1.
Drive-Thru (film)
–
Drive-Thru is a 2007 American horror black comedy film, directed by Brendan Cowles and Shane Kuhn, starring Leighton Meester and Nicholas DAgosto. It is set in Orange County, California and involves a serial killing clown mascot Horny the Clown, the film was released Straight-to-DVD on May 29,2007. The film opens with Brandon, Tony and their girlfriends, Brittany and Tiffany arriving at the fast food restaurant Hella Burger, upon placing an order at the drive-thru, the group are introduced to the restaurants mascot, Horny the Clown via intercom. The group is continuously insulted after Brandon mouths off to him and he searches the restaurant and hears a commotion coming from the kitchen. After looking around in the cooler, Horny suddenly jumps out. Brandon soon enters, only to find Tony dead in the deep fryer much to his horror before he is attacked and murdered by Horny with a meat cleaver, Horny proceeds outside and brutally murders Brittany and Tiffany when they discover the bodies of their boyfriends in the backseat. Meanwhile, Mackenzie is having a party with her boyfriend Fisher. The following day at school, Val is ambushed by Horny in the locker room, Mackenzie complains that someone stole her camera at the party, but after school the janitor, Eddie, gives her the camera. Mackenzie stays behind to develop the photos, and discovers that they show the deaths of the four murdered teenagers, Horny chases Mackenzie into the gymnasium, where she finds Vals head has been placed in a modified microwave, that when turned on causes her head to explode. Horny chases Mackenzie throughout the school, where she finds Lenny has been hanged, before bumping into a police officer, Mackenzie is taken down to the police station with her Mom, Marcia and Dad, Bill to be questioned by Detective Brenda Chase and Detective Dwayne Crockers. The two detectives dont believe Mackenzies story however, and suspect Lenny as the killer, the next day, the detectives visit Jack Benjamin, the owner of Hella Burger, who proves to be no help in solving the case. That night, Mackenzie and Fisher get ready to work at a haunted house. As they work, they have an argument with Chad and Tina, suddenly, the lights are switched off and Chad is decapitated, before Tina is stabbed to death by Horny. Mackenzie and Starfire enter the house after it breaks down. They find Fisher in a state of shock after witnessing the murders, Mackenzie goes to visit Fisher in the hospital with Marcia. Mackenzie becomes annoyed with Marcia as she believes she is hiding something from her, Detective Chase overhears this and questions Tinas father, Bert. Mackenzie and Fisher are next attacked, resulting in Mackenzie being knocked unconscious, Fisher manages to unmask Horny, who makes Fishers eyes go bloody red after making eye contact with him before hurling him through a window. Meanwhile, Detective Chase and Detective Crockers come to the house and find Jack Benjamin behind his own bed, Mackenzie wakes up in Hella Burger, tied to a chair and surrounded by her murdered friends
Drive-Thru (film)
–
Promo poster
2.
Tenacious D (album)
–
Tenacious D is the first studio album by American comedy rock band Tenacious D, released on September 25,2001 by Epic Records. The albums polished production was a departure from the bands acoustic origins, Tribute was the first single released from the album, followed by Wonderboy. Both singles had music videos filmed for them, with the Liam Lynch–directed Tribute video achieving cult status, while Tenacious D did not achieve chart success after its release, it was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America by the end of 2005. Despite only peaking at #38 in the UK, it had sold 426,000 copies countrywide by 2006, for their first album, they enlisted the help of drummer Dave Grohl, keyboardist Page McConnell of Phish, guitarist Warren Fitzgerald, and bass player Steven Shane McDonald. The Dust Brothers produced the album, the majority of the songs on their debut album stem from early versions as seen on their HBO TV series, Tenacious D. The record itself does not list the titles on the back cover as is the convention but instead on the back cover of the jacket. This is perhaps to allow songs with expletives or words otherwise deemed offensive to escape censorship or omission, the recording session for the album began with a two-day session at Neil Diamonds ArcAngel studio in Los Angeles where initial drum tracks were recorded. They were able to use the studio because Diamond had just appeared with Black in the film Saving Silverman, Diamond claims it was the Liberty Records studio, King says. At least one song was cut from the release of the album. A studio recording of Jesus Ranch, the song from the HBO shorts, was omitted from the album because it just didnt cut the mustard. The HBO version can be found on their DVD, The Complete Masterworks, the front cover features Black and Gass standing naked below the Devil. The pose is similar to that shown on some Devil tarot cards, due to the Satanic nature of the cover, the album was briefly recalled from stores. The band performed in front of this at concerts, Tribute, the first single from the album, discusses the greatest song in the world written to save the souls of Gass and Black from a demon but later forgotten. The song dropped guitar riffs from Led Zeppelins Stairway to Heaven which had appeared in early versions, the single, the bands most successful, achieved Tenacious Ds only chart top-ten peaking at #4 in Australia. The video, directed by Liam Lynch, was voted by Kerrang, readers as the fifth best music video. The second single Wonderboy, a ballad, was critically well-received. In 2002, the video, directed by Spike Jonze, won a Music Video Production Association for Best Direction of a Music Video, the album opens with Kielbasa, a song discussing anal sex. The previously popular pseudo-science book, Dianetics is also mentioned, as well as Krishna, reportedly, Dio approved of the song and let Tenacious D appear in the video for his single, Push
Tenacious D (album)
–
Tenacious D
Tenacious D (album)
–
The Devil Card.
Tenacious D (album)
–
Tenacious D performing "Double Team" as an encore
Tenacious D (album)
–
Tenacious D performing "Tribute"
3.
Drive-through (auto racing)
–
The following is a glossary of terminology used in motorsport, along with explanations of their meanings. 107% rule Often used in Formula One or other racing series, variations of this may be used to monitor drivers and warn them to make the required threshold of speed or be parked. Membership can stretch over from the more exclusive 300 to the elite 400, apex The part of a corner where the racing line is nearest the inside of the bend. Apron An area of asphalt or concrete that separates the surface from the infield. Armchair enthusiast Alternatively armchair racer, an individual who follows motor sports primarily on television and or the internet and reads books, Awful Awful North American hot rod slang for a AA/FA drag racer B main See Semi-feature. Back half referring to distance from the 1/8 mile mark to the 1/4 mark of the track, backmarker A slower car, usually in the process of being lapped by the leaders. It is sometimes a derogatory term, beam starting line electric eye controlling prestaged and staged lights. The term is reserved for restrictor plate racing at Daytona. Black Flagged To be ordered to the pits or penalty box, a black flag is shown to the car that has to stop. Blend line The painted line defining the exit from pit lane where it rejoins the race track and it prevents emerging race cars from driving into race traffic travelling past the pits. Competitors are penalised for crossing the line, ensuring cars have attained full racing speed before rejoining the race. Bleach box Area where bleach is deposited for cars to perform burnouts, gasoline, water, and TrackBite are also used. Blower supercharger, in 90s, generally grouped as power adder with turbocharger, an engine that is supercharged B. )An engine that has suffered serious failure, usually no longer running and/or having sustained irreparable damage. Blowover flipping of a car or boat, due to air under car lifting front wheels, commonly suffered by dragsters and powerboats. Bottle refers to the system, also the jug. Bottoming, Bottoming out When the bottom of the hits the track. Box Box Box An F1 term used by people on the pit wall to tell a driver to come into the pitlane for a pitstop, breakout running quicker than dial-in, also breaking out. Grounds for disqualification if opponent does not commit a foul start or cross boundary lines, bump and run A move in stock car racing, where a trailing car intentionally bumps the car in front in an attempt to pass
Drive-through (auto racing)
–
Catch fence at an American
dirt track
Drive-through (auto racing)
–
The "Christmas tree counting down at
SIR
Drive-through (auto racing)
–
Delaware start
Drive-through (auto racing)
–
A drift competition in progress
4.
SpongeBob SquarePants
–
SpongeBob SquarePants is an American animated television series created by marine biologist and animator Stephen Hillenburg for Nickelodeon. The series chronicles the adventures and endeavors of the title character, the series popularity has made it a media franchise, as well as the highest rated series to ever air on Nickelodeon, and the most distributed property of MTV Networks. As of 2015, the franchise has generated $12 billion in merchandising revenue for Nickelodeon. Many of the ideas for the series originated in an educational comic book titled The Intertidal Zone. SpongeBob was originally going to be named SpongeBoy, and the series was to be called SpongeBoy Ahoy. Nickelodeon held a preview for the series in the United States on May 1,1999, following the television airing of the 1999 Kids Choice Awards. The series officially premiered on July 17,1999 and it has received worldwide critical acclaim since its premiere and gained enormous popularity by its second season. A feature film, The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie, was released in theaters on November 19,2004, on July 21,2012, the series was renewed and aired its ninth season, beginning with the episode Extreme Spots. The series has won a variety of awards, including six Annie Awards, eight Golden Reel Awards, in 2011, a newly described species of fungi, Spongiforma squarepantsii, was named after the cartoons title character. The series revolves around its title character and his various friends, SpongeBob SquarePants is an energetic and optimistic sea sponge who lives in a sea pineapple and loves his job as a fry cook at the Krusty Krab. He has a pet snail, Gary, who meows like a cat, living two houses down from SpongeBob is his best friend Patrick Star, a dim-witted yet friendly pink starfish who lives under a rock. Despite his mental setbacks, Patrick still sees himself as intelligent, Squidward Tentacles is SpongeBobs next-door neighbor and co-worker at the Krusty Krab. Squidward is an arrogant and ill-tempered octopus who lives in an Easter Island moai and he enjoys playing the clarinet and painting self-portraits, but hates his job as a cashier. Another close friend of SpongeBob is Sandy Cheeks, a squirrel from Texas and she is a scientist and an expert in karate. She lives in an oak tree entrapped in a glass dome locked by an airtight. When outside of her dwelling, she wears an astronaut-like suit because she cannot breathe underwater, Mr. Krabs, a miserly crab obsessed with money, is the owner of the Krusty Krab restaurant and SpongeBobs boss. Krabs has a teenage daughter named Pearl, whom he values equally with his riches. His rival, Plankton, is a small green copepod who owns a low-rank fast-food restaurant called the Chum Bucket, located across the street from the Krusty Krab. Plankton spends most of his time planning to steal the recipe for Mr. Krabss popular Krabby Patty burgers, so as to gain the upper hand
SpongeBob SquarePants
–
Main cast members
SpongeBob SquarePants
–
SpongeBob SquarePants
SpongeBob SquarePants
SpongeBob SquarePants
5.
SpongeBob SquarePants (season 8)
–
The series chronicles the exploits and adventures of the title character and his various friends in the fictional underwater city of Bikini Bottom. The season was produced by series creator Hillenburg and writer Paul Tibbitt. In 2011, SpongeBobs Runaway Roadtrip, a series consists of five episodes from the season, was launched. The show itself received recognition, including the 2011 and 2012 Kids Choice Awards for Favorite Cartoon. The series was nominated in various international Kids Choice Awards ceremonies for the same category. At the 40th Daytime Emmy Awards, the series was nominated for Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing - Animation, the show won the BAFTA Childrens Awards for the International category. The episode Its a SpongeBob Christmas, in 2012, it was reported that the show was receiving a decline in ratings. The Wall Street Journal pointed to a few problems, It could be too old. Another issue could be its licensing to Netflix, an on-demand Internet streaming media, as a result, Netflix CEO Reed Hastings announced not to renew their existing deal with Viacom, owner of the SpongeBob trademark. Since then, Viacoms deal with Netflix expired, removed its shows such as SpongeBob, and Dora the Explorer, several compilation DVDs that contained episodes from the season were released. The SpongeBob SquarePants, The Complete Eighth Season DVD was released in Region 1 on March 12,2013, Region 2 on October 28,2013, the season aired on Nickelodeon, which is owned by Viacom, and was produced by United Plankton Pictures and Nickelodeon. The seasons executive producers were series creator Stephen Hillenburg and Paul Tibbitt, brown Johnson, president of animation for Nickelodeon and MTVN Kids & Family Group, announced the renewal of the series. The season was ordered with 26 episodes, that would bring the number of episodes for the series to 178. With its episode count of 178, SpongeBob SquarePants surpassed Rugrats in episodes to claim the spot as the Nickelodeon series with most episodes, Johnson said After a decade on our air, SpongeBob has emerged as one of the most beloved and popular characters in television history. Audiences of all ages have fallen in love with this show and were delighted to be serving up additional episodes to our viewers for many years. Nickelodeon President Cyma Zarghami said There are a bunch of different theories about SpongeBob and you cant dismiss the fact that it is a creatively excellent property. Its a character of good, positive energy and it came at a time when people wanted something more positive. On March 26,2011, the season premiered with the episode A Friendly Game, the episode A Friendly Game was written by Casey Alexander, Zeus Cervas and Steven Banks, with Tom Yasumi serving as animation director
SpongeBob SquarePants (season 8)
–
DVD cover art for the eighth season
6.
New Orleans
–
New Orleans is a major United States port and the largest city and metropolitan area in the state of Louisiana. The population of the city was 343,829 as of the 2010 U. S. Census, the New Orleans metropolitan area had a population of 1,167,764 in 2010 and was the 46th largest in the United States. The New Orleans–Metairie–Bogalusa Combined Statistical Area, a trading area, had a 2010 population of 1,452,502. The city is named after the Duke of Orleans, who reigned as Regent for Louis XV from 1715 to 1723, as it was established by French colonists and it is well known for its distinct French and Spanish Creole architecture, as well as its cross-cultural and multilingual heritage. New Orleans is also famous for its cuisine, music, and its celebrations and festivals, most notably Mardi Gras. The city is referred to as the most unique in the United States. New Orleans is located in southeastern Louisiana, straddling the Mississippi River, the city and Orleans Parish are coterminous. The city and parish are bounded by the parishes of St. Tammany to the north, St. Bernard to the east, Plaquemines to the south, and Jefferson to the south and west. Lake Pontchartrain, part of which is included in the city limits, lies to the north, before Hurricane Katrina, Orleans Parish was the most populous parish in Louisiana. As of 2015, it ranks third in population, trailing neighboring Jefferson Parish, La Nouvelle-Orléans was founded May 7,1718, by the French Mississippi Company, under the direction of Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville, on land inhabited by the Chitimacha. It was named for Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, who was Regent of the Kingdom of France at the time and his title came from the French city of Orléans. The French colony was ceded to the Spanish Empire in the Treaty of Paris, during the American Revolutionary War, New Orleans was an important port for smuggling aid to the rebels, transporting military equipment and supplies up the Mississippi River. Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid, Count of Gálvez successfully launched a campaign against the British from the city in 1779. New Orleans remained under Spanish control until 1803, when it reverted briefly to French oversight, nearly all of the surviving 18th-century architecture of the Vieux Carré dates from the Spanish period, the most notable exception being the Old Ursuline Convent. Napoleon sold Louisiana to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, thereafter, the city grew rapidly with influxes of Americans, French, Creoles, and Africans. Later immigrants were Irish, Germans, and Italians, Major commodity crops of sugar and cotton were cultivated with slave labor on large plantations outside the city. The Haitian Revolution ended in 1804 and established the republic in the Western Hemisphere. It had occurred several years in what was then the French colony of Saint-Domingue
New Orleans
–
From top left: A typical New Orleans mansion off
St. Charles Avenue, a streetcar passing by
Loyola University and
Tulane University, the skyline of the
Central Business District,
Jackson Square, and a view of Royal Street in the
French Quarter
New Orleans
–
The
Battle of New Orleans (1815)
New Orleans
–
Mississippi River
steamboats at New Orleans, 1853.
