1.
USS Greeneville (SSN-772)
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USS Greeneville, a Los Angeles-class submarine and is the only ship of the United States Navy to be named after Greeneville, Tennessee. The contract to build the ship was awarded to Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company in Newport News, Virginia, on 14 December 1988, and her keel was laid down on 28 February 1992. She was launched on 17 September 1994, sponsored by Tipper Gore, the Greeneville is probably best known for colliding with a Japanese fishing vessel off the coast of Oahu in February 2001. The commander of the Greeneville, Commander Scott Waddle, accepted responsibility for the incident. On 27 August 2001, Greeneville ran aground while entering port in Saipan on a routine Western Pacific deployment, the boats underside, rudder, and propulsion train suffered minor damage, repairs required drydocking and a significant delay in the remainder of her deployment. The boats commanding officer, Commander David Bogdan, was relieved of command, after the collision, both vessels left the area under their own power. Following the investigation regarding the collision with the USS Ogden, Commander Lindsay R. Hankins was permitted to remain in command of the Greeneville. Despite the fact the Ogdens Commanding Officer was fired, Hankins went on to have a successful tour with his XO LCDR Mark D. Pyle. Capt. Hankins went on to be awarded the coveted Vice Admiral James Bond Stockdale Award for Inspirational Leadership, LCDR Pyle also went on to have the honor of being bestowed with the John Paul Jones award, which recognizes outstanding leadership. It has been marked by top grades in both tactical and engineering readiness, lee Hankins was handpicked by our leadership for the job as CO of Greeneville. Hankins was selected for promotion to Captain in 2005 and served as Commodore of Submarine Squadron One based in Pearl Harbor, Captain Hankins later served as the Chief of Staff for the Commander, Submarine Forces Pacific. In October 2007, Greeneville left her port of Pearl Harbor to conduct a Depot Modernization Period at Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery. She returned to Pearl Harbor, HI in July 2009, in early 2011, Greeneville returned from a Western Pacific deployment under the command of CDR Carullo. Major submarine incidents since 2000 This article includes information collected from the Naval Vessel Register, USS Greeneville at Naval Vessel Register http, //archives. cnn. com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/east/02/11/japan. substrike. 02/index. html
2.
Ehime Maru and USS Greeneville collision
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In a demonstration for some VIP civilian visitors, Greeneville performed an emergency ballast blow surfacing maneuver. As the submarine shot to the surface, she struck Ehime Maru, within 10 minutes of the collision, Ehime Maru sank. Nine of her crewmembers were killed, including four high school students, many Japanese, including government officials, were concerned over news that civilians were present in Greenevilles control room at the time of the accident. After Commander Waddle had faced the Naval Board of Inquiry, it was decided that a full court-martial would be unnecessary, and he was forced to retire and given an honorable discharge. In response to requests from the families of Ehime Marus victims and the government of Japan, once there, Navy and Japanese divers located and retrieved the remains of eight of the nine victims from the wreck. Ehime Maru was then moved out to sea and scuttled in deep water. The Navy compensated the government of Ehime Prefecture, Ehime Marus survivors, Waddle traveled to Japan in December 2002 to apologize to the ships survivors and victims families. The accident renewed calls by many in Japan for the United States to make more effort in reducing crimes, in response to the accident, the Navy changed its policies regarding civilian visits to its ships. The ship, captained by Hisao Ōnishi, headed for Hawaii on a planned 74-day voyage to train high school students who were interested in pursuing careers as fishermen, a total of 35 people were on board Ehime Maru,20 crewmembers,13 students, and two teachers. The ships curriculum included long-line tuna fishing, maritime navigation, marine engineering, the ship docked at Honolulu Harbor on 8 February. Greeneville had previously participated in several DVE missions, carrying notable civilians like Tipper Gore, for this mission, Greeneville was to carry 16 civilian Distinguished Visitors, eight CEOs, six of them with their spouses, and a free-lance sports writer, with his spouse. The CEOs were in Hawaii to support an effort to restore the retired battleship Missouri. This DVE visit had originally been arranged by retired Admiral Richard C, the captain of the Greeneville, Commander Scott Waddle, was considered a rising star in the U. S. Navy at the time and had led the submarine through several DVE trips. Before departing on the mission, Commander Waddle was informed that the ships Analog Video Signal Display Unit was inoperative, the AVSDU was an analog video monitor, located forward of the submarines periscope in the control room, that displayed information from the subs three sonar stacks and screens. The monitor helped communicate sonar information to the officer of the deck, Waddle decided to continue with the mission without attempting to repair the monitor, believing that it was not a crucial piece of equipment. Greeneville departed Pearl Harbor on time at 08,00 local time with a crew of 106 in addition to the 16 DV passengers and Chief of Staff Brandhuber. As the submarine transited the channel from Pearl Harbor, Waddle noticed that the weather was hazier than normal. Greeneville reached its dive point south of Oahu slightly later than scheduled, at 10,17, the DVs were scheduled to be served lunch in two sittings, the first from 10,30 to 11,30 and the second from 11,30 to 12,30
3.
