvature. The definition of a pint differs by country, thus a pint glass will reflect the regular measure of beer in that country, in the UK, law stipulates that a servings of beer be fixed at the imperial pint. Half-pint glasses of 10 imp fl oz are generally smaller versions of pint glasses, quarter-pint glasses of 5 imp fl oz also exist, and are popular in Australia, where they are known as a pony. These may simply be smaller pint glasses, or may be a pony glass. In the US, a pint is 16 US fl oz, glasses of 500ml are usually called pints in American parlance. Pony glasses, once popular, are found in older. The common shapes of pint glass are, Conical glasses are shaped, as the name suggests, as a truncated cone around 6 inches tall. The term nonic derives from no nick, jug glasses, or dimple mugs, are shaped more like a large mug with a handle. They are moulded with a pattern of thickened glass on the outside. The dimples prevent the glass slipping out of the fingers in a bowl. These design features became less important when manual washing was superseded by machine washing from the 1960s onwards, dimpled glasses are now rarer than the other types and are regarded as more traditional. This sort of glass is known as a Handle due to the handle on the glass. They are popular with the generation and people with restricted movement in their hands which can make holding a usual pint glass difficult. They have recently started to make a renaissance, especially in northern Britain, Beer connoisseurs sometimes invest in special, non-traditional glassware to enhance their appreciation
21.
Yard of ale
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A yard of ale or yard glass is a very tall beer glass used for drinking around 2 1⁄2 imperial pints of beer, depending upon the diameter. The glass is approximately 1 yard long, shaped with a bulb at the bottom, and a widening shaft, the glass most likely originated in 17th-century England, where the glass was known also as a long glass, a Cambridge yard and an ell glass. It is associated by legend with stagecoach drivers, though was mainly used for drinking feats, the fastest drinking of a yard of ale in the Guinness Book of Records is 5 seconds. The glass is approximately 1 yard, shaped with a bulb at the bottom and a widening shaft, in countries where the metric system is used, the glass may be 1 metre. Because the glass is so long and in any case does not usually have a flat base. The glass most likely originated in 17th-century England, where the glass was also as a long glass, a Cambridge yard. Such a glass was a testament to the skill as much as the drinkers. John Evelyn records in his Diary the formal yet festive drinking of a yard of ale toast to James II at Bromley in Kent,1685. Yard glasses can be hanging on the walls of some English pubs. Drinking a yard full of beer is a traditional pub game in the UK. Some ancient colleges at Oxford University have sconcing forfeits, in New Zealand, where it is referred to as a yardie, drinking a yard glass full of beer is traditionally performed at a 21st birthday by the celebrated person
22.
Power hour
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Power Hour or 21 for 21 is a drinking event where player drink a specified number of alcohol shots within one hour. Variants include one shot of every minute for an hour or 10 shots within one hour. In the USA, a power hour event is associated with a persons 21st birthday when they reach the legal drinking age. Players may have difficulty completing the specified number of drinks as the rate of consumption can raise their blood alcohol content to high levels, the rate of alcohol consumption makes the players intoxicated within a short period of time. The power hour is originally 60 minutes in length, but a centurion is 100 minutes long, the game is usually played using a minute long song playlist like those found in powerhourzone. com. Therefore, one shot should be taken per song, another way to play is using a timer, an example of an online timer is powerhourgame. us. The game could be composed of liquor by taking a shot every 10 minutes, in January 2013, courts ruled in Spagnolas favor. The term Power Hour has also used in television to refer to back-to-back showings of half-hour TV shows
23.
Centurion (game)
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Power Hour or 21 for 21 is a drinking event where player drink a specified number of alcohol shots within one hour. Variants include one shot of every minute for an hour or 10 shots within one hour. In the USA, a power hour event is associated with a persons 21st birthday when they reach the legal drinking age. Players may have difficulty completing the specified number of drinks as the rate of consumption can raise their blood alcohol content to high levels, the rate of alcohol consumption makes the players intoxicated within a short period of time. The power hour is originally 60 minutes in length, but a centurion is 100 minutes long, the game is usually played using a minute long song playlist like those found in powerhourzone. com. Therefore, one shot should be taken per song, another way to play is using a timer, an example of an online timer is powerhourgame. us. The game could be composed of liquor by taking a shot every 10 minutes, in January 2013, courts ruled in Spagnolas favor. The term Power Hour has also used in television to refer to back-to-back showings of half-hour TV shows
24.