New Orleans
–
The starving people of New Orleans under Union occupation during the Civil War, 1862
7.
Louisiana
–
Louisiana is a state located in the southern region of the United States. Louisiana is the 31st most extensive and the 25th most populous of the 50 United States and its capital is Baton Rouge and largest city is New Orleans. Louisiana is the state in the U. S. with political subdivisions termed parishes. The largest parish by population is East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana is bordered by Arkansas to the north, Mississippi to the east, Texas to the west, and the Gulf of Mexico to the south. Much of the lands were formed from sediment washed down the Mississippi River, leaving enormous deltas and vast areas of coastal marsh. These contain a rich southern biota, typical examples include birds such as ibis, there are also many species of tree frogs, and fish such as sturgeon and paddlefish. In more elevated areas, fire is a process in the landscape. These support a large number of plant species, including many species of orchids. Louisiana has more Native American tribes than any other state, including four that are federally recognized, ten that are state recognized. Before the American purchase of the territory in 1803, the current Louisiana State had been both a French colony and for a period, a Spanish one. In addition, colonists imported numerous African people as slaves in the 18th century, many came from peoples of the same region of West Africa, thus concentrating their culture. Louisiana was named after Louis XIV, King of France from 1643 to 1715, when René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle claimed the territory drained by the Mississippi River for France, he named it La Louisiane. The suffix -ana is a Latin suffix that can refer to information relating to an individual, subject. Thus, roughly, Louis + ana carries the idea of related to Louis, the Gulf of Mexico did not exist 250 million years ago when there was but one supercontinent, Pangea. As Pangea split apart, the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico opened, Louisiana slowly developed, over millions of years, from water into land, and from north to south. The oldest rocks are exposed in the north, in such as the Kisatchie National Forest. The oldest rocks date back to the early Tertiary Era, some 60 million years ago, the history of the formation of these rocks can be found in D. Spearings Roadside Geology of Louisiana. The sediments were carried north to south by the Mississippi River
Louisiana
–
Louisiana entrance sign off
Interstate 20 in
Madison Parish east of
Tallulah.
Louisiana
–
Flag
Louisiana
–
Aerial view of Louisiana wetland habitats.
Louisiana
–
A field of yellow wildflowers in
Saint Bernard Parish, Louisiana
8.
Post box
–
A post box is a physical box into which members of the public can deposit outgoing mail intended for collection by the agents of a countrys postal service. The term post box can also refer to a letter box for incoming mail. In 1653, the first post boxes are believed to have been installed in, by 1829, post boxes were in use throughout France. The first public post boxes in Poland were installed in Warsaw in 1842, a post box originally installed in the wall of the Wakefield Post Office is dated 1809 and believed to be the oldest example in Britain. It is now on display at the new Wakefield Museum, in the British Isles, the first red pillar post boxes were erected in Jersey in 1852. Roadside wall boxes first appeared in 1857 as an alternative to pillar boxes. In 1853 the first pillar box in the United Kingdom was installed at Botchergate, in 1856, Richard Redgrave of the Department of Science and Art designed an ornate pillar box for use in London and other large cities. In 1859 the design was improved, and this became the first National Standard pillar box, green was adopted as the standard colour for the early Victorian post boxes. Between 1866 and 1879 the hexagonal Penfold post box became the design for pillar boxes. The first boxes to be painted red were in London in July 1874, in 2012 to celebrate Olympic gold medals for Team GB, selected boxes are painted gold. One has been vandalised briefly with graffiti, one has been painted in the wrong town. The first public letter boxes in Russia appeared in 1848 in St. Petersburg and they were made of wood and iron. Because these boxes were lightweight and easy to steal, they disappeared frequently, later boxes were made of cast iron, the post box arrived in the late 19th century Hong Kong and were made of wood. In the 1890s, metal pillar box appeared in Hong Kong, from the 1890s to 1997 the boxes were painted red and after 1997 were painted green. The United States Post Office Department began installing public mail collection boxes in the 1850s outside post offices and on street corners in large Eastern cities. U. S. collection boxes were designed to be hung or supported. By the 1880s, these boxes were made of heavy cast iron to deter theft or vandalism. As mail volume grew, the Post Office Department gradually replaced pillar mailboxes with larger free-standing models, Mail collection box was first suggested in 1894, following the successful use of such designs in Canada, and quickly became a fixture on U. S. city street corners
Post box
–
Postbox of the
Russian Post in Moscow.
Post box
–
A British Lamp Box post box of the 1940 pattern at
Denvilles,
Havant, Hampshire.
Post box
–
First Paris street letter box from c.1850
Post box
–
A public (though unconventional) post box in Japan shaped as tea caddy
9.
USPS
–
The United States Postal Service, is an independent agency of the United States federal government responsible for providing postal service in the United States. It is one of the few government agencies explicitly authorized by the United States Constitution, Mail traces its roots to 1775 during the Second Continental Congress, where Benjamin Franklin was appointed the first postmaster general. The USPS as of February 2015 has 617,254 active employees, the USPS is the operator of the largest civilian vehicle fleet in the world. The USPS is legally obligated to serve all Americans, regardless of geography, at uniform price, the USPS has exclusive access to letter boxes marked U. S. The USPS lost $5.5 billion in fiscal year 2014 and $5.1 billion in 2015, in the early years of the North American colonies, many attempts were made to initiate a postal service. These early attempts were of small scale and usually involved a colony, Massachusetts Bay Colony for example, for example, informal independently-run postal routes operated in Boston as early as 1639, with a Boston to New York City service starting in 1672. A central postal organization came to the colonies in 1691, when Thomas Neale received a 21-year grant from the British Crown for a North American Postal Service, the patent included the exclusive right to establish and collect a formal postal tax on official documents of all kinds. The tax was repealed a year later, Neale appointed Andrew Hamilton, Governor of New Jersey, as his deputy postmaster. The first postal service in America commenced in February 1692, rates of postage were fixed and authorized, and measures were taken to establish a post office in each town in Virginia. Massachusetts and the other colonies soon passed laws, and a very imperfect post office system was established. Neales patent expired in 1710, when Parliament extended the English postal system to the colonies, the chief office was established in New York City, where letters were conveyed by regular packets across the Atlantic. Before the Revolution, there was only a trickle of business or governmental correspondence between the colonies, most of the mail went back and forth to counting houses and government offices in London. The Revolution made Philadelphia, the seat of the Continental Congress, News, new laws, political intelligence, and military orders circulated with a new urgency, and a postal system was necessary. Journalists took the lead, securing post office legislation that allowed them to reach their subscribers at very low cost, overthrowing the London-oriented imperial postal service in 1774-1775, printers enlisted merchants and the new political leadership, and created a new postal system. The United States Post Office was created on July 26,1775, the official post office was created in 1792 as the Post Office Department. It was based on the Constitutional authority empowering Congress To establish post offices, the 1792 law provided for a greatly expanded postal network, and served editors by charging newspapers an extremely low rate. The law guaranteed the sanctity of personal correspondence, and provided the country with low-cost access to information on public affairs. Rufus Easton was appointed by Thomas Jefferson first postmaster of St. Louis under the recommendation of Postmaster General Gideon Granger, Rufus Easton was the first postmaster and built the first post office west of the Mississippi
USPS
–
~
Benjamin Franklin ~
George Washington ~ The First U.S. Postage Stamps Issued 1847 The first stamp issues were authorized by an act of Congress and approved on March 3, 1847. The earliest known use of the Franklin 5¢ is July 7, 1847, while the earliest known use of the Washington 10¢ is July 2, 1847. Remaining in postal circulation for only a few years, these issues were declared invalid for postage on July 1, 1851.
USPS
–
Logo used since 1993
USPS
–
Historic
Mineral Wells, Texas post office built between 1911 and 1913
USPS
–
USPS service delivery truck
10.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
United States
–
Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764
United States
–
Flag
United States
–
The signing of the
Mayflower Compact, 1620.
United States
–
The
Declaration of Independence: the
Committee of Five presenting their draft to the
Second Continental Congress in 1776
11.
St. Louis, Missouri
–
St. Louis is an independent city and major U. S. port in the state of Missouri, built along the western bank of the Mississippi River, on the border with Illinois. Prior to European settlement, the area was a regional center of Native American Mississippian culture. The city of St. Louis was founded in 1764 by French fur traders Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau, in 1764, following Frances defeat in the Seven Years War, the area was ceded to Spain and retroceded back to France in 1800. In 1803, the United States acquired the territory as part of the Louisiana Purchase, during the 19th century, St. Louis developed as a major port on the Mississippi River. In the 1870 Census, St. Louis was ranked as the 4th-largest city in the United States and it separated from St. Louis County in 1877, becoming an independent city and limiting its own political boundaries. In 1904, it hosted the Louisiana Purchase Exposition and the Summer Olympics, the economy of metro St. Louis relies on service, manufacturing, trade, transportation of goods, and tourism. This city has become known for its growing medical, pharmaceutical. St. Louis has 2 professional sports teams, the St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball, the city is commonly identified with the 630-foot tall Gateway Arch in Downtown St. Louis. The area that would become St. Louis was a center of the Native American Mississippian culture and their major regional center was at Cahokia Mounds, active from 900 AD to 1500 AD. Due to numerous major earthworks within St. Louis boundaries, the city was nicknamed as the Mound City and these mounds were mostly demolished during the citys development. Historic Native American tribes in the area included the Siouan-speaking Osage people, whose territory extended west, European exploration of the area was first recorded in 1673, when French explorers Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette traveled through the Mississippi River valley. Five years later, La Salle claimed the region for France as part of La Louisiane. The earliest European settlements in the area were built in Illinois Country on the east side of the Mississippi River during the 1690s and early 1700s at Cahokia, Kaskaskia, migrants from the French villages on the opposite side of the Mississippi River founded Ste. In early 1764, after France lost the 7 Years War, Pierre Laclède, the early French families built the citys economy on the fur trade with the Osage, as well as with more distant tribes along the Missouri River. The Chouteau brothers gained a monopoly from Spain on the fur trade with Santa Fe, French colonists used African slaves as domestic servants and workers in the city. In 1780 during the American Revolutionary War, St. Louis was attacked by British forces, mostly Native American allies, the founding of St. Louis began in 1763. Pierre Laclede led an expedition to set up a fur-trading post farther up the Mississippi River, before then, Laclede had been a very successful merchant. For this reason, he and his trading partner Gilbert Antoine de St. Maxent were offered monopolies for six years of the fur trading in that area
St. Louis, Missouri
–
From top left:
Forest Park Jewel Box,
MetroLink at
Lambert-St. Louis International Airport,
Apotheosis of St. Louis at the
Saint Louis Art Museum, The
Gateway Arch and the St. Louis skyline,
Busch Stadium, and the
St. Louis Zoo
St. Louis, Missouri
–
An illustrated map by F. Graf; Saint Louis in 1896.
St. Louis, Missouri
–
South Broadway after a May 27, 1896, tornado
St. Louis, Missouri
–
Westward view of St. Louis skyline, September 2008.
12.
Microphone
–
A microphone, colloquially nicknamed mic or mike, is a transducer that converts sound into an electrical signal. Several different types of microphone are in use, which employ different methods to convert the air pressure variations of a wave to an electrical signal. Microphones typically need to be connected to a preamplifier before the signal can be recorded or reproduced, in order to speak to larger groups of people, a need arose to increase the volume of the human voice. The earliest devices used to achieve this were acoustic megaphones, some of the first examples, from fifth century BC Greece, were theater masks with horn-shaped mouth openings that acoustically amplified the voice of actors in amphitheatres. In 1665, the English physicist Robert Hooke was the first to experiment with an other than air with the invention of the lovers telephone made of stretched wire with a cup attached at each end. German inventor Johann Philipp Reis designed an early sound transmitter that used a strip attached to a vibrating membrane that would produce intermittent current. Better results were achieved with the transmitter design in Scottish-American Alexander Graham Bells telephone of 1876 – the diaphragm was attached to a conductive rod in an acid solution. These systems, however, gave a poor sound quality. The first microphone that enabled proper voice telephony was the carbon microphone and this was independently developed by David Edward Hughes in England and Emile Berliner and Thomas Edison in the US. Although Edison was awarded the first patent in mid-1877, Hughes had demonstrated his working device in front of many witnesses some years earlier, the carbon microphone is the direct prototype of todays microphones and was critical in the development of telephony, broadcasting and the recording industries. Thomas Edison refined the carbon microphone into his carbon-button transmitter of 1886 and this microphone was employed at the first ever radio broadcast, a performance at the New York Metropolitan Opera House in 1910. In 1916, E. C. Wente of Western Electric developed the next breakthrough with the first condenser microphone, in 1923, the first practical moving coil microphone was built. The Marconi Skykes or magnetophon, developed by Captain H. J. Round, was the standard for BBC studios in London and this was improved in 1930 by Alan Blumlein and Herbert Holman who released the HB1A and was the best standard of the day. Also in 1923, the microphone was introduced, another electromagnetic type, believed to have been developed by Harry F. Olson. Over the years these microphones were developed by companies, most notably RCA that made large advancements in pattern control. With television and film technology booming there was demand for high fidelity microphones, electro-Voice responded with their Academy Award-winning shotgun microphone in 1963. During the second half of 20th century development advanced quickly with the Shure Brothers bringing out the SM58, digital was pioneered by Milab in 1999 with the DM-1001. The latest research developments include the use of optics, lasers and interferometers
Microphone
–
An
AKG C214 condenser microphone with
shock mount
Microphone
–
A
Sennheiser dynamic microphone
Microphone
–
David Edward Hughes invented a carbon microphone in the 1870s.
Microphone
–
Jack Brown interviews
Humphrey Bogart and
Lauren Bacall for broadcast to troops overseas during World War II.
13.
Drive-in
–
A drive-in is a facility where one can drive in with an automobile for service. Drive-in theaters have a screen and a car parking area for film-goers. It is usually distinguished from a drive-through, in which line up to make an order at a microphone set up at window height. The drivers then take their meals elsewhere to eat, in the German-speaking world, the term is now often used instead of drive-through for that kind of service. In Japan, the term refers to a rest area, in France, this term has become popular because of American movies showing that kind of service, and more recently due to the expansion of fast-food restaurants. The first drive-in restaurant was Kirbys Pig Stand, which opened in Dallas, Texas, in North America, drive-in facilities of all types have become less popular since their heyday in the 1950s and 1960s, with drive-throughs rising to prominence since the 1970s and 1980s. As a symbol of the 1950s, a drive-in is featured in many films and TV series about this period
Drive-in
–
Drive-in theater in Neu-Isenburg,
Germany
Drive-in
–
Drive-in
Ferris wheel
14.
