1.
Minnesota
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Minnesota is a state in the midwestern and northern regions of the United States. Minnesota was admitted as the 32nd U. S. state on May 11,1858, the state has a large number of lakes, and is known by the slogan Land of 10,000 Lakes. Its official motto is LÉtoile du Nord, Minnesota is the 12th largest in area and the 21st most populous of the U. S. Minnesota is known for its progressive political orientation and its high rate of civic participation and voter turnout. Until European settlement, Minnesota was inhabited by the Dakota and Ojibwe/Anishinaabe, in recent decades, immigration from Asia, the Horn of Africa, and Latin America has broadened its historic demographic and cultural composition. Minnesotas standard of living index is among the highest in the United States, Native Americans demonstrated the name to early settlers by dropping milk into water and calling it mnisota. Many places in the state have similar names, such as Minnehaha Falls, Minneiska, Minneota, Minnetonka, Minnetrista, and Minneapolis, a combination of mni and polis, Minnesota is the second northernmost U. S. state. Its isolated Northwest Angle in Lake of the Woods county is the part of the 48 contiguous states lying north of the 49th parallel. The state is part of the U. S. region known as the Upper Midwest and it shares a Lake Superior water border with Michigan and a land and water border with Wisconsin to the east. Iowa is to the south, North Dakota and South Dakota are to the west, with 86,943 square miles, or approximately 2.25 percent of the United States, Minnesota is the 12th-largest state. Minnesota has some of the Earths oldest rocks, gneisses that are about 3.6 billion years old. About 2.7 billion years ago, basaltic lava poured out of cracks in the floor of the primordial ocean, the roots of these volcanic mountains and the action of Precambrian seas formed the Iron Range of northern Minnesota. Following a period of volcanism 1, in more recent times, massive ice sheets at least one kilometer thick ravaged the landscape of the state and sculpted its terrain. The Wisconsin glaciation left 12,000 years ago and these glaciers covered all of Minnesota except the far southeast, an area characterized by steep hills and streams that cut into the bedrock. This area is known as the Driftless Zone for its absence of glacial drift, much of the remainder of the state outside the northeast has 50 feet or more of glacial till left behind as the last glaciers retreated. Gigantic Lake Agassiz formed in the northwest 13,000 years ago and its bed created the fertile Red River valley, and its outflow, glacial River Warren, carved the valley of the Minnesota River and the Upper Mississippi downstream from Fort Snelling. Minnesota is geologically quiet today, it experiences earthquakes infrequently, the states high point is Eagle Mountain at 2,301 feet, which is only 13 miles away from the low of 601 feet at the shore of Lake Superior. Notwithstanding dramatic local differences in elevation, much of the state is a rolling peneplain. Two major drainage divides meet in Minnesotas northeast in rural Hibbing, forming a triple watershed, precipitation can follow the Mississippi River south to the Gulf of Mexico, the Saint Lawrence Seaway east to the Atlantic Ocean, or the Hudson Bay watershed to the Arctic Ocean
Minnesota
Minnesota
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Flag
Minnesota
Minnesota
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Eagle Mountain, the highest natural point in Minnesota at 2,301 feet (701 m) is located in northeastern part of the state.
2.
Boca Raton, Florida
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Boca Raton is the southernmost city in Palm Beach County, Florida, United States, first incorporated on August 2,1924 as Bocaratone, and then incorporated as Boca Raton in 1925. The 2015 population estimated by the U. S. Census Bureau was 93,235, however, approximately 200,000 people with a Boca Raton postal address reside outside its municipal boundaries. Such areas include newer developments like West Boca Raton, as a business center, the city also experiences significant daytime population increases. It is one of the wealthiest communities in South Florida, Boca Raton is located 43 miles north of Miami and is a principal city of the Miami metropolitan area, which was home to an estimated 6,012,331 people at the 2015 census. Boca Raton is home to the campus of Florida Atlantic University and the corporate headquarters of Office Depot, ADT. It is also home to the Evert Tennis Academy, owned by tennis player Chris Evert. Town Center Mall, a shopping center in West Boca Raton, is the largest indoor mall in Palm Beach County. Another major attraction to the area is Boca Ratons downtown, known as Mizner Park, still today, Boca Raton has a strict development code for the size and types of commercial buildings, building signs, and advertisements that may be erected within the city limits. No outdoor car dealerships are allowed in the municipality, additionally, no billboards are permitted, the citys only billboard was grandfathered in during annexation. The strict development code has led to major thoroughfares without large signs or advertisements in the travelers view. The original name Boca de Ratones appeared on eighteenth-century maps associated with an inlet in the Biscayne Bay area of Miami. The word ratones appears in old Spanish maritime dictionaries referring to rugged rocks or stony ground on the bottom of some ports and coastal outlets, therefore, the abridged translation defining Boca de Ratones is a shallow inlet of sharp-pointed rocks which scrape a ships cables. Residents of the city have kept the pronunciation of Boca Raton similar to its Spanish origins, in particular, the Raton in Boca Raton is pronounced as /rəˈtoʊn/ instead of /rəˈtɑːn/. The latter is a common mispronunciation by non-natives to the region, the area today known as Boca Raton was originally occupied by the Tequesta tribe, a Native American people that occupied an area along the southeastern Atlantic coast of Florida. What Spanish voyagers called Boca de Ratones was originally located to the south, by mistake since the 19th century, mapmakers moved this location to the north and began referring to the citys lake, today known as Lake Boca Raton, as Boca Ratone Sounde. The area was largely uninhabited after the Indigenous people were cleared from the area by the Spanish and he surveyed and sold land from the canal to beyond the railroad north of what is now Palmetto Park Road. Early settlement in the area increased shortly after Henry Flaglers expansion of the Florida East Coast Railway, in the citys early history during the Florida land boom of the 1920s, several investors were interested in turning Boca Raton into a resort town. Most famously, Addison Mizner had several projects for resorts and mansions in the area and he first constructed his Administrative Buildings and a small hotel to house interested investors
Boca Raton, Florida
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Boca Raton Resort
Boca Raton, Florida
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Location in
Palm Beach County, Florida
Boca Raton, Florida
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North Boca Raton Florida
Boca Raton, Florida
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West Boca Raton, Florida
3.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
United States
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Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764
United States
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Flag
United States
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The signing of the
Mayflower Compact, 1620.
United States
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The
Declaration of Independence: the
Committee of Five presenting their draft to the
Second Continental Congress in 1776
4.
