1.
National Register of Historic Places
–
The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal governments official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 established the National Register, of the more than one million properties on the National Register,80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts, each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings. For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service and its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties, protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, the application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians. Occasionally, historic sites outside the proper, but associated with the United States are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, the Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties, district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties, some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks, National Historic Sites, National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, on October 15,1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices. Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Registers creation, approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior, hartzog, Jr. established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation. Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law, ernest Connally was the Offices first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register, the first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Registers earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U. S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two Assistant Directorates. Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation, from 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs, jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate
2.
California Historical Landmark
–
California Historical Landmarks are buildings, structures, sites, or places in the state of California that have been determined to have statewide historical landmark significance. Historical significance is determined by meeting at least one of the criteria listed below, The first, last, only, associated with an individual or group having a profound influence on the history of California. California Historical Landmarks of #770 and above are listed in the California Register of Historical Resources. By contrast, a site, building, feature, or event that is of local significance may be designated as a California Point of Historical Interest. List of California Historical Landmarks by county National Historic Sites National Register of Historic Places listings in California — with links to list articles by county, los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monuments San Francisco Designated Landmarks Johnson, Marael. A Guide to California Roadside Historical Markers, official OHP—California Office of Historic Preservation website OHP, California Historical Sites searchpage — links to lists by county
3.
Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument
–
The Historic-Cultural Monument process has its origin in the Historic Buildings Committee formed in 1958 by the Los Angeles chapter of the American Institute of Architects. On April 30,1962, a historic preservation ordinance proposed by the AIA committee was passed. The original Cultural Heritage Board was formed in the summer of 1962, consisting of William Woollett, FAIA, Bonnie H. Riedel, Carl S. Dentzel, Senaida Sullivan and Edith Gibbs Vaughan. The board met for the first time in August 1962, at a time when the owner of the historic Leonis Adobe was attempting to demolish the structure, in its first day of official business, the board designated the Leonis Adobe and four other sites as Historic-Cultural Monuments. The designation of a property as a Historic-Cultural Monument does not prevent demolition or alteration, however, the designation requires permits for demolition or substantial alteration to be presented to the commission. The commission has the power to delay the demolition of a property for up to one year. In the commissions first decade of operation, it designated 101 properties as Historic-Cultural Monuments, by March 2010, there were 979 designated properties. A. Historic-Cultural Monuments website — with ever-updated LAHCM List via PDF link, official Los Angeles Office of Historic Resources website — Homepage Los Angeles Cultural Heritage Commission website Designated LAHCM Landmarks by Neighborhood — L. A. Bariscale. Bariscales Flickr Photostream — Big Orange Flickr Gallery of L. A. H. C. Monuments
4.
Wilmington, Los Angeles
–
Wilmington is a neighborhood in the Los Angeles Harbor Region area of Los Angeles, California, covering 9.14 square miles. It is the site of Los Angeles Harbor College, Banning High School, Wilmington has six parks, including one on the waterfront. Wilmington dates its history back to a 1784 Spanish land grant and it became a separate city in 1863, and it joined the city of Los Angeles in 1909. Places of interest include the U. S. Army headquarters for Southern California, Wilmington shares borders with Carson to the north, Long Beach to the east, San Pedro to the south and west and Harbor City to the northwest. The percentages of people from birth through age 34 were among the countys highest, population was estimated at 54,512 in 2008. Wilmington is not considered very diverse ethnically, with a diversity index of 0.245. In 2000, Latinos made up 86. 6% of the population, while whites were at 6. 4%, Asians at 4. 8%, blacks at 2. 6%, the $40,627 median household income in 2008 dollars was average for the city. Renters occupied 61. 5% of the units, with homeowners occupying the rest. In 2000 there were 1,524 military veterans, or 4. 6% of the population, the Port of Los Angeles district of Wilmington was included in the 1784 Spanish land grant of Rancho San Pedro. Known as New San Pedro from 1858 to 1863, it was subsequently named Wilmington by “Father of the Harbor” Phineas Banning after his Delaware birthplace. Wilson College, precursor to the University of Southern California, opened in Wilmington in 1874 as the first coeducational college west of the Mississippi. The City of Los Angeles annexed Wilmington in 1909, and today it, citizens of Wilmington were dubious that annexation would be in their best interests, fearing that it would shift economic activity out of their city and towards Los Angeles. Among these promises were that $10 million would be invested in improvements to the port, in the 1920s, William Wrigley Jr. built innovative housing in Wilmington that was dubbed the “Court of Nations. ”Wilmington is adjacent to the Wilmington Oil Field, discovered in 1932. It is the third largest oil field in the continental United States, consequently, there are at least 8 major refineries in the Wilmington area, many of them dating back to the original strike. During World War II the United States Military operated the Los Angeles Port of Embarkation in Wilmington, the LAPE was controlled by the San Francisco Port of Embarkation from its inception in 1942 until late 1943 when it became autonomous. The California Shipbuilding Corporation, famous for building victory ships during the war, drum Barracks Civil War Museum – U. S. Army headquarters for Southern California and the Arizona territory during the Civil War. The bright green THE DON neon sign atop a building once welcomed visitors entering the city. The Phillips 66 refinery in Wilmington is also home to the worlds largest jack-o-lantern, decorated annually since 1952, the jack-o-lantern draws 30,000 visitors annually
5.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
6.
American Civil War
–
The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
7.
Port of Los Angeles
–
The Port of Los Angeles, also called Americas Port, is a port complex that occupies 7,500 acres of land and water along 43 miles of waterfront and adjoins the separate Port of Long Beach. The port is located in San Pedro Bay in the San Pedro and Wilmington neighborhoods of Los Angeles, a department of the City of Los Angeles, the Port of Los Angeles employs nearly 896,000 people throughout the LA County Region and 3.6 million worldwide. Around $1.2 billion worth of cargo comes in and out each day at the LA Port, the Ports Channel Depth is 53 feet. The port has 23 cargo terminals,270 deepwater berths,77 container cranes,9 container terminals, the LA Port imports furniture, footwear, electronics, automobile parts, and apparel. The Port exports wastepaper, cotton, resins, animal feed, the ports major trading partners are China, Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, and Vietnam. S. In 1542, Juan Rodriquez Cabrillo discovered the Bay of Smokes, the south-facing San Pedro Bay was originally a shallow mudflat, too soft to support a wharf. Visiting ships had two choices, stay far out at anchor and have their goods and passengers ferried to shore, or beach themselves. That sticky process is described in Two Years Before the Mast by Richard Henry Dana, phineas Banning greatly improved shipping when he dredged the channel to Wilmington in 1871 to a depth of 10 feet. The port handled 50,000 tons of shipping that year, after Bannings death in 1885, his sons pursued their interests in promoting the port, which handled 500,000 tons of shipping in that year. The Southern Pacific Railroad and Collis P. Huntington wanted to create Port Los Angeles at Santa Monica, however, the Los Angeles Times publisher Harrison Gray Otis and U. S. Senator Stephen White pushed for support of the Port of Los Angeles at San Pedro Bay. The Free Harbor Fight was settled when San Pedro was endorsed in 1897 by a commission headed by Rear Admiral John C, with U. S. government support, breakwater construction began in 1899, and the area was annexed to Los Angeles in 1909. The Los Angeles Board of Harbor Commissioners was founded in 1907, in 1912 the Southern Pacific Railroad completed its first major wharf at the port. During the 1920s, the port surpassed San Francisco as the West Coasts busiest seaport, in the early 1930s, a massive expansion of the port was undertaken with the construction of a breakwater three miles out and over two miles in length. In addition to the construction of this outer breakwater, a breakwater was built off Terminal Island with docks for seagoing ships. It was this improved harbor that hosted the events for the 1932 Summer Olympics. During World War II the port was used for shipbuilding, employing more than 90,000 people. In 1959, Matson Navigation Companys Hawaiian Merchant delivered 20 containers to the port, the opening of the Vincent Thomas Bridge in 1963 greatly improved access to Terminal Island and allowed increased traffic and further expansion of the port
8.
Union (American Civil War)
–
The Union was opposed by 11 southern slave states that formed the Confederate States, or the Confederacy. All of the Unions states provided soldiers for the U. S. Army, the Border states played a major role as a supply base for the Union invasion of the Confederacy. The Northeast provided the resources for a mechanized war producing large quantities of munitions and supplies. The Midwest provided soldiers, food, horses, financial support, Army hospitals were set up across the Union. Most states had Republican governors who energetically supported the war effort, the Democratic Party strongly supported the war in 1861 but in 1862 was split between the War Democrats and the anti-war element led by the Copperheads. The Democrats made major gains in 1862 in state elections. They lost ground in 1863, especially in Ohio, in 1864 the Republicans campaigned under the National Union Party banner, which attracted many War Democrats and soldiers and scored a landslide victory for Lincoln and his entire ticket. The war years were quite prosperous except where serious fighting and guerrilla warfare took place along the southern border, prosperity was stimulated by heavy government spending and the creation of an entirely new national banking system. The Union states invested a great deal of money and effort in organizing psychological and social support for soldiers wives, widows, orphans, and for the soldiers themselves. Most soldiers were volunteers, although after 1862 many volunteered to escape the draft, Draft resistance was notable in some larger cities, especially New York City with its massive anti-draft riots of 1863 and in some remote districts such as the coal mining areas of Pennsylvania. In the context of the American Civil War, the Union is sometimes referred to as the North, both then and now, as opposed to the Confederacy, which was the South. The Union never recognized the legitimacy of the Confederacys secession and maintained at all times that it remained entirely a part of the United States of America, in foreign affairs the Union was the only side recognized by all other nations, none of which officially recognized the Confederate government. The term Union occurs in the first governing document of the United States, the subsequent Constitution of 1787 was issued and ratified in the name not of the states, but of We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union. Union, for the United States of America, is repeated in such clauses as the Admission to the Union clause in Article IV. Even before the war started, the preserve the Union was commonplace. Using the term Union to apply to the non-secessionist side carried a connotation of legitimacy as the continuation of the political entity. In comparison to the Confederacy, the Union had a large industrialized and urbanized area, additionally, the Union states had a manpower advantage of 5 to 2 at the start of the war. Year by year, the Confederacy shrank and lost control of increasing quantities of resources, meanwhile, the Union turned its growing potential advantage into a much stronger military force
9.