Parking
–
Parking is the act of stopping and disengaging a vehicle and leaving it unoccupied. Parking on one or both sides of a road is permitted, though sometimes with restrictions. Some buildings have parking facilities for use of the buildings users, countries and local governments have rules for design and use of parking spaces. In the U. S. after the first public parking garage for vehicles was opened in Boston, May 24,1898. In cities of the Eastern US, many former livery stables, with lifts for carriages, the following terms give regional variations. All except carport refer to outdoor multi-level parking facilities, in some regional dialects, some of these phrases refer also to indoor or single-level facilities. Elsewhere, the ramp would apply to the inclines between floors of a parking garage, but not to the entire structure itself. Multi-storey car park Car park Parking structure Parking garage Parking building Carport Cycle park Parkade In addition to basic car parking/parking lots variations of serviced parking types exist. Common serviced parking types are, Park and ride Valet Parking Airport Parking Meet and Greet Parking Park, Parking lots specifically for bicycles are becoming more prevalent in many countries. These may include bicycle parking racks and locks, as well as modern technologies for security. For instance, one parking lot in Tokyo has an automated parking system. Urban parking spaces can have a value where the price of land is high. In Boston in 2009 a single parking space sold for $300,000, in congested urban areas parking of motor vehicles is time-consuming and often expensive. Urban planners who are in a position to override market forces must consider whether, the costs or subsidies of such parking accommodations can become a heated point in local politics. For example, in 2006 the San Francisco Board of Supervisors considered a controversial zoning plan to limit the number of vehicle parking spaces available in new residential developments. Heated social discourse sometimes revolves around the sense of ownership that informally arises, many use parking chairs and other markers, usually without approval of municipal authorities. For example, during the winter of 2005 in Boston, the practice of some people saving convenient roadway for themselves became controversial. At that time, many Boston districts had a convention that if a person shoveled the snow out of a roadspace
Parking
–
Underground parking garage at the
University of Minnesota.
Parking
–
Top floor of a multi-floor parking garage at
Rutgers University in
New Jersey.
Parking
–
Inside a green-lit parking garage.
Parking
–
Parking lot in
New York City with capacity multiplied by stacking with lifts.
15.
Carhop
–
A carhop is a waiter or waitress who brings fast food to people in their cars at drive-in restaurants. Carhops usually work on foot but sometimes use roller skates, as depicted in such as American Graffiti. Carhops have long associated with hot rods. The first carhops appeared in 1921 when automobiles were beginning to be a sight in Dallas, Texas. Two men, a businessman named J. G. Kirby and they realized that many of the drivers would rather not get out of their cars to eat. They opened a restaurant called the Pig Stand, which had male carhops from its inception, the A&W corporate website actually claims to have opened the first carhop restaurant in 1923, just two years after the Pig Stand initiated carhops. The word itself isnt used in print until 1937, women soon replaced male carhops during World War II, because most men were in the war and restaurants discovered that a pretty girl sold more food. Carhops began disappearing during the 1960s as newer drive-ins began offering drive-through service and they can be found today at a few remaining original drive-in stands and nostalgic fast food establishments, mostly in smaller and rural towns with local ownership. Sonic Drive-In still uses carhops as servers at over 3,400 restaurants, there has been a resurgence, with some franchises cashing in on the nostalgic aspect and tapping into the memories of the baby boomers. The uniforms of early carhops were important, as many drive-ins were competing and something eye-catching was seen as gamesmanship, there was often a military, airline, space age or cheerleader theme, or any other concept an owner thought would bring customers in. A carhop was the most prominent image on the poster for the film American Graffiti and they were also often seen in the first two seasons of Happy Days. A&W Restaurants Dog n Suds Sonic Drive-In Stewarts Restaurants Swensons Hot rod Diner Drive in
Carhop
–
Carhops on foot
Carhop
–
Traditional carhop costume
16.
Fast-food
–
Fast food is a type of mass-produced food that is prepared and served very quickly. The food is typically less nutritionally valuable compared to other foods, Fast food restaurants are traditionally distinguished by their ability to serve food via a drive-through. Outlets may be stands or kiosks, which may provide no shelter or seating, franchise operations that are part of restaurant chains have standardized foodstuffs shipped to each restaurant from central locations. Fast food began with the first fish and chip shops in Britain in the 1860s, drive-through restaurants were first popularized in the 1950s in the United States. The term fast food was recognized in a dictionary by Merriam–Webster in 1951, according to the National Institutes of Health, fast foods are quick alternatives to home-cooked meals. They are also high in saturated fat, sugar, salt, Eating too much fast food has been linked to, among other things, colorectal cancer, obesity and high cholesterol. The traditional family dinner is increasingly being replaced by the consumption of takeaway, as a result, the time invested on food preparation is getting lower and lower, with an average couple in the United States spending 47 minutes and 19 seconds per day on food preparation in 2013. The concept of ready-cooked food for sale is closely connected with urban development, homes in emerging cities often lacked adequate space or proper food preparation accouterments. Additionally, procuring cooking fuel could cost as much as purchased produce, frying foods in vats of searing oil proved as dangerous as it was expensive, and homeowners feared that a rogue cooking fire might easily conflagrate an entire neighborhood. Thus, urbanites were encouraged to purchase pre-prepared meats or starches, such as bread or noodles, in Ancient Rome, cities had street stands - a large counter with a receptacle in the middle from which food or drink would have been served. It was during post-WWII American economic boom that Americans began to more and buy more as the economy boomed. As a result of this new desire to have it all, coupled with the strides made by women while the men were away, Eating out, which had previously been considered a luxury, became a common occurrence, and then a necessity. Workers, and working families, needed quick service and inexpensive food for lunch and dinner. This need is what drove the phenomenal success of the early fast food giants, Fast food became an easy option for a busy family, as is the case for many families today. In the mornings, bread soaked in wine was eaten as a snack and cooked vegetables and stews later in popina. In Asia, 12th century Chinese scarfed down fried dough, soups and their Baghdadi contemporaries supplemented home-cooked meals with processed legumes, purchased starches, and even ready-to-eat meats. As in Roman cities during antiquity, many of these establishments catered to those who did not have means to cook their own food, unlike richer town dwellers, many often could not afford housing with kitchen facilities and thus relied on fast food. Travelers, as well, such as en route to a holy site, were among the customers
Fast-food
–
A typical fast food meal in the
United States includes a
hamburger,
french fries, and a
soft drink.
Fast-food
–
McDonald's, Kentucky Fried Chicken and Pizza Hut fast food restaurants in the
United Arab Emirates
Fast-food
–
Pulling wheat dough into thin strands to form
lamian
Fast-food
–
Fish and chips with
mushy peas
17.
Chain store
–
Chain store or retail chain are retail outlets that share a brand and central management, and usually have standardized business methods and practices. In retail, dining, and many categories, chain businesses have come to dominate the market in many parts of the world. A franchise retail establishment is one form of chain store, in 2004, the worlds largest retail chain, Wal-Mart, became the worlds largest corporation based on gross sales. In the U. S. chain stores began with the founding of The Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company in 1859, by the early 1920s, the U. S. boasted three national chains, A&P, Woolworths, and United Cigar Stores. By the 1930s, chain stores had come of age, court decisions against the chains price-cutting appeared as early as 1906, and laws against chain stores began in the 1920s, along with legal countermeasures by chain-store groups. A restaurant chain is a set of related restaurants in different locations that are either under shared corporate ownership or franchising agreements. Typically, the restaurants within a chain are built to a standard format through architectural prototype development, fast food restaurants are the most common, but sit-down restaurant chains also exist. Restaurant chains are found near highways, shopping malls and tourist areas. The displacement of independent businesses by chains has sparked increased collaboration among independent businesses and communities to prevent chain proliferation and these efforts include community-based organizing through Independent Business Alliances and buy local campaigns. In the U. S. trade organizations such as the American Booksellers Association and American Specialty Toy Retailers do national promotion and they dont exclude the chain itself, only the standardized formula the chain uses. The reason these towns regulate chain stores is to protect independent businesses from competition, restaurant Organizational Forms and Community in the US in 2005. Store Wars, The Enactment and Repeal of Anti‐Chain‐Store Legislation in America, American Journal of Sociology 110#2, 446-487. Lebhar, Godfrey Montague, and W. C, matsunaga, Louella. The changing face of Japanese retail, Working in a chain store. Newman, Benjamin J. and John V. Kane, backlash against the Big Box, Local Small Business and Public Opinion toward Business Corporations. The Chain Store in the United States and Canada, American Economic Review 27#1, pp. 87-95 in JSTOR Schragger, the Anti-Chain Store Movement, Localist Ideology, and the Remnants of the Progressive Constitution, 1920-1940. The anti-chain store movement and the politics of consumption, culture of restraint, the British chain store 1920–39. Commercial Cultures, Economies, Practices, Spaces 31
Chain store
–
A
Kmart chain store
Chain store
–
A
Walmart chain store
Chain store
–
A
Cracker Barrel chain restaurant
Chain store
–
A
Subway franchise restaurant
18.
Chicago
–
Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage
Chicago
–
Clockwise from top:
Downtown Chicago, the
Chicago Theatre, the
'L',
Navy Pier,
Millennium Park, the
Field Museum, and the
Willis Tower.
Chicago
–
Traditional
Potawatomi costume on display at the
Field Museum
Chicago
–
A 1903 painting of Chicago in 1833
Chicago
–
An artist's rendering of the
Great Chicago Fire of 1871
19.
Alcoholic beverage
–
Long-term use can lead to alcohol abuse, physical dependence, and alcoholism. Drinking alcohol plays an important social role in many cultures, most countries have laws regulating their production, sale, and consumption, some countries ban such activities entirely. However, alcoholic drinks are legal in most parts of the world, the global alcoholic drink industry exceeded $1 trillion in 2014. Alcohol is one of the most widely used drugs in the world. For instance, in 2015, among Americans, 89% of adults had consumed alcohol at point, 70% had drunk it in the last year. Alcoholic drinks are divided into three classes—beers, wines, and spirits—and typically contain between 3% and 40% alcohol by volume. Discovery of late Stone Age jugs suggest that intentionally fermented drinks existed at least as early as the Neolithic period, wine is a fermented beverage produced from grapes. Wine involves a longer process than beer and also a long aging process. Sparkling wine can be made by means of a secondary fermentation, fruit wines are made from fruits other than grapes, such as plums, cherries, or apples. Sake is an example of rice wine. Beer is a beverage fermented from grain mash and it is made from barley or a blend of several grains. If the fermented mash is distilled, then the drink is a spirit, beer is the most consumed alcoholic beverage in the world. Cider or cyder is an alcoholic drink made from any fruit juice, apple juice, peaches. Cider alcohol content varies from 1. 2% ABV to 8. 5% or more in traditional English ciders, in some regions, cider may be called apple wine. Mead is a drink created by fermenting honey with water, sometimes with various fruits, spices, grains. The alcoholic content of mead may range from about 8% ABV to more than 20%, the defining characteristic of mead is that the majority of the drinks fermentable sugar is derived from honey. A distilled drink or liquor is a drink produced by distilling ethanol produced by means of fermenting grain, fruit. Unsweetened, distilled, alcoholic drinks that have a content of at least 20% ABV are called spirits
Alcoholic beverage
–
A selection of alcoholic beverages.
Alcoholic beverage
–
A
liquor store in the United States. The global alcoholic beverages industry has exceeded $1
trillion in 2014.
Alcoholic beverage
–
These
flaming cocktails illustrate that
high-proof alcohol will readily catch fire and burn.
Alcoholic beverage
–
Both alcoholic and non-alcoholic red
wine may boost heart health.
20.
Liquor
–
This process purifies it and removes diluting components like water, for the purpose of increasing its proportion of alcohol content. As distilled beverages contain more alcohol, they are considered harder – in North America, as examples, this term does not include beverages such as beer, wine, sake, and cider, as they are fermented but not distilled. These all have relatively low alcohol content, typically less than 15%, brandy is a spirit produced by the distillation of wine, and has an ABV of over 35%. Other examples of distilled beverages include bourbon, vodka, gin, rum, tequila, mezcal, whisky, scotch, the term spirit refers to a distilled beverage that contains no added sugar and has at least 20% alcohol by volume. Distilled beverages bottled with added sugar and added flavorings, such as Grand Marnier, Frangelico, Distilled beverages generally have an alcohol concentration higher than 30%. The origin of liquor and its close relative liquid was the Latin verb liquere, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, an early use of the word in the English language, meaning simply a liquid, can be dated to 1225. The first use the OED mentions of its meaning a liquid for drinking occurred in the 14th century and its use as a term for an intoxicating alcoholic drink appeared in the 16th century. The term spirit in reference to alcohol stems from Middle Eastern alchemy and these alchemists were more concerned with medical elixirs than with transmuting lead into gold. The vapor given off and collected during a process was called a spirit of the original material. Distilled water was described in the 2nd century AD by Alexander of Aphrodisias, the Alexandrians were using a distillation alembic or still device in the 3rd century AD. The medieval Arabs learned the process from the Alexandrians and used it extensively. Freeze distillation involves freezing the alcoholic beverage and then removing the ice, the freezing technique had limitations in geography and implementation limiting how widely this method was put to use. The earliest evidence of distillation of alcohol comes from the School of Salerno in southern Italy during the 12th century. Again, the Chinese may not have been far behind, with evidence indicating the practice of distillation began during the 12th century Jin or Southern Song dynasties. A still has been found at a site in Qinglong, Hebei. Fractional distillation was developed by Taddeo Alderotti in the 13th century, the production method was written in code, suggesting that it was being kept secret. In 1437, burned water was mentioned in the records of the County of Katzenelnbogen in Germany and it was served in a tall, narrow glass called a Goderulffe. Claims upon the origin of specific beverages are controversial, often invoking national pride, but they are plausible after the 12th century AD and these spirits would have had a much lower alcohol content than the alchemists pure distillations, and they were likely first thought of as medicinal elixirs
Liquor
–
An old
whiskey still
Liquor
–
A display of various distilled beverages in a supermarket
Liquor
–
Distillation equipment used by the 3rd century Greek alchemist
Zosimos of Panopolis, from the
Byzantine Greek manuscript Parisinus graces.
Liquor
–
An illustration of brewing and distilling industry methods in England, 1858
21.