Bachelor of Arts
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A Bachelor of Arts is a bachelors degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both. Bachelor of Arts degree programs take three to four years depending on the country, academic institution, and specific specializations, majors or minors. The word baccalaureus or baccalarium should not be confused with baccalaureatus, degree diplomas generally are printed on high-quality paper or parchment, individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees. In Pakistan, the Bachelor of Arts degree can also be attained within two years as an external degree, in colleges and universities in Australia, New Zealand, Nepal and South Africa, the BA degree can be taken over three years of full-time study. Unlike in other countries, students do not receive a grade for their Bachelor of Arts degree with varying levels of honours. Qualified students may be admitted, after they have achieved their Bachelors program with an overall grade point average. Thus, to achieve a Bachelor Honours degree, a postgraduate year. A student who holds a Honours degree is eligible for entry to either a Doctorate or a very high research Master´s degree program. Education in Canada is controlled by the Provinces and can be different depending on the province in Canada. Canadian universities typically offer a 3-year Bachelor of Arts degrees, in many universities and colleges, Bachelor of Arts degrees are differentiated either as Bachelors of Arts or as honours Bachelor of Arts degree. The honours degrees are designated with the abbreviation in brackets of. It should not be confused with the consecutive Bachelor of Arts degree with Honours, Latin Baccalaureatus in Artibus Cum Honore, BA hon. de jure without brackets and with a dot. It is a degree, which is considered to be the equivalent of a corresponding maîtrise degree under the French influenced system. Going back in history, a three-year Bachelor of Arts degree was called a pass degree or general degree. Students may be required to undertake a long high-quality research empirical thesis combined with a selection of courses from the relevant field of studies. The consecutive B. cum Honore degree is essential if students ultimate goal is to study towards a two- or three-year very high research masters´ degree qualification. A student holding a Baccalaureatus Cum Honore degree also may choose to complete a Doctor of Philosophy program without the requirement to first complete a masters degree, over the years, in some universities certain Baccalaureatus cum Honore programs have been changed to corresponding master´s degrees. In general, in all four countries, the B. A. degree is the standard required for entry into a masters programme, in science, a BA hons degree is generally a prerequisite for entrance to a Ph. D program or a very-high-research-activity master´s programme
Bachelor of Arts
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A certificate or diploma evidencing the granting of a bachelor's degree
5.
Macalester College
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Macalester College is a private, coeducational liberal arts college located in Saint Paul, Minnesota, US. It was founded in 1874 as a Presbyterian-affiliated but nonsectarian college and its first class entered September 15,1885. Macalester is exclusively an undergraduate institution and enrolled 1,978 students in the fall of 2013 from 50 U. S. states and 90 countries. In 2015, U. S. Macalester College was founded in 1874 by Rev. Dr. Edward Duffield Neill and he planned a college that would be Presbyterian-affiliated but nonsectarian, making it inclusive by the standards of his day. Charles Macalester, a prominent businessman and philanthropist from Philadelphia, made the gift by donating the Winslow House. With additional funding from the Presbyterian Church and from the new College’s trustees, Macalester opened in 1885 with five professors, six freshmen, in 1887, a classical scholar named James Wallace joined the faculty and quickly established himself as a fine and demanding teacher. He earned a reputation for scholarship when he published two Greek textbooks that were widely used across the country. In spite of success, James Wallace’s early years at Macalester were financially difficult. Gradually, his efforts built up a group of donors whose support, together with tuition from a student body. The College engaged in a period of advancement throughout the 1960s, made possible by DeWitt and Lila Wallace, founders of Reader’s Digest, a major building campaign resulted in a fine arts center and new science facilities. During this time, Macalester committed itself to an arts curriculum. The 1990s were another period of advancement for Macalester, in 1991, the College’s endowment became significantly larger than it had been. The College increased the number of faculty positions, adding more broadly diverse perspectives to the educational program, the improved student-faculty ratio also made possible more flexible and personalized teaching approaches, including significant enhancement of faculty-student collaborative research and writing. Through a comprehensive campus improvement program, academic and residential buildings on campus was renovated, renovation of the science facilities, which merged two buildings into the Olin-Rice Science Center, was completed in 1997. George Draper Dayton residence hall opened in 1998, the Ruth Stricker Dayton Campus Center in 2001, in fall 2008 Macalester publicly launched a $150 million campaign, raising funds for scholarships, faculty support, program enhancement, operating support, and new facilities. In 2009, construction was completed on Markim Hall, a new home for the Institute for Global Citizenship, in fall 2012, Macalester opened its renovated and expanded Janet Wallace Fine Arts Center. In 2013, The Princeton Review ranked Macalester as one of the Best Value Colleges, in 2016, Forbes rated it 68th out of 660 colleges, universities and service academies in the U. S. In 2016, Washington Monthly ranked Macalester 59th best liberal arts college for contributing to the public good, the ranking uses criteria of social mobility, research, and service
Macalester College
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Neill Hall
Macalester College
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Macalester College
Macalester College
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The Leonard Center athletic and wellness complex
Macalester College
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Old Main, Macalester College
6.
Saint Paul, Minnesota
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Saint Paul is the capital and second-most populous city of the U. S. state of Minnesota. As of 2015, the estimated population was 300,851. Saint Paul is the county seat of Ramsey County, the smallest and most densely populated county in Minnesota. The city lies mostly on the east bank of the Mississippi River in the area surrounding its point of confluence with the Minnesota River, and adjoins Minneapolis, the states largest city. Known as the Twin Cities, the two form the core of Minneapolis–Saint Paul, the 16th-largest metropolitan area in the United States, with about 3.52 million residents. Founded near historic Native American settlements as a trading and transportation center, the Dakota name for Saint Paul is Imnizaska. Though Minneapolis is better-known nationally, Saint Paul contains the state government, regionally, the city is known for the Xcel Energy Center, home of the Minnesota Wild, and for the Science Museum of Minnesota. As a business hub of the Upper Midwest, it is the headquarters of such as Ecolab. Saint Paul, along with its Twin City, Minneapolis, is known for its literacy rate. It was the city in the United States with a population of 250,000 or more to see an increase in circulation of Sunday newspapers in 2007. The settlement originally began at present-day Lamberts Landing, but was known as Pigs Eye after Pierre Pigs Eye Parrant established a tavern there. Burial mounds in present-day Indian Mounds Park suggest that the area was inhabited by the Hopewell Native Americans about two thousand years ago. From the early 17th century until 1837, the Mdewakanton Dakota and they called the area I-mni-za ska dan for its exposed white sandstone cliffs. Following the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, a U. S. Army officer named Zebulon Pike negotiated approximately 100,000 acres of land from the local Dakota tribes in 1805 in order to establish a fort. The negotiated territory was located on banks of the Mississippi River, starting from Saint Anthony Falls in present-day Minneapolis, to its confluence with the Saint Croix River. Fort Snelling was built on the territory in 1819 at the confluence of the Mississippi and Minnesota Rivers, the 1837 Treaty with the Sioux ceded all local tribal land east of the Mississippi to the U. S. Government. Taoyateduta moved his band at Kaposia across the river to the south, fur traders, explorers, and missionaries came to the area for the forts protection. Many of the settlers were French-Canadians who lived nearby, however, as a whiskey trade flourished, military officers banned settlers from the fort-controlled lands
Saint Paul, Minnesota
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Clockwise from the top: Downtown Saint Paul as seen from the Southwest, the
Xcel Energy Center, the
Cathedral of Saint Paul, the
Minnesota State Capitol, the
Marjorie McNeely Conservatory, and the historic
James J. Hill House
Saint Paul, Minnesota
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A burial mound at
Indian Mounds Park.
Saint Paul, Minnesota
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Joe Rolette, who was responsible for preventing the capital of Minnesota from moving to
Saint Peter.
Saint Paul, Minnesota
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The
Meeker Island Lock and Dam was the first lock and dam on the Mississippi River in 1902.
7.