Boat race (game)
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A boat race, is a drinking game played usually between two teams of equal numbers. Rules vary widely but normally involve a team drinking in series, common rules include those regulating the number and gender of drinkers, the vessels from which the liquid must be consumed and punishments for spilling. The game appeared in the Broken Lizard movie, Beerfest, a race begins with all competitors placing their drinks on a mutual table. When a referee begins the race, the first drinker on each team is allowed to pick up their drink, once a beverage is consumed, the drinker must invert the empty vessel on their head. This is done to ensure no cheating occurs, the next team mate cannot touch his or her drink until this has occurred. Empty vessels must be kept on the competitors heads until the race is over, the Cascade and Pipps Cup is the premier annual boat racing competition in Australia and is held between Australian medical schools. Teams of eight and four battle out for the esteemed prize, University of Tasmania placed 2nd, with UWA defeating Flinders University to take out 3rd place. Major League Flip Cup Bar-None Drink Recipes World Beer Games Cleveland Flip Cup Tournament Ndy Boat Racing Rules
25.
Beer bong
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A beer bong is a device composed of a funnel attached to a tube used to facilitate the rapid consumption of beer. The use of a bong is also known as funneling. The typical construction of a beer bong involves a large funnel connected to tubing, beers are stockpiled in the funnel and as the user drinks, the beer will pour down the tubing. Beer bongs often have valves to engage/disengage the flow of beer, drinking from a beer bong is different from drinking beer normally. This is because the drinker is not in control of the volume of liquid entering the mouth, in addition, the force of gravity pushes the beer into the drinkers mouth and thus forces the beer down. It is for this reason the beer bong often engages the gag reflex, the beer bong is either hit or chugged. A hit from the bong is when a valve is used. Chugging is where an entire, or a number of beers are consumed in one use, a popular technique is to open the esophagus and simply allow the beer to flow down. This takes practice and may cause pain in trying it for the first time, beer bongs came to national attention in the US after a photograph of Senator John Kerry being offered one at an Iowa University tailgate party made national newspaper front pages. List of drinking games Slap the bag
26.
Shotgunning
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The beer quickly drains, and is quickly consumed. A related technique, strawpedoing or snorkeling, is used for containers not easily punctured such as a glass bottle, a straw is inserted into the bottle to similar effect. The technique increases beverage delivery since the hole allows the liquid to leave while air enters simultaneously through the main hole. The bottleneck, created where air entering the container must travel through the orifice as liquid leaving, is removed. To shotgun a beverage, a hole is punched in the side of the can. In order to prevent the liquid from spilling out while the cut is made, the can is held horizontally, tilted slightly, the hole can be made with any sharp object. Typically a key, bottle opener, pen, knife, other sharp instrument is used, the drinker then places their mouth over the hole while rotating the can straight up. When the cans tab is pulled, the liquid will quickly drain through the hole into the drinkers mouth, binge drinking Drinking culture Beer bong How to Shotgun a Beer - Video by Howcast How to Shotgun a Beer - Article on wikiHow
27.