John C. Breckinridge
–
John Cabell Breckinridge was a lawyer, politician, and soldier from the U. S. state of Kentucky. He represented the state in both houses of Congress and became the 14th and youngest-ever Vice President of the United States and he served in the U. S. Senate during the outbreak of the American Civil War, but was expelled after joining the Confederate Army. He remains the only Senator of the United States convicted of treason against the United States of America by the Senate and he was appointed Confederate Secretary of War late in the war. Elected to the U. S. House of Representatives in 1851, after reapportionment in 1854 made his re-election unlikely, he declined to run for another term. The Democrats won the election, but Breckinridge had little influence with Buchanan and, as presiding officer of the Senate, in 1859, he was elected to succeed U. S. Senator John J. Crittenden at the end of Crittendens term in 1861, as vice president, Breckinridge joined with Buchanan in supporting the pro-slavery Lecompton Constitution for Kansas, which led to a split in the Democratic Party. The Southern wing was led by Breckinridge, doughfaced Northerner Buchanan, and the northern wing, a third party, the Constitutional Union Party, nominated John Bell. Taking his seat in the Senate, he urged compromise to preserve the Union although seven states had already seceded, Unionists took control of the state legislature when Kentuckys neutrality was breached. After this occurred, Breckinridge fled behind Confederate battle lines where he was commissioned a brigadier general, following the Battle of Shiloh in April 1862, he was promoted to major general, and in October he was assigned to the Army of Mississippi under General Braxton Bragg. After participating in Jubal Earlys 1864 campaigns in the Shenandoah Valley, Breckinridge was charged with defending Confederate supplies in Tennessee, in February 1865, Confederate President Jefferson Davis appointed him Secretary of War. Concluding that the war was hopeless, he urged Davis to arrange a national surrender, after the fall of the Confederate capital at Richmond, he ensured the preservation of Confederate military and governmental records. He traveled south from Richmond and managed to capture by Federal forces. He then fled to Cuba, Great Britain, and finally, in exile, he toured Europe from August 1866 to June 1868. When President Andrew Johnson extended amnesty to all former Confederates in late 1868, he returned to Kentucky, War injuries sapped his health, and after two operations, he died on May 17,1875. John Cabell Breckinridge was born at Thorn Hill, his familys estate near Lexington, Kentucky, the fourth of six children born to Joseph Cabell and Mary Clay Breckinridge, he was their only son. His mother was the daughter of Samuel Stanhope Smith, who founded Hampden–Sydney College in 1775, and granddaughter of John Witherspoon, having previously served as Speaker of the Kentucky House of Representatives, his father had been appointed Kentuckys Secretary of State just prior to his sons birth. In February, the family moved with Governor John Adair to the Governors Mansion in Frankfort, in August 1823, an illness referred to as the prevailing fever struck Frankfort, and Cabell Breckinridge took his children to stay with his mother in Lexington. On his return, both he and his wife fell ill, he died, but she survived and his assets were not enough to pay his debts, and his wife joined the children in Lexington, supported by her mother-in-law
10.
Abraham Lincoln
–
Abraham Lincoln was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 16th President of the United States from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. Lincoln led the United States through its Civil War—its bloodiest war and perhaps its greatest moral, constitutional, in doing so, he preserved the Union, abolished slavery, strengthened the federal government, and modernized the economy. Born in Hodgenville, Kentucky, Lincoln grew up on the frontier in Kentucky. Largely self-educated, he became a lawyer in Illinois, a Whig Party leader, elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1846, Lincoln promoted rapid modernization of the economy through banks, tariffs, and railroads. Reentering politics in 1854, he became a leader in building the new Republican Party, in 1860, Lincoln secured the Republican Party presidential nomination as a moderate from a swing state. Though he gained little support in the slaveholding states of the South. Subsequently, on April 12,1861, a Confederate attack on Fort Sumter inspired the North to enthusiastically rally behind the Union. Politically, Lincoln fought back by pitting his opponents against each other, by carefully planned political patronage and his Gettysburg Address became an iconic endorsement of the principles of nationalism, republicanism, equal rights, liberty, and democracy. Lincoln initially concentrated on the military and political dimensions of the war and his primary goal was to reunite the nation. He suspended habeas corpus, leading to the ex parte Merryman decision. Lincoln closely supervised the war effort, especially the selection of top generals, including his most successful general, Lincoln tried repeatedly to capture the Confederate capital at Richmond, each time a general failed, Lincoln substituted another, until finally Grant succeeded. As the war progressed, his moves toward ending slavery included the Emancipation Proclamation of 1863. On April 14,1865, five days after the surrender of Confederate commanding general Robert E. Lee, Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth, a Confederate sympathizer. Secretary of War Edwin Stanton launched a manhunt for Booth, and 12 days later on April 26, Lincoln has been consistently ranked both by scholars and the public as among the greatest U. S. presidents. Abraham Lincoln was born February 12,1809, the child of Thomas and Nancy Hanks Lincoln, in a one-room log cabin on the Sinking Spring Farm near Hodgenville. He was a descendant of Samuel Lincoln, an Englishman who migrated from Hingham, Norfolk to its namesake of Hingham, samuels grandson and great-grandson began the familys western migration, which passed through New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Lincolns paternal grandfather and namesake, Captain Abraham Lincoln, moved the family from Virginia to Jefferson County, Captain Lincoln was killed in an Indian raid in 1786. His children, including eight-year-old Thomas, the presidents father
11.
United States presidential election, 1860
–
The United States presidential election of 1860 was the nineteenth quadrennial presidential election to select the President and Vice President of the United States. The election was held on Tuesday, November 6,1860, the United States had been divided during the 1850s on questions surrounding the expansion of slavery and the rights of slave owners. Incumbent President James Buchanan, like his predecessor Franklin Pierce, was a northerner with sympathies for the South and he recommended that Supreme Court Justice Robert Grier vote proslavery in the Dred Scott v. Sandford case of 1857. This was so unpopular it backfired on Buchanans presidency, allowing the Republican Party to win a majority in the House in 1858, in 1860, these issues broke the Democratic Party into Northern and Southern factions, and a new Constitutional Union Party appeared. In the face of an opposition, the newly created Republican Party secured a majority of the electoral votes. The 1860 presidential election marked the end of the Souths political dominance over the nation, moreover, since 1791, Southerners had comprised a majority of the Supreme Court. The 1860 presidential election conventions were unusually tumultuous, due in particular to a split in the Democratic Party that led to rival conventions, three other candidates, Isaac Toucey from Connecticut, James Pearce from Maryland, and Jefferson Davis from Mississippi also received votes. Douglas, a moderate on the slavery issue who favored “popular sovereignty”, was ahead on the first ballot, on the 57th ballot, Douglas was still ahead, but 51.5 votes short of nomination. In desperation, the agreed on May 3 to stop voting. The Democrats convened again at the Front Street Theater in Baltimore, Maryland and this time,110 Southern delegates walked out when the convention would not adopt a resolution supporting extending slavery into territories whose voters did not want it. Some considered Horatio Seymour a compromise candidate for the National Democratic nomination at the convention in Baltimore. Seymour wrote a letter to the editor of his local newspaper declaring unreservedly that he was not a candidate for either spot on the ticket, after two ballots, the remaining Democrats nominated the ticket of Stephen A. Douglas from Illinois for president. Benjamin Fitzpatrick from Alabama was nominated for president, but he refused the nomination. That nomination ultimately went instead to Herschel Vespasian Johnson from Georgia, Breckinridge, Vice President of the United States Daniel S. When the Democrats reconvened in Baltimore, they rejoined and this larger group met immediately in Baltimore’s Institute Hall, with Cushing again presiding. They adopted the pro-slavery platform rejected at Charleston, and nominated Vice President John C, Breckinridge for President, and Senator Joseph Lane from Oregon for Vice President. Yancey and some of the bolters, almost entirely from the Lower South, met on June 28 in Richmond, along with the South Carolina and this convention affirmed the nominations of Breckinridge and Lane. Besides the Democratic Parties in the states, the Breckinridge/Lane ticket was also supported by the Buchanan administration
12.
El Monte, California
–
El Monte /ɛl ˈmɒntiː/ is a residential, industrial, and commercial city in Los Angeles County of Southern California, the United States. The city lies in the San Gabriel Valley east of the city of Los Angeles, El Montes slogan is Welcome to Friendly El Monte and historically is known as The End of the Santa Fe Trail. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 113,475. As of 2010, El Monte was the 51st largest city in California, El Monte is situated between the San Gabriel and Rio Hondo Rivers, residents claimed that anything could be grown in the area. Between 1770 and 1830, Spanish soldiers and missionaries often stopped here for respite and they called the area El Monte, which in Spanish means the mountain. Most people assume the name refers to a mountain, but there were no mountains in the valley, the word is an archaic Spanish translation of that era, meaning the wood. The first explorers had found rich, low-altitude land, blanketed with thick growths of wispy willows, alders. They also found wild grapevines and watercress, El Monte is approximately 7 miles long and 4 miles wide. When the State Legislature organized California into more manageable designated townships in the 1850s, in a short time the name returned to the original El Monte. The area, beside the San Gabriel River, was part of the homeland of the Tongva people for thousands of years, the Spanish Portolá expedition of missionaries and soldiers passed through the area in 1769-1770. The site was within the Spanish land grant Rancho La Puente, mission San Gabriel Arcángel was the center of colonial activities in the area. From 1847, The Santa Fe Trail was also connected westward through the Southern Emigrant Trail, passing by the El Monte area, immigrant settlement began in 1849, El Monte was a stopping place for the American immigrants going to the gold fields during the California Gold Rush. The first permanent residents arrived in El Monte around 1849-1850 mostly from Texas, Arkansas and Missouri, the first settlers with families were Nicholas Schmidt, Ira W. Thompson, G. and F. Cuddeback, J. Corbin, and J. Sheldon. These migrants ventured upon the bounty of fruitful, rich land along the San Gabriel River, the farmers were very pleased at the increasing success of El Montes agricultural community, and it steadily grew over the years. In the 1850s the settlement was briefly named Lexington by American settlers and it was at the crossroad of routes between Los Angeles, San Bernardino, and the natural harbor at San Pedro. In the early days, it had a reputation as a town where men often settled disputes with knives. Defense against Indian raids and the crimes of bandit gangs, such as that of Juan Flores and Pancho Daniel, led to the formation of a local militia company called the Monte Rangers in February 1854. After the Monte Rangers disbanded, justice for Los Angeles County, in 1858 the adobe Monte Station was established, a stagecoach stop on the Butterfield Overland Mail Section 2 route
13.