Banking
–
A bank is a financial institution that accepts deposits from the public and creates credit. Lending activities can be performed either directly or indirectly through capital markets, due to their importance in the financial stability of a country, banks are highly regulated in most countries. Most nations have institutionalized a system known as fractional reserve banking under which banks hold liquid assets equal to only a portion of their current liabilities. In the history of banking, a number of banking dynasties — notably, the Medicis, the Fuggers, the Welsers, the Berenbergs, the oldest existing retail bank is Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena, while the oldest existing merchant bank is Berenberg Bank. Banking began with the first prototype banks of merchants of the ancient world and this began around 2000 BC in Assyria and Babylonia. Later, in ancient Greece and during the Roman Empire, lenders based in temples made loans, archaeology from this period in ancient China and India also shows evidence of money lending activity. The origins of modern banking can be traced to medieval and early Renaissance Italy, to the cities in the centre and north like Florence, Lucca, Siena, Venice. The Bardi and Peruzzi families dominated banking in 14th-century Florence, establishing branches in other parts of Europe. One of the most famous Italian banks was the Medici Bank, the earliest known state deposit bank, Banco di San Giorgio, was founded in 1407 at Genoa, Italy. Modern banking practices, including fractional reserve banking and the issue of banknotes, merchants started to store their gold with the goldsmiths of London, who possessed private vaults, and charged a fee for that service. The goldsmith paid interest on these deposits, since the promissory notes were payable on demand, and the advances to the goldsmiths customers were repayable over a longer time period, this was an early form of fractional reserve banking. Thus, the goldsmiths of London became the forerunners of banking by creating new money based on credit, the Bank of England was the first to begin the permanent issue of banknotes, in 1695. The Royal Bank of Scotland established the first overdraft facility in 1728, by the beginning of the 19th century a bankers clearing house was established in London to allow multiple banks to clear transactions. The Rothschilds pioneered international finance on a scale, financing the purchase of the Suez canal for the British government. The word bank was borrowed in Middle English from Middle French banque, from Old Italian banca, meaning table, from Old High German banc, bank bench, counter. Benches were used as makeshift desks or exchange counters during the Renaissance by Jewish Florentine bankers, the definition of a bank varies from country to country. See the relevant country pages under for more information, the business of banking is in many English common law countries not defined by statute but by common law, the definition above. In other English common law there are statutory definitions of the business of banking or banking business
Banking
–
The
Bank of England, established in 1694.
Banking
–
Personal finance
Banking
–
Among many other things, the
Code of Hammurabi from 1754 BC recorded interest-bearing loans.
Banking
–
The sealing of the
Bank of England Charter (1694).
22.
Skinner Dairy
–
Skinners Dairy was a family-run dairy that existed in and around Jacksonville, Florida from the 1950s until the mid-1990s. The family of Samuel Benjamin Ben Skinner operated a farm on a portion of their vast land holdings in northeast Florida beginning in the early 1950s. During the late 50s the growing influence of grocery stores made it difficult for small. The decision was made to build small freestanding milk houses in residential neighborhoods and these stores offered milk and other dairy products and they were ideally suited to replace the declining milk home delivery service. The first store was built in 1958 and the chain peaked in 1985 with 21 stores throughout northeastern Florida, the overhanging roof design also provided shelter for drive-through customers during north Floridas frequent rainstorms. Hardwick & Lee also designed dozens of buildings in the Jacksonville area including the Haydon Burns Library. Skinner Dairy transitioned to new management in the mid-1980s, under the new management a second wave of milk house construction began in 1987. For unknown reasons the modernist Hardwick & Lee design was replaced by a new design which was pedestrian, the location and quantity of buildings of the second series is unknown, but it is estimated that between one and two dozen were built from 1987-1995. Three stores built in 1987 are in Clay County, the dairy was sold to Velda Farms in January 1996. The land that constituted the dairy headquarters and farm was a piece of property located off Bowden Road on the citys south side. The land was redeveloped in 2000 as a park known as The Silos. Yet what has endured the rapid growth and environmental changes of the last 20 years are the iconic Skinners Dairy Milk Houses. Today the former Skinners Dairy stores exist as a curious and visually delightful link to the economic, as of December 2007,16 of the original 21 stores still exist in one form or another, most with their distinctive roofs intact. They have been adapted to a variety of businesses, current tenants include several drive-thru restaurants and sandwich shops, a bakery, a florist, a dry-cleaner, a coffee shop, golf instruction, and a truck bed liner installation business. Some adaptations required additions that did not preserve the original aesthetics, five are presently in an original state or close to it. In March 2008 the Cummer Museum of Art and Gardens hosted a symposium titled Mid Century Modern Architecture in Jacksonville, the Hardwick & Lee Skinners Dairies were featured in the accompanying catalogue, which sampled the most significant architecture in Jacksonville, that has endured from that period
Skinner Dairy
–
Cassat Ave. store, c. 1958
Skinner Dairy
–
Store #16 in 2007
Skinner Dairy
–
Store #3 in 2007
Skinner Dairy
–
Store #6 in 2007
23.
Florida
–
Florida /ˈflɒrᵻdə/ is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, Florida is the 22nd-most extensive, the 3rd-most populous, and the 8th-most densely populated of the U. S. states. Jacksonville is the most populous municipality in the state and is the largest city by area in the contiguous United States, the Miami metropolitan area is Floridas most populous urban area. The city of Tallahassee is the state capital, much of the state is at or near sea level and is characterized by sedimentary soil. The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south, the American alligator, American crocodile, Florida panther, and manatee can be found in the Everglades National Park. It was a location of the Seminole Wars against the Native Americans. Today, Florida is distinctive for its large Cuban expatriate community and high population growth, the states economy relies mainly on tourism, agriculture, and transportation, which developed in the late 19th century. Florida is also renowned for amusement parks, orange crops, the Kennedy Space Center, Florida has attracted many writers such as Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, Ernest Hemingway and Tennessee Williams, and continues to attract celebrities and athletes. It is internationally known for golf, tennis, auto racing, by the 16th century, the earliest time for which there is a historical record, major Native American groups included the Apalachee, the Timucua, the Ais, the Tocobaga, the Calusa and the Tequesta. Florida was the first part of the continental United States to be visited and settled by Europeans, the earliest known European explorers came with the Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León. Ponce de León spotted and landed on the peninsula on April 2,1513 and he named the region La Florida. The story that he was searching for the Fountain of Youth is a myth, in May 1539, Conquistador Hernando de Soto skirted the coast of Florida, searching for a deep harbor to land. He described seeing a wall of red mangroves spread mile after mile, some reaching as high as 70 feet. Very soon, many smokes appeared along the whole coast, billowing against the sky, the Spanish introduced Christianity, cattle, horses, sheep, the Spanish language, and more to Florida. Both the Spanish and French established settlements in Florida, with varying degrees of success, in 1559, Don Tristán de Luna y Arellano established a settlement at present-day Pensacola, making it the first attempted settlement in Florida, but it was abandoned by 1561. Spain maintained tenuous control over the region by converting the tribes to Christianity. The area of Spanish Florida diminished with the establishment of English settlements to the north, the English attacked St. Augustine, burning the city and its cathedral to the ground several times. Florida attracted numerous Africans and African-Americans from adjacent British colonies who sought freedom from slavery, in 1738, Governor Manuel de Montiano established Fort Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose near St
Florida
–
St. Augustine is the oldest city in the U.S., established in 1565 by Spain.
Florida
–
Flag
Florida
–
Aerial view of
Castillo De San Marcos (Florida).
Florida
–
The five flags of Florida from the right,
Spain (1565–1763), the
Kingdom of Great Britain, Spain (1784–1821), the
Confederacy, and the United States. France (flag not shown) also controlled part of Florida.
24.
Long Island
–
Long Island is an island located just off the northeast coast of the United States and a region within the U. S. state of New York. Stretching east-northeast from New York Harbor into the Atlantic Ocean, the island comprises four counties, Kings and Queens to the west, then Nassau, more generally, Long Island may also refer collectively both to the main Island as well as its nearby, surrounding outer barrier islands. North of the island is the Long Island Sound, across from which lie the states of Connecticut, across the Sound, to the northwest, lies Westchester County on mainland New York. To the west, Long Island is separated from the Bronx and the island of Manhattan by the East River. To the extreme southwest, it is separated from the New York City borough of Staten Island and the U. S. state of New Jersey by Upper New York Bay, the Narrows, to the east lie Block Island and numerous smaller islands. Its population density is 5,595.1 inhabitants per square mile, Long Island is culturally and ethnically diverse. Some of the wealthiest and most expensive neighborhoods in the Western Hemisphere are located on Long Island, nine bridges and 13 tunnels connect Brooklyn and Queens to the three other boroughs of New York City. Ferries connect Suffolk County northward across Long Island Sound to the state of Connecticut, the Long Island Rail Road is the busiest commuter railroad in North America and operates 24/7. At the time of European contact, the Lenape people inhabited the western end of Long Island, giovanni da Verrazzano was the first European to record an encounter with the Lenapes, after entering what is now New York Bay in 1524. In 1609, the English navigator Henry Hudson explored the harbor, adriaen Block followed in 1615 and is credited as the first European to determine that both Manhattan and Long Island are islands. Native American land deeds recorded by the Dutch from 1636 state that the Indians referred to Long Island as Sewanhaka, sewan was one of the terms for wampum, and is also translated as loose or scattered, which may refer either to the wampum or to Long Island. The name t Lange Eylandt alias Matouwacs appears in Dutch maps from the 1650s, later, the English referred to the land as Nassau Island, after the Dutch Prince William of Nassau, Prince of Orange. It is unclear when the name Nassau Island was discontinued, the very first settlements on Long Island were by settlers from England and its colonies in present-day New England. Lion Gardiner settled nearby Gardiners Island, the first settlement on the geographic Long Island itself was on October 21,1640, when Southold was established by the Rev. John Youngs and settlers from New Haven, Connecticut. Peter Hallock, one of the settlers, drew the long straw and was granted the honor to step ashore first and he is considered the first New World settler on Long Island. Southampton was settled in the same year, Hempstead followed in 1644, East Hampton in 1648, Huntington in 1653, and Brookhaven in 1655. While the eastern region of Long Island was first settled by the English, until 1664, the jurisdiction of Long Island was split, roughly at the present border between Nassau County and Suffolk County. The Dutch founded six towns in present-day Brooklyn beginning in 1645 and these included, Brooklyn, Gravesend, Flatlands, Flatbush, New Utrecht, and Bushwick
Long Island
–
A mansion on Long Island's
Gold Coast
Long Island
–
The c. 1806
Old Hook Mill in
East Hampton is one of eleven extant windmills in
Suffolk County.
Long Island
–
The
Old House in
Cutchogue, built 1649, is the oldest English-style house in New York State.
Long Island
–
Battle of Long Island
25.
Fast food
–
Fast food is a type of mass-produced food that is prepared and served very quickly. The food is typically less nutritionally valuable compared to other foods, Fast food restaurants are traditionally distinguished by their ability to serve food via a drive-through. Outlets may be stands or kiosks, which may provide no shelter or seating, franchise operations that are part of restaurant chains have standardized foodstuffs shipped to each restaurant from central locations. Fast food began with the first fish and chip shops in Britain in the 1860s, drive-through restaurants were first popularized in the 1950s in the United States. The term fast food was recognized in a dictionary by Merriam–Webster in 1951, according to the National Institutes of Health, fast foods are quick alternatives to home-cooked meals. They are also high in saturated fat, sugar, salt, Eating too much fast food has been linked to, among other things, colorectal cancer, obesity and high cholesterol. The traditional family dinner is increasingly being replaced by the consumption of takeaway, as a result, the time invested on food preparation is getting lower and lower, with an average couple in the United States spending 47 minutes and 19 seconds per day on food preparation in 2013. The concept of ready-cooked food for sale is closely connected with urban development, homes in emerging cities often lacked adequate space or proper food preparation accouterments. Additionally, procuring cooking fuel could cost as much as purchased produce, frying foods in vats of searing oil proved as dangerous as it was expensive, and homeowners feared that a rogue cooking fire might easily conflagrate an entire neighborhood. Thus, urbanites were encouraged to purchase pre-prepared meats or starches, such as bread or noodles, in Ancient Rome, cities had street stands - a large counter with a receptacle in the middle from which food or drink would have been served. It was during post-WWII American economic boom that Americans began to more and buy more as the economy boomed. As a result of this new desire to have it all, coupled with the strides made by women while the men were away, Eating out, which had previously been considered a luxury, became a common occurrence, and then a necessity. Workers, and working families, needed quick service and inexpensive food for lunch and dinner. This need is what drove the phenomenal success of the early fast food giants, Fast food became an easy option for a busy family, as is the case for many families today. In the mornings, bread soaked in wine was eaten as a snack and cooked vegetables and stews later in popina. In Asia, 12th century Chinese scarfed down fried dough, soups and their Baghdadi contemporaries supplemented home-cooked meals with processed legumes, purchased starches, and even ready-to-eat meats. As in Roman cities during antiquity, many of these establishments catered to those who did not have means to cook their own food, unlike richer town dwellers, many often could not afford housing with kitchen facilities and thus relied on fast food. Travelers, as well, such as en route to a holy site, were among the customers
Fast food
–
A typical fast food meal in the
United States includes a
hamburger,
french fries, and a
soft drink.
Fast food
–
McDonald's, Kentucky Fried Chicken and Pizza Hut fast food restaurants in the
United Arab Emirates
Fast food
–
Pulling wheat dough into thin strands to form
lamian
Fast food
–
Fish and chips with
mushy peas
26.
Tesco
–
Tesco PLC is a British multinational grocery and general merchandise retailer with headquarters in Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, England, United Kingdom. It is the third largest retailer in the world measured by profits and it has stores in 12 countries across Asia and Europe and is the grocery market leader in the UK, Ireland, Hungary, Malaysia and Thailand. Tesco was founded in 1919 by Jack Cohen as a group of market stalls and his business expanded rapidly, and by 1939 he had over 100 Tesco stores across the country. This broadening of its appeal was successful, and saw the chain grow from 500 stores in the mid-1990s to 2,500 stores fifteen years later, Tesco is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE100 Index. It had a capitalization of approximately £18.1 billion as of 22 April 2015. Jack Cohen, the son of Jewish migrants from Poland, founded Tesco in 1919 when he began to sell war-surplus groceries from a stall at Well Street Market, Hackney, the Tesco brand first appeared in 1924. The name came about after Jack Cohen bought a shipment of tea from Thomas Edward Stockwell and he made new labels using the initials of the suppliers name, and the first two letters of his surname, forming the word TESCO. Tesco was floated on the London Stock Exchange in 1947 as Tesco Stores Limited, the first self-service store opened in St Albans in 1956, and the first supermarket in Maldon in 1956. In 1961 Tesco Leicester made an appearance in the Guinness Book of Records as the largest store in Europe, during the 1950s and the 1960s Tesco grew organically, and also through acquisitions, until it owned more than 800 stores. The company purchased 70 Williamsons stores,200 Harrow Stores outlets,212 Irwins stores,97 Charles Phillips stores, Jack Cohens business motto was pile it high and sell it cheap, to which he added an internal motto of YCDBSOYA which he used to motivate his sales force. In May 1987, Tesco completed its takeover of the Hillards chain of 40 supermarkets in the North of England for £220 million. In 1994, the took over the supermarket chain William Low after fighting off Sainsburys for control of the Dundee-based firm. This paved the way for Tesco to expand its presence in Scotland, Tesco introduced a loyalty card, branded Clubcard in 1995, and later an Internet shopping service. Overseas operations were introduced the same year, Terry Leahy assumed the role of Chief Executive on 21 February 1997, the appointment having been announced on 21 November 1995. The deal was approved by the European Commission on 6 May 1997, in July 2001 Tesco became involved in internet grocery retailing in the USA when it obtained a 35% stake in GroceryWorks. In 2002 Tesco purchased 13 HIT hypermarkets in Poland and it also made a major move into the UK convenience store market with its purchase of T & S Stores, owner of 870 convenience stores in the One Stop, Dillons and Day & Nite chains in the UK. In June 2003 Tesco purchased the C Two-Network in Japan and it also acquired a majority stake in Turkish supermarket chain Kipa. In January 2004 Tesco acquired Adminstore, owner of 45 Cullens, Europa, in Thailand, Tesco Lotus was a joint venture of the Charoen Pokphand Group and Tesco, but facing criticism over the growth of hypermarkets CP Group sold its Tesco Lotus shares in 2003
Tesco
–
A branch of Tesco built inside the
Hoover Building in
Perivale, London (now a listed building)
Tesco
–
The first ever self-service Tesco store in
St Albans,
Hertfordshire. The store has since relocated.