Cranbrook Academy of Art
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The Cranbrook Educational Community, an education, research and public museum complex in the US state of Michigan. A National Historic Landmark, it was founded in early 20th century by newspaper mogul George Gough Booth, the founders also built Christ Church Cranbrook as a focal point in order to serve the educational complex, though the church is a separate entity under the Episcopal Diocese of Michigan. The sprawling,319 acre campus began as a 174-acre farm, the organization takes its name from Cranbrook, England, the birthplace of the founders father. Cranbrook is renowned for its architecture in the Arts and Crafts, the chief architect was Eliel Saarinen with Albert Kahn responsible for the Booth mansion,1908,1919. Sculptors Carl Milles and Marshall Fredericks also spent many years in residence at Cranbrook, Cranbrook Schools today comprise a co-educational day and boarding college preparatory upper school, a middle school, and Brookside Lower School. The first school to open on the Cranbrook grounds was the Bloomfield Hills School in 1922, founded by George Booth, the Bloomfield Hills School was intended as the community school for local area children. The Bloomfield Hills School ultimately evolved into Brookside School, Booth wanted the Cranbrook School to possess an architecture reminiscent of the finest British Boarding Schools, and retained Finnish architect Eliel Saarinen to design the campus. Cranbrooks initial phase of building was completed in 1928, over the years the Cranbrook School for Boys campus grew to include house Stevens Hall, Page Hall, and Coulter Hall. While primarily functioning as only residential spaces, Page Hall featured a lounge as well as a shooting range. Lerchen Gymnasium, Keppel Gymnasium, and Thompson oval were also constructed on the campus, in the 1960s, Cranbrook School for Boys also constructed a state-of-the-art Science Building named the Gordon Science Center. Realizing that young women would also need a place of their own to learn, Booths wife, mr. Booth decided to let his wife supervise the project herself which she named the Kingswood School Cranbrook. Unlike her husband, Ellen encouraged Saarinen to come up with an interior design for the campus completely on his own. Instead of the buildings that housed the Cranbrook School for Boys. It housed dormitories, a hall, auditorium, classrooms, bowling alley, lounge/common areas. The education at Kingswood School Cranbrook was primarily viewed initially as a finishing school although that would change over time, in 1986, the Cranbrook School for Boys and Kingswood School Cranbrook entered a joint agreement renaming the new institution the Cranbrook Kingswood Upper School. The Cranbrook Academy of Art, one of the leading graduate schools of architecture, art. By 1984, the New York Times would say that the effect of Cranbrook and its graduates, Cranbrook, surely more than any other institution, has a right to think of itself as synonymous with contemporary American design. The buildings were designed and the school first headed by Eliel Saarinen, the graduate program is unusual because there are no courses, all learning is self-directed under the guidance and supervision of the respective artist-in-residence
Cranbrook Academy of Art
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Cranbrook Educational Community
Cranbrook Academy of Art
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Christ Church Cranbrook (1925–1928), by architect
Bertram Goodhue, with windows by
Harry Wright Goodhue
Cranbrook Academy of Art
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The Cranbrook School Quadrangle
8.
Bloomfield Hills, Michigan
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Bloomfield Hills is a city located in Metro Detroits northern suburbs in Oakland County in the U. S. state of Michigan,20.2 miles northwest of downtown Detroit. The city is almost completely surrounded by Bloomfield Township, as of the 2010 census, the city population was 3,869. What is now Bloomfield Hills was an area until the turn of the 20th century when wealthy Detroit residents bought up the land. The settlement became a village in 1927, and in 1932 residents voted to become a city to avoid being incorporated into growing Birmingham, Bloomfield Hills is the location of the National Historic Landmark Cranbrook Educational Community and other historic sites listed on the national register of historic places. In popular culture, Bloomfield Hills was the setting for the 2005 film The Upside of Anger. In the 2002 film 8 Mile, Eminem mentions Cranbrook Kingswood while making fun of Doc because he attended Cranbrook, Bloomfield Hills is the hometown of the comic book character, Trance. Some scenes in Out of Sight with Jennifer Lopez and George Clooney were filmed at a residence in Bloomfield Hills. Jimmy Hoffa was last seen at the former Machus Red Fox restaurant in adjacent Bloomfield Township, the novel Gilda Joyce, The Ladies of the Lake is set in a private school in Bloomfield. The Congregational Church of Birmingham United Church of Christ was founded in Birmingham, St. Hugo of the Hills Roman Catholic Church was funded by Theodore F. MacManus and his wife in memory of their deceased children, Hugo and Hubert. St. Hugo of the Hills Catholic Church was built from 1931–1936, with approval from Bishop Michael J. Gallagher, other churches include St. Acme Group, consisting of Acme Mills, Great Lakes Filters, and Fairway Products, is headquartered in Bloomfield Hills. Other companies headquartered in Bloomfield Hills, MI include Taubman Centers, larson Realty Group, Princeton Enterprises, PulteGroup, Inc. TIP Capital, Bloomfield Hills Bancorp, Reverie, BlackEagle Partners, alidade Capital, and O2 Investment Partners.04 square miles, of which 4.96 square miles is land and 0.08 square miles is water. As of the 2005–2009 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, there were 3,774 people,1,570 households, the population density was 796.4 per square mile. There were 1,628 housing units at a density of 329.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 89. 1% White,5. 4% Asian,4. 3% Black,0. 8% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 2% of the population. As of the census of 2010, there were 3,869 people,1,489 households, the population density was 780.0 inhabitants per square mile. There were 1,659 housing units at a density of 334.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 87. 3% White,4. 1% African American,0. 1% Native American,6. 7% Asian,0. 3% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 5% of the population
Bloomfield Hills, Michigan
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Gregor S. and Elizabeth B. Affleck House
Bloomfield Hills, Michigan
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Location in the state of
Michigan
Bloomfield Hills, Michigan
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Cranbrook gardens
Bloomfield Hills, Michigan
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Kirk in the Hills
9.
Sculpture
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Sculpture is the branch of the visual arts that operates in three dimensions. It is one of the plastic arts, a wide variety of materials may be worked by removal such as carving, assembled by welding or modelling, or molded, or cast. However, most ancient sculpture was painted, and this has been lost. Those cultures whose sculptures have survived in quantities include the cultures of the ancient Mediterranean, India and China, the Western tradition of sculpture began in ancient Greece, and Greece is widely seen as producing great masterpieces in the classical period. During the Middle Ages, Gothic sculpture represented the agonies and passions of the Christian faith, the revival of classical models in the Renaissance produced famous sculptures such as Michelangelos David. Relief is often classified by the degree of projection from the wall into low or bas-relief, high relief, sunk-relief is a technique restricted to ancient Egypt. Relief sculpture may also decorate steles, upright slabs, usually of stone, techniques such as casting, stamping and moulding use an intermediate matrix containing the design to produce the work, many of these allow the production of several copies. The term sculpture is used mainly to describe large works. The very large or colossal statue has had an enduring appeal since antiquity, another grand form of portrait sculpture is the equestrian statue of a rider on horse, which has become rare in recent decades. The smallest forms of life-size portrait sculpture are the head, showing just that, or the bust, small forms of sculpture include the figurine, normally a statue that is no more than 18 inches tall, and for reliefs the plaquette, medal or coin. Sculpture is an important form of public art, a collection of sculpture in a garden setting can be called a sculpture garden. One of the most common purposes of sculpture is in form of association with religion. Cult images are common in cultures, though they are often not the colossal statues of deities which characterized ancient Greek art. The actual cult images in the innermost sanctuaries of Egyptian temples, of which none have survived, were rather small. The same is true in Hinduism, where the very simple. Some undoubtedly advanced cultures, such as the Indus Valley civilization, appear to have had no monumental sculpture at all, though producing very sophisticated figurines, the Mississippian culture seems to have been progressing towards its use, with small stone figures, when it collapsed. Other cultures, such as ancient Egypt and the Easter Island culture, from the 20th century the relatively restricted range of subjects found in large sculpture expanded greatly, with abstract subjects and the use or representation of any type of subject now common. Today much sculpture is made for intermittent display in galleries and museums, small sculpted fittings for furniture and other objects go well back into antiquity, as in the Nimrud ivories, Begram ivories and finds from the tomb of Tutankhamun
Sculpture
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The Dying Gaul, or The Capitoline Gaul a Roman marble copy of a
Hellenistic work of the late 3rd century BCE
Capitoline Museums, Rome
Sculpture
Sculpture
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Michelangelo 's
Moses, (c. 1513–1515), housed in the church of
San Pietro in Vincoli in
Rome. The sculpture was commissioned in 1505 by
Pope Julius II for his
tomb.