Phineas Banning
–
Phineas Banning was an American businessman, financier and entrepreneur. Known as The Father of the Port of Los Angeles, he was one of the founders of the town of Wilmington and his drive and ambition laid the foundations for what would become one of the busiest ports in the world. Besides operating a business, Banning operated a stage coach line between San Pedro and Wilmington, and later between Banning, California, which was named in his honor, and Yuma, Arizona. During the Civil War, he ceded land to the Union Army to build a fort at Wilmington and he was appointed a brigadier general of the First Brigade of the militia, and used the title of general for the rest of his life. Banning was born in Wilmington, Delaware, the seventh of 11 children to John Alford Banning, at age 13, he moved to Philadelphia to work in his oldest brothers law firm. By his late teens, Banning was working on the dockyards of Philadelphia, at the age of 20, he signed up to work a passage to a then-exotic destination—Southern California. Banning arrived in San Pedro, California, in 1851, after a long land, Banning was elected to a one-year term on the Los Angeles Common Council, the governing body of that city, beginning May 10,1858, and ending May 9,1859. Banning began his own staging and shipping company, Banning was not content to consolidate business interests in staging. In the late 1850s Banning and a group of Southern California investors purchased 640 acres of adjacent to San Pedro for port expansion. The land purchase was incorporated as Wilmington, after Bannings Delaware birthplace, Banning invested the profits from his trade networks into the development of a more sophisticated port complex and for the creation of roads, telegraphs, and other connections to Los Angeles. After government-funded dredging made a deep harbor and breakwater a reality. In 1856, Banning married Rebecca Sanford, the sister of his first California employer. Phineas and Rebecca had eight children, of three survived into adulthood—William Banning, Joseph Brent Banning, and Hancock Banning. Family life was stable in the Banning household, and Phineas was a doting. Rebecca Banning died in childbirth in 1868, and the infant, Vincent Banning, in 1870, Banning married Mary Hollister, a wealthy heiress whose family lent their name to the city of Hollister, California. Phineas and Mary had three children, two of which survived to adulthood—Mary Hollister Banning and Lucy Tichenor Banning, following the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860, several Southern states broke away to form the Confederate States of America, which marked the beginning of the American Civil War. The effects of the war were felt in California, and particularly in Los Angeles, which had many Southern sympathizers, an astute businessman and a vocal patriot, Banning and fellow Californian politician Benjamin Wilson donated adjacent plots of land in Wilmington for a military base. The outpost, named Drum Barracks, or Camp Drum, served as headquarters for the Unions Southwestern command for the state of California, the move brought Union troops to Wilmington, further enriching Banning
14.
Fort Tejon
–
Fort Tejon in California is a former United States Army outpost which was intermittently active from June 24,1854, until September 11,1864. It is located in the Grapevine Canyon between the San Emigdio Mountains and Tehachapi Mountains, the forts location protected the San Joaquin Valley from the south and west. The Emigdiano, who were related to the Chumash of the coastal. After the earlier Spanish and Mexican colonial Indian Reductions, they were generally cooperative with the European-American settlers, at the urging of Edward Fitzgerald Beale, Superintendent of Indian Affairs in California, the U. S. Army established Fort Tejon in 1854. Fort Tejon was the headquarters of the First U. S. Dragoons until those Regular Army troops were transferred to the East in July 1861 soon after the outbreak of the American Civil War, the fort was re-occupied by California volunteer troops in 1863. The fort lay along the Stockton - Los Angeles Road, from 1858, it was a stagecoach station on the Butterfield Overland Mail, which followed the same route as far as Visalia. From 1858, Fort Tejon was the terminus of the experimental U. S. Camel Corps. The soldiers found the camels hardy, but temperamental, and they spooked the horses used by the cavalry, the great earthquake of 1857, which became known as the Fort Tejon earthquake, was centered nearly 100 miles away. The earthquake became associated with the fort by name because the area near the epicenter was sparsely populated, the most reliable report of the event was issued from the fort, nearly 93 miles distant. The state historic park is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and its original historic buildings have been documented by the Historic American Buildings Survey. Several buildings have restored, and two are partially open to visitors. The restored barracks contain display cases of uniforms and a recreated troopers quarters, the commanding officers quarters have several restored and furnished rooms. Officers quarters nearby are only stabilized in a state of arrested decay, with walls buttressed by masonry and lumber, a quartermaster building has recently been reconstructed houses materials used in Dragoon life and Civil War reenactments. The sites of buildings, planned for reconstruction, are marked by split rail fences along the outlines of their foundations. A park office, containing exhibits of life and restrooms, is at the east end of the parade ground near the parking lot by Interstate 5. The park grounds include the site of Peter Lebeck, which is indicated with a historical marker. The nearby town of Lebec is named after him, and also the original barracks, where the soldiers slept. Fort Tejon is the site of frequent Civil War reenactments presented by the Fort Tejon Historical Association, the Fort Tejon earthquake occurred at about 8,20 AM on January 9,1857
15.
Culver City, California
–
Culver City is a city in Los Angeles County, California. The city was named after its founder, Harry Culver, as of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 38,883. It is mostly surrounded by the city of Los Angeles, over the years, it has annexed more than 40 pieces of adjoining land and now comprises about five square miles. Since the 1920s, Culver City has been a center for motion picture and later television production, from 1932 to 1985, it was the headquarters for the Hughes Aircraft Company. National Public Radio West and Sony Pictures Entertainment have headquarters in the city, the NFL Network studio is also based in Culver City. Archaeological evidence suggests a human presence in the area of present-day Culver City since at least 8,000 BC, the region was the homeland of the Tongva-Gabrieliño Native Americans, who held a presence in the region for over 8,000 years. The city was founded primarily on the lands of the former Rancho La Ballona, Rancho Rincon de los Bueyes, and Rancho La Cienega o Paso de la Tijera. In 1861, during the American Civil War, Camp Latham was established by the 1st California Infantry under Col. James H. Carleton and the 1st California Cavalry under Lt. Col. Benjamin F. Davis. Named for California Senator Milton S. Latham, the camp was the first staging area for the training of Union troops and their operations in Southern California. It was located on land of the Rancho La Ballona, on the South side of Ballona Creek, near what is now the intersection of Jefferson, the post was later moved to Camp Drum, which became the Drum Barracks. Harry Culver first attempted to establish Culver City in 1913, the city was incorporated on September 20,1917, the city was one of many all-white planned communities started in the Los Angeles area around this time. The first film studio in Culver City was built by Thomas Ince in 1918, in 1919, silent film comedy producer Hal Roach built his studios there, and Metro Goldwyn Mayer in the 20s. During Prohibition, speakeasies and nightclubs such as the Cotton Club lined Washington Boulevard, Culver Center, one of Southern Californias first shopping malls, was completed in 1950 on Venice Boulevard near the Overland Avenue intersection. Today, it has retail stores, a supermarket, a Rite Aid department store, Best Buy. Hughes Aircraft opened its Culver City plant in July 1941, there the company built the H-4 Hercules transport. Hughes was also a subcontractor in World War II. It developed and patented a flexible feed chute for faster loading of machine guns on B-17 bombers, Hughes produced more ammunition belts than any other American manufacturer, and built 5,576 wings and 6,370 rear fuselage sections for Vultee BT-13 trainers. Hughes grew after the war, and in 1953 Howard Hughes donated all of his stock in the company to the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, after he died in 1976, the institute sold the company, which made it the second-best-endowed medical research foundation in the world
16.
Benjamin Davis Wilson
–
Benjamin Davis Wilson was a California statesman and politician. He was known to the Native Americans as Don Benito because of his benevolent manner in his treatment of Native American affairs, Wilson, a native of Tennessee, was a fur trapper and trader before coming to California. Detained in Southern California while attempting to obtain passage to China and he married Ramona Yorba, daughter of Bernardo Yorba, a wealthy and prominent landowner, and purchased part of Rancho Jurupa in what would become Riverside County. Wilson was made Justice of the Peace for the Inland Territory and was entrusted with the care of Native American affairs and he was also commissioned to deal with the hostile Ute tribe over their cattle rustling and other crimes against the ranchers. His marriage to his wife, Margaret Hereford produced a daughter Ruth who would later be mother to General George S. Patton Jr. commander of U. S. Wilson became the first non-Hispanic owner of Rancho San Pascual, which encompassed todays towns of Pasadena, Altadena, South Pasadena, Alhambra, San Marino and San Gabriel. Wilson was the second elected Mayor of Los Angeles for one term, Los Angeles County Supervisor 3 terms, Wilson came to California with the Workman-Rowland Party in 1841 seeking passage to China. In 1842 Wilson bought a key portion of Rancho Jurupa from Juan Bandini, encompassing most of present-day Rubidoux, California, as well as a significant portion of downtown Riverside, Wilson became the first permanent settler in the Riverside area. In 1844 he married his first wife, Ramona Yorba, whose father Bernardo Yorba, was the prominent Spanish landholder of Rancho Cañón de Santa Ana, Wilson gained esteem and was often asked to assist with Native American affairs. Wilson accepted by becoming Justice of the Peace of the Inland Territory, in 1845 he was asked to pursue a band of marauding Native Americans led by an escaped neophyte from the San Gabriel Mission, who stole horses from the local ranchers. The Indians drove the horses, numbering in the thousands, up to the desert near Lucerne. In his pursuit, Wilson sent 22 men through the Cajon Pass, according to Trafzer, the resident Serrano let Wilson pass through their territory in pursuit of the raiders. Wilson, later sent his 22 men in pairs on a bear hunt, on their return trip to Jurupa, they gathered another 11 pelts. He named the place Big Bear Lake, the lake today is known as Baldwin Lake, after Elias J. Lucky Baldwin, while the name Big Bear Lake was re-applied to a reservoir built nearby in 1884. In 1850, Wilson was elected to the Los Angeles Common Council, and he also served as a Los Angeles County supervisor. He was elected to three terms of the California State Senate, in 1854 Wilson established Lake Vineyard, his own ranch and winery near modern-day San Gabriel, California. He came into possession of adjoining Rancho San Pascual through a series of complicated land deals, in 1864 Wilson took the first white mans expedition to a high peak of the San Gabriel Mountains that would be named Mount Wilson. He hoped to harvest timber there for the making of wine vats, the Wilson Trail became a popular one or two-day hike to the crest of the San Gabriel Mountains by local residents for years to come
17.
Richard C. Drum
–
Richard Coulter Drum was Adjutant General of the United States Army from 1880 to 1889. He was born in Greensburg, Pennsylvania, and graduated from Jefferson College before entering the printing business and he took part in many of the battles of the war, including Chapultepec and Mexico City. Following the war, he was transferred to the Fourth Artillery and was promoted to first lieutenant and he served as an aide-de-camp for General William S. Harney during his expedition against the Sioux, and participated in the Battle of Ash Hollow. In 1861 he was appointed as an assistant adjutant general for the far-flung Department of the Pacific, among other honors, Camp Drum, a 60-acre army base in Wilmington, CA, was established in 1862 and named after him. Drum was Assistant Adjutant General for the Department of California from June 1865 to October 1,1866 and he was appointed Assistant Adjutant General for the Department of the East, with Headquarters in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania from December 27,1866, to January 6,1868. Drum was promoted to Colonel in February 22,1869 and he then served until retirement in the Adjutant Generals office in Washington D. C. On June 16,1880, he became Adjutant General of the United States Army and was promoted to brigadier general and he retired on May 20,1889. In 1896 he became a Veteran Companion of the Military Order of Foreign Wars by right of his service in the Mexican War, General Drum died in Drummond, Maryland in 1909. He is buried in Arlington National Cemetery, reminiscences of the Indian Fight at Ash Hollow,1855. Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society, lincoln, Nebraska, Nebraska State Historical Society. Military Record of Army and Civilian Appointments in the United States Army, new York City, D. Van Nostrand, Publisher. Men of Mark in Maryland, Volume I
18.