Tesco
–
Potters Bar Tesco
Tesco
–
Tesco Express, Hilperton Road,
Trowbridge,
Wiltshire
27.
Marriage
–
The definition of marriage varies according to different cultures, but it is principally an institution in which interpersonal relationships, usually sexual, are acknowledged. In some cultures, marriage is recommended or considered to be compulsory before pursuing any sexual activity, when defined broadly, marriage is considered a cultural universal. Individuals may marry for several reasons, including legal, social, libidinal, emotional, financial, spiritual, whom they marry may be influenced by socially determined rules of incest, prescriptive marriage rules, parental choice and individual desire. In some areas of the world, arranged marriage, child marriage, polygamy, conversely, such practices may be outlawed and penalized in parts of the world out of concerns for womens rights and because of international law. These trends coincide with the human rights movement. Marriage can be recognized by a state, an organization, an authority, a tribal group. It is often viewed as a contract, Marriages can be performed in a secular civil ceremony or in a religious setting via a wedding ceremony. The act of marriage usually creates normative or legal obligations between the individuals involved, and any offspring they may produce, some cultures allow the dissolution of marriage through divorce or annulment. In some areas, child marriages and polygamy may occur in spite of laws against the practice. For example, the number of marriages in Europe decreased by 30% from 1975 to 2005 and these changes have occurred primarily in Western countries. The word marriage derives from Middle English mariage, which first appears in 1250–1300 CE and this in turn is derived from Old French, marier, and ultimately Latin, marītāre, meaning to provide with a husband or wife and marītāri meaning to get married. The adjective marīt-us -a, -um meaning matrimonial or nuptial could also be used in the form as a noun for husband. Anthropologists have proposed several competing definitions of marriage in an attempt to encompass the wide variety of marital practices observed across cultures, even within Western culture, definitions of marriage have careened from one extreme to another and everywhere in between. The anthropological handbook Notes and Queries defined marriage as a union between a man and a such that children born to the woman are the recognized legitimate offspring of both partners. In recognition of a practice by the Nuer people of Sudan allowing women to act as a husband in certain circumstances, Kathleen Gough suggested modifying this to a woman, none of these men had legal rights to the womans child. Economic anthropologist Duran Bell has criticized the definition on the basis that some societies do not require marriage for legitimacy. He argued that a definition of marriage is circular in societies where illegitimacy has no other legal or social implications for a child other than the mother being unmarried. In 1955 article in Man, Leach argued that no one definition of marriage applied to all cultures and he offered a list of ten rights associated with marriage, including sexual monopoly and rights with respect to children, with specific rights differing across cultures
Marriage
–
A pair of
wedding rings
Marriage
–
Swedish royal wedding clothes from 1766,
Livrustkammaren in Stockholm
Marriage
–
Nepali wedding party in traditional dress
Marriage
–
An arranged marriage between
Louis XIV of France and
Maria Theresa of Spain.
28.
Las Vegas Valley
–
The Las Vegas Valley is a major metropolitan area located in the southern part of the U. S. state of Nevada. The largest urban agglomeration in the state, it is the heart of the Las Vegas–Paradise-Henderson, the Valley is largely defined by the Las Vegas Valley landform, a 600 sq mi basin area surrounded by mountains to the north, south, east and west of the metropolitan area. The Valley is home to the three largest incorporated cities in Nevada, Las Vegas, Henderson and North Las Vegas, six unincorporated towns governed by the Clark County government are part of the Las Vegas Township and constitute the largest community in the state of Nevada. Since the 1990s the Las Vegas Valley has seen exponential growth, in 2014, a record breaking 41 million visited the Las Vegas area, producing a gross metropolitan product of more than $100 billion. The first reported non-Native American visitor to the Las Vegas Valley was the Mexican scout Rafael Rivera in 1829. Las Vegas was named by Mexicans in the Antonio Armijo party, including Rivera, in the 19th century, areas of the valley contained artesian wells that supported extensive green areas, or meadows, hence the name Las Vegas. The area was settled by Mormon farmers in 1854 and later became the site of a United States Army fort in 1864. Since the 1930s, Las Vegas has generally been identified as a center as well as a resort destination. Nellis Air Force Base is located in the northeast corner of the valley, the ranges that the Nellis pilots use and various other land areas used by various federal agencies, limit growth of the valley in terms of geographic area. Businessman Howard Hughes arrived in the late 1960s and purchased many casino hotels, as well as television, legitimate corporations began to purchase casino hotels as well, and the mob was run out by the federal government over the next several years. The constant stream of tourist dollars from the hotels and casinos was augmented by a new source of money from the establishment of what is now Nellis Air Force Base. The influx of personnel and casino job-hunters helped start a land building boom which is now leveling off. The Las Vegas area remains one of the top entertainment destinations. The valley is contained in the Las Vegas Valley landform and this includes the cities of Las Vegas, North Las Vegas, and Henderson, and the unincorporated towns of Paradise, Spring Valley, Sunrise Manor, Enterprise, Winchester, and Whitney. The valley is located within the larger metropolitan area, as the metropolitan area covers all of Clark County -including parts that do not fall within the valley. The government of Clark County has an Urban Planning Area of Las Vegas and this definition is a roughly rectangular area, about 20 mi from east to west and 30 miles from north to south. Notable exclusions from the Urban Planning Area include Red Rock, Blue Diamond, the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department is the largest police department in the valley and the state and exercises jurisdiction in the entire county. The department does not exercise jurisdiction in areas with separate police forces such as North Las Vegas, Henderson, Boulder City, Nellis Air Force Base
Las Vegas Valley
–
In order from top, clockwise left to right: 1.The
Las Vegas Strip; 2.
World Market Center Las Vegas; 3.Homes in
The Ridges; 4.
Red Rock Canyon National Conservation Area; 5.
Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health; 6.
Las Vegas City Hall
Las Vegas Valley
–
Las Vegas Valley viewed in false color, from 438 mi (705 km) by
TERRA satellite. Grass-covered land, such as golf courses, appears in red. The picture bottom is just south of Sunset Road and the airport, the Spring Mountains on the west and Sunrise Mountain on the east.
Las Vegas Valley
–
Las Vegas at night in 2010.
Las Vegas Valley
–
Four-segment panorama of the Cosmopolitan, Bellagio, and Caesars Palace (left to right) from the Las Vegas Strip, across from the Bellagio fountains.
29.
Funeral home
–
A funeral home, funeral parlor or mortuary, is a business that provides interment and funeral services for the dead and their families. These services may include a prepared wake and funeral, and the provision of a chapel for the funeral, funeral homes arrange services in accordance with the wishes of surviving friends and family, whether immediate next of kin or an executor so named in a legal will. The funeral home takes care of the paperwork, permits, and other details, such as making arrangements with the cemetery. In recent years many funeral homes have started posting obituaries online, there are a few common types of services in North America. A traditional funeral service consists of a viewing, a service in a place of worship or the funeral home chapel. Direct cremation consists of the funeral home receiving the corpse, preparing it for the crematory, direct/immediate burial is the forgoing of a funeral ceremony for a prompt, simple burial. Moving a corpse between mortuaries involves preparing it for shipment in a coffin strapped into an arbitrary or a combination unit and this is common when it is to be buried in a different locality than where the person died. When a corpse is brought to a home, it is sometimes embalmed to delay decomposition or to make the viewing of the body more pleasant. The procedure typically involves removing sufficient blood material to accommodate the preservative chemicals and dyes, aspirating the internal organs, cosmetics are used with the consent of the family to improve the appearance of face and hands for a more natural look. If the face or hands are disfigured by accident, illness or decomposition, if this isnt possible, or the family wishes, the funeral home can perform a closed casket service. The funeral home often sets aside one or more areas for people to gather at a visitation. This area may contain a space to display the body in a casket to visitors who may pay their respects, funeral and memorial services may also take place at the funeral home. Many funeral homes offer prearrangement options for those who wish to plan their own funerals, several large multi-national corporations in this service field have received exposure from high-profile litigation. The Loewen Group, Inc. received a large jury verdict in the State of Mississippi which was later found to be in error as the allegations against Loewen Group proved false. The Canadian-based company then brought suit against the United States alleging violations under N. A. F. T. A, houston based Service Corporation International has also had their share of legal troubles with the operations of both their funeral home and cemetery operations
Funeral home
–
Offices of the Butterworth & Sons mortuary in
Seattle, WA, 1900
Funeral home
–
Abbey Chapel at the Resthaven Memorial Park Cemetery in
Lubbock,
Texas
Funeral home
–
Reasons for funerals, from "The Funeral from Ancient
Egypt to Present-day America", posted at Resthaven Memorial Park; click to read.
Funeral home
–
A funeral home in
Islip, NY
30.
Pennsylvania House of Representatives
–
The Pennsylvania House of Representatives is the lower house of the bicameral Pennsylvania General Assembly, the legislature of the U. S. state of Pennsylvania. There are 203 members, elected for two-year terms from single member districts, following the 2016 elections, the house consisted of 121 Republicans and 82 Democrats. Republican Mike Turzai was first elected Speaker of the House on January 6,2015, in 2012, a State Representative district had an average population of 60,498 residents. The house is the largest full-time state legislature in the United States, the Hall of the House contains important symbols to Pennsylvania history and the work of legislators. Speakers Chair, a chair of rank that sits directly behind the Speakers rostrum. Architect Joseph Huston designed the chair in 1906, the year the Capitol was dedicated, mace, the House symbol of authority, peace, order and respect for law rests in a pedestal to the right of the Speaker. Its base is solid mahogany, intricately carved and capped by a globe engraved with the Pennsylvania coat of arms. An American Eagle perches on top, the tradition of the mace may date to the Roman Republic when attendants of Roman consuls carried bundles of sticks wrapped around an axe to enforce order. The tradition is common may also directly from Pennsylvanias English heritage. Murals, a panorama of Pennsylvania history appear in murals by Edwin Austin Abbey. The most commanding of the series hangs behind the Speakers rostrum and it is called The Apotheosis of Pennsylvania Ceiling, a work of art in itself with its ornate geometry of gold leaf buttoned at the center by a charming painted illustration. In The Hours, Abbey represents the passage of time in the form of 24 maidens revolving in an endless circle amidst the moon, the sun, the speakership is the oldest elected statewide office in the Commonwealth. Since its first session in 1682—presided over by William Penn—over 130 house members have elevated to the speakers chair. The house cannot hold a session in the absence of the speaker or his designated speaker pro tempore. Speaker Leroy Irvis was the first African American elected speaker of any legislature in the United States since Reconstruction. Speaker Dennis OBrien was the only minority-party Speaker known in Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania has never had a female speaker. The Pennsylvania House of Representatives has only 40 women out of 203 total representatives in 2017 and this is only 19. 7%, which is below the national average of 23. 1% women in all statewide legislative positions. As of December 1,2016 Speaker of the House of Representatives, Mike Turzai Pennsylvania State Senate Project Vote Smart Specific General Trostle, Sharon, harrisburg, Pennsylvania Department of General Services
Pennsylvania House of Representatives
Pennsylvania House of Representatives
–
Pennsylvania House of Representatives
31.
Photo processing
–
Photographic processing or development is the chemical means by which photographic film or paper is treated after photographic exposure to produce a negative or positive image. Photographic processing transforms the latent image into an image, makes this permanent. All processes based upon the process are similar, regardless of the film or papers manufacturer. Exceptional variations include instant films such as made by Polaroid. Kodachrome required Kodaks proprietary K-14 process, Kodachrome film production ceased in 2009, and K-14 processing is no longer available as of December 30,2010. Ilfochrome materials use the dye destruction process, all photographic processing use a series of chemical baths. Processing, especially the development stages, requires very close control of temperature, agitation, the film may be soaked in water to swell the gelatin layer, facilitating the action of the subsequent chemical treatments. The developer converts the latent image to macroscopic particles of metallic silver, a stop bath, † typically a dilute solution of acetic acid or citric acid, halts the action of the developer. A rinse with water may be substituted. The fixer makes the image permanent and light-resistant by dissolving remaining silver halide, a common fixer is hypo, specifically ammonium thiosulfate. Washing in clean water removes any remaining fixer, residual fixer can corrode the silver image, leading to discolouration, staining and fading. The washing time can be reduced and the more completely removed if a hypo clearing agent is used after the fixer. Film may be rinsed in a solution of a non-ionic wetting agent to assist uniform drying. Film is then dried in an environment, cut and placed into protective sleeves. Once the film is processed, it is referred to as a negative. The negative may now be printed, the negative is placed in an enlarger, many different techniques can be used during the enlargement process. Two examples of enlargement techniques are dodging and burning, alternatively, the negative may be scanned for digital printing or web viewing after adjustment, retouching, and/or manipulation. † In modern automatic processing machines, the bath is replaced by mechanical squeegee or pinching rollers
Photo processing
–
Black and white negative processing is the chemical means by which photographic film and paper is treated after photographic exposure to produce a negative or positive image. Photographic processing transforms the latent image into a visible image, makes this permanent and renders it insensitive to light.
Photo processing
–
Key stages in production of Ag-based photographs. Two silver halide particles, one of which is impinged with light (h ν) resulting in the formation of a latent image (step 1). The latent image is amplified using photographic developers, converting the silver halide crystal to an opaque particle of silver metal (step 2). Finally, the remaining silver halide is removed by fixing (step 3).
Photo processing
–
A cut-away illustration of a typical light-trap tank used in small scale developing.