Sculpture
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Assyrian
lamassu gate guardian from
Khorsabad, c. 721–800 BCE
10.
Photorealism
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Photorealists use a photograph or several photographs to gather the information to create their paintings and it can be argued that the use of a camera and photographs is an acceptance of Modernism. By the time the Photorealists began producing their bodies of work the photograph had become the means of reproducing reality. Though Photorealists share some aspects of American realists, such as Edward Hopper, Photorealists were much more influenced by the work of Pop artists and were reacting against Abstract Expressionism. However, whereas the Pop artists were primarily pointing out the absurdity of much of the imagery, the association of Photorealism to Trompe Loeil is a wrongly attributed comparison, an error in observation or interpretation made by many critics of the 1970s and 1980s. Trompe Loeil paintings attempt to fool the eye and make the viewer think he is seeing an actual object, when observing a Photorealist painting, the viewer is always aware that they are looking at a painting. The word Photorealism was coined by Louis K. Meisel in 1969 and it is also sometimes labeled as Super-Realism, New Realism, Sharp Focus Realism, or Hyper-Realism. The definition for the ORIGINATORS was as follows, The Photo-Realist uses the camera, the Photo-Realist uses a mechanical or semimechanical means to transfer the information to the canvas. The Photo-Realist must have the ability to make the finished work appear photographic. The artist must have exhibited work as a Photo-Realist by 1972 to be considered one of the central Photo-Realists, the artist must have devoted at least five years to the development and exhibition of Photo-Realist work. Photorealist painting cannot exist without the photograph, in Photorealism, change and movement must be frozen in time which must then be accurately represented by the artist. Photorealists gather their imagery and information with the camera and photograph, once the photograph is developed the artist will systematically transfer the image from the photographic slide onto canvases. Usually this is either by projecting the slide onto the canvas or by using traditional grid techniques. The resulting images are often direct copies of the photograph but are usually larger than the original photograph or slide. In the UK, photorealist approaches were favoured by artists including Mike Gorman. The introduction of these European painters to a wider US audience was brought about through the 1982 Superhumanism exhibition at the Arnold Katzen Gallery, though the height of Photorealism was in the 1970s the movement continues and includes several of the original photorealists as well as many of their contemporaries. According to Meisel and Chases Photorealism at the Millennium, only eight of the original photorealists were still creating photorealist work in 2002, ten including John Baeder, newer Photorealists are building upon the foundations set by the original photorealists. Examples would be the influence of Richard Estes in works by Anthony Brunelli or the influence of Ralph Goings, however, this has led many to move on from the strict definition of photorealism as the emulation of the photograph. Photorealism is also no longer simply an American art movement, with new technology in cameras and digital equipment, artists are able to be far more precision-oriented
Photorealism
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John's Diner with John's Chevelle, 2007
John Baeder, oil on canvas, 30×48 inches.
Photorealism
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Ralph's Diner (1981-1982), Oil on canvas. Example of photorealist
Ralph Goings ' work
Photorealism
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Dream of Love (2005), Oil on canvas. Example of Photorealist
Glennray Tutor 's work
11.
Artist
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An artist is a person engaged in one or more of any of a broad spectrum of activities related to creating art, practicing the arts or demonstrating an art. The common usage in everyday speech and academic discourse is a practitioner in the visual arts only. The term is used in the entertainment business, especially in a business context, for musicians. Artiste is a variant used in English only in this context, use of the term to describe writers, for example, is valid, but less common, and mostly restricted to contexts like criticism. Wiktionary defines the noun artist as follows, A person who creates art, a person who makes and creates art as an occupation. A person who is skilled at some activity, a person whose trade or profession requires a knowledge of design, drawing, painting, etc. The adjectival Latin form of the word, technicus, became the source of the English words technique, technology, in ancient Greece sculptors and painters were held in low regard, somewhere between freemen and slaves, their work regarded as mere manual labour. The word art derives from the Latin ars, which, although literally defined, means skill method or technique, and conveys a connotation of beauty. During the Middle Ages the word artist already existed in countries such as Italy. An artist was able to do a work better than others, so the skilled excellency was underlined. In this period some artisanal products were more precious and expensive than paintings or sculptures. With the Academies in Europe the gap between fine and applied arts was definitely set, Artist is a descriptive term applied to a person who engages in an activity deemed to be an art. An artist also may be defined unofficially as a person who expresses him- or herself through a medium, the word is also used in a qualitative sense of, a person creative in, innovative in, or adept at, an artistic practice. Art historians and critics define artists as those who produce art within a recognized or recognizable discipline, contrasting terms for highly skilled workers in media in the applied arts or decorative arts include artisan, craftsman, and specialized terms such as potter, goldsmith or glassblower. The term may also be used loosely or metaphorically to denote highly skilled people in any activities, as well— law, medicine, mechanics, or mathematics. Often, discussions on the focus on the differences among artist and technician, entertainer and artisan, fine art and applied art, or what constitutes art. The French word artiste has been imported into the English language where it means a performer, use of the word artiste can also be a pejorative term. The English word artiste has thus a range of meaning than the word artiste in French
Artist
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Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, German artist known for his works of poetry, drama, prose, philosophy, visual arts, and science.
12.
Sculptor
–
Sculpture is the branch of the visual arts that operates in three dimensions. It is one of the plastic arts, a wide variety of materials may be worked by removal such as carving, assembled by welding or modelling, or molded, or cast. However, most ancient sculpture was painted, and this has been lost. Those cultures whose sculptures have survived in quantities include the cultures of the ancient Mediterranean, India and China, the Western tradition of sculpture began in ancient Greece, and Greece is widely seen as producing great masterpieces in the classical period. During the Middle Ages, Gothic sculpture represented the agonies and passions of the Christian faith, the revival of classical models in the Renaissance produced famous sculptures such as Michelangelos David. Relief is often classified by the degree of projection from the wall into low or bas-relief, high relief, sunk-relief is a technique restricted to ancient Egypt. Relief sculpture may also decorate steles, upright slabs, usually of stone, techniques such as casting, stamping and moulding use an intermediate matrix containing the design to produce the work, many of these allow the production of several copies. The term sculpture is used mainly to describe large works. The very large or colossal statue has had an enduring appeal since antiquity, another grand form of portrait sculpture is the equestrian statue of a rider on horse, which has become rare in recent decades. The smallest forms of life-size portrait sculpture are the head, showing just that, or the bust, small forms of sculpture include the figurine, normally a statue that is no more than 18 inches tall, and for reliefs the plaquette, medal or coin. Sculpture is an important form of public art, a collection of sculpture in a garden setting can be called a sculpture garden. One of the most common purposes of sculpture is in form of association with religion. Cult images are common in cultures, though they are often not the colossal statues of deities which characterized ancient Greek art. The actual cult images in the innermost sanctuaries of Egyptian temples, of which none have survived, were rather small. The same is true in Hinduism, where the very simple. Some undoubtedly advanced cultures, such as the Indus Valley civilization, appear to have had no monumental sculpture at all, though producing very sophisticated figurines, the Mississippian culture seems to have been progressing towards its use, with small stone figures, when it collapsed. Other cultures, such as ancient Egypt and the Easter Island culture, from the 20th century the relatively restricted range of subjects found in large sculpture expanded greatly, with abstract subjects and the use or representation of any type of subject now common. Today much sculpture is made for intermittent display in galleries and museums, small sculpted fittings for furniture and other objects go well back into antiquity, as in the Nimrud ivories, Begram ivories and finds from the tomb of Tutankhamun
Sculptor
–
The Dying Gaul, or The Capitoline Gaul a Roman marble copy of a
Hellenistic work of the late 3rd century BCE
Capitoline Museums, Rome
Sculptor
–
Michelangelo 's
Moses, (c. 1513–1515), housed in the church of
San Pietro in Vincoli in
Rome. The sculpture was commissioned in 1505 by
Pope Julius II for his
tomb.