Department of the Pacific
–
The Department of the Pacific or Pacific Department was a major command of the United States Army during the 19th century. The department reported directly to the headquarters of the Army in Washington and it oversaw the military affairs in the country west of the Rocky Mountains, except for the Utah Territory and the Territory of New Mexico east of the 110th meridian west. On September 2,1854, the headquarters was moved to Benicia Barracks, from 1855-57 the Puget Sound District was organized. In January 1857, the headquarters returned to San Francisco. On January 14,1858, the Utah Territory was placed within the Department but soon removed into the Department of Utah, in 1858, the Department of California included the territory west of the Rockies, the Umpqua and Rogue River districts in Oregon, Utah and New Mexico. The Department of Oregon included the Oregon and Washington Territories, during the American Civil War the army again reorganized, and on January 15,1861, the independent Pacific Department was reconstituted by consolidating the Departments of California and Oregon. The first commander of the new Department of the Pacific was Colonel Albert Sidney Johnston who was later to become a prominent General in the Confederate Army. August 6,1862 - July 27,1865 District of Arizona March 7,1865 - July 27,1865 On July 27,1865 the Military Division of the Pacific was created under Major General Henry W and this step also brought an end to the Eighth Corps
19.
District of Southern California
–
The District of Southern California was a district of a new department of the United States Army called Department of the Pacific. The department was created on January 15,1861, during the American Civil War, the District of Southern California was established on September 25,1861. By 1863, the department had five districts, including the District of Southern California, the district was composed of San Luis Obispo County, Tulare County, Santa Barbara County, Los Angeles County, San Bernardino County, and San Diego County. Its first headquarters was located at Camp Latham, located west of Los Angeles, the headquarters was later moved to Drum Barracks. Skirmish near the upper Santa Ana Canyon, California, Col. George Wright, U. S. 9th Infantry Regiment, assigned to command all troops serving in Southern California. The District of Southern California created, uniting the counties of San Luis Obispo, Buena Vista, Tulare, Santa Barbara, Los Angeles, San Bernardino, Col. George Wright was assigned to its command. Expedition from San Bernardino to the Temecula Ranch and Oak Grove, Col. George Wright, U. S. 9th Infantry Regiment, assumes command of the District of Southern California. Col. George Wright, U. S. 9th Infantry Regiment, transfers command of District of Southern California to Col. James H. Carleton, Col. James H. Carleton, First California Infantry, relieved from command of the District of Southern California. Pursuit and capture of the Showalter Party at Warners Ranch in the San Jose Valley, Col. James H. Carlton, First California Infantry, resumes command of the District of Southern California. Expedition from Camp Latham to Owens River, California, with skirmish on April 9 near Bishops Creek, Col. Ferris Forman, 4th California Infantry, assumes command of the District of Southern California. Apr.13 - Sept.20,1862, expedition from Southern California, through Arizona, to northwestern Texas and New Mexico. Expedition from California to Arizona and New Mexico, organized as the Column from California, Col. James H. Carleton, First California Infantry, Col. James H. Carleton relinquishes command of the District of Southern California. Col. George W. Bowie, Fifth California Infantry, assumes command of the District of Southern California, expedition from Camp Latham to Owens River, Cal. with skirmish on June 24 at Owens Lake. Col. James H. Carleton, First California Infantry, assigned to command tho Department of New Mexico, the District of Arizona constituted to comprise all the territory from Fort Thorn, New Mexico, along the north bank of the Rio Grande to Fort Quitman, Texas. Maj. David Fergusson, First California Cavalry, relieved from command of the District of Western Arizona, maj. Theodore A. Coult, Fifth California Infantry, assigned to command of the District of Western Arizona. Col. Joseph R. West, First California Infantry, assumes command of the District of Arizona, Col. Harvey Lee, Fourth California Infantry, assumes command of the District of Southern California. Col. Ferris Forman, Fourth California Infantry, assumes command of the District of Southern California, expedition from Camp Babbitt to Keysville, California. Operations in Owens River and adjacent valleys, Cal, Col. James F. Curtis, Fourth California Infantry, assigned to command the District of Southern California, relieving Col. Ferris Forman
20.
California Column
–
The California Column was a force of Union volunteers sent to Arizona and New Mexico during the American Civil War. The command marched over 900 miles from California through Arizona and New Mexico Territory to the Rio Grande and as far east as El Paso, Texas and this command contained 1500 well drilled and disciplined men. Later on, Lieutenant Colonel George W. Bowies 5th California Infantry was added, the objective of their commander, Colonel James Henry Carleton was to drive Confederate troops out of New Mexico, which they had occupied the previous year. The soldiers of the California Column, both infantry and cavalry, often traveled by foot wearing woolen uniforms in the desert heat and they started out from Fort Yuma along the Colorado River. They followed the route of the Butterfield Overland Mail, which had ceased operation the year before. The mail posts were filled with food and grain which Union spies had stockpiled there before the invasion, during their advance the California Column engaged the Confederates in two small skirmishes. The first was a skirmish with Confederates attempting to burn forage gathered at Stanwix Station near the end of March 1862, the second clash came in mid-April when the column marched on Tucson from Casa Blanca, at Picacho Pass. Their subsequent rapid approach to Tucson nearly trapped the Confederate rearguard and it was not until late June that a scout named John W. Jones was able to outrun pursuing Apaches and get a message to Canby, The Column from California is really coming. On the march to the Rio Grande,140 men of Company E, 1st California Infantry, by the time the California Column reached the Rio Grande, the Confederates had already retreated to Texas. Carlton followed them into West Texas, capturing Franklin, Texas, most of their service after that would be as garrisons in West Texas to prevent the return of the rebels. Their main activity was as garrisons of the settlements and forts in New Mexico Territory, hunt, Aurora, James Henry Carleton, 1814–1873, Western Frontier Dragoon, Western Military Series II, Glendale, California, Arthur H. Clark Company,1958. The Civil War in Arizona, The Story of the California Volunteers, 1861-65, records of California Men in the War of the Rebellion,1861 to 1867, State of California,1890. The Civil War in the West
21.
James Henry Carleton
–
James Henry Carleton was an officer in the U. S. Army and a Union general during the American Civil War. Carleton is best known as an Indian fighter in the southwestern United States, Carleton was born in Lubec, Maine. He was commissioned as a lieutenant in the U. S. Army in 1839, during the Aroostook War and he served in the 1st U. S. Dragoons in the American West, participating as a lieutenant in an 1844 expedition to the Pawnee and the Oto. One of Carletons children, Henry Guy Carleton was a journalist, playwright, arriving at Mountain Meadows, the command rendezvoused with the Santa Clara Expedition of the Department of Utah from Camp Floyd under the command of Capt. Ruben Campbell. A crude monument was constructed of rocks, with a cedar cross, Assistant Surgeon Charles Brewer of the Santa Clara Expedition was in charge of a burial detail that had interred the remains of 39 in three mass graves a few days before the arrival of K Company. After investigating the incident, Carleton felt his findings were significant enough to deliver as a report to Maj. W. W. Mackall, Assistant Adjutant-General. In 1861 Carleton raised and was appointed colonel of the 1st California Volunteer Infantry Regiment, in October 1861, Col. Carleton replaced Brigadier Gen. George Wright as commander of the District of Southern California. In 1862 he commanded the so-called California Column during its advance across California, Arizona, New Mexico, Carleton was promoted to brigadier general of volunteers on April 28, during the march from California to Arizona. Along the way the Californians fought the Battle of Picacho Pass, then marched east engaging the Apache for the first time at the Battle of Apache Pass. As a result, he established Fort Bowie near Apache Pass to guard this critical place on the road between the Colorado and Rio Grande Rivers. The advance force of the California Column reached the Rio Grande at abandoned Fort Thorn, New Mexico on July 4, although a strict disciplinarian, he remained popular with his men. In fall 1862 Carleton also decreed several security measures including internal passports, curfews, while New Mexico department commander, Carleton concentrated on the threat posed by Apache and Navajo raiders. His first campaign was against the Mescalero Apache led by Mangas Coloradas and it was led by Christopher Kit Carson, leading New Mexican militia and California Volunteers. In October 1862, Carleton established Fort Sumner to house captured Mescalero Apache, one notorious quote by Carleton on the Mescalero Apache, All Indian men of that tribe are to be killed whenever and wherever you can find them…. If the Indians send in a flag of truce say to the bearer. that you have sent to punish them for their treachery. That you have no power to make peace, that you are there to kill them wherever you can find them and this policy was followed, even to those under a flag of truce. In January 1863, Mangus Coloradas agreed to meet with U. S. military leaders at Fort McLane, Mangas Coloradas arrived under a white flag of truce to meet with Colonel Joseph Rodman West, an officer of the California Volunteers. Armed soldiers took him into custody, and West is reported to have ordered the sentries to execute the Apache leader and that night Mangas Coloradas was tortured with heated bayonets, shot and killed, as he was trying to escape
22.
New Mexico Territory
–
In 1846, during the Mexican-American War, the U. S. provisional government of New Mexico was established. After the Mexican Republic formally ceded the region to the U. S. A. in 1848, earlier in the year 1850, a bid for New Mexico statehood was underway under a proposed state constitution prohibiting slavery. The request was approved at the time that the Utah Territory was created to the north. Texas raised great opposition to this plan, as it claimed much of the same territory, in addition, slaveholders worried about not being able to expand slavery to the west of their current slave states. The Compromise of 1850 put an end to the push for immediate New Mexico statehood, approved by the United States Congress in September 1850, the legislation provided for the establishment of New Mexico Territory and Utah Territory. It also firmly established the western boundary of Texas. The status of slavery during the territorial period provoked considerable debate, the granting of statehood was up to a Congress sharply divided on the slavery issue. Regardless of its status, slavery was rare in antebellum New Mexico. Black slaves never numbered more than about a dozen, as one of the final attempts at compromise to avoid the Civil War, in December 1860, a U. S. House of Representatives committee proposed to admit New Mexico as a slave state immediately. As in New Mexico, slavery was already limited, due to earlier Mexican traditions, laws. The northwestern corner of New Mexico Territory was included in Arizona Territory until it was added to the southernmost part of the newly admitted State of Nevada in 1864, eventually Arizona Territory was organized as the State of Arizona. The Purchase treaty defines the new border as up the middle of river to the point where the parallel of 31°47 north latitude crosses the same 31°47′0″N 106°31′41. Although this area was smaller than what had been included in the failed statehood proposal of early 1850, the Gadsden Purchase was acquired by the United States from Mexico in 1853/1854, arranged by the then-American ambassador to Mexico, James Gadsden. The land of 29,640 square miles provided an easily constructed route for a future southern transcontinental railroad line for the future Southern Pacific Railroad. The Colorado Territory was established by the Colorado Organic Act on February 28,1861 and this Act removed the Colorado lands from the New Mexico Territory. This Act left the New Mexico Territory with boundaries identical to the eventual State of New Mexico for a half-century until admitted to the Union in 1912 as the 47th state, as the route to California, New Mexico Territory was disputed territory during the American Civil War. S. Albuquerque, NM, University of New Mexico Press,2014
23.