32.
Fotomat
–
Fotomat was an American-based retail chain of photo development drive-through kiosks located in shopping center parking lots. Fotomat Corporation was founded by Preston Fleet in San Diego, California, in the 1960s, with the first kiosk opening in Point Loma, California and it became a public company in 1971 and was listed on the New York Stock Exchange in 1977. At its peak around 1980 there were over 4,000 Fotomats throughout the United States and they sold Kodak-brand film and other photography-related products, and offered one-day photo finishing. Fotomat often hired female employees to work in the small buildings, the Fotomate uniform was a royal blue and yellow smock top. Male employees were called Fotomacs and their uniform was a blue polo shirt. The name was chosen to remind consumers of the Automat chain of automated cafeterias, Fotomat had both company-owned stores and franchises. This led to lawsuits between Fotomat and its franchisees over territories, in the early 1980s, Fotomat Corporation was acquired by Konishiroku Photo Industry Ltd. also known as Konica Photo Imaging in 1986. Eventually, it was sold to Viewpoint Corporation in 2002, once overnight service became obsolete, Fotomats product became online digital imaging, delivered via Fotomat. com, where users could edit and store their images. This site ceased operations September 1,2009, Fotomat has made some sparse appearances in American popular culture, namely the well-known hut with the yellow roof. In the opening of the TV Series Crazy Like a Fox, today, the trademark is owned by DG, an advertising technology company and successor to Viewpoint Corporation. In addition to developing, Fotomat was one of the first companies to offer movies for rent on videocassette—a new concept then—starting in December 1979. Customers would browse through a catalog, call a number and order the movie or movies of their choice. The following day, the customer would pick up the cassette at the Fotomat kiosk of their choice, the rental cost was $12 per title and the customer could keep it for five days. The price was reduced to $9.95 for a five-day rental. The service was called Fotomat Drive-Thru Movies, initially, only Paramount Pictures entered into an agreement with the chain to offer their movies for rent. Goodbar, Fraternity Row, Black Sunday, Marathon Man, Death Wish, Murder on the Orient Express, Barbarella, Fotomat also carried certain exclusive releases, such as I Go Pogo, The Movie. These titles were distributed directly by Fotomat and were of a design with a black, die-cut cardboard case and a black label that included a white title. In addition, a Fotomat logo accompanied by a sound would play before the start of each movie
Fotomat
–
The logo of the Fotomat kiosk chain.
Fotomat
–
A former Fotomat kiosk, repainted and now selling cigarettes.
Fotomat
–
A derelict example of a Fotomat kiosk.
33.
Australia
–
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia
Australia
–
Aboriginal rock art in the
Kimberley region of Western Australia
Australia
Australia
–
Portrait of Captain
James Cook, the first European to map the eastern coastline of Australia in 1770
Australia
–
Tasmania's
Port Arthur penal settlement is one of eleven UNESCO World Heritage-listed
Australian Convict Sites.
34.
Loudspeaker
–
A loudspeaker is an electroacoustic transducer, which converts an electrical audio signal into a corresponding sound. The most widely used type of speaker in the 2010s is the speaker, invented in 1925 by Edward W. Kellogg. The dynamic speaker operates on the basic principle as a dynamic microphone. Besides this most common method, there are several technologies that can be used to convert an electrical signal into sound. The sound source must be amplified or strengthened with a power amplifier before the signal is sent to the speaker. Speakers are typically housed in an enclosure or speaker cabinet which is often a rectangular or square box made of wood or sometimes plastic. The enclosures materials and design play an important role in the quality of the sound, where high fidelity reproduction of sound is required, multiple loudspeaker transducers are often mounted in the same enclosure, each reproducing a part of the audible frequency range. In this case the individual speakers are referred to as drivers, drivers made for reproducing high audio frequencies are called tweeters, those for middle frequencies are called mid-range drivers, and those for low frequencies are called woofers. Smaller loudspeakers are found in such as radios, televisions, portable audio players, computers. Larger loudspeaker systems are used for music, sound reinforcement in theatres and concerts, the term loudspeaker may refer to individual transducers or to complete speaker systems consisting of an enclosure including one or more drivers. To adequately reproduce a range of frequencies with even coverage, most loudspeaker systems employ more than one driver. Individual drivers are used to different frequency ranges. The drivers are named subwoofers, woofers, mid-range speakers, tweeters, the terms for different speaker drivers differ, depending on the application. In two-way systems there is no mid-range driver, so the task of reproducing the mid-range sounds falls upon the woofer and tweeter, home stereos use the designation tweeter for the high frequency driver, while professional concert systems may designate them as HF or highs. When multiple drivers are used in a system, a network, called a crossover. Loudspeaker driver of the type pictured are termed dynamic to distinguish them from earlier drivers, or speakers using piezoelectric or electrostatic systems, or any of several other sorts. Johann Philipp Reis installed an electric loudspeaker in his telephone in 1861, it was capable of reproducing clear tones, alexander Graham Bell patented his first electric loudspeaker as part of his telephone in 1876, which was followed in 1877 by an improved version from Ernst Siemens. In 1898, Horace Short patented a design for a loudspeaker driven by compressed air, he sold the rights to Charles Parsons
Loudspeaker
–
Kellogg and Rice in 1925 holding the large driver of the first moving-coil cone loudspeaker.
Loudspeaker
–
The first moving-coil cone loudspeakers, developed by Edward Kellogg and Chester Rice in 1925. (left) Early prototype with electromagnet pulled back, showing voice coil attached to cone. (right) The first commercial version, sold with the RCA Radiola receiver, had only a 6 inch cone. In 1926 it sold for $250, equivalent to about $3000 today.
Loudspeaker
–
A four-way, high fidelity loudspeaker system. Each of the four drivers outputs a different frequency range; the fifth aperture at the bottom is a
bass reflex port.
Loudspeaker
–
Exploded view of a dome tweeter.
35.
Headset (audio)
–
A headset combines a headphone with a microphone. Headsets are made with either a single-earpiece or a double-earpiece, Headsets provide the equivalent functionality of a telephone handset but with hands-free operation. They have many uses including in call centers and other telephone-intensive jobs, telephone headsets generally use 150-ohm loudspeakers with a narrower frequency range than those also used for entertainment. Stereo computer headsets, on the hand, use 32-ohm speakers with a broader frequency range. Headsets are available in single-earpiece and double-earpiece designs, single-earpiece headsets are known as monaural headsets. Double-earpiece headsets may support stereo sound, or use the audio channel for both ear-pieces. Monaural headsets free up one ear, allowing interaction with others, telephone headsets are monaural, even for double-earpiece designs, because telephone offers only single-channel input and output. Virtual surround headsets feature ear cups that cover the entire ear and this type of headset uses only two discrete speakers, one on each ear cup, to create surround sound. The sound is divided and sectioned so as to deliver it in such a way that it creates an auditory landscape, the microphone arm of headsets may carry an external microphone or be of the voicetube type. External microphone designs have the microphone housed in the front end of the microphone arm, voicetube designs are also called internal microphone design, and have the microphone housed near the ear-piece, with a tube carrying sound to the microphone. Most external microphone designs are of either omnidirectional or noise-canceling type, noise-canceling microphone headsets use a bi-directional microphone as elements. A bi-directional microphones receptive field has two angles only and its receptive field is limited to only the front and the direct opposite back of the microphone. This create an 8 shape field, and this design is the best method for picking up only from a close proximity of the user. Omni-directional microphones pick up the complete 360-degree field, which may include much extraneous noise, standard headsets with a headband worn over the head are known as over-the-head headsets. Headsets with headbands going over the back of the neck are known as backwear-headsets or behind-the-neck headsets. Headsets worn over the ear with a soft ear-hook are known as over-the-ear headsets or earloop headsets, convertible headsets are designed so that users can change the wearing method by re-assembling various parts. Telephone headsets connect to a telephone system. A telephone headset functions by replacing the handset of a telephone, Headsets for standard corded telephones are fitted with a standard 4P4C commonly called an RJ-9 connector
Headset (audio)
–
Military telephone headset from
World War I
Headset (audio)
–
Bluetooth ear phone.
Headset (audio)
–
A user wearing a monoaural Plantronics headset. (Nov 2012)
Headset (audio)
–
A typical Quick Disconnect bottom cable by Accutone
36.
Closed circuit television
–
Closed-circuit television, also known as video surveillance, is the use of video cameras to transmit a signal to a specific place, on a limited set of monitors. It differs from broadcast television in that the signal is not openly transmitted, though it may point to point, point to multipoint. Videotelephony is seldom called CCTV but the use of video in distance education, Surveillance of the public using CCTV is common in many areas around the world. In recent years, the use of body worn video cameras has been introduced as a new form of surveillance, video surveillance has generated significant debate about balancing its use with individuals right to privacy even when in public. In industrial plants, CCTV equipment may be used to observe parts of a process from a control room. CCTV systems may operate continuously or only as required to monitor a particular event, a more advanced form of CCTV, utilizing digital video recorders, provides recording for possibly many years, with a variety of quality and performance options and extra features. More recently, decentralized IP cameras, some equipped with sensors, support recording directly to network-attached storage devices. There are about 350 million surveillance cameras worldwide as of 2016, about 65% of these cameras are installed in Asia. The growth of CCTV has been slowing in recent years, the first CCTV system was installed by Siemens AG at Test Stand VII in Peenemünde, Nazi Germany in 1942, for observing the launch of V-2 rockets. The noted German engineer Walter Bruch, Wayne Cox, and Tashara Arnold were responsible for the technological design, in the U. S. the first commercial closed-circuit television system became available in 1949, called Vericon. Very little is known about Vericon except it was advertised as not requiring a government permit, marie Van Brittan Brown invented the home security system. The patent was granted in 1969, browns system had a set of 4 peep-holes and a camera that could slide up and down to look through each one. The system included a device that enabled a homeowner to use a set to view the person at the door. The earliest video surveillance systems involved constant monitoring because there was no way to record, the development of reel-to-reel media enabled the recording of surveillance footage. Due to these shortcomings, video surveillance was not widespread, VCR technology became available in the 1970s, making it easier to record and erase information, and use of video surveillance became more common. During the 1990s, digital multiplexing was developed, allowing cameras to record at once, as well as time lapse. This increased savings of time and money and the led to an increase in the use of CCTV, recently CCTV technology has been enhanced with a shift toward Internet-based products and systems, and other technological developments. In September 1968, Olean, New York was the first city in the United States to install video cameras along its main street in an effort to fight crime
Closed circuit television
–
Surveillance cameras on the corner of a building.
Closed circuit television
–
Dome CCTV cameras.
Closed circuit television
–
Dome camera in a train station
Closed circuit television
–
Closed circuit TV monitoring at the Central Police Control Station, Munich Germany in 1973.
37.
Liquid crystal display
–
A liquid-crystal display is a flat-panel display or other electronically modulated optical device that uses the light-modulating properties of liquid crystals. Liquid crystals do not emit light directly, instead using a backlight or reflector to produce images in color or monochrome and they use the same basic technology, except that arbitrary images are made up of a large number of small pixels, while other displays have larger elements. LCDs are used in a range of applications including computer monitors, televisions, instrument panels, aircraft cockpit displays. Small LCD screens are common in consumer devices such as digital cameras, watches, calculators. LCD screens are used on consumer electronics products such as DVD players, video game devices. LCD screens have replaced heavy, bulky cathode ray tube displays in all applications. LCD screens are available in a range of screen sizes than CRT and plasma displays, with LCD screens available in sizes ranging from tiny digital watches to huge. Since LCD screens do not use phosphors, they do not suffer image burn-in when an image is displayed on a screen for a long time. LCDs are, however, susceptible to image persistence, the LCD screen is more energy-efficient and can be disposed of more safely than a CRT can. Its low electrical power consumption enables it to be used in battery-powered electronic equipment more efficiently than CRTs can be, by 2008, annual sales of televisions with LCD screens exceeded sales of CRT units worldwide, and the CRT became obsolete for most purposes. Without the liquid crystal between the filters, light passing through the first filter would be blocked by the second polarizer. Before an electric field is applied, the orientation of the molecules is determined by the alignment at the surfaces of electrodes. In a twisted nematic device, the surface alignment directions at the two electrodes are perpendicular to other, and so the molecules arrange themselves in a helical structure. This induces the rotation of the polarization of the incident light, and this light will then be mainly polarized perpendicular to the second filter, and thus be blocked and the pixel will appear black. By controlling the voltage applied across the liquid crystal layer in each pixel, color LCD systems use the same technique, with color filters used to generate red, green, and blue pixels. The optical effect of a TN device in the state is far less dependent on variations in the device thickness than that in the voltage-off state. Because of this, TN displays with low content and no backlighting are usually operated between crossed polarizers such that they appear bright with no voltage. When no image is displayed, different arrangements are used, for this purpose, TN LCDs are operated between parallel polarizers, whereas IPS LCDs feature crossed polarizers
Liquid crystal display
–
LCD with top polarizer removed from device and placed on top, such that the top and bottom polarizers are perpendicular.
Liquid crystal display
–
Polarizing filter film with a vertical axis to polarize light as it enters.
Liquid crystal display
–
18 parallel CCFLs as backlight for a 42-inch LCD TV
Liquid crystal display
–
A pink elastomeric connector mating an LCD panel to circuit board traces, shown next to a centimeter-scale ruler. (The conductive and insulating layers in the black stripe are very small, click on the image for more detail.)
38.
Light-emitting diode
–
A light-emitting diode is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a p–n junction diode, which emits light when activated, when a suitable voltage is applied to the leads, electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence, and the color of the light is determined by the band gap of the semiconductor. LEDs are typically small and integrated optical components may be used to shape the radiation pattern, appearing as practical electronic components in 1962, the earliest LEDs emitted low-intensity infrared light. Infrared LEDs are still used as transmitting elements in remote-control circuits. The first visible-light LEDs were also of low intensity and limited to red, modern LEDs are available across the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness. Early LEDs were often used as indicator lamps for electronic devices and they were soon packaged into numeric readouts in the form of seven-segment displays and were commonly seen in digital clocks. Recent developments in LEDs permit them to be used in environmental, LEDs have allowed new displays and sensors to be developed, while their high switching rates are also used in advanced communications technology. LEDs have many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved physical robustness, smaller size, and faster switching. Light-emitting diodes are now used in applications as diverse as aviation lighting, automotive headlamps, advertising, general lighting, traffic signals, camera flashes, as of 2017, LED lights home room lighting are as cheap or cheaper than compact fluorescent lamp sources of comparable output. They are also more energy efficient and, arguably, have fewer environmental concerns linked to their disposal. Electroluminescence as a phenomenon was discovered in 1907 by the British experimenter H. J. Round of Marconi Labs, using a crystal of silicon carbide, russian inventor Oleg Losev reported creation of the first LED in 1927. His research was distributed in Soviet, German and British scientific journals, rubin Braunstein of the Radio Corporation of America reported on infrared emission from gallium arsenide and other semiconductor alloys in 1955. Braunstein observed infrared emission generated by simple diode structures using gallium antimonide, GaAs, indium phosphide, in 1957, Braunstein further demonstrated that the rudimentary devices could be used for non-radio communication across a short distance. As noted by Kroemer Braunstein …had set up a simple optical communications link, the emitted light was detected by a PbS diode some distance away. This signal was fed into an amplifier and played back by a loudspeaker. Intercepting the beam stopped the music and we had a great deal of fun playing with this setup. This setup presaged the use of LEDs for optical communication applications, by October 1961, they had demonstrated efficient light emission and signal coupling between a GaAs p-n junction light emitter and an electrically-isolated semiconductor photodetector
Light-emitting diode
–
Blue, pure green, and red LEDs in 5 mm diffused cases
Light-emitting diode
–
A bulb-shaped modern retrofit
LED lamp with aluminium
heat sink, a light
diffusing dome and
E27 screw base, using a built-in power supply working on
mains voltage
Light-emitting diode
–
Green electroluminescence from a point contact on a crystal of
SiC recreates
H. J. Round 's original experiment from 1907.
Light-emitting diode
–
LED display of a
TI-30 scientific calculator (ca. 1978), which uses plastic lenses to increase the visible digit size
39.
Espresso
–
Espresso is coffee brewed by forcing a small amount of nearly boiling water under pressure through finely ground coffee beans. Espresso is generally thicker than coffee brewed by other methods, has a concentration of suspended and dissolved solids. As a result of the brewing process, the flavors. Espresso is also the base for drinks such as a caffè latte, cappuccino, caffè macchiato, caffè mocha, flat white. The spelling expresso is sometimes used, while some state that this spelling is incorrect. Espresso is made by forcing hot water under high pressure through finely ground. Tamping down the coffee promotes the waters even penetration of the grounds and this process produces an almost syrupy beverage by extracting both solid and dissolved components. The crema is produced by emulsifying the oils in the coffee into a colloid. Generally, one uses a machine to make espresso. Today, however, it is common for the pressure to be generated by an electric pump. The technical parameters outlined by the Italian Espresso National Institute for making a certified Italian espresso are and it is not a specific bean, bean blend, or roast level. Any bean or roasting level can be used to produce authentic espresso, for example, in southern Italy, a darker roast is generally preferred. Farther north, the moves toward slightly lighter roasts, while outside Italy. Espresso has risen in popularity worldwide since the 1980s, in the United States, cafés serve many variations by adding syrup, whipped cream, flavor extracts, soy milk, and spices to their drinks. The American Pacific Northwest has been viewed as the driver behind this trend, the popularity later spread to shops in other regions and into homes as kitchen-friendly machines became available at moderate cost. In other parts of the world, espresso has long been the method of coffee preparation in restaurants, bars. Angelo Moriondo’s Italian patent for a steam-driven instantaneous coffee beverage making device, author Ian Bersten, whose history of coffee brewers is cited below, claims to have been the first to discover Moriondo’s patent. Bersten describes the device as “… almost certainly the first Italian bar machine that controlled the supply of steam and water separately through the coffee” and Moriondo as “
Espresso
–
An espresso in a classic porcelain espresso cup
Espresso
–
Espresso brewing
Espresso
–
Espresso served in Café El Gato Negro,
Buenos Aires
Espresso
–
Angelo Moriondo, inventor of an important precursor to the espresso coffee machine
40.
Tim Hortons
–
Tim Hortons Inc. is a multinational fast food restaurant based in Canada, known for its coffee and donuts. It is also Canadas largest quick service restaurant chain, as of December 31,2016 and it was founded in 1964 in Hamilton, Ontario, by Canadian hockey player Tim Horton and Jim Charade, after an initial venture in hamburger restaurants. In 1967, Horton partnered with investor Ron Joyce, who assumed control over operations after Horton died in 1974, Joyce expanded the chain into a multimillion-dollar franchise. Charade left the organization in 1966 and briefly returned in 1970 and 1993 through 1996, the business was founded by Miles G. Tim Horton, who played in the National Hockey League from 1949 until his death in a traffic collision in 1974. Horton had a venture in hamburger restaurants. Soon after Horton opened the store, he met Ron Joyce, in 1965, Joyce took over the fledgling Tim Horton Donut Shop on Ottawa Street North in Hamilton. By 1967, after he had opened up two stores, he and Tim Horton became full partners in the business. Upon Hortons death in a crash in 1974, Joyce bought out the Horton familys shares for $1 million. Joyce expanded the chain quickly and aggressively in geography and in product selection, the 500th store opened in 1991. Ron Joyces aggressive expansion of the Tim Hortons business resulted in changes to the Canadian coffee. Many independent doughnut shops and small chains were driven out of business, the company had originally been incorporated as Tim Donut Limited. By the 1990s, the name had changed to The TDL Group Ltd. This was an effort by the company to diversify the business, removing the primary emphasis on doughnuts, the company had removed the apostrophe after signs using the apostrophe were interpreted by some to be breaking the language sign laws of the Province of Quebec in 1993. The removal of the apostrophe allowed the company to have one common sign image across Canada, although a number of Quebec locations have bilingual menuboards, the decision to have both languages represented is left to the discretion of each franchise owner. Some locations have French-only menu boards, murphy invited Joyce and Wendys chairman Dave Thomas to the grand opening of the combo store, where the two executives met for the first time and immediately established a rapport. Murphys success with combining coffee and doughnuts with Wendys fast food led to August 8,1995 acquisition of and merger with TDL Group by Wendys International, Joyce became the largest shareholder in Wendys, even surpassing Thomas. TDL Group continued to operate as a subsidiary from its head office in Oakville, Ontario. The sale was widely commented on in the media, Tim Hortons franchises spread rapidly and eventually overtook McDonalds as Canadas largest food service operator
Tim Hortons
–
Tim Hortons corporate headquarters in
Oakville, Ontario, Canada
Tim Hortons
–
A Tim Hortons in Richmond Hill, Ontario
Tim Hortons
–
A common road sign bearing the logo above in
Stratford, Ontario
Tim Hortons
–
A Tim Hortons in
South Portland, Maine
41.
Moncton
–
Moncton is a city located in Westmorland County in the southeastern portion of the province of New Brunswick, Canada. Situated in the Petitcodiac River Valley, Moncton lies at the centre of the Maritime Provinces. The city has earned the nickname Hub City due to its inland location in the region and its history as a railway. The city proper has a population of 71,889 and has an area of 142 km2. The CMA includes the city of Dieppe and the town of Riverview, as well as adjacent suburban areas in Westmorland. Although the Moncton area was first settled in 1733, Moncton is considered to have founded in 1766 with the arrival of Pennsylvania Dutch immigrants from Philadelphia. An agricultural settlement, Moncton was not incorporated until 1855, the city was named for Lt. Col. Robert Monckton, the British officer who had captured nearby Fort Beauséjour a century earlier. Moncton regained its charter in 1875 after the economy rebounded. The city adopted the motto Resurgo after its rebirth as a railway town, the strength of Monctons economy has received national recognition and the local unemployment rate is consistently less than the national average. Acadians settled the head of the Bay of Fundy in the 1670s, the first reference to the Petcoucoyer River was on the De Meulles map of 1686. Settlement of the Petitcodiac and Memramcook river valleys began about 1700, gradually extending inland, in 1755, nearby Fort Beausejour was captured by English forces under the command of Lt. Col. Robert Monckton. The Beaubassin region including the Memramcook and Petitcodiac river valleys subsequently fell under English control, later that year, Governor Charles Lawrence issued a decree ordering the expulsion of the Acadian population from Nova Scotia. This action came to be known as the Great Upheaval, the Settlers consisted of eight families, Heinrick Stief, Jacob Treitz, Matthias Sommer, Jacob Reicker, Charles Jones, George Wortmann, Michael Lutz, and George Koppel. There is a dedicated in their honor at the mouth of Halls Creek. They renamed the settlement The Bend, the Bend remained an agricultural settlement for nearly 80 more years. Even by 1836, there were only 20 households in the community, at this time, the Westmorland Road became open to year round travel and a regular mail coach service was established between Saint John and Halifax. The Bend became an important transfer and rest station along the route, over the next decade, lumbering and then shipbuilding would become important industries in the area. The turning point for the community was when Joseph Salter took over a shipyard at the Bend in 1847, the expanded shipyard ultimately grew to employ about 400 workers
Moncton
–
From top left: Moncton skyline at night, the
Capitol Theatre,
Magic Mountain,
Centennial Park, and Downtown Moncton at dusk
Moncton
–
The city is named for Lt. Col.
Robert Monckton. He captured nearby
Fort Beauséjour in 1755 and is also known for his roles as second-in-command at the
Plains of Abraham, for capturing
Martinique, as
Governor of New York and also for his participation in the
Great Upheaval.
Moncton
–
The
Intercolonial Railway depot in Moncton, pictured here in 1904, was central to the city's economic recovery in the late 19th century.
Moncton
–
The
CNR repair shops were the largest employer in Moncton until their closure in the late 1980s.
42.
New Brunswick
–
New Brunswick is one of Canadas three Maritime provinces and is the only constitutionally bilingual province. In the Canada 2016 Census, Statistics Canada estimated the population to have been 747,101, down very slightly from 751,171 in 2011. The majority of the population is English-speaking of Anglo and Celtic heritage and it was created as a result of the partitioning of the British colony of Nova Scotia in 1784 and was originally named New Ireland with the capital to be in Saint John. The name was replaced with New Brunswick by King George II. The provincial flag features a ship superimposed on a background with a yellow lion passant guardant on red pennon above it. The province is named for the city of Braunschweig, known in English and Low German as Brunswick, located in modern-day Lower Saxony in northern Germany. The then-colony was named in 1784 to honour the reigning British monarch, George III, the original First Nations inhabitants of New Brunswick were members of three distinct tribes. The largest tribe was the Mikmaq, and they occupied the eastern and they were responsible for the Augustine Mound, a burial ground built about 800 BCE near Metepnákiaq. The western portion of the province was the home of the Wolastoqiyik people. The smaller Passamaquoddy tribe occupied lands in the southwest of the province. The next French contact was in 1604, when a party led by Pierre du Gua de Monts and Samuel de Champlain set up camp for the winter on St. Croix Island, the colony relocated the following year across the Bay of Fundy to Port Royal, Nova Scotia. The whole maritime region was at that time claimed by France and was designated as the colony of Acadia, one of the provisions of the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713 was the surrender of Acadia to Queen Anne. The bulk of the Acadian population thus found themselves residing in the new British colony of Nova Scotia, the remainder of Acadia was only lightly populated and poorly defended. The Maliseet from their headquarters at Meductic on the Saint John River, participated in guerilla raids and battles against New England during Father Rales War. About 1750, to protect his interests in New France, Louis XV caused three forts to be built along the Isthmus of Chignecto and this caused what is known to historians as Father Le Loutres War. During the French and Indian War, the British completed their displacement of the Acadians over all of present-day New Brunswick, Fort Beauséjour, Fort Menagoueche and Fort Gaspareaux were captured by a British force commanded by Lt. Col. Robert Monckton in 1755. Inside Fort Beauséjour, the British forces found not only French regular troops, Governor Charles Lawrence of Nova Scotia used the discovery of Acadian civilians helping in the defence of the fort to order the expulsion of the Acadian population from Nova Scotia. The Acadians of the recently captured Beaubassin and Petitcodiac regions were included in the expulsion order, other actions in the war included British expeditions up the Saint John River in the St. John River Campaign
New Brunswick
–
The Coming of the Loyalists, painting by
Henry Sandham showing a romanticised view of the Loyalists' arrival in New Brunswick.
New Brunswick
–
Flag
New Brunswick
–
Current
licence plate.
New Brunswick
–
Acadians celebrating the
Tintamarre and
National Acadian Day in
Caraquet, New Brunswick
43.
Queue area
–
Queue areas are places in which people queue for goods or services. Such a group of people is known as a queue or line, and the people are said to be waiting or standing in a queue or in line, respectively. Examples include checking out groceries or other goods that have collected in a self service shop, in a shop without self-service, at an ATM, at a ticket desk. Queueing is a phenomenon in a number of fields, and has been analysed in the study of queueing theory. In economics, queueing is seen as one way to ration scarce goods, organized queue areas are commonly found at amusement parks. The rides have a number of guests that can be served at any given time. Queues can be found in railway stations to book tickets, at bus stops for boarding, queues are generally found at transportation terminals where security screenings are conducted. Sometimes two people who are split up and each waits in a different line, once it is determined which line is faster. Another arrangement is for everyone to wait in a single line and this is a common setup in banks and post offices. At the beginning of the Common Era, people attending events simply gathered in mass, after several thousand years of this they slowly gravitated to the back of individual fellows, and began to stand behind one another forming what is now colloquially referred to as The Line. Physical queueing is sometimes replaced by virtual queueing, in a waiting room there may be a system whereby the queuer asks and remembers where his place is in the queue, or reports to a desk and signs in, or takes a ticket with a number from a machine. Especially in the United Kingdom, tickets are taken to form a queue at delicatessens and childrens shoe shops. In some countries such as Sweden, virtual queues are common in shops. A display sometimes shows the number that was last called for service, restaurants have come to employ virtual queueing techniques with the availability of application-specific pagers, which alert those waiting that they should report to the host to be seated. Another option used at restaurants is to assign customers a confirmed return time, virtual queueing apps are available that allow the customers to view the virtual queue status of a business and they can take virtual queue numbers remotely. The app can be used to get updates of the virtual queue status that the customer is in, all of the above methods, however, suffer from the same drawback, the person arrives at the location only to find out that they need to wait. This has the advantage of allowing users to find out the wait forecast and get in the queue before arriving, roaming freely and this has been shown to extend the patience of those in the queue and reduce no-shows. When designing queues, planners attempt to make the wait as pleasant and they employ several strategies to achieve this, including, Expanding the capacity of the queue, thus allowing more patrons to have a place
Queue area
–
Queue of visitors to the
Louvre
Queue area
–
A queue area at a food store in New York City.
Queue area
–
Queue of visitors to the Sultan Ahmed Mosque
Queue area
–
A queue of people waiting for a
Michael Jackson concert in
West Germany (1988).
44.