Sculptor
–
Assyrian
lamassu gate guardian from
Khorsabad, c. 721–800 BCE
Sculptor
–
Netsuke of tigress with two cubs, mid-19th century Japan, ivory with shell inlay
13.
South Florida
–
South Florida is a region of the U. S. state of Florida, comprising the southernmost part of the state. It is one of Floridas three most common directional regions, the others being Central Florida and North Florida and it includes the populous Miami metropolitan area, the Florida Keys, and other localities. South Florida is the part of the continental United States with a tropical climate. As with all regions, South Florida has no official boundaries or status and is defined differently by different sources. A2007 study of Floridas regions by Ary Lamme and Raymond K. Oldakowski found that Floridians surveyed identified South Florida as comprising the southernmost sections of peninsular Florida and that area includes the Miami metropolitan area, the Florida Keys, and the interior region known as the Glades. Additionally, Southwest Florida, representing the states southern Gulf Coast, has emerged as a vernacular region. Some respondents from as far northwest as the southern Tampa Bay area identified their region as being in South Florida rather than Southwest or Central Florida, some entities alternately designate this region South Florida. Its definition includes much of the territory as Lamme and Oldakowskis report as well as additional area. It includes Monroe County and the three counties of Miami-Dade, Broward, and Palm Beach, as well as the three Treasure Coast counties of Indian River, St. Lucie, and Martin to the north. The demographics of South Florida residents can be segmented as following, the Miami accent is a regional accent of the American English dialect spoken in South Florida, particularly in Miami-Dade, Broward, Palm Beach, and Monroe counties. The accent was born in central Miami, but has expanded to much of South Florida in the past few decades, the Miami accent is most prevalent in younger, native south Floridians. Lamme and Oldakowski identify several demographic, political, and cultural elements that characterize South Florida, politically, South Florida is more liberal than the rest of the state. While less than 10% of people in either North or Central Florida felt their area was liberal, 38% characterized the area as conservative, 26% as moderate. The economy in South Florida is very similar to that in Central Florida, compared to the more diversified economy in North Florida, tourism is by far the most significant industry in South and Central Florida, with a much smaller but vibrant agricultural industry. Lamme and Oldakowskis survey also found some cultural indicators distinguishing South Florida, South Florida is the only region of the state where ethnic foods are as popular as general American cuisine. Additionally, while there was little variation for most styles of music. Country was significantly less popular in South Florida than in North or Central Florida, the Anthony J. Catanese Center for Urban and Environmental Solutions at Florida Atlantic University notes the unusual growth pattern of South Florida. The developed area is urbanized and increasingly continuous and decentralized
South Florida
South Florida
South Florida
South Florida
14.
Realism (arts)
–
Realism in the arts is the attempt to represent subject matter truthfully, without artificiality and avoiding artistic conventions, implausible, exotic and supernatural elements. Realism has been prevalent in the arts at many periods, and is in part a matter of technique and training. In the visual arts, illusionistic realism is the depiction of lifeforms, perspective. Realist works of art may emphasize the mundane, ugly or sordid, such as works of realism, regionalism. There have been various movements in the arts, such as the opera style of verismo, literary realism, theatrical realism. The realism art movement in painting began in France in the 1850s, the realist painters rejected Romanticism, which had come to dominate French literature and art, with roots in the late 18th century. Realism is the precise, detailed and accurate representation in art of the appearance of scenes. Realism in this sense is also called naturalism, mimesis or illusionism, realistic art was created in many periods, and it is in large part a matter of technique and training, and the avoidance of stylization. It becomes especially marked in European painting in the Early Netherlandish painting of Jan van Eyck, however such realism is often used to depict, for example, angels with wings, which were not things the artists had ever seen in real life. It is the choice and treatment of matter that defines Realism as a movement in painting. The development of increasingly accurate representation of the appearances of things has a long history in art. It includes elements such as the depiction of the anatomy of humans and animals, of perspective and effects of distance. Ancient Greek art is recognised as having made great progress in the representation of anatomy. Pliny the Elders famous story of birds pecking at grapes painted by Zeuxis in the 5th century BC may well be a legend, roman portraiture, when not under too much Greek influence, shows a greater commitment to a truthful depiction of its subjects. The art of Late Antiquity famously rejected illusionism for expressive force, scientific methods of representing perspective were developed in Italy and gradually spread across Europe, and accuracy in anatomy rediscovered under the influence of classical art. As in classical times, idealism remained the norm, intriguingly, having led the development of illusionic painting, still life was to be equally significant in its abandonment in Cubism. The depiction of ordinary, everyday subjects in art also has a history, though it was often squeezed into the edges of compositions. However these objects are at least largely there because they carry layers of complex significance, pieter Bruegel the Elder pioneered large panoramic scenes of peasant life
Realism (arts)
–
Bonjour, Monsieur Courbet, 1854. A Realist painting by
Gustave Courbet.
Realism (arts)
–
Realist or illusionistic detail of the
convex mirror in the
Arnolfini Portrait by
Jan van Eyck, 1434
Realism (arts)
–
Lord Leighton 's
Cimabue's Celebrated Madonna of 1853-55 is at the end of a long tradition of illusionism in painting, but is not Realist in the sense of Courbet's work of the same period.
Realism (arts)
–
Woodcutting, miniature from a set of
Labours of the Months by
Simon Bening, c. 1550
15.
Resin
–
In polymer chemistry and materials science, resin is a solid or highly viscous substance of plant or synthetic origin that is typically convertible into polymers. They are often mixtures of compounds, principally terpenes. Many plants, particularly woody plants, produce resin in response to injury, the resin acts as a bandage protecting the plant from invading insects and pathogens. Plants secrete resins and rosins for their protective benefits, the resin produced by most plants is composed mainly of terpenes and derivatives. Some resins also contain a proportion of resin acids. The individual components of resin can be separated by fractional distillation, rosins on the other hand are less volatile and consist, inter alia, of diterpenes. Amber is fossil resin from coniferous and other tree species, copal, kauri gum, dammar and other resins may also be found as subfossil deposits. Subfossil copal can be distinguished from genuine fossil amber because it becomes tacky when a drop of a solvent such as acetone or chloroform is placed on it, african copal and the kauri gum of New Zealand are also procured in a semi-fossil condition. Solidified resin from which the volatile terpene components have been removed by distillation is known as rosin, typical rosin is a transparent or translucent mass, with a vitreous fracture and a faintly yellow or brown colour, non-odorous or having only a slight turpentine odor and taste. Rosin is insoluble in water, mostly soluble in alcohol, essential oils, ether and hot fatty oils, and softens and melts under the influence of heat, rosin consists of a complex mixture of different substances including organic acids named the resin acids. These are closely related to the terpenes, and derive from them through partial oxidation, Resin acids can be dissolved in alkalis to form resin soaps, from which the purified resin acids are regenerated by treatment with acids. Examples of resin acids are abietic acid, C20H30O2, plicatic acid contained in cedar, and pimaric acid, C20H30O2, a constituent of galipot resin. Abietic acid can also be extracted from rosin by means of hot alcohol, it crystallizes in leaflets, pimaric acid closely resembles abietic acid into which it passes when distilled in a vacuum, it has been supposed to consist of three isomers. Rosin is obtained from pines and some plants, mostly conifers. Propolis, consisting largely of resins collected from such as poplars and conifers, is used by honey bees to seal gaps in their hives. Shellac and lacquer are examples of insect-derived resins, asphaltite and Utah resin are petroleum bitumens, not a product secreted by plants, although it was ultimately derived from plants. These were highly prized substances, and required as incense in religious rites. The word resin has been applied in the world to nearly any component of a liquid that will set into a hard lacquer or enamel-like finish
Resin
–
Cedar of Lebanon cone showing flecks of resin as used in the
mummification of
Egyptian Pharaohs.
Resin
–
Insect trapped in resin
Resin
–
Extremely viscous resin extruding from the trunk of a mature
Araucaria columnaris.
Resin
–
Resin of a pine
16.
Fiberglass
–
Fiberglass is a type of fiber-reinforced plastic where the reinforcement fiber is specifically glass fiber. The glass fiber may be arranged, flattened into a sheet. The plastic matrix may be a polymer matrix – most often based on thermosetting polymers such as epoxy, polyester resin. The glass fibers are made of various types of glass depending upon the fiberglass use and these glasses all contain silica or silicate, with varying amounts of oxides of calcium, magnesium, and sometimes boron. To be used in fiberglass, glass fibers have to be made very low levels of defects. Fiberglass is a lightweight material and is used for many products. Although it is not as strong and stiff as composites based on fiber, it is less brittle. Its bulk strength and weight are also better than many metals, other common names for fiberglass are glass-reinforced plastic, glass-fiber reinforced plastic or GFK. Because glass fiber itself is referred to as fiberglass, the composite is also called fiberglass reinforced plastic. This article will adopt the convention that fiberglass refers to the glass fiber reinforced composite material. A patent for this method of producing glass wool was first applied for in 1933, Owens joined with the Corning company in 1935 and the method was adapted by Owens Corning to produce its patented fibreglas in 1936. Originally, fibreglas was a wool with fibers entrapping a great deal of gas, making it useful as an insulator. A suitable resin for combining the fibreglass with a plastic to produce a material was developed in 1936 by du Pont. The first ancestor of modern polyester resins is Cyanamids resin of 1942, peroxide curing systems were used by then. With the combination of fiberglass and resin the gas content of the material was replaced by plastic and this reduced the insulation properties to values typical of the plastic, but now for the first time the composite showed great strength and promise as a structural and building material. Confusingly, many glass fiber composites continued to be called fiberglass, ray Greene of Owens Corning is credited with producing the first composite boat in 1937, but did not proceed further at the time due to the brittle nature of the plastic used. In 1939 Russia was reported to have constructed a boat of plastic materials. The first car to have a body was a 1946 prototype of the Stout Scarab
Fiberglass
–
Glass reinforcements used for fiberglass are supplied in different physical forms, microspheres, chopped or woven.
Fiberglass
–
Typical material appearance of a fiberglass
Cryostat
Fiberglass
–
Several large fiberglass tanks at an airport
Fiberglass
–
A fiberglass dome house in
Davis, California
17.
Bondo (putty)
–
Bondo putty is an automotive body filler and a brand name used by 3M for a line of American-made products for automotive, marine and household repairs. Before the 1950s, fillers and putties used in automotive repair often contained lead, the original Bondo automotive repair putty, a mix of talc and plastic, was introduced in 1955. It was developed by World War II veteran and automotive repair shop owner Robert Merton Spink of Miami, products sold under the Bondo brand name include automotive body fillers, all-purpose putty, and materials for repairing wood, concrete, and gold. Fiberglass mats and resins for marine vehicle repair complemented the original market in automotive maintenance, there are Bondo sealants for use on roads. In addition to its products, 3M has a line of Bondo tools intended to be used with the putties. Bondo in various forms and modified compounds is used by hobby, while the resultant products are often very durable, 3M does not endorse its use as personal protection under any circumstances. Hooverite is a mixture of Bondo and laminating resin used to make small models. It will not shatter, and presents a surface, unlike most casting resins. It is informally named after Michael F. Hoover, a Los Angeles area special effects artist
Bondo (putty)
–
3M's Bondo logo
18.
Bronze
–
These additions produce a range of alloys that may be harder than copper alone, or have other useful properties, such as stiffness, ductility, or machinability. The archeological period where bronze was the hardest metal in use is known as the Bronze Age. In the ancient Near East this began with the rise of Sumer in the 4th millennium BC, with India and China starting to use bronze around the same time, everywhere it gradually spread across regions. The Bronze Age was followed by the Iron Age starting from about 1300 BC and reaching most of Eurasia by about 500 BC, the discovery of bronze enabled people to create metal objects which were harder and more durable than previously possible. Bronze tools, weapons, armor, and building such as decorative tiles were harder and more durable than their stone. It was only later that tin was used, becoming the major ingredient of bronze in the late 3rd millennium BC. Tin bronze was superior to arsenic bronze in that the process could be more easily controlled. Also, unlike arsenic, metallic tin and fumes from tin refining are not toxic, the earliest tin-alloy bronze dates to 4500 BCE in a Vinča culture site in Pločnik. Other early examples date to the late 4th millennium BC in Africa, Susa and some ancient sites in China, Luristan, ores of copper and the far rarer tin are not often found together, so serious bronze work has always involved trade. Tin sources and trade in ancient times had a influence on the development of cultures. In Europe, a source of tin was the British deposits of ore in Cornwall. In many parts of the world, large hoards of bronze artefacts are found, suggesting that bronze also represented a store of value, in Europe, large hoards of bronze tools, typically socketed axes, are found, which mostly show no signs of wear. With Chinese ritual bronzes, which are documented in the inscriptions they carry and from other sources and these were made in enormous quantities for elite burials, and also used by the living for ritual offerings. Pure iron is soft, and the process of beating and folding sponge iron to wrought iron removes from the metal carbon. Careful control of the alloying and tempering eventually allowed for wrought iron with properties comparable to modern steel, Bronze was still used during the Iron Age, and has continued in use for many purposes to the modern day. Among other advantages, it does not rust, the weaker wrought iron was found to be sufficiently strong for many uses. Archaeologists suspect that a disruption of the tin trade precipitated the transition. The population migrations around 1200–1100 BC reduced the shipping of tin around the Mediterranean, limiting supplies, there are many different bronze alloys, but typically modern bronze is 88% copper and 12% tin
Bronze
–
Yoruba bronze head sculpture, Ife, Nigeria c. 12th century AD
Bronze
–
Bronze deer figurine dating from between the 9th and 6th centuries BC,
National Archaeological Museum of
Sofia
Bronze
–
A hoard of bronze socketed axes from the
Bronze Age found in modern Germany. This was the top tool of the period, and also seems to have been used as a store of value.
Bronze
–
Chinese Ding,
Western Zhou (1046–771 BC)
19.
Pop Art
–
Pop art is an art movement that emerged in the mid-1950s in Britain and the late 1950s in the United States. Pop art presented a challenge to traditions of art by including imagery from popular culture such as advertising. In pop art, material is sometimes removed from its known context, isolated. Pop art employs aspects of culture, such as advertising, comic books. One of its aims is to use images of popular culture in art, emphasizing the banal or kitschy elements of any culture and it is also associated with the artists use of mechanical means of reproduction or rendering techniques. Pop art is interpreted as a reaction to the then-dominant ideas of abstract expressionism. Due to its utilization of found objects and images, it is similar to Dada, Pop art and minimalism are considered to be art movements that precede postmodern art, or are some of the earliest examples of postmodern art themselves. Pop art often takes imagery that is currently in use in advertising, product labeling and logos figure prominently in the imagery chosen by pop artists, seen in the labels of Campbells Soup Cans, by Andy Warhol. Even the labeling on the outside of a box containing food items for retail has been used as subject matter in pop art. The origins of pop art in North America developed differently from Great Britain, in the United States, pop art was a response by artists, it marked a return to hard-edged composition and representational art. They used impersonal, mundane reality, irony, and parody to defuse the personal symbolism, in the U. S. some artwork by Larry Rivers, Alex Katz and Man Ray anticipated pop art. By contrast, the origins of pop art in post-War Britain, while employing irony, early pop art in Britain was a matter of ideas fueled by American popular culture when viewed from afar. Similarly, pop art was both an extension and a repudiation of Dadaism, among those artists in Europe seen as producing work leading up to pop art are, Pablo Picasso, Marcel Duchamp, and Kurt Schwitters. During the 1920s, American artists Gerald Murphy, Charles Demuth and Stuart Davis created paintings that contained pop culture imagery, the Independent Group, founded in London in 1952, is regarded as the precursor to the pop art movement. They were a gathering of young painters, sculptors, architects, writers and their group discussions centered on pop culture implications from elements such as mass advertising, movies, product design, comic strips, science fiction and technology. This material of found objects such as advertising, comic characters, magazine covers. One of the collages in that presentation was Paolozzis I was a Rich Mans Plaything, following Paolozzis seminal presentation in 1952, the IG focused primarily on the imagery of American popular culture, particularly mass advertising. Nevertheless, Alloway was one of the critics to defend the inclusion of the imagery of mass culture in the fine arts
Pop Art
–
Richard Hamilton 's collage
Just what is it that makes today's homes so different, so appealing? (1956) is one of the earliest works to be considered "pop art".
Pop Art
–
Andy Warhol, Campbell's Tomato Juice Box, 1964. Synthetic polymer paint and silkscreen ink on wood, 10 inches × 19 inches × 9½ inches (25.4 × 48.3 × 24.1 cm),
Museum of Modern Art,
New York City
Pop Art
–
Charles Demuth,
I Saw the Figure 5 in Gold 1928, collection of the
Metropolitan Museum of Art,
New York City
20.
Hyperrealism (painting)
–
Hyperrealism is a genre of painting and sculpture resembling a high-resolution photograph. Hyperrealism is considered an advancement of Photorealism by the used to create the resulting paintings or sculptures. The term is applied to an independent art movement and art style in the United States. Belgian art dealer Isy Brachot coined the French word Hyperréalisme, meaning Hyperrealism, as the title of a major exhibition, since then, Hyperealisme has been used by European artists and dealers to apply to painters influenced by the Photorealists. Early 21st century Hyperrealism was founded on the principles of Photorealism. American painter Denis Peterson, whose pioneering works are universally viewed as an offshoot of Photorealism, first used Hyperrealism to apply to the new movement and its splinter group of artists. Graham Thompson wrote One demonstration of the way photography became assimilated into the art world is the success of photorealist painting in the late 1960s, however, Hyperrealism is contrasted with the literal approach found in traditional photorealist paintings of the late 20th century. Strict Photorealist painters tended to imitate photographic images, omitting or abstracting certain finite detail to maintain a consistent over-all pictorial design and they often omitted human emotion, political value, and narrative elements. Since it evolved from Pop Art, the style of painting was uniquely tight, precise. Hyperrealism, although photographic in essence, often entails a softer, much more focus on the subject depicted, presenting it as a living. These objects and scenes in Hyperrealism paintings and sculptures are meticulously detailed to create the illusion of a reality not seen in the original photo and that is not to say theyre surreal, as the illusion is a convincing depiction of reality. Textures, surfaces, lighting effects, and shadows appear clearer, Hyperrealism has its roots in the philosophy of Jean Baudrillard, the simulation of something which never really existed. As such, Hyperrealists create a reality, a convincing illusion based on a simulation of reality. Hyperreal paintings and sculptures are an outgrowth of extremely high-resolution images produced by digital cameras, as Photorealism emulated analog photography, Hyperrealism uses digital imagery and expands on it to create a new sense of reality. Hyperrealistic paintings and sculptures confront the viewer with the illusion of manipulated high-resolution images, the Hyperrealist style focuses much more of its emphasis on details and the subjects. Hyperreal paintings and sculptures are not strict interpretations of photographs, nor are they literal illustrations of a scene or subject. Instead, they utilize additional, often subtle, pictorial elements to create the illusion of a reality which in fact either does not exist or cannot be seen by the human eye. Hyperrealist painters and sculptors make allowances for some means of transferring images to the canvas or mold, including preliminary drawings or grisaille underpaintings
Hyperrealism (painting)
–
Duane Hanson, Woman Eating, polyester resin, fiberglass, polychromed in oil paint with clothes, table, chair and accessories,
Smithsonian American Art Museum, 1971
Hyperrealism (painting)
–
Charles Bell, Circus Act, Silkscreen on Paper,
Smithsonian American Art Museum, 1995
21.
Alexandria, Minnesota
–
Alexandria is a city and the county seat of Douglas County, Minnesota. First settled in 1858, it was named after brothers Alexander, the form of the name alludes to Alexandria, Egypt, a center of learning and civilization. The village of Alexandria was incorporated February 20,1877 and its city charter was adopted in 1908, and it was incorporated as a city in 1909. W. E. Hicks was pivotal to the development of the town. He purchased the townsite in 1868 and established a mill, hotel, newspaper and he donated property for a courthouse, jail, and two churches, Methodist and Congregational. The population was 11,070 as of the 2010 census, Alexandria is located near Interstate 94, along Minnesota State Highways 27 and 29. Lake Carlos State Park is ten miles north of Alexandria, in 2013, Alexandria was picked as a Top 10 Best Small Town by the Livability website. The city is abbreviated as Alex. The city is known as a center due to its many lakes. Tourism events include a Grape Stomp hosted by the Carlos Creek Winery every September, an Apple Fest in October, the Douglas County Fair every August, and Art in the Park every July. The city has a housing the controversial Kensington Runestone, which is thought by some to indicate that Vikings had visited the area in the 14th century. Outside the museum stands Big Ole, a 25-foot-tall statue of a Viking which was built for the Worlds Fair in New York City in 1964, extensive repairs to Big Ole were completed in 2016. The city hosts the annual Vikingland Band Festival parade marching championship, there are also several independent K–8 Christian schools in the area. Alexandria Technical & Community College offers post-secondary education from certificates on up to 2 year associate degrees, two Minnesota State Highways 27 and 29. Highway 27 connects Alexandria to Nelson, Osakis and to western Minnesota, highway 29 connects Alexandria to Glenwood and Parkers Prairie. Interstate 94 passes through the end of Alexandria, which allows access to Minneapolis/St. Public transportation within town is provided by Rainbow Rider, Alexandria has a public airport named Chandler Field. It is on the southwest edge of town, the following routes are located in the Alexandria area
Alexandria, Minnesota
–
Alexandria, Minnesota
Alexandria, Minnesota
–
Statue of Big Ole the Viking, greeting visitors to Alexandria
22.