Flip cup
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Flip cup is a team-based drinking game. Two teams of a number of players stand on opposite sides of a table. The players directly facing are opponents, in front of each teammate is a disposable plastic cup filled with a set amount of beer. Generally, the first line inside a cup is used as a marker. At the start, it is customary for the players to make a toast. The player may not use two hands, or blow on the cup to guide it to flip over, if the player is unsuccessful on the first try, the cup is reset and re-flipped. Only after the first teammate is done flipping successfully can the next person proceed, additionally, subsequent players may not touch or manipulate their cup until the previous player has successfully flipped their cup. Whichever team finishes drinking and flipping all its cups first wins, several flip-cup tournaments have been held in the United States. Batavia Downs flip cup varies slightly from the original version, Batavia Downs flip cup takes place around a circular table and requires a minimum of four players. Two players standing opposite of other, start at the same time. As each player successfully drinks from and flips their cup the next person to their right goes, in addition, after each successful flip, players must refill their cup in the event that the player standing directly left of them successfully lands their cup. The game continues as a race until a player is unable to successfully flip their cup. Essentially, Batavia Downs flip cup has only a loser, the game starts exactly the same as the original version but once a team loses a round they must vote off one member of their team. That team is responsible for drinking the same number of cups as their opponents in the next round. A team wins when their opponents have no remaining players to vote off
28.
Beer mile
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A beer mile is a drinking race combining running and speed drinking. Typically, the takes place on a standard 400-meter or 1/4-mile running track. The race begins at the 1-mile starting line with the consumption of a 12-ounce beer, the second lap continues in a similar manner, another 12-ounce beer is consumed before commencing the running of the second lap. This process is repeated for the two laps. Following the completion of the fourth running lap, a competitor has finished the race, more specific rules of the race vary by region. In North America, typically,12 US ounces of beer is consumed from a can or bottle before every lap, since the advent of the Internet, the rules of the beer mile have become more standardized, particularly in the United States and Canada. The standard rules published by BeerMile. com are based on the most common used in North America. Beer must be at least 5% ABV and be brewed from malt and this excludes alcoholic beverages such as hard ciders and lemonades. There is to be no tampering with cans, shotgunning by puncturing holes in a can, or using straws to aid in the speed of pouring, is prohibited. Each beer may not be opened until a competitor enters the zone for each lap. Any competitor who vomits before the finish must complete one penalty lap following the fourth lap and this does not require drinking an additional beer. James Nielsen helped bring the beer mile into the eye after becoming the first to break the five-minute barrier in 2014. Much like the four-minute barrier in the run, the five-minute barrier tempts beer-milers worldwide. Since then the record has been lowered a handful of times by runners all over the world, including Australias Josh Harris. In 2014, the inaugural Beer Mile World Championship was held in Austin, Texas, the mens race was won by Canadian Corey Gallagher with a time of 5,00.23. In the womens race, American Beth Herndon set a new record with a time of 6,17.8. In August 2015, Lewis Kent of Canada ran a 4,55.78 and his beer of choice was Amsterdam Blonde. Determined to break the barrier, on October 10,2015, at the University of Manitoba track
29.
Kastenlauf
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Kastenlauf, Kistenlauf, Bierkastenlauf, Bierlauf, Bierkastenrennen, biergrätle-race, or Bier-Rallye, is a drinking game/sport that is played in Austria, Germany and Switzerland. It is a race among teams that consist of at least two people carrying a crate of beer, all of which must be consumed prior to crossing the finish line, the first team to cross the finish line after drinking all of their beer is considered the winner. The route generally varies from 5 km to 12 km in length, in Munich, kastenlauf events have been organized since 1982
30.