Left-hand traffic
–
This is so fundamental to traffic flow that it is sometimes referred to as the rule of the road. About two-thirds of the population use RHT, with the remaining 76 countries and territories using LHT. Countries that use LHT account for about a sixth of the worlds area, in the early 1900s some countries including Canada, Spain, and Brazil had different rules in different parts of the country. During the 1900s many countries standardised within their jurisdictions, and changed from LHT to RHT, in 1919,104 of the worlds territories were LHT and an equal number were RHT. From 1919 to 1986,34 of the LHT territories switched to RHT, many of the countries with LHT are former British colonies in the Caribbean, Southern Africa, Southeast Asia, Australia, and New Zealand. Japan, Thailand, Nepal, Bhutan, Mozambique, Suriname, East Timor, in Europe, only four countries still drive on the left, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Malta, and Cyprus, all of which are islands. Nearly all countries use one side or the other throughout their entire territory, most exceptions are due to historical considerations and involve islands with no road connection to the main part of a country. China is RHT except the Special Administrative Regions of China of Hong Kong, the United States is RHT except the United States Virgin Islands. The United Kingdom is LHT, but its overseas territories of Gibraltar, according to the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, water traffic is RHT. For aircraft the US Federal Aviation Regulations provide for passing on the right, light rail vehicles generally operate on the same side as other road traffic in the country. Many countries use RHT for automobiles but LHT for trains, often because of the influence of the British on early railway systems, in some countries rail traffic remained LHT after automobile traffic switched to RHT, for example in China, Brazil, and Argentina. However, France, Belgium, and Switzerland have used RHT for automobiles since their introduction, there is no technical reason to prefer one side over the other. Ancient Greek, Egyptian, and Roman troops kept to the left when marching, in 1998, archaeologists found a well-preserved double track leading to a Roman quarry near Swindon. The first reference in English law to an order for LHT was in 1756, northcote Parkinson, believed that ancient travellers on horseback or on foot generally kept to the left, since most people were right handed. If two men riding on horseback were to start a fight, each would edge toward the left, in the year 1300, Pope Boniface VIII directed pilgrims to keep left. In the late 1700s, traffic in the United States was RHT based on use of large freight wagons pulled by several pairs of horses. The wagons had no seat, so a postilion sat on the left rear horse. Seated on the left, the driver preferred that other wagons pass him on the left so that he could be sure to keep clear of the wheels of oncoming wagons, in France, traditionally foot traffic had kept right, while carriage traffic kept left
Left-hand traffic
–
A sign on
Australia 's
Great Ocean Road reminding foreign motorists to keep left. Such signs are placed at the exit of parking areas associated with scenic views, where other road traffic may at times be sparse.
Left-hand traffic
–
Right-hand traffic
Left-hand traffic
–
One of many road signs in the British county of
Kent placed on the right-hand side of the road.
Left-hand traffic
–
The change of traffic directions at the Laos–Thai border takes place on Lao territory just off the
Thai–Lao Friendship Bridge.
45.
In-n-Out Burger
–
In-N-Out Burger is an American regional chain of fast food restaurants with locations primarily in the American Southwest and Pacific coast. It was founded in Baldwin Park, California in 1948 by Harry Snyder, the chain is currently headquartered in Irvine, California and has slowly expanded outside Southern California into the rest of California, as well as into Arizona, Nevada, Utah, Texas, and Oregon. The current owner is Lynsi Snyder, the Snyders only grandchild, as the chain has expanded, it has opened several distribution centers in addition to its original Baldwin Park location. The new facilities, located in Lathrop, California, Phoenix, Arizona, Draper, Utah, In-N-Out Burger has resisted franchising its operations or going public, one reason is the prospect of quality or customer consistency being compromised by excessively rapid business growth. The companys business practices have been noted for employee-centered personnel policies, the In-N-Out restaurant chain has developed a highly loyal customer base, and has been rated as one of the top fast food restaurants in several customer satisfaction surveys. The restaurant was the first drive-thru hamburger stand in California, allowing drivers to place orders via a two-way speaker system and this was a new and unique idea, since in post-World War II California, carhops were used to take orders and serve food. A second In-N-Out was opened west of the intersection of Grand Avenue and Arrow Highway in Covina, California, the company remained a relatively small southern California chain until the 1970s. The Snyders managed their first restaurants closely to ensure quality was maintained, the chain had 18 restaurants when Harry Snyder died in 1976, at the age of 63. In 1976, 24-year-old Rich Snyder became the president after his fathers death. Along with his brother Guy, Rich had reportedly begun working in his fathers In-N-Outs from the floor at an early age. Over the next 20 years, the experienced a period of rapid growth under Richs leadership. The first location outside of the Los Angeles metropolitan area was opened in San Diego County in 1990, in 1992, In-N-Out opened its first non-Southern California restaurant in Las Vegas, Nevada. Its first Northern California location was opened the year in Modesto. Expansion then spread to Northern California, including the San Francisco Bay Area, the charter aircraft they were on had been following a Boeing 757 in for landing, became caught in its wake turbulence, and crashed. Upon Rich Snyders death in 1993, Guy Snyder assumed the presidency and he was president for six years, expanding In-N-Out from 83 to 140 locations. His mother Esther subsequently took over the presidency, the company opened locations in Arizona in 2000 and added new restaurants in Reno, Sparks, and Carson City, Nevada in late 2004. In-N-Out became a success in these new locations. In 2007, it opened its first restaurant in Tucson, Arizona, the store opening broke company records for the most burgers sold in one day and the most sold in one week
In-n-Out Burger
–
In-N-Out headquarters at University Tower in Irvine
In-n-Out Burger
–
In-N-Out Burgers, Inc.
In-n-Out Burger
–
In-N-Out Burger sign in
Norwalk, California.
In-n-Out Burger
–
In-N-Out Burger in Frisco, Texas, one of the first locations to open in Texas.
46.
Maid-Rite
–
Maid-Rite is an American casual dining franchise restaurant chain. Before it became a restaurant chain, it was a single restaurant, by the end of the 1920s, there were four franchises granted, these four restaurants are still in operation. Maid-Rite Corporations CEO and president is Bradley L. Burt, the corporate headquarters are located in Des Moines, Iowa. As of April 2006, Maid-Rite had over 70 locations, located in Iowa, Arkansas, Nebraska, Illinois, Minnesota, the Quincy, Illinois, location was featured in the Food Network show Feasting on Asphalt. Angell was a butcher in Muscatine, Iowa, who combined a special cut and grind of meat with a set of spices and created the Maid-Rite sandwich. Rather, it is called a loose meat sandwich, while the component meat is similar, the Maid-Rite sandwichs meat is not formed into a patty, making it similar to a sloppy joe without the tomato-based sauce. Angell opened his first restaurant in Muscatine, which was strictly walk-up, later, a new eat-in building was opened. He and his son, Francis Angell, opened a second restaurant and this was the first such service of this kind in the United States, A&W Restaurants and White Castle Restaurants replicated this service shortly thereafter. The first franchise was opened in Durant, Iowa, which maintains a Maid-Rite restaurant. Maid-Rite began to grow in the number of franchises throughout the United States under the direction of William Angell, Gillotti died in 1991, prompting a legal battle between Blues family and Gillottis heirs over ownership of the chain. After an injunction was issued by the Polk County District Court in 1992 that prohibited any new Maid-Rite franchises, however, issues with franchise fees and product quality led to a number of restaurants closing, by 2002 the number of Maid-Rite stores had dropped to 83. In 2002, an group led by former Des Moines banker Bradley Burt purchased a majority interest in the Maid-Rite chain. According to the Des Moines Register, Maid-Rite has a plan to open more than 1,000 restaurants throughout the United States. In November 2007, Maid-Rite announced an agreement with Hy-Vee Food Stores, Official website as of 2006 Official website as of 2016 Maid-Rite Sandwich Shop Canteen Lunch in the Alley Tavern sandwich
Maid-Rite
–
Maid-Rite Corporation
Maid-Rite
–
Maid-Rite's "Cheese-Rite" sandwich
Maid-Rite
–
Shuttered store in
Macomb, Illinois
47.
Jack in the Box (restaurant)
–
Jack in the Box is an American fast-food restaurant chain founded February 21,1951, by Robert O. Peterson in San Diego, California, where it is headquartered. The chain has 2,200 locations, primarily serving the West Coast of the United States, Food items include a variety of hamburger and cheeseburger sandwiches along with selections of internationally themed foods such as tacos and egg rolls. The company also operates the Qdoba Mexican Grill chain, Robert Oscar Peterson already owned several successful restaurants when he opened Topsys Drive-In at 6270 El Cajon Boulevard in San Diego in 1941. Several more Topsys were opened and eventually renamed Oscars, by the late 1940s, the Oscars locations had developed a circus-like décor featuring drawings of a starry-eyed clown. In 1951, Peterson converted the El Cajon Boulevard location into Jack in the Box, while the drive-through concept was not new, Jack in the Box innovated a two-way intercom system, the first major chain to use an intercom and the first to focus on drive-through. The intercom allowed much faster service than a traditional window, while one customer was being served at the window. A giant clown projected from the roof, and a clown head sat atop the intercom. The Jack in the Box restaurant was conceived as a food machine, designed by La Jolla. Quick service made the new location very popular, and soon all of Oscars locations were redesigned with intercoms, petersons holding company Foodmaker Company by 1966 was known as Foodmaker, Inc. In 1968, Peterson sold Foodmaker to Ralston Purina Company, in the 1970s, Foodmaker led the Jack in the Box chain toward its most prolific growth and began to franchise locations. The chain began to resemble its larger competitors, particularly industry giant McDonalds. Jack in the Box began to struggle in the part of the decade, its expansion into East Coast markets was cut back. By the end of the decade, Jack in the Box restaurants were sold in increasing numbers, Jack in the Box announced that it would no longer compete for McDonalds target customer base of families with young children. Television advertising from about 1985 onward featured minimalistic music by a small chamber-like ensemble, annual sales increased through the 1980s. Ralston Purina tried further to mature the restaurants image, renaming it Monterey Jacks in 1985, a disastrous move, after 18 years, Ralston Purina decided in 1985 that Foodmaker was a non-core asset and sold it to management. By 1987, sales reached $655 million, the chain boasted 897 restaurants, JBX Grill was a line of fast casual restaurants introduced in 2004 by Jack in the Box Inc. They featured high-quality, cafe-style food, avoiding most of the cheaper fast-food items typically served at Jack in the Box, the architecture and decor maintained an upbeat, positive atmosphere, and the customer service was comparable to most dine-in restaurants. Two of the Jack in the Box restaurants in San Diego, there were also restaurants in Bakersfield, California, Boise, Idaho, and Nampa, Idaho
Jack in the Box (restaurant)
–
Popular Jack antenna ball (Christmas version)
Jack in the Box (restaurant)
–
The current logo, first used on March 15, 2009
Jack in the Box (restaurant)
–
Jack in the Box headquarters in
San Diego,
California (February 2008)
Jack in the Box (restaurant)
–
Second
Colorado location in
Arvada, showing off the 1980s logo.
48.
San Diego
–
San Diego is a major city in California, United States. It is in San Diego County, on the coast of the Pacific Ocean in Southern California, approximately 120 miles south of Los Angeles and immediately adjacent to the border with Mexico. With an estimated population of 1,394,928 as of July 1,2015, San Diego is the eighth-largest city in the United States and second-largest in California. It is part of the San Diego–Tijuana conurbation, the second-largest transborder agglomeration between the US and a country after Detroit–Windsor, with a population of 4,922,723 people. San Diego has been called the birthplace of California, historically home to the Kumeyaay people, San Diego was the first site visited by Europeans on what is now the West Coast of the United States. Upon landing in San Diego Bay in 1542, Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo claimed the area for Spain, the Presidio and Mission San Diego de Alcalá, founded in 1769, formed the first European settlement in what is now California. In 1821, San Diego became part of the newly independent Mexico, in 1850, California became part of the United States following the Mexican–American War and the admission of California to the union. The city is the seat of San Diego County and is the center of the region as well as the San Diego–Tijuana metropolitan area. San Diegos main economic engines are military and defense-related activities, tourism, international trade, the presence of the University of California, San Diego, with the affiliated UCSD Medical Center, has helped make the area a center of research in biotechnology. The original inhabitants of the region are now known as the San Dieguito, the area of San Diego has been inhabited by the Kumeyaay people. The first European to visit the region was Portuguese-born explorer Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo sailing under the flag of Castile, sailing his flagship San Salvador from Navidad, New Spain, Cabrillo claimed the bay for the Spanish Empire in 1542, and named the site San Miguel. In November 1602, Sebastián Vizcaíno was sent to map the California coast, in May 1769, Gaspar de Portolà established the Fort Presidio of San Diego on a hill near the San Diego River. It was the first settlement by Europeans in what is now the state of California, in July of the same year, Mission San Diego de Alcalá was founded by Franciscan friars under Junípero Serra. By 1797, the mission boasted the largest native population in Alta California, with over 1,400 neophytes living in, Mission San Diego was the southern anchor in California of the historic mission trail El Camino Real. Both the Presidio and the Mission are National Historic Landmarks, in 1821, Mexico won its independence from Spain, and San Diego became part of the Mexican territory of Alta California. In 1822, Mexico began attempting to extend its authority over the territory of Alta California. The fort on Presidio Hill was gradually abandoned, while the town of San Diego grew up on the land below Presidio Hill. The Mission was secularized by the Mexican government in 1833, the 432 residents of the town petitioned the governor to form a pueblo, and Juan María Osuna was elected the first alcalde, defeating Pío Pico in the vote
San Diego
–
Images from top, left to right: San Diego Skyline,
Coronado Bridge, museum in
Balboa Park, Serra Museum in
Presidio Park and the
Old Point Loma lighthouse
San Diego
–
Kumeyaay people lived in San Diego before Europeans settled there.
San Diego
–
Namesake of the city,
Didacus of Alcalá: Saint Didacus in Ecstasy Before the Cross by Murillo (Musée des Augustins)
San Diego
–
Mission San Diego de Alcalá
49.
Michael Wallis
–
Michael Wallis is an American journalist, popular historian and voice actor of the Western United States. He has written seventeen books, including Route 66, The Mother Road and his work has also been published extensively in magazines and newspapers, including Time, Life, People, Smithsonian, The New Yorker, and The New York Times. Wallis was interviewed by Rep. Roy Blunt for After Words on Book TV,29 April 2007, discussing his latest book, Billy the Kid, The Endless Ride. Wallis also provided the voice of Sheriff in the Disney·Pixar Cars series as well as in the Cars Toons, Wallis graduated from Western Military Academy in Alton, Illinois in 1963. He later attended the University of Missouri in Columbia, and moved to Miami, Florida, in 1978 and he currently lives in Tulsa, Oklahoma with his wife, Suzanne Fitzgerald Wallis. David Crockett, The Lion of the West, Billy the Kid, The Endless Ride. The Lincoln Highway, Coast to Coast from Times Square to the Golden Gate, way Down Yonder in the Indian Nation. Oil Man, The Story Of Frank Phillips & The Birth Of Phillips Petroleum, mankiller, A Chief and Her People. Pretty Boy, The Life and Times of Charles Arthur Floyd, Route 66, The Mother Road 75th Anniversary Edition. Michael Wallis Online Michael Wallis at the Internet Movie Database Voices of Oklahoma interview with Michael Wallis, first person interview conducted on March 3,2011, with Michael Wallis
Michael Wallis
–
Michael Wallis
Michael Wallis
–
Michael Wallis with
Joy Harjo in 2010
.jpg)