Littoral combat ship
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The littoral combat ship is a class of relatively small surface vessels intended for operations in the littoral zone by the United States Navy. It was envisioned to be a networked, agile, stealthy surface combatant capable of defeating anti-access, the Freedom class and the Independence class are the first two LCS variants. Both are slightly smaller than the U. S. Navys guided missile frigates and have likened to corvettes. Standard armaments include Mk 11057 mm guns and RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missiles and they are also equipped with autonomous air, surface, and underwater vehicles. Possessing lower air defense and surface warfare capabilities than destroyers, the LCS concept emphasizes speed, flexible mission modules, the first littoral combat ship, USS Freedom, was commissioned on 8 November 2008 in Veterans Park, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The second ship, and first of the design, USS Independence, was commissioned on 16 January 2010, in Mobile. In 2012, CNO Jonathan W. Greenert stated that LCSs would be deployed to Africa in place of destroyers and cruisers. In 2013 and 2014, the Navys requirement for LCS ships was progressively cut from 55 to 32 vessels in favor of a proposed frigate, more capable of high intensity combat. In December 2015, Secretary of Defense Ashton Carter ordered the Navy to reduce planned LC and FF procurement from 52 to 40, due to its modular design, the LCS will be able to replace slower, more specialized ships such as minesweepers and larger assault ships. Performing functions such as sonar sweeps for mines or submarines as well as launching torpedoes against hostile submarines at a distance from the ship is less risky, placing sensors on remote vehicles allows the LCS to exploit concepts such as bistatic sonar. The Navy responded that the LCS is built to a Level 1+ survivability standard, Jonathan Greenert said that the crew would conduct an orderly abandon ship if their ship was struck by enemy fire, an action that might not be necessary on other vessels in the same circumstances. The ships were designed to minimize vulnerability with modern automated damage control systems to perform its mission, the LCSs combat abilities were said to be very modest even before the cancellation of the XM501 Non-Line-of-Sight Launch System. The Independence variant reportedly has better facilities and more internal space while the Freedom variant is said to be better able to launch. Admiral Gary Roughead said that a mix of both types would be operationally advantageous, Navy Secretary Ray Mabus clarified that the ship could operate in combat areas while under the protection of other warships. The LCS utility against high-tech enemies would be working with and being covered by destroyers. With destroyers providing extended air and missile defense, the cheaper and more numerous LCS can sweep for mines, the ships are planned to have a 3,2,1 manning concept. That is three ship crews, and two hulls for each ship that is on station at any time, the other ship and other two crews who are not on deployment will either be preparing for deployment or in rotation in or out of theater. The result is a 50% reduction in ships and a 25% reduction in crews than traditional deployment practices, the ships were predicted to fall short in manning
4.