Battle of Picacho Pass
–
The Battle of Picacho Pass or the Battle of Picacho Peak was an engagement of the American Civil War on April 15,1862. The action occurred around Picacho Peak,50 miles northwest of Tucson and it was fought between a Union cavalry patrol from California and a party of Confederate pickets from Tucson, and marks the westernmost battle of the American Civil War. Mesilla, near Las Cruces, was declared the territorial capital, the property of Tucson Unionists was confiscated and they were jailed or driven out of town. Confederates hoped a flood of sympathizers in southern California would join them and give the Confederacy an outlet on the Pacific Ocean and this skirmish occurred about a mile northwest of Pichaco Pass Station. The Arizona Confederates were commanded by Sergeant Henry Holmes, Barrett was under orders not to engage them, but to wait for the main column to come up. However, Lt. Barrett acting alone rather than in concert, surprised the Rebels and should have captured them without firing a shot, instead, in midafternoon the lieutenant led his men into the thicket single file without dismounting them. The first fire from the enemy emptied four saddles, when the enemy retired farther into the thicket and had time to reload. Barrett followed them, calling on his men to follow him, Barrett secured one of the prisoners and had just remounted his horse when a bullet struck him in the neck, killing him instantly. Fierce and confused fighting continued among the mesquite and arroyos for 90 minutes, exhausted and leaderless, the Californians broke off the fight and the Arizona Rangers, minus three who surrendered, mounted and carried warning of the approaching Union army to Tucson. Barretts disobedience of orders had cost him his life and lost any chance of a Union surprise attack on Tucson, the Union troops retreated to the Pima Indian Villages and hastily built Fort Barrett at Whites Mill, waiting to gather resources to continue the advance. However, with no Confederate reinforcements available, Captain Sherod Hunter, the Union troops entered Tucson without any opposition. The bodies of the two Union enlisted men killed at Picacho were later removed to the National Cemetery at the Presidio of San Francisco in San Francisco, however, Lieutenant Barretts grave, near the present railroad tracks, remains undisturbed and unmarked. Union reports claimed that two Confederates were wounded in the fight, but Captain Hunter in his official report mentioned no Confederate casualties other than the three men captured. Before this engagement a Confederate cavalry patrol had advanced as far west as Stanwix Station, the Confederates had been burning hay stored at the stage stations in order to delay the Union advance from California. About the same time as the skirmish at Picacho Peak, a force of Confederates was thwarted in its attempt to advance northward from Santa Fe, New Mexico. By July the Confederates had retreated to Texas, though pro-Confederate militia units operated in areas until mid-1863. Although the encounter at Picacho Pass was only a minor event in the Civil War, every March, Picacho Peak State Park hosts a re-enactment of the Civil War battles of Arizona and New Mexico, including the battle of Picacho Pass. The re-enactments now have grown so large that many more participants tend to be involved than took part in the actual engagements, and include infantry units and artillery as well as cavalry
24.
Comstock Lode
–
The Comstock Lode is a lode of silver ore located under the eastern slope of Mount Davidson, a peak in the Virginia Range in Nevada. It was the first major discovery of ore in the United States. After the discovery was made public in 1859, it sparked a rush of prospectors to the area. The discovery caused considerable excitement in California and throughout the United States, Mining camps soon thrived in the vicinity, which became bustling commercial centers, including Virginia City and Gold Hill. The mines declined after 1874, although underground mining continued sporadically into the 1920s, volcanic vents to the east covered the area during the Tertiary, and a fault fissure opened the east slope of the Virginia Range. The east slope of the forms the footwall of the Lode, and is composed of diorite, while the hanging wall is composed of andesite. The fault fissures filled these fissures with mineral-bearing quartz, the miners stated porphyry makes ore. The ore bodies were scattered through the wide Lode like plums in a charity pudding. Although the miners extended their work in all directions, only sixteen large and rich ore bodies were found, six major bonanzas marked the first five years of the Comstock Lode. The Ophir bonanza was prosperous until 1864, producing 70,000 tons, though rich, and having a length of 500 feet at the surface, the ore body wedged out at a depth of 500 feet. The Gold & Curry bonanza, included 500 feet of the El Dorado outcrop, the ore gave out by 1866. The Savage bonanza included this ore body and a second bonanza and this ore body was played out by 1869. The Chollar-Potosi bonanza was consolidated in 1865, the 1875 Combination Shaft was a joint effort by Chollar-Potosi and Hale & Norcross. The Original Gold Hill bonanza consisted of the Old Red Ledge,1,000 feet long,500 feet wide, the associated Gold Hill mines were merged into the Consolidated Imperial by 1876. The Yellow Jacket shared the Gold Hill bonanza on its north, the Crown Point-Belcher bonanza was discovered in 1870. The ore body extended from the 900 to the 1500 foot level, had a length of 775 feet, the ore, the precious metal value of which was 54 percent from gold and 46 percent from silver, only lasted four years. The Consolidated Virginia bonanza was discovered at the 1200 foot level in March 1873, the ore body was 900 feet long and 200 feet wide, but terminated at the 1650 foot level. Gold was found in region in the spring of 1850, in Gold Canyon, by a company of Mormon emigrants, one of whom
25.
4th California Infantry Regiment
–
The 4th California Infantry was a volunteer infantry regiment recruited from northern California during the American Civil War. It was organized at Sacramento, Placerville, and Auburn in September and October 1861, colonel Henry M. Judah, September 1861 - November,1861. Colonel Ferris Forman, November,1861 - August 20,1863. Colonel James F. Curtis, August 20,1863 - until it was disbanded by consolidation, November 30,1865 Most of the recruits, caught up in war fever, expected to be sent to the eastern battlefields. They were disappointed to be ordered to garrison duty and related tasks on the West Coast. The regiment served principally in the District of Oregon, and in the District of Southern California, none of these duties required regimental strength, so the companies of the regiment were detached and scattered. The regiment was mustered out on April 18,1866, regimental headquarters - First located at Auburn, Placer County. While stationed there five companies were sent to the District of Oregon to relieve the regulars stationed there, from February to May,1862, headquarters and five companies were at Camp Union, near Sacramento. Company A - This company was organized at Placerville, September 21,1861, moved from San Francisco to Fort Vancouver, Washington Territory, October 29-November 4,1861. At Fort Walla Walla, Washington Territory, until August,1862, Ordered to San Francisco August 15 and duty at Benicia Barracks until March,1863. Ordered to Camp Drum March 1, and duty there until January,1864, at Santa Barbara until to the terms of service of most of the members expired, and they were discharged at Drum Barracks, October 13,1864. New Company A - The few whose terms had not expired, at Santa Barbara until to November,1864. At Cahuenga Pass, November 30,1864, at Drum Barracks, December,1864, sent during the month of April 1865 to Fort Humboldt. At Camp Iaqua May 1,1865 until it was ordered to the Presidio of San Francisco, Company B - Captain Fitch and Lieutenant Copely of the Mountain Volunteers joined this company, which was organized at Placerville, September 25,1861. Moved from San Francisco to Fort Vancouver, Washington Territory, October 29-November 4,1861, at Fort Vancouver until March,1862. At Fort Dalles to October,1862, Ordered to San Francisco October 3, and duty at Benicia Barracks until March,1863. Ordered to Camp Drum March 1,1863, thence to Fort Mojave April 29, Ordered to Drum Barracks, and duty there until mustered out. New Company B - Ordered to Fort Humboldt April 5,1865, thence to Fort Gaston, Company C - This company was recruited in Shasta County during the month of September,1861
26.
Santa Catalina Island (California)
–
Santa Catalina Island, often called Catalina Island, or just Catalina, is a rocky island off the coast of the U. S. state of California in the Gulf of Santa Catalina. The island is 22 miles long and 8 miles across at its greatest width, the island is located about 22 miles south-southwest of Los Angeles, California. The highest point on the island is 2,097 feet Mt. Orizaba, Santa Catalina is part of the Channel Islands of California archipelago and lies within Los Angeles County. Catalina was originally settled by Native Americans who called the island Pimugna or Pimu, the first Europeans to arrive on Catalina claimed it for the Spanish Empire. Over the years, territorial claims to the transferred to Mexico. Since the 1970s, most of the island has been administered by the Catalina Island Conservancy and its total population in the 2010 census was 4,096 people,90 percent of whom live in the islands only incorporated city, Avalon. The second center of population is the village of Two Harbors at the islands isthmus. Development occurs also at the settlements of Rancho Escondido and Middle Ranch. The remaining population is scattered over the island between the two population centers, the Tongva called the island Pimu or Pimugna and referred to themselves as the Pimugnans or Pimuvit. Archeological evidence shows Pimugnan settlement beginning in 7000 BC, the Pimugnans had settlements all over the island at one time or another, with their biggest villages being at the Isthmus and at present-day Avalon, Shark/Little Harbor, and Emerald Bay. The Pimugnans were renowned for their mining, working and trade of soapstone which was found in quantities and varieties on the island. This material was in demand and was traded along the California coast. The first European to set foot on the island was the Portuguese explorer Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, on October 7,1542, he claimed the island for Spain and christened it San Salvador after his ship. Over half a century later, another Spanish explorer, Sebastián Vizcaíno, vizcaino renamed the island in the saints honor. The colonization of California by the Spanish coincided with the decline of the Pimugnans because of diseases brought by them from Europe. By the 1830s, the entire native population had migrated to the mainland to work in the missions or as ranch hands for the many private land owners. Franciscan friars considered building a mission on Catalina, but abandoned the idea because of the lack of water on the island. While Spain maintained its claim on Catalina Island, foreigners were forbidden to trade with colonies, russian hunters from the Aleutian Islands, and America set up camps on Santa Catalina and the surrounding Channel Islands to hunt otters and seals around the island for their pelts
27.
Two Harbors, California
–
Two Harbors, colloquially known as The Isthmus, is a small unincorporated community island village on Santa Catalina Island, California with a population of 298. It is the center of population on the island, besides the city of Avalon. It is mainly a resort village and it has only one restaurant, one hotel, and one general store. The village has about 150 permanent residents who live on the isthmus year-round, one notable feature is the little one-room schoolhouse where those who live on the isthmus can go to school. Two Harbors is an island village located approximately 37 km from San Pedro Harbor on Santa Catalina Island. On the islands narrow isthmus, it is located about 18 miles from the city in the Island. White Rock Island, commonly known as Bird Rock, is a privately owned island only 6312 m² in size. It is approximately 1.4 km northeast of Two Harbors, offshore from Isthmus Cove, the area where Two Harbors is located was originally referred to simply as the Isthmus of Catalina Island. By the 1860s, mining operations for silver, lead and zinc took place in the area, however the reservation idea was abandoned and so was the camp. The Ning Po burned off the shore of the Isthmus in 1938. Two Harbors is part of the Long Beach Unified School District, young children in Two Harbors attend the one-room school, Two Harbors Elementary School in Two Harbors. Older children attend the school and high school at Avalon. The USC Wrigley Institute for Environmental Studies is an environmental research, the facility was made possible by a donation from the Wrigley family and was named for Philip K. Wrigley. Two Harbors is served by lines with regular daily service to San Pedro. A helicopter can also be chartered to the village, the Catalina Airport-In-The-Sky is 10 miles away to the east. Alternatively, various charter boats offer private service to the Island Most people generally walk, to get around the island from Two Harbors, one can get a bus that can take them anywhere on the Island, or one can hike
28.