Quarters (game)
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Quarters is a drinking game which involves players bouncing a quarter off a table in an attempt to have the quarter land in a certain place, usually into a shotglass on that table. It is also played in South America, where it is called monedita, the player bouncing the quarter is referred to as the shooter. In some variations the glass is empty and each player has a glass to drink from. The quarter is customarily bounced on the face whether heads or tails, some games may allow a player to bounce the quarter on the edge, particularly by rolling it down their nose. Each round starts off with a filled with beer in the middle of the table. Each player shoots his or her quarter at his/her glass until he makes it in, if a player makes his or her first shot, s/he can choose to pass the glass to any player who does not currently have a glass. If there are people at the table, the group can add more shot glasses. An alternative method of gameplay is that one glass is positioned in the center of the table, participants take turns attempting to bounce the quarter into the glass. If the shooter succeeds, they pass the glass to anyone at the table, play then passes to the person on the shooters left. Should the shooter fail to make the shot, they have the option of passing the quarter to the left, if the shooter succeeds on his second shot, he passes the glass as usual. If the shooter fails on their second shot, they must drink the beverage, in either case, the person on their left becomes the next shooter. Another method involves various cups and one community cup, a community cup is first placed in the center of the table. Each player has their own cup, and these cups are placed around the community cup. Players fill their cups with a shot of their drink. A shooter begins by bouncing a quarter towards the cups, if the quarter lands in a players cup, the player must drink his/her shot, refill the cup, and place it back with the rest. If the shooter lands the quarter in to the community cup, every player must reach into the center, the last player to finish their drink must then drink the community cup. If the shooter makes his/her shot on the first attempt, they may shoot again until they miss, if they miss on the first attempt, they must pass the quarter to the next player on their left. This game is commonly called Ponderosa, yet another alteration, named speed quarters, involves six or more people around a small table, several quarters, beer for each player, and two empty shot glasses placed in front of opposite players
31.
Polish horseshoes
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Polish Horseshoes is an outdoor game played between two teams of two people using a Frisbee, two glass bottles, and stakes nailed into the ground. The game is played by the players taking turns throwing a Frisbee at a bottle that rests on top of the stakes in the ground. The two stakes are placed anywhere between 20 to 40 ft apart, players must hold a drink in one hand at all times, leaving only one hand free for throwing and catching. The game begins with some kind of settlement between each team to decide who starts first. The first team tosses the Frisbee, aiming it towards a glass bottle that is placed on top of the stake opposite them, then the other team throws the Frisbee at the first teams bottle. Points are scored when the Frisbee hits the stake or the bottle, play continues until one team has reached a set amount of points, beating their opponent by at least two points. The object of Polish Horseshoes is to knock the glass bottle off the stake either by hitting it directly or by hitting the stake. If the disc hits the stake and the bottle is knocked off, then 1 point is scored unless the bottle is caught before it hits the ground. If the disc hits the bottle directly and the bottle is knocked off, then 2 points are scored if the bottle hits the ground, in addition, the disc itself must be caught after every throw. Failure by the team to do so earns the throwing team 1 point. If the disc is uncatchable, then no points are awarded, also, if the disc hits the stake below knee height or if it hits the stake after hitting the ground, the disc is deemed uncatchable, and the throw is invalid. The disc cannot be caught before it has passed the pole, if it is, the team that threw is awarded 3 points, under the assumption that they possibly could have earned a full 3 points if the catching team had not interfered prematurely. Because of this rule, it is common for players to stand just a step or two back from the pole as to any early catches. Another commonly observed rule is that a catch does not count if the catcher spills his drink, if the defending team catches both the bottle and the disc, the throwing team only gets the 1 point. If the disc hits the stake rather than the bottle, then 1 point is scored for each object that hits the ground, if the defending team catches both, then no points are scored. If the bottle is not dislodged, but the team fails to catch the disc
32.
Beer pong (paddles)
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Beer pong is a drinking game loosely based on ping pong, that involves use of paddles to hit a ping pong ball into obstacles on the opposing side. The origin of beer pong is generally credited to Dartmouth College, the name beer pong also refers to a similar game sometimes called Beirut, in which players throw a ping pong ball by hand at an opponents cups located across a table. The origins of the game are obscure but it has been attributed to a Dartmouth College fraternity party, an Alpha Phi Delta fraternity alumnus, David Thielscher, class of 1954, recalled in an interview for The Dartmouth newspaper that beer pong was played when he was an undergraduate. History professor Jere Daniell 55 stated that he played the game as a student, One of the earliest published photographs depicting a game of pong appeared in Colorado School of Mines 1961 yearbook The Prospector. Dartmouths 1968 yearbook Aegis also has a photograph of a game of pong. Beer pong at Dartmouth was the only college-sponsored drinking competition in the country, official derecognition would not reduce the level of beer pong activity at Dartmouth or elsewhere, but would lead to many new variations on the game. According to a 1999 New York Times article, pong has been part of fraternity life for at least 40 years, in the early 1970s, Dartmouth briefly sanctioned the game as an intramural sport, making it the only college-sponsored drinking contest in the country. In 1977, Dartmouth ended this practice, by 1976, students began publishing articles about the game. A2004 survey of Dartmouth students provided these statistics, About 60 percent of students had played pong at least once within the two prior to the survey. About 20 percent of students have never played pong, Tree requires the average team to consume 7.3 drinks, Shrub 5.7 drinks, Line/Death 5.2 drinks, and Ship 7.4 drinks. No official codified version of the rules of pong exist, in general terms, players start by assembling cups of beer or other obstacles onto either side of a pong table and placing a median at the center of the table. Like table tennis, pong requires one side to serve the ball, both the serve and the intra-game volleys generally must propel in an arch trajectory. Players may not return the ball until it has struck their own side, objects on their side, following the serve, players attempt to hit or sink in the opponents cups, whereby the opponent will lose one or more points. Once all points for a cup or obstacle have been taken away, the game is won when all objects have been removed from the opponents side. Pong requires a table, paddles, a ball, cups, also, some rules require a median of some sort to be utilized. The table is not a regulation ping-pong table but is made one or two sheets of plywood, usually measuring 4x8, 5x9, or 5x10. However, a regular ping-pong table may be utilized if available, the sheets are propped up on supports such as sawhorses, garbage cans, or frames specially built from lumber or steel pipes. The median is a divider placed across the center of the table, such as a pole, hockey stick, broom handle, Paddles are commercial ping pong paddles, sometimes in modified form to suit the house rules
33.
Beerdarts
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Beerdarts is a drinking game involving aluminum beer cans and metal darts. Although many variations exist, the idea is to throw a dart at your opponents can that has been placed on the ground at their feet. If said dart makes contact with a beer can various actions take place as detailed in the rules, the game was invented and popularized by Dr. David Goldenbogen B. D. D. All players must be seated or in a stance with at least one can of opened or unopened beer directly in front of them. There must be at least two players, If a dart grazes your can but does not puncture it, you must have a sip of beer. If a dart punctures your can you must drink beer to at least the hole, alternate rule, If a dart punctures the top of your can you must shotgun the beer. If a can is tipped over but not punctured, you also must have a sip of beer, If a body part is punctured, the thrower must drink. A beer may be present in each players hands for sipping between throws, incoming darts may be blocked by a hand or leg, however this is at the blockers risk. If hit by a dart, you may not retaliate, when scoring a kill shot on a beer, the shooter and shootee change places. Classic Two players, one can each, with or without a mat or B-Team, party beerdarts Many players seated in a circle, one can each, with or without a B-Team. In large groups, four or more, it is established that shooting at a direct neighbor is prohibited. Double beerdarts Same rules as Classic beerdarts except two cans are stacked on top of each other, If the bottom can is punctured, the top can must be completely consumed before the bottom can is consumed down to the puncture. Team beerdarts Four or more players, all using mats, one forms a team to play against the other side. Engineering beerdarts Four players, two per team, one shaken, unopened beer between each team. If the can is not punctured, the beer is not drank, when the can is punctured, the beer must be shotgunned or otherwise drank as quickly as possible. Missoula Beerdarts Developed in Missoula, Montana, a water noodle is looped into a circle around the can of beer on the ground. A dart that sticks in the noodle is worth one point, a dart that lands on the ground inside the noodle is worth two points. A dart that punctures the can must be shotgunned, play is to either 11 or 21 with two players on each side, with teammates on opposing sides
34.
Orienteering
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Orienteering is a group of sports that requires navigational skills using a map and compass to navigate from point to point in diverse and usually unfamiliar terrain, and normally moving at speed. Participants are given a map, usually a specially prepared orienteering map. Originally a training exercise in land navigation for officers, orienteering has developed many variations. Among these, the oldest and the most popular is foot orienteering, Orienteering is included in the programs of world sporting events including the World Games and World Police and Fire Games. Orienteering sports combine significant navigation with a method of travel. Because the method of travel determines the equipment and tactics, each sport requires specific rules for competition and guidelines for orienteering event logistics. It is based in Finland and it claims on its website to aim to spread the sport of orienteering, to promote its development and to create and maintain an attractive world event programme. Since 1977 the IOF has been recognised by the IOC There are governing bodies for most of the nations that are represented in the sport of orienteering. These national bodies are the body for that nation. For example, the British Orienteering Federation is the governing body for the United Kingdom. The federation was founded in 1967 and it is made up of 13 constituent associations, for the United States, the national governing body is Orienteering USA. Most nations have some form of governing bodies. These are not rule-making bodies but are there to assist in coordinating clubs within that region, clubs are usually formed at a local level and affiliated to their national governing body. It is clubs who put on events usually open to all-comers, clubs may also put on practice, training, and social events. Open clubs are open to anyone and there is no restriction on joining them. Closed clubs restrict their membership to specific groups, for example, BAOC has restrictions on who may join, principally British Army personnel. The International Rogaining Federation governs rogaining, separate organizations govern competitive mounted orienteering in the United States and Europe. The International Amateur Radio Union governs amateur radio direction finding, Orienteering terms vary within English speaking countries, and in other countries where English is the de facto international language of orienteering
35.
Pub crawl
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A pub crawl is the act of drinking in multiple pubs or bars in a single night, normally travelling by foot or public transport to each destination and occasionally by cycle. Many European cities have public pub crawls that act as social gatherings for the expatriate communities. These crawls focus on the aspect of meeting new friends. In the UK, pub crawls are generally unstructured and spontaneous nights-out, in which the participants arrange to meet in a particular location, structured routes with regular stops are rare. It is a sight in UK towns to see several groups orbiting the various drinking locations with little apparent coherence or structure. By the end of the 20th century, it was extended also to women, the SantaCon pub crawl originated in San Francisco in 1994 and has since spread to 300 cities in 44 countries, including New York City. The New York SantaCon is the largest, with an estimated 30,000 people participating in 2012, other events were much smaller and more subdued, with 30 participating in Spokane, Washington. Former Police Commissioner Raymond Kelly said that despite some rowdy actions by a handful of people in the past. It’s what makes New York New York, during the New York City SantaCon in 2012, participants left a trail of trouble through Hells Kitchen, Midtown Manhattan, the East Village and Williamsburg. Residents complained revelers vomited and urinated in the street and fought each other. In London, the London Santa Pub Crawl has been held each December since 2004, the event sees participants dress up as Santa Claus, and visit a selection of London pubs along a pre-planned route. From just 25 participants in its first year, the event now sees more than 300 Santas take to the streets to enjoy the festivities. Participants are asked to donate to support the events nominated charity, the 2014 London Santa Pub Crawl will take place on Saturday 13 December 2014. In Brisbane, Australia, the Christmas Pub Crawl runs each year on the first Saturday following the end of the year in December. This event has been running annually since 1982 and is now the worlds longest running pub crawl, santa-themed pub crawls also take place each December in the towns of Wollongong and Grafton, with proceeds donated to charity. In 2015 local police announced cancellation of the Grafton event, but were opposed by the mayor, a pub crawl is run annually by The Adelaide University Engineering Society. The event attracts students from all over South Australia to as many as 34 local pubs and clubs, in 2015 the event had 6000 participants while 2014 and 2013 both had 5000 participants. An annual St. Patricks Day bar crawl, LepreCon, takes place in Hoboken, the 2016 event, held in the evening 5–6 March, degenerated into a violent brawl
36.
21 (drinking game)
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21, Bagram, or Twenty Plus One is a drinking game. The game progresses by counting up from 1 to 21, with the player who calls 21 suffering a penalty before the next round starts. The loser may add one new rule to the game, players are arranged in a circle, facing inwards. The game begins with one calling the direction of play by saying. Followed by a series of numbers beginning with one. Variations exist for the proposal of the game depending on personal rules, for example, I propose a game of 21. I propose a game of 20.22, I propose a game of twenty plus one. I propose a game of the unspeakable number, saying two numbers passes to the next player, but reverses direction. Saying three numbers passes in the direction, but skips a player. Saying four numbers reverses direction and skips a player, if a player makes a mistake, then they suffer a small to moderate drinking penalty and then restart the game from 1. Mistakes include, Hesitating to continue the game, calling a number out of turn. Breaching any original or instated rule, assuming there are no mistakes, the game will continue in sequence up to 21. The player who calls 21 suffers a heavy drinking penalty, creates a new rule, variations on the standard rules include, Prohibiting three players calling single numbers in a row. Doubling a double - prohibits saying two numbers after two numbers, tripling a triple - prohibits either saying three numbers after three numbers, or after 2 sets of three numbers. Reversing into a hole - prohibits saying two numbers after three numbers, head master - as with thumb master, but replacing the thumb with the head Pose master - the last player to strike a pose following the pose master must drink. It is also commonplace to declare that the game be played according to the so-called International Drinking Rules. Sam, Saz, Louise, Marie, Doyley and Simmy are sitting with Sam at 12 oclock, Doyley,4,5,6 Lousie,7,8 {Louise violates the additional rule reversing into a hole. She is penalised 2 fingers of drink, Louise drinks Louise, I propose a game of 21
37.
Beer checkers
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Beer checkers is a two player drinking game. A variant of checkers, it is played on a standard checkerboard. The game is popular with students at universities in the United States, the board is set up as for a normal game of checkers, with 12 cups to a side, each cup half-full of beer. Either the cups should be distinct to distinguish the players pieces, or a light. The game is played by the rule for English draughts. When a piece reaches the kings row, it is designated as a king by filling the cup full, when a piece is jumped by an opposing player, the owner of the piece must drink the beer from the jumped piece. The game is won by a player when the play cannot move their piece, either because all the remaining pieces are blocked. The losing player must drink all remaining beers on the board, a pivotal scene in Graham Greenes 1958 novel Our Man in Havana sees the protagonist playing a game of draughts using miniature bottles of scotch and bourbon. In the film Love Is News, Tyrone Power plays beer checkers with his fellow newspaper reporters, checkers // Boozter Shots Fun Drinking Games. — New York, Peter Pauper Press,2004
38.
Buffalo (drinking game)
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Buffalo or Buffalo Club is a drinking game where participants must chug their drink if they drink with the wrong hand, usually the players dominant hand. In some versions, merely holding a drink in the hand is an infraction. Buffalo is commonly understood to continue for the entire lives. People who play the game refer to themselves as Buffalos, and groups of players may refer to themselves as a Buffalo club, the history and origin of the Buffalo Club are obscure and many versions are in existence. A folk origin of the states that Buffalo Club stems from the gunslinging days of the Wild West where the use of ones right hand was at times a matter of life or death. Thus, recreational activities such as playing cards or drinking were done with the hand only to avoid severe consequences. The game is now popular around the world, the rules are fairly simple, though widely varying, and involve which hand a player may use to drink. One version of how to play the game, A player can drink with their non-dominant hand. If any other Buffalo players spot them drinking with their dominant hand, they call Buffalo on the player, if the player hesitates to finish their drink, the other players will usually proceed to make a ruckus chanting Buffalo. And banging on the table until the player finishes, if the player calls Buffalo on somebody when they are actually drinking with the proper hand, they may return with a call of False Buffalo and the player is obligated to finish their own drink. If the buffalo-er does not currently possess a drink, the False caller must drink the nearest alcoholic drink available, once a player begins playing Buffalo, they are playing it for the rest of their life. The Game, another game in which the players are perpetually playing
39.
Never Have I Ever
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Never Have I Ever, also known as Ive Never… or Ten Fingers, is a drinking game. The verbal game is started with the players getting into a circle, then, the first player says a simple statement starting with Never have I ever. Anyone who at some point in their lives has done the action that the first player says, play then continues around the circle, and the next person makes a statement. An additional rule – uncommon, but beneficial to the game – is that if there is no one taking a drink and this rule often forces the players to strategize more and makes for less disposable/pointless suggestions. A further variation holds that only one person is drinking. Another variation of this game involves putting up five or ten fingers and those who end up putting down all of their fingers must take several successive drinks. Games such as this one reveal interesting things about the participants and help build friendships, players often admit to things that they previously had not. As with Truth or Dare. the game is often sexual in nature, in some variations, the game may be incorporated into other drinking games, such as Kings. In addition it has appeared in the video game The Witcher 3. This game is also demonstrated in the song Ten Fingers by San Francisco hip hop artist and poet, in 2015 Under the Gun Theater, a Chicago based theater company, created an interactive comedy show based on the party game. This was in response to the closing of their show based on Cards Against Humanity, list of drinking games Purity test
40.
Fuzzy Duck (drinking game)
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Fuzzy Duck is a drinking game where players sit in a circle. In turn, players alternately utter the phrases fuzzy duck and ducky fuzz, a player may also opt to say, does he. In which case play resumes in the opposite direction, if a player says the wrong thing, plays out of turn, or breaks the rhythm of the game, they must drink an agreed-upon measure of an alcoholic beverage. Sometimes players render the proper words as the spoonerisms fucky duzz or duzzy fuck, the Book of Beer Awesomeness states that the appeal of the game lies in watching a prudish player scream out a string of obscenities. One strategy is, when saying Does he, to look at the person who would have ordinarily been next. It usually causes this player to play and simultaneously causes the player whose turn it really is to say nothing. Both players must drink, one for playing out of turn, a variation on this involves saying the fuzzy duck around the circle as per usual, but to reverse the direction a player must say Does he fuck. The direction can then be re-reversed immediately, but only with the phrase Fuck, in a test by The Independent it was voted best-equal with Ibble Dibble out of 9 drinking games
41.
Trivial Pursuit
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Trivial Pursuit is a board game in which winning is determined by a players ability to answer general knowledge and popular culture questions. The game was created in December 1979 in Niagara on the Lake in Ontario, by Canadian Chris Haney, an editor for Montreals The Gazette, and Scott Abbott. After finding pieces of their Scrabble game missing, they decided to create their own game, with the help of John Haney and Ed Werner, they completed development of the game, which was released in 1982. In North America, the games popularity peaked in 1984, a year in which over 20 million games were sold, as of 2004, nearly 88 million games had been sold in 26 countries and 17 languages. Northern Plastics of Elroy, Wisconsin produced 30,000,000 games between 1983 and 1985, in December 1993, Trivial Pursuit was named to the Games Hall of Fame by Games magazine. An online version of Trivial Pursuit was launched in September 2003, dozens of question sets have been released for the game. The question cards are organized into themes, for instance, in the standard Genus question set, questions in green deal with science, some question sets have been designed for younger players, and others for a specific time period or as promotional tie-ins. The object of the game is to move around the board by answering trivia questions. The game includes a board, playing pieces, question cards, a box, small plastic wedges to fit into the pieces. Playing pieces used in Trivial Pursuit are round and divided into six sections, a small plastic wedge, sometimes called cheese, can be placed into each of these sections to mark each players progress. During the game, players move their pieces around a track which is shaped like a wheel with six spokes. This track is divided into spaces of different colors, and the center of the board is a hexagonal hub space, at the end of each spoke is a category headquarters space. When a players counter lands on a square, the answers an question according to the color of the square. Some spaces say roll again, giving an extra roll of the die to the player, the hub is a wild space, a player landing here may answer a question in the category of his/her choice. Any number of playing pieces may occupy the space at the same time. A variant rule ends a players turn on collecting a wedge, once a player has collected one wedge of each color and filled up his/her playing piece, he or she must return to the hub and answer a question in a category selected by the other players. If this question is answered correctly, that wins the game. Otherwise, the player must leave the center of the board, over the years, numerous editions of Trivial Pursuit have been produced, usually specializing in various fields