National Steel and Shipbuilding Company
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It is a division of General Dynamics. The Virginia shipyard primarily performs ship repairs and conversions for the U. S. Navy, the origin of NASSCO traces to 1905 and a small machine shop and foundry known as California Iron Works. In 1922 California Iron Works was taken over by U. S. National Bank, in 1959 the company was acquired by four owners, including Henry J. Kaiser Company and Morrison Knudsen. In 1979 Morrison Knudsen bought out Kaisers share, and in 1989 management acquired the company from Morrison Knudsen via an employee stock ownership plan, in 1940 the companys ironworkers organized into a union. By 1979 the company had 7,900 employees organized into six unions, there was a labor strike in 1988 which was eventually resolved with a 49-month contract. Another 25-day-long strike in 1992 resulted in workers returning to work without a contract, another 4-week-long strike in 1996 ended without any concessions to the workers, many of whom eventually returned to work. Since 1991, much of NASSCOs work on US Navy warships has been outsourced to TIMSA in Mexico, in 1998 General Dynamics bought NASSCO in a $415 million deal, and in 2000 the company underwent a $135 million upgrade of its facilities. On October 31,2011 General Dynamics-NASSCO acquired Metro Machine Corp, a repair company in Norfolk, Virginia. The company had been conducting ship repairs and conversions for the U. S. Navy since 1972, the NASSCO-Norfolk shipyard had the newest Drydock in the country, with two auto-start generators, automated ballast control system and automated ship hauling and centering system. NASSCO began building commercial ships in 1959, eventually including large cargo ships. Its most famous ship was the Exxon Valdez tanker, which completed construction at NASSCO in 1986. In December 2012 the company signed a contract to build two 764-foot container ships powered by liquefied natural gas, when completed they will be the largest LNG-powered ships of any kind in the world. Beginning in the 1990s the company won Navy contracts to build AOE-10 support ships, strategic sealift ships, additional Navy contracts awarded during the 2000s included maintenance of the San Diego-based USS Ticonderoga and USS Spruance warships. In 2001 the Navy awarded NASSCO its largest order in history, to build the Lewis and Clark class dry cargo ship. The company has a contract to build at least three Mobile Landing Platform ships, a new class of ship for the U. S. Navy, construction on the first vessel began in July 2011 and the keel was laid for the second in December 2012
5.
Science and technology in China
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This is about the contemporary Peoples Republic of China. Science and technology in China redirects here, for times predating 1949, see History of science and technology in China. Science and technology have developed rapidly in the Peoples Republic of China during the 1990s to 2010s, China is now increasingly targeting indigenous innovation and aims to reform remaining weaknesses. China was a leader in science and technology until the early years of the Qing Dynasty. Chinese discoveries and Chinese innovations such as papermaking, printing, the compass, Chinese activity started to decrease in the fourteenth century. Unlike in Europe scientists did not attempt to reduce observations of nature to mathematical laws and they did not form a community with criticisms. There was a concentration on literature, arts, and public administration while science. The causes of this Great Divergence continue to be debated, one factor is argued to be the imperial examination system which removed the incentives for Chinese intellectuals to learn mathematics or to conduct experimentation. After being defeated repeatedly by Western nations in the 19th century, Chinese reformers began promoting modern science, after the Communist victory in 1949 science and technology research was organized based on the model of the Soviet Union. Researchers should work as collectives for society rather than as individuals seeking recognition, many studied in the Soviet Union which also transferred technology. The Cultural revolution, which sought to remove perceived bourgeois influences and attitudes, caused large negative effects, after Mao Zedongs death, S&T was established as one of the Four Modernizations in 1976. The new leader Deng Xiaoping, and architect of the Chinese economic reform, was a promoter of S&T. The Soviet inspired system was gradually reformed. Media began promoting the value of S&T, scientific thinking, the third and fourth generations of leaders came almost exclusively from technical backgrounds. The State Council of the Peoples Republic of China in 1995 issued the Decision on Accelerating S&T Development which described planned Science & Technology development for the coming decades. It described S&T as the productive force and affecting economic development, social progress, national strength. S&T should become closely associated with market needs, not only Soviet style institutes should do research but also universities and private industries. State institutions should form joint ventures with Chinese or foreign venture capital in order for S&T developments to reach the industry, S&T personal should become more occupationally mobile, pay should be linked to economic results, and age and seniority should become less important for personal decisions
6.