Fort Yuma
–
Fort Yuma is a fort in California that is located in Imperial County, across the Colorado River from Yuma, Arizona. It was on the Butterfield Overland Mail route from 1858 until 1861 and was abandoned May 16,1883, the Fort Yuma Indian School and the Saint Thomas Yuma Indian Mission now occupy the site. It is one of the sites listed as Yuma Crossing. In addition, it is registered as California Historical Landmark #806, First established after the end of the Mexican–American War, the fort was originally located in the bottoms near the Colorado River, less than a mile below the mouth of the Gila River. It was constructed to defend the newly settled community of Yuma, New Mexico Territory, located on the side of the Colorado River. In March 1851 the post was moved to an elevation on the Colorados west bank. This site had been occupied by Camp Calhoun, named for Senator John C. It was established on October 2,1849, by 1st Lieutenant Cave J. Couts, 1st Dragoons, for the survey party led by 2nd Lieutenant Amiel W. Whipple. A ferry service, maintained by the soldiers for the survey partys convenience, established by Captain Samuel P. Heintzelman, 2nd Infantry Regiment, the fort was originally named Camp Independence. In March 1851, when the post was moved to its permanent site, a year later the post was designated Fort Yuma. The post, however, was reoccupied by Captain Heintzelman on February 29,1852 and it was difficult to supply the post during its early years. The work of transferring the goods to wagons at that point and hauling them across the Yuma Desert and Yuha Desert to Yuma was rigorous, life at the post was harsh and the militarys resolve to maintain a garrison here vacillated. Only after August 1852 did the temporary Camp Yuma became permanent Fort Yuma, steamboats continued to supply the fort and later settlements on the Colorado River in this way until the arrival of the railroad in 1877. Only one military action occurred at the fort when Yuman warriors surrounded it during the Yuma War, temporarily trapping the future general Thomas William Sweeny and a few others. From 1858 to 1861 the Butterfield Overland Mail had a station near the fort. During the American Civil War, the Union retained control of Fort Yuma when the First California Infantry replaced Regular Army soldiers sent East in December 1861, in 1863 the Union established their control of the region as the Arizona Territory. Fort Yuma served as the point for the Union garrisons there. There was no action at the fort since the western United States was far removed from the Civil War
29.
Native Sons of the Golden West
–
In 1890 they placed the first historical marker in the state to honor the discovery of gold which gave rise to the state nickname Golden State and Golden West. Former U. S. President Richard M. Nixon and former U. S. Supreme Court Justice Earl Warren were both past presidents of the NSGW. The Native Sons of the Golden West was founded 11 July 1875 by General A. M. Winn, General Winn lived in California during the Gold Rush and was impressed with the spirit and perseverance of the Forty-Niners. Today, the Native Sons of the Golden West is open to membership from any native-born, the Native Sons of the Golden West is a charitable and fraternal organization. Organized locally into Parlors, the group is perhaps best known for the number of commemorative markers it has placed throughout the state. They have an organization, the Native Daughters of the Golden West. The term Golden West is a colloquialism for California, popularly known as the Golden State. The Native Sons began as an organization embracing only the sons of those pioneers who arrived on this coast prior to the admission of California as a state. In the 1920s, the Native Sons took two different stances, one on Japanese internment and one on rights for Native Americans. In 1920, then Grand President William P. Canbu of the Native Sons wrote that “California was given by God to a people, and with God’s strength we want to keep it as He gave it to us. ”The Native Sons openly opposed Chinese, Mexican. However, by contrast, the Native Sons actively fought for California Native American rights, the Commonwealth Club of San Francisco was looking into the matter of Indian rights under the 18 treaties as early as 1909. This resulted in a section on Indian Affairs for the purpose of making a complete study of the rights, wrongs. The Native Sons was one of the groups that was active in this area, study committees were formed and publicity as to the needs of the California Indians appeared in its magazine, the California Grizzly Bear. In 1922 and again in 1925, there were articles of importance in arousing public opinion. In Nevada City, Native Sons Hydraulic Parlor No.58 aided the American Indians, in April 1913, Indian agent C. H. Ashbury came from Reno to determine if the Indian land claims was valid and to conduct the proceedings, calling neighbors, city trustees, today, the Native Sons welcome native Californians of all races. The current organization has many Asian Americans, Hispanic Americans and African American members, sutters Fort, Sacramento, By 1888 the once proud fort built by John Sutter was abandoned and deteriorating and the City of Sacramento sought to demolish it. C. E. Grunsky of Native Sons of the Golden West Sunset Parlor #25 in Sacramento led the fight to purchase and restore this most important symbol of Californias pioneer history
30.
Banning House
–
Banning House, also known as the General Phineas Banning Residence Museum, is a historic Greek Revival-Victorian home in the Wilmington section of Los Angeles, California. Built in 1863 by Phineas Banning near the original San Pedro Bay, the home, barn and gardens are now operated as a museum. Banning House was designed by Phineas Banning, and has described as one of the best examples of Greek Revival architecture in the west. It originally had 30 rooms, but some rooms have combined. The story goes, Strangely enough Banning repeated this warning over and over for three years until his mansion was completed in 1864. The house was a departure from the adobe haciendas that predominated in Southern California at the time and became a showplace, the house was also reportedly the site of the first yachting party on the West Coast. Banning was reportedly fond of walking up the stairs of the house to his fourth floor cupola where he would watch the ships arriving with cargoes and he was also elected to the California legislature in 1867 and 1869. Banning lived in the house for more than 20 years until his death in 1885, Banning died at age 53 after being knocked down and run over by a passing express wagon while visiting San Francisco. After Phineas Banning died, Hancock Banning maintained the residence until his death in 1894, in 1927, the house and grounds were purchased by the City of Los Angeles to create a city park for the residents of Wilmington. In 1934, the Los Angeles Board of Park Commissioners proposed restoring the house, motion picture studios, including Twentieth-Century Fox, Warner Brothers and Paramount, contributed wallpapers to conform to the Civil War era. Following the restoration, the dedication took place in 1936 and was attended by Governor Frank Merriam, Senator William Gibbs McAdoo. It opened to the public in 1938, closed in 1941 at the start of World War II, the house is operated as the General Phineas Banning Residence Museum. In addition to the house and its furnishings, the museum includes a gallery with photographs depicting the history of the port, the Banning family. The museum also includes a display of 19th century stagecoaches located in the barn. The gardens include eucalyptus trees and large wisteria vines planted in the late 19th Century, the museum is open for docent-led tours Tuesday through Thursdays and Saturdays through Sundays, a $5 donation is requested for persons 12 years and older. Banning Park, including the Banning House, barn and gardens, was designated California Historic Landmark in 1935, after the creation of the Los Angeles Cultural Heritage Commission in 1962, the house became one of the earliest sites designated as a Banning Park in October 1963. It was also the site in Los Angeles to be listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Library of Congress, General Phineas Banning Residence
31.
Paranormal
–
A paranormal phenomenon is different from hypothetical concepts such as dark matter and dark energy. Unlike paranormal phenomena, these concepts are based on empirical observations. The most notable paranormal beliefs include those that pertain to ghosts, extraterrestrial life, unidentified flying objects, psychic abilities or extrasensory perception, the term paranormal has existed in the English language since at least 1920. The word consists of two parts, para and normal, the definition implies that the scientific explanation of the world around us is normal and anything that is above, beyond, or contrary to that is para. On the classification of paranormal subjects, Terence Hines in his book Pseudoscience, what sets the paranormal apart from other pseudosciences is a reliance on explanations for alleged phenomena that are well outside the bounds of established science. Thus, paranormal phenomena include extrasensory perception, telekinesis, ghosts, poltergeists, life after death, reincarnation, faith healing, human auras, the explanations for these allied phenomena are phrased in vague terms of psychic forces, human energy fields, and so on. This is in contrast to many pseudoscientific explanations for other nonparanormal phenomena, in traditional belief and fiction, a ghost is a manifestation of the spirit or soul of a person. Alternative theories expand on that idea and include belief in the ghosts of deceased animals, sometimes the term ghost is used synonymously with any spirit or demon, however in popular usage the term typically refers to a deceased persons spirit. The belief in ghosts as souls of the departed is closely tied to the concept of animism, as the 19th-century anthropologist George Frazer explained in his classic work, The Golden Bough, souls were seen as the creature within that animated the body. Although the evidence for ghosts is largely anecdotal, the belief in ghosts throughout history has remained widespread, the possibility of extraterrestrial life is not, by itself, a paranormal subject. Many scientists are engaged in the search for unicellular life within the solar system, carrying out studies on the surface of Mars. Projects such as SETI are conducting a search for radio activity that would show evidence of intelligent life outside the solar system. Scientific theories of how life developed on Earth allow for the possibility that life developed on other planets as well, the paranormal aspect of extraterrestrial life centers largely around the belief in unidentified flying objects and the phenomena said to be associated with them. Early in the history of UFO culture, believers divided themselves into two camps, the first held a rather conservative view of the phenomena, interpreting them as unexplained occurrences that merited serious study. They began calling themselves ufologists in the 1950s and felt that logical analysis of sighting reports would validate the notion of extraterrestrial visitation, the second camp consisted of individuals who coupled ideas of extraterrestrial visitation with beliefs from existing quasi-religious movements. These individuals typically were enthusiasts of occultism and the paranormal, many had backgrounds as active Theosophists, Spiritualists, or were followers of other esoteric doctrines. In contemporary times, many of these beliefs have coalesced into New Age spiritual movements, both secular and spiritual believers describe UFOs as having abilities beyond what are considered possible according to known aerodynamic constraints and physical laws. The transitory events surrounding many UFO sightings also limits the opportunity for repeat testing required by the scientific method, acceptance of UFO theories by the larger scientific community is further hindered by the many possible hoaxes associated with UFO culture
32.
Hoop skirt
–
A hoop skirt or hoopskirt is a womens undergarment worn in various periods to hold the skirt extended into a fashionable shape. Its Tudor name was a farthingale and it originated as a modest-sized mechanism for holding long skirts away from ones legs, to stay cooler in hot climates and to keep from tripping on the skirt during various activities. Small hoops might be worn by farmers and while working in the garden, hoops were then adopted as a fashion item, and the size and scale of the hoops grew in grandeur. They can sometimes be seen in the fashion scene. Reproduction hoop skirts are a part of living history costuming, including American Civil War reenactment. Arnold, Janet, Patterns of Fashion, the cut and construction of clothes for men and women 1560-1620, ISBN 0-89676-083-9 Arnold, Janet, Patterns of Fashion 1, Wace 1964, Macmillan 1972. Revised metric edition, Drama Books 1977, Arnold, Janet, Patterns of Fashion 2, Englishwomens Dresses and Their Construction C. 1860-1940, Wace 1966, Macmillan 1972. Revised metric edition, Drama Books 1977, ISBN 0-89676-027-8 Arnold, Janet, Queen Elizabeths Wardrobe Unlockd, W S Maney and Son Ltd, Leeds 1988
33.