Luther College (Iowa)
–
Luther College is a private coeducational liberal arts college located in Decorah, Iowa, United States. Established as a Lutheran seminary in 1861 by Norwegian immigrants, the school today is an institution of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, on October 10,1857, the Norwegian Evangelical Lutheran Church created a college to supply ministers for Norwegian congregations in the Upper Midwest. Until the college was established in 1861, students studied at Concordia Seminary in St. Louis, on October 14,1859, the Rev. Peter Laurentius Larsen was appointed professor to the Norwegian students at Concordia by the NELC. On September 1,1861, classes began with an enrollment of 16. The following year moved to Decorah, Iowa, with NELC Pastor Ulrik Vilhelm Koren successfully arranging the colleges relocation. The leader of the group, 18-year-old Rasmus Anderson, was expelled and this event was viewed as a rebellion and the worst of sins by the pastors assembled in a pastoral conference shortly after. Under Sperati, the band undertook several tours of Europe, their first in 1914, Sperati remained on the faculty until his death in 1945. In 1932, Luther College dropped its mandatory study of the classics, due to financial constraints associated with the Great Depression, the college decided to admit women as students in 1936. During the 1960s Luther constructed several new buildings and adopted a 4-1-4 semester schedule. In 1964, Luthers museum collection became separate from the college and was established as the Norwegian-American Museum, now known as Vesterheim Norwegian-American Museum, it is the largest and most comprehensive museum in the United States devoted to a single immigrant group. Nordic Fest, started in 1967, grew from Luther College Women’s Clubs annual celebration of Norwegian Constitution Day, Luther lies at the edge of Decorah, a small town situated in the hilly driftless region of the Midwestern United States. The Upper Iowa River flows through the portion of the nearly 200-acre central campus. The college owns an adjoining 800 acres devoted to research, biological studies. Luther student housing residence halls and several houses, townhouses. Ninety-five percent of Luther students live on all four years. In the 2000s, the college engaged in building projects. A renovation of residence halls and the Dahl Centennial Union was completed in 2006, and Sampson Hoffland Laboratories, the Center for Faith and Life is Luthers largest and primary performing arts facility. Luther is an undergraduate institution, enrolling 2,337 students
Luther College (Iowa)
–
Luther College
Luther College (Iowa)
–
Campus House, built in 1867, is the oldest building on campus. Originally a
parsonage for Nils O. Brandt (1824-1921), pastor of the campus, it was soon purchased by the College.
Luther College (Iowa)
–
Luther's current Main Building is the third to stand in the same location; fire destroyed the previous two.
Luther College (Iowa)
–
Koren building, one of the oldest on campus, houses Luther's
social sciences departments.
23.
University of Washington
–
The University of Washington, commonly referred to as simply Washington, UW, or informally U-Dub, is a public flagship research university in Seattle, Washington, United States. Founded in 1861, Washington is one of the oldest universities on the West Coast, the university has three campuses, the oldest and largest in the University District of Seattle and two others in Tacoma and Bothell. Washington is a member of the Association of American Universities and is ranked among the top 15 universities in the world by a variety of international publications. In athletics, the university competes in the NCAA Division I Pac-12 Conference and its athletic teams are called the Huskies. Seattle was one of several settlements in the mid to late 19th century vying for primacy in the new Washington Territory, in 1854, territorial governor Isaac Stevens recommended the establishment of a university in Washington. Several prominent Seattle-area residents, chief among them Methodist preacher Daniel Bagley and they convinced early founder of Seattle and member of the territorial legislature Arthur A. Denny of the importance of Seattle winning the school. When no site emerged, the legislature, encouraged by Denny, in 1861, scouting began for an appropriate 10 acres site in Seattle to serve as the campus for a new university. Arthur and Mary Denny donated eight acres, and fellow pioneers Edward Lander and Charlie and this tract was bounded by 4th and 6th Avenues on the west and east and Union and Seneca Streets on the north and south. UW opened on November 4,1861, as the Territorial University of Washington, the following year, the legislature passed articles incorporating the University and establishing a Board of Regents. The school struggled initially, closing three times, in 1863 for lack of students, and again in 1867 and 1876 due to shortage of funds. However, Clara Antoinette McCarty Wilt became the first graduate of UW in 1876 when she graduated from UW with a degree in science. By the time Washington entered the Union in 1889, both Seattle and the University had grown substantially, enrollment increased from 30 students to nearly 300, and the relative isolation of the campus had given way to encroaching development. A special legislative committee headed by UW graduate Edmond Meany was created to find a new campus able to serve the growing student population. The committee selected a site on Union Bay northeast of downtown, the university relocated from downtown to the new campus in 1895, moving into the newly built Denny Hall. The regents tried and failed to sell the old campus, the University still owns what is now called the Metropolitan Tract. In the heart of the city, it is among the most valuable pieces of estate in Seattle. The original Territorial University building was torn down in 1908 and its former site houses the Fairmont Olympic Hotel. The sole surviving remnants of UWs first building are four 24-foot, white, hand-fluted cedar and they were salvaged by Edmond S. Meany—one of the Universitys first graduates and the former head of the history department
University of Washington
–
The original University of Washington building on Denny's Knoll, c. 1870
University of Washington
–
University of Washington
University of Washington
–
Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition on the UW campus toward
Mount Rainier in 1909
University of Washington
–
Aerial view of campus, circa 1922
24.
Macalaster College
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Macalester College is a private, coeducational liberal arts college located in Saint Paul, Minnesota, US. It was founded in 1874 as a Presbyterian-affiliated but nonsectarian college and its first class entered September 15,1885. Macalester is exclusively an undergraduate institution and enrolled 1,978 students in the fall of 2013 from 50 U. S. states and 90 countries. In 2015, U. S. Macalester College was founded in 1874 by Rev. Dr. Edward Duffield Neill and he planned a college that would be Presbyterian-affiliated but nonsectarian, making it inclusive by the standards of his day. Charles Macalester, a prominent businessman and philanthropist from Philadelphia, made the gift by donating the Winslow House. With additional funding from the Presbyterian Church and from the new College’s trustees, Macalester opened in 1885 with five professors, six freshmen, in 1887, a classical scholar named James Wallace joined the faculty and quickly established himself as a fine and demanding teacher. He earned a reputation for scholarship when he published two Greek textbooks that were widely used across the country. In spite of success, James Wallace’s early years at Macalester were financially difficult. Gradually, his efforts built up a group of donors whose support, together with tuition from a student body. The College engaged in a period of advancement throughout the 1960s, made possible by DeWitt and Lila Wallace, founders of Reader’s Digest, a major building campaign resulted in a fine arts center and new science facilities. During this time, Macalester committed itself to an arts curriculum. The 1990s were another period of advancement for Macalester, in 1991, the College’s endowment became significantly larger than it had been. The College increased the number of faculty positions, adding more broadly diverse perspectives to the educational program, the improved student-faculty ratio also made possible more flexible and personalized teaching approaches, including significant enhancement of faculty-student collaborative research and writing. Through a comprehensive campus improvement program, academic and residential buildings on campus was renovated, renovation of the science facilities, which merged two buildings into the Olin-Rice Science Center, was completed in 1997. George Draper Dayton residence hall opened in 1998, the Ruth Stricker Dayton Campus Center in 2001, in fall