Song dynasty
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The Song dynasty was an era of Chinese history that began in 960 and continued until 1279. It succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, coincided with the Liao and Western Xia dynasties and it was the first government in world history to issue banknotes or true paper money nationally and the first Chinese government to establish a permanent standing navy. This dynasty also saw the first known use of gunpowder, as well as the first discernment of true north using a compass, the Song dynasty is divided into two distinct periods, Northern and Southern. During the Northern Song, the Song capital was in the city of Bianjing. The Southern Song refers to the period after the Song lost control of its half to the Jurchen Jin dynasty in the Jin–Song Wars. During this time, the Song court retreated south of the Yangtze, the Southern Song dynasty considerably bolstered its naval strength to defend its waters and land borders and to conduct maritime missions abroad. To repel the Jin, and later the Mongols, the Song developed revolutionary new military technology augmented by the use of gunpowder, in 1234, the Jin dynasty was conquered by the Mongols, who took control of northern China, maintaining uneasy relations with the Southern Song. Möngke Khan, the fourth Great Khan of the Mongol Empire and his younger brother Kublai Khan was proclaimed the new Great Khan, though his claim was only partially recognized by the Mongols in the west. In 1271, Kublai Khan was proclaimed the Emperor of China, after two decades of sporadic warfare, Kublai Khans armies conquered the Song dynasty in 1279. The Mongol invasion led to a reunification under the Yuan dynasty, the population of China doubled in size during the 10th and 11th centuries. The Northern Song census recorded a population of roughly 50 million, much like the Han and this data is found in the Standard Histories. However, it is estimated that the Northern Song had a population of some 100 million people and this dramatic increase of population fomented an economic revolution in pre-modern China. The expansion of the population, growth of cities, and the emergence of a national economy led to the withdrawal of the central government from direct involvement in economic affairs. The lower gentry assumed a role in grassroots administration and local affairs. Appointed officials in county and provincial centers relied upon the gentry for their services, sponsorship. Social life during the Song was vibrant, citizens gathered to view and trade precious artworks, the populace intermingled at public festivals and private clubs, and cities had lively entertainment quarters. The spread of literature and knowledge was enhanced by the expansion of woodblock printing. Technology, science, philosophy, mathematics, and engineering flourished over the course of the Song, although the institution of the civil service examinations had existed since the Sui dynasty, it became much more prominent in the Song period
7.
Shen Kuo
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Shen Kuo, courtesy name Cunzhong and pseudonym Mengqi Weng, was a Han Chinese polymathic scientist and statesman of the Song dynasty. He was the official for the Bureau of Astronomy in the Song court. At court his political allegiance was to the Reformist faction known as the New Policies Group, in his Dream Pool Essays or Dream Torrent Essays of 1088, Shen was the first to describe the magnetic needle compass, which would be used for navigation. This was the step in human history to make compasses more useful for navigation. To aid his work in astronomy, Shen Kuo made improved designs of the sphere, gnomon, sighting tube. Shen Kuo devised a geological hypothesis for land formation, based upon findings of inland marine fossils, knowledge of soil erosion, although Ibn al-Haytham was the first to describe camera obscura, Shen was the first in China to do so, several decades later. Following an old tradition in China, Shen created a map while inspecting borderlands. His description of an ancient crossbow mechanism which he himself unearthed proved to be a Jacobs staff, Shen Kuo wrote several other books besides the Dream Pool Essays, yet much of the writing in his other books has not survived. Some of Shens poetry was preserved in written works. He also wrote commentary on ancient Daoist and Confucian texts, Shen Kuo was born in Qiantang in the year 1031. His father Shen Zhou was a somewhat lower-class gentry figure serving in posts on the provincial level, his mother was from a family of equal status in Suzhou. Shen Kuo received his childhood education from his mother, which was a common practice in China during this period. She was very educated herself, teaching Kuo and his brother Pi the military doctrines of her own elder brother Xu Tang. From about 1040, Shens family moved around Sichuan province and finally to the seaport at Xiamen. Shen Zhou also served years in the prestigious capital judiciary. Shen Kuo took notice of the towns and rural features of China as his family traveled. Since he often became ill as a child, Shen Kuo also developed a curiosity about medicine. Shen Zhou died in the winter of 1051, when his son Shen Kuo was 21 years old
8.