Unsolved Mysteries
–
Unsolved Mysteries is an American television program, hosted by Robert Stack from 1987 to 2002 and later by Dennis Farina starting in 2008. The show was broadcast first as specials in 1987, then as a series on NBC, CBS, Lifetime. Lifetime once again airs the revived version of the series, as of 2017, the show maintains a YouTube page where viewers can submit their own mysteries. If accepted, Unsolved Mysteries posts a video of the viewer describing the mystery, filmRise acquired worldwide digital distribution rights to the series and announced its intent to release updated versions of its episodes in 2017. As of March 2017, the Spike TV revival episodes are streaming on Amazon Prime as well as the first three seasons of the original Robert Stack incarnation. Further seasons are expected to be added at a later date, the concept was created in a series of three specials produced by John Cosgrove and Terry-Dunn Meurer, which were pitched to NBC in 1985 and shown in 1986 with the title, Missing. The success of the specials led Cosgrove and Meurer to broaden the program to include mysteries of all kinds, the pilot of what eventually became Unsolved Mysteries was a special that aired on NBC on January 20,1987, with Raymond Burr as host/narrator. Throughout the 1987-1988 television season, six more specials aired, the first two hosted by Karl Malden and the four by Robert Stack. In 1988, the show debuted as a series on NBC. It declined in popularity after the 1993–1994 season, until 2002, it was hosted by Stack. In its second season on CBS in 1999, Stack was joined by co-host Virginia Madsen, episodes from 1994–1997 featured journalist Keely Shaye Smith and television host Lu Hanessian as correspondents in the shows telecenter, where they provided updates on previous stories. A March 14,1997, episode featured journalist Cathy Scott in the reenactment of rapper Tupac Shakurs 1996 unsolved murder, the last original segment aired on September 20,2002. Eight months later, on May 14,2003, Robert Stack died of heart failure, in 2008, television network Spike revived the series with Dennis Farina as its host. Farina died from an embolism in 2013. The show was known for its theme song composed by Michael Boyd and Gary Remal Malkin. The theme song was changed four times, in 1993,1995,1997, when it was revived in 2008, the theme and incidental music used were changed to up-beat rock music. CBS had aired a similar half-hour crime documentary series during the 1955–1956 season entitled Wanted, hosted by Walter McGraw, Unsolved Mysteries featured segments in documentary film style, with actors portraying the victims, perpetrators and witnesses. In most cases, however, victims family members and police officials were featured in interview segments interspersed throughout the dramatizations
34.
Most Haunted
–
Most Haunted is a British paranormal reality television series. The series was first shown on Living TV between 25 May 2002 and 21 July 2010, a new online edition aired on 31 October 2013 with Really taking over broadcast from August 2014. Led by Yvette Fielding, the programme investigates purported paranormal activity in many locations in the United Kingdom and it is produced by Antix Productions airing on Really starting from 21 August 2014, with Yvette Fielding, Karl Beattie and Stuart Torevell. Most Haunted was first aired on Living TV from 2002 until 2010 when the decided to axe the programme. After 4 years of being off-air, Fielding and Beattie confirmed Most Haunted would be returning to screens in 2014 aired by Really. In December 2014, Fielding announced that Most Haunted would return for a 16th series, Series 17 debuted on 18 October 2015 on Really with a Most Haunted Live. on 31 October 2015. Episode 3 of the series aired on 1 November 2015 was the 200th episode of Most Haunted to air on TV. Following the final episode for Series 18, Karl Beattie confirmed on Twitter that he had just delivered another 10 episodes which may be expected to be shown in early 2017. It was confirmed by Karl Beattie on his Twitter account that the new series of Most Haunted. On 12 August 2011, it was announced that Sky Living had officially axed Most Haunted and had returned the rights to the show to Yvette Fielding, in 2012, it was revealed that Antix Productions partnered with Lionsgate to redevelop Most Haunted. As of July 2013, Karl Beattie had recently begun scouting new locations for a new series of Most Haunted, a brand new website is being built, which will host the episodes which will be able to be viewed at your leisure. In April 2014 Yvette Fielding confirmed in an interview with Channel 4s Sunday Brunch that Most Haunted would be returning to television in late 2014 and it was later confirmed that Really would be the new home of Most Haunted. The photographic style of the series has changed considerably since series 1, in the first series many elaborate shots were set up with an almost theatrical style, with illuminated windows and dry ice. Locations were often illuminated outside at night time, with blue, there was a high emphasis on quality production. From series 1–3 there was use of the steadicam, which provided gliding shots during Yvettes ghostly tales or for general views. In series 8 the team introduced a camera crane or jib system for aerial shots of both Yvette and the locations. Most of the photography in Most Haunted focuses on general views also known as GVs of a location, Most Haunted is filmed with both broadcast Sony DSR-570WSP & DSR-PD170P DVCAM cameras and Sony DCR-PC9E miniDV cameras. A thermal imaging camera is used to detect and highlight cold
35.
National Park Service
–
It was created on August 25,1916, by Congress through the National Park Service Organic Act and is an agency of the United States Department of the Interior. As of 2014, the NPS employs 21,651 employees who oversee 417 units, the National Park Service celebrated its centennial in 2016. National parks and national monuments in the United States were originally individually managed under the auspices of the Department of the Interior, the movement for an independent agency to oversee these federal lands was spearheaded by business magnate and conservationist Stephen Mather, as well as J. Horace McFarland. With the help of journalist Robert Sterling Yard, Mather ran a publicity campaign for the Department of the Interior and they wrote numerous articles that praised the scenic and historic qualities of the parks and their possibilities for educational, inspirational, and recreational benefits. This campaign resulted in the creation of a National Park Service, Mather became the first director of the newly formed NPS. On March 3,1933, President Herbert Hoover signed the Reorganization Act of 1933, the act would allow the President to reorganize the executive branch of the United States government. It wasnt until later that summer when the new President, Franklin D. Roosevelt, President Roosevelt agreed and issued two Executive orders to make it happen. In 1951, Conrad Wirth became director of the National Park Service, the demand for parks after the end of the World War II had left the parks overburdened with demands that could not be met. In 1952, with the support of President Dwight D. Eisenhower, he began Mission 66, New parks were added to preserve unique resources and existing park facilities were upgraded and expanded. In 1966, as the Park Service turned 50 years old, emphasis began to turn from just saving great and wonderful scenery, Director George Hartzog began the process with the creation of the National Lakeshores and then National Recreation Areas. Since its inception in 1916, the National Park Service has managed each of the United States national parks, Yellowstone National Park was the first national park in the United States. In 1872, there was no government to manage it. Yosemite National Park began as a park, the land for the park was donated by the federal government to the state of California in 1864 for perpetual conservation. Yosemite was later returned to federal ownership, at first, each national park was managed independently, with varying degrees of success. In Yellowstone, the staff was replaced by the U. S. Army in 1886. Due to the irregularities in managing these national treasures, Stephen Mather petitioned the government to improve the situation. In response, Secretary of the Interior Franklin K. Lane challenged him to lobby for creating a new agency, Mather was successful with the ratification of the National Park Service Organic Act in 1916. Later, the agency was given authority over other protected areas, the National Park System includes all properties managed by the National Park Service
36.
Los Angeles Unified School District
–
Los Angeles Unified School District is the largest public school system in the U. S. state of California and the 2nd largest public school district in the United States. Only the New York City Department of Education has a student population. During the 2016–2017 school year, LAUSD served around 734,641 students, during the same school year, it had 26,556 teachers and 33,635 other employees. It is the second largest employer in Los Angeles County, after the county government, the total school district operating budget for 2016–2017 is $7.59 billion. The school district consists of Los Angeles and all or portions of several adjoining Southern California cities, LAUSD has its own police force, the Los Angeles School Police Department, which was established in 1948 to provide police services for LAUSD schools. The LAUSD enrolls a third of the preschoolers in Los Angeles County, the LAUSD school construction program rivals the Big Dig in terms of expenditures, and LAUSD cafeterias serve about 500,000 meals a day, rivaling the output of local McDonalds restaurants. In 2007, LAUSDs dropout rate was 26 percent for grades 9 through 12, but more recently, there are signs that the district is showing improvement, both in terms of dropout and graduation rates. An ambitious renovation program intended to ease the overcrowded conditions has been completed. As part of its project, LAUSD opened two high schools in 2005 and four high schools in 2006. Los Angeles Unified School District is governed by a seven-member Board of Education, which appoints a superintendent, members of the board are elected directly by voters from separate districts that encompass communities that the LAUSD serves. The districts former superintendent is Ramon Cortines, from 2001 until his retirement in October 2006, the district was led by former Governor of Colorado and Democratic Party chairman Roy Romer. The seven current members of Board of Education include George McKenna, Monica Garcia, Scott Schmerelson, Board President Steve Zimmer, Dr. Ref Rodriguez, Mónica Ratliff, and Richard Vladovic. Every LAUSD household or residential area is zoned to a school, a middle school. Each local school district is run by a superintendent and is headquartered within the district. The latter provided 9–12 educational services, while the former did so for K-8, on July 1,1961 the Los Angeles City School District and the Los Angeles City High School District merged, forming the Los Angeles Unified School District. Additionally, approximately seventy-eight students suffered injuries which ranged from minor to life-threatening, the annexation left the Topanga School District and the Las Virgenes Union School District as separate remnants of the high school district. The high school changed its name to the West County Union High School District. LAUSD annexed the Topanga district on July 1,1962, since the Las Virgenes Union School District had the same boundary as the remaining West County Union High School District, on July 1,1962 West County ceased to exist
37.
Phineas Banning High School
–
Phineas Banning High School is located in the Wilmington neighborhood of Los Angeles, California, and is a part of the Los Angeles Unified School District. It is one of two high schools that are co-located on the Banning complex. Banning High School was renamed in honor of General Phineas Banning when a facility at Avalon. The old red building was a landmark in the Wilmington town for many years. The ivy covered brick building suffered damage in the 1971 Sylmar earthquake and was torn down in 1973, for three years, classes were held in bungalows while the new building was being constructed. In fall 1975, the new building was opened on the grounds with a Lakme Avenue address, along with the new building, a new gymnasium and swimming pool were added to the campus—the home of the Banning Pilots. BACIS was scheduled to open as a Small Learning Community in Fall 2013, as of the school year 2008-09, there were a total of 3,374 students attending the high school. 89. 2% Hispanics 5. 7% Black 1. 5% White 0. 1% Native American 1. 7% Asian 1, a new gym and a swimming pool were added to the campus. Tonie Campbell Olympic Bronze medalist Michael Chambers Vince Ferragamo Jack Gifford Jeff Griffin Dan Guerrero Courtney Hall Wilder W. Official website Banning-High-School-Marching-Band-Alumni
38.