Dream Pool Essays
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The Dream Pool Essays or Dream Torrent Essays was an extensive book written by the Han Chinese polymath, genius, scientist and statesman Shen Kuo by 1088 AD, during the Song dynasty of China. He named the book after the name he gave to his estate, the Dream Brook. The literal translated meaning is Brush Talks from a Dream Brook, as the historian Chen Dengyuan points out, much of Shen Kuos written work was probably purged under the leadership of minister Cai Jing. For example, only six of Shens books remain, and four of these have significantly altered since the time they were penned by the author. The Dream Pool Essays was first quoted in a Chinese written work of 1095 AD, the book was originally 30 chapters long, yet an unknown Chinese authors edition of 1166 AD edited and reorganized the work into 26 chapters. There is one surviving copy of this 1166 edition housed now in Japan, in 1631 another edition was printed, but it was heavily reorganized into three broad chapters. English, Brush Talks from Dream Brook is the first complete translation of Meng Xi Bi Tan by Wang Hong and Zhao Zheng, published in 2008 by Sichuan People’s Publishing House, China. Modern Vernacular Chinese, Zhang Jiajus biographical work Shen Kuo contains selected translations of the Dream Pool Essays from Middle Chinese. English, Various volumes of Joseph Needhams Science and Civilization in China series, from 1954 onwards, french, Quoted excerpts from the Dream Pool Essays were printed in the written work of J. Brenier in 1989 as well as J. F. Billeter in 1993. German, Complete translation in Shen Kuo, Pinsel-Unterhaltungen am Traumbach, das Gesamte Wissen des Alten China, translated and edited by Konrad Hermann, published in 1997 by Diederichs Verlag Munich. He was so frightened by it that he dared not touch it, thus a serpent or some kind of marine snake had certainly been turned to stone, as happens with the stone-crabs. In recent years there was a landslide on the bank of a river in Yong-ning Guan near Yanzhou. The bank collapsed, opening a space of several dozens of feet and it contained several hundred bamboo with their roots and trunks all complete, and all turned to stone. Now bamboos do not grow in Yanzhou. These were several dozens of feet below the present surface of the ground, perhaps in very ancient times the climate was different so that the place was low, damp, gloomy, and suitable for bamboos. But these petrified bamboos appeared under the ground so deep, though they are not produced in place today. This is a strange thing. I replied that these bodies were certainly like balls. By the waxing and waning of the moon, the moon itself gives forth no light, but is like a ball of silver, the light is the light of the sun
9.