Los Angeles Community College District
–
Its headquarters are in Downtown Los Angeles. Over the past seventy-seven years LACCD has served as educator to more than three million students, in addition to typical college aged students, the LACCD also serves adults of all ages. Indeed, over half of all LACCD students are older than 25 years of age, LACCD educates almost three times as many Latino students and nearly four times as many African-American students as all of the University of California campuses combined. Eighty percent of LACCD students are from underserved populations, the Los Angeles Community College District is the largest community college district in the United States and is one of the largest in the world. The nine colleges within the district offer educational opportunities to students in Los Angeles and it serves students located in the Alhambra, Beverly Hills, Burbank, Culver City, Garvey, Las Virgenes, Los Angeles, Montebello, Palos Verdes and San Gabriel school districts. The LACCD consists of nine colleges and covers an area of more than 882 square miles. As of May 2016, the members are Scott J. Svonkin, Mike Eng, Mike Fong, Andra Hoffman, Sydney K. Kamlager, Ernest H. Moreno, Board members are elected by voters in the district for terms of four years. Elections are held two years, with three members being chosen at one election and four members at the other. The President and Vice President of the Board of Trustees are elected by the Board for one-year terms at the organizational meeting. A Second Vice president is elected at the discretion of the Board, a student member is elected annually—the term is June 1 through May 31 of each year. The Board generally meets twice a month on Wednesday with the session commencing at 2 p. m. with closed session to follow. On certain occasions, special meetings of the Board are sometimes called to handle business that cannot be handled with completely at regular meetings, the District is modernizing all of its facilities, including all nine of its colleges, through a $6 billion Building Program. The program is funded primarily through bond measures approved by voters in 2001,2003, as of its most recent report, approximately $3.1 billion of the $6 billion has been spent or committed
39.
Los Angeles Public Library
–
The Los Angeles Public Library system serves the residents of the City of Los Angeles. With more than six million volumes, it serves the largest population of any publicly funded system in the United States. The system is overseen by a Board of Library Commissioners with five members appointed by the mayor of Los Angeles in staggered terms in accordance with the city charter, Library cards are free to California residents. Circulating books, periodicals, computer access and audiovisual materials are available to patrons, Library materials are loaned for 3 weeks. Fines are charged only if materials are returned late, there is a loan limit of 10 books,10 magazines, and 4 DVDs or videos at one time up to maximum of 30 items on the patron’s record. Items checked out from Los Angeles Public Library may be returned to any of its 72 branches or to the Central Library, most items may be renewed a maximum of two times. Entertainment DVDs and videos may be renewed one time, the Los Angeles Public Library has many community support organizations which work with the library to raise funds and sponsor programs to enhance library service throughout the community. The Librarys Rare Books Department is located in its downtown Los Angeles location, there is also an extensive selection of databases covering a wide variety of topics, many of which are available to remote users who hold an LAPL library card. Examples include full-text databases of periodicals, business directories, and language learning tools, the library also offers an online program that allows adult patrons who have not completed high school to earn their high school diploma. Aggressive expansion and growth of the began in the 1920s. Under Library Board of Commissioners Chairman Orra E. Monnette, the system was improved with a network of branch libraries with new buildings. Thelma Jackman founded the Business & Economics section of the library prior to 1970. The historic Central Library Goodhue building was constructed in 1926 and is a Downtown Los Angeles landmark, the Richard Riordan Central Library complex is the third largest public library in the United States in terms of book and periodical holdings. The new wing of Central Library, completed in 1993, was named in honor of former mayor Tom Bradley, the complex was subsequently renamed in 2001 for former Los Angeles Mayor Richard Riordan, as the Richard Riordan Central Library. The Los Angeles Public Library received the National Medal for Museum and Library Service, City Librarian John F. Szabo and community member Sergio Sanchez accepted the award on behalf of the library from First Lady Michelle Obama during a White House Ceremony on May 20,2015. Architect Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue designed the original Los Angeles Central Library with influences of ancient Egyptian and Mediterranean Revival architecture, the central tower is topped with a tiled mosaic pyramid with suns on the sides with a hand holding a torch representing the Light of Learning at the apex. Other elements include sphinxes, snakes, and celestial mosaics and it has sculptural elements by the preeminent American architectural sculptor Lee Lawrie, similar to the Nebraska State Capitol in Lincoln, Nebraska, also designed by Goodhue. The building is a designated Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument, and is on the National Register of Historic Places and it included an enormous, eight-story atrium wing dedicated to former mayor Tom Bradley
40.
Wilmington Branch
–
Wilmington Branch is a branch library of the Los Angeles Public Library located in the Wilmington section of Los Angeles, California. It was built in 1927 based on a Spanish Colonial Revival design by architect W. E, in 1987, the Wilmington Branch and several other branch libraries in Los Angeles were added to the National Register of Historic Places as part of a thematic group submission. The application noted that the libraries had been constructed in a variety of period revival styles to house the initial branch library system of the City of Los Angeles. A new building, on Avalon Boulevard and M Street, was constructed in 1988 and is the current home of the Wilmington Branch Library, List of Registered Historic Places in Los Angeles List of Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monuments in the Harbor area Los Angeles Public Library
41.
Powder Magazine (Camp Drum)
–
The Powder Magazine from Camp Drum is a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument located in the Wilmington section of Los Angeles, California, near the Port of Los Angeles. Built in 1862, the Powder Magazine is a 20-by-20-foot brick and it was originally part of Camp Drum, a facility built upon the outbreak of the American Civil War to address concerns about the loyalty and security of the Los Angeles area. Many of the residents were recent arrivals from the Southern states. Breckinridge received twice as many votes as Abraham Lincoln in the 1860 Presidential election. Phineas Banning, the founder of Wilmington, wrote to President Lincoln advising that the Union would lose California unless some provision was made to quell pro-Confederacy sentiment. Camp Drum was built between 1862 and 1863 and was the base for the California Column, commanded by Colonel James Henry Carleton. Between 2,000 and 7,000 soldiers were stationed at Camp Drum, the Powder Magazine is one of only two surviving structures from Camp Drum, the other being the Drum Barracks, which is now operated as a Civil War museum by the City of Los Angeles. The Powder Magazine has been used for private uses over the years. When the larger structure was torn down, the Powder Magazine was re-discovered, in order to save it from demolition, it was declared a Historic-Cultural Monument in August 1982. For more than two decades, it has sat on a vacant, fenced-off lot two blocks south of the Drum Barracks, list of Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monuments in the Harbor area Old Photograph of Powder Magazine
42.
Memory Chapel
–
Memory Chapel is a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument located in the Wilmington section of Los Angeles, California, near the Port of Los Angeles. Built in 1870 in the Carpenter Gothic Victorian architecture style, it is the oldest Protestant church in the Harbor area, originally located at F Street and Marine Avenue, it was moved to its present location in 1939. The chapel is used now by a Philippine church, with Sunday services in the Tagalog language, the original pews dating to 1870 are still in use at the chapel. English services are held in the adjacent Calvary Presbyterian Church—which replaced the Memory Chapel, list of Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monuments in the Harbor area
43.
Contributing property
–
Government agencies, at the state, national, and local level in the United States, have differing definitions of what constitutes a contributing property but there are common characteristics. Local laws often regulate the changes that can be made to contributing structures within designated historic districts, the first local ordinances dealing with the alteration of buildings within historic districts was in Charleston, South Carolina in 1931. Properties within a district fall into one of two types of property, contributing and non-contributing. A contributing property, such as a 19th Century mansion, helps make a historic district historic, while a non-contributing property, such as a medical clinic. The contributing properties are key to a districts historic associations, historic architectural qualities. A property can change from contributing to non-contributing and vice versa if significant alterations take place, the ordinance declared that buildings in the district could not have changes made to their architectural features visible from the street. By the mid-1930s, other U. S. cities followed Charlestons lead, an amendment to the Louisiana Constitution led to the 1937 creation of the Vieux Carre Commission, which was charged with protecting and preserving the French Quarter in the city of New Orleans. The city then passed an ordinance that set standards regulating changes within the quarter. Other sources, such as the Columbia Law Review in 1963, the Columbia Law Review gave dates of 1925 for the New Orleans laws and 1924 for Charleston. The same publication claimed that two cities were the only cities with historic district zoning until Alexandria, Virginia adopted an ordinance in 1946. The National Park Service appears to refute this, in 1939, the city of San Antonio, Texas, enacted an ordinance that protected the area of La Villita, which was the citys original Mexican village marketplace. In 1941 the authority of local controls on buildings within historic districts was being challenged in court. In City of New Orleans vs Pergament Louisiana state appellate courts ruled that the design, beginning in the mid-1950s, controls that once applied to only historic districts were extended to individual landmark structures. The United States Congress adopted legislation that declared the Georgetown neighborhood in Washington, by 1965,51 American communities had adopted preservation ordinances. By 1998, more than 2,300 U. S. towns, contributing properties are defined through historic district or historic preservation zoning laws, usually at the local level. Zoning ordinances pertaining to historic districts are designed to maintain a historic character by controlling demolition and alteration to existing properties. It can be any property, structure or object that adds to the integrity or architectural qualities that make the historic district, either local or federal. Definitions vary but, in general, they maintain the same characteristics, another key aspect of a contributing property is historic integrity
44.
Historic districts in the United States
–
Buildings, structures, objects and sites within a historic district are normally divided into two categories, contributing and non-contributing. Districts greatly vary in size, some have hundreds of structures, the U. S. federal government designates historic districts through the United States Department of Interior under the auspices of the National Park Service. Federally designated historic districts are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, state-level historic districts may follow similar criteria or may require adherence to certain historic rehabilitation standards. Local historic district designation offers, by far, the most legal protection for historic properties because most land use decisions are made at the local level, local districts are generally administered by the county or municipal government. The first U. S. historic district was established in Charleston, South Carolina in 1931, Charleston city government designated an Old and Historic District by local ordinance and created a board of architectural review to oversee it. New Orleans followed in 1937, establishing the Vieux Carré Commission, other localities picked up on the concept, with the city of Philadelphia enacting its historic preservation ordinance in 1955. The Supreme Court case validated the protection of resources as an entirely permissible governmental goal. In 1966 the federal government created the National Register of Historic Places, conference of Mayors had stated Americans suffered from rootlessness. By the 1980s there were thousands of federally designated historic districts, Historic districts are generally two types of properties, contributing and non-contributing. In general, contributing properties are integral parts of the historic context, in addition to the two types of classification within historic districts, properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places are classified into five broad categories. They are, building, structure, site, district and object, all but the eponymous district category are also applied to historic districts listed on the National Register. A listing on the National Register of Historic Places is governmental acknowledgment of a historic district, however, the Register is an honorary status with some federal financial incentives. The National Register of Historic Places defines a historic district per U. S. federal law, a district may also comprise individual elements separated geographically but linked by association or history. Districts established under U. S. federal guidelines generally begin the process of designation through a nomination to the National Register of Historic Places, the National Register is the official recognition by the U. S. government of cultural resources worthy of preservation. While designation through the National Register does offer a district or property some protections, if the federal government is not involved, then the listing on the National Register provides the site, property or district no protections. If, however, company A was under federal contract the Smith House would be protected, a federal designation is little more than recognition by the government that the resource is worthy of preservation. Usually, the National Register does not list religious structures, moved structures, reconstructed structures, however, if a property falls into one of those categories and are integral parts of districts that do meet the criteria then an exception allowing their listing will be made. Historic district listings, like all National Register nominations, can be rejected on the basis of owner disapproval, in the case of historic districts, a majority of owners must object in order to nullify a nomination to the National Register of Historic Places