Zhejiang
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Zhejiang, formerly romanized as Chekiang, is an eastern coastal province of China. The provinces name derives from the Zhe River, the name of the Qiantang River which flows past Hangzhou. Kuahuqiao culture was a neolithic culture that flourished in Hangzhou area in 6. Zhejiang was the site of the Neolithic cultures of the Hemudu, the area of modern Zhejiang was outside the major sphere of influence of the Shang civilization during the second millennium BC. Instead, this area was populated by peoples known as Dongyue. The kingdom of Yue began to appear in the chronicles and records written during the Spring, according to the chronicles, the kingdom of Yue was in northern Zhejiang. Shiji claims that its leaders were descended from the Shang founder Yu the Great, the Song of the Yue Boatman was transliterated into Chinese and recorded by authors in north China or inland China of Hebei and Henan around 528 BC. The song shows that the Yue people spoke a language that was mutually unintelligible with the dialects spoken in north, the Sword of Goujian bears bird-worm seal script. Yuenü was a swordswoman from the state of Yue, to check the growth of the kingdom of Wu, Chu pursued a policy of strengthening Yue. Under King Goujian, Yue recovered from its early reverses and fully annexed the lands of its rival in 473 BC, the Yue kings then moved their capital center from their original home around Mount Kuaiji in present-day Shaoxing to the former Wu capital at present-day Suzhou. With no southern power to turn against Yue, Chu opposed it directly and, in 333 BC, yues former lands were annexed by the Qin Empire in 222 BC and organized into a commandery named for Kuaiji in Zhejiang but initially headquartered in Wu in Jiangsu. Kuaiji Commandery was the power base for Xiang Liang and Xiang Yus rebellion against the Qin Empire which initially succeeded in restoring the kingdom of Chu. At the beginning of the Three Kingdoms era, Zhejiang was home to the warlords Yan Baihu and Wang Lang prior to their defeat by Sun Ce and Sun Quan, who eventually established the Kingdom of Wu. Despite the removal of their court from Kuaiji to Jianye, they continued development of the region, industrial kilns were established and trade reached as far as Manchuria and Funan. Zhejiang was part of the Wu during the Three Kingdoms, Wu, commonly known as Eastern Wu or Sun Wu, had been the economically most developed state among the Three Kingdoms. The historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms records that Zhejiang had the best-equipped, the story depicts how the states of Wei and Shu, lack of material resources, avoided direct confrontation with the Wu. In armed military conflicts with Wu, the two states relied intensively on tactics of camouflage and deception to steal Wus military resources including arrows and bows, the other two centers in the south were Jiankang and Chengdu. In 589, Qiantang was raised in status and renamed Hangzhou, some may have lost social privilege, and took refugee in areas south to Yangtze River
10.
Jiangsu
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Jiangsu, formerly romanized as Kiangsu, is an eastern-central coastal province of the Peoples Republic of China. It is one of the provinces in manufacturing electronics and apparel items. Jiangsu is the third smallest, but the fifth most populous, Jiangsu has the second-highest GDP of Chinese provinces, after Guangdong. Jiangsu borders Shandong in the north, Anhui to the west, Jiangsu has a coastline of over 1,000 kilometres along the Yellow Sea, and the Yangtze River passes through the southern part of the province. Since the Sui and Tang dynasties, Jiangsu has been an economic and commercial center. Cities such as Yangzhou, Nanjing, Wuxi, Suzhou and Shanghai are all major Chinese economic hubs, since the initiation of economic reforms in 1990, Jiangsu has become a focal point for economic development. It is widely regarded as Chinas most developed province measured by its Human Development Index, Jiangsu is home to many of the worlds leading exporters of electronic equipment, chemicals and textiles. It has also been Chinas largest recipient of foreign investment since 2006. Its 2014 nominal GDP was more than 1 trillion US dollars and its name is a compound of the first elements of the names of the two cities of Jiangning and Suzhou. The abbreviation for this province is 苏, the character of its name. The state of Wu was subjugated in 473 BC by the state of Yue, Yue was in turn subjugated by the powerful state of Chu from the west in 333 BC. Eventually the state of Qin swept away all the other states, during the Three Kingdoms period, southern Jiangsu became the base of the Eastern Wu whose capital, Jiankang, is modern Nanjing. When nomadic invasions overran northern China in the 4th century, the court of the Jin Dynasty moved to Jiankang. Cities in southern and central Jiangsu swelled with the influx of migrants from the north, Jiankang remained as the capital for four successive Southern Dynasties and became the largest commercial and cultural center in China. The Tang Dynasty relied on southern Jiangsu for annual deliveries of grain and it was during the Song Dynasty, which saw the development of a wealthy mercantile class and emergent market economy in China, that south Jiangsu emerged as a center of trade. From then onwards, south Jiangsu, especially cities like Suzhou or Yangzhou, would be synonymous with opulence. Today south Jiangsu remains one of the richest parts of China, the Mongols took control of China in the thirteenth century. The Ming Dynasty, which was established in 1368 after driving out the Mongols who had occupied China, following a coup by Zhu Di, however, the capital was moved to Beijing, far to the north
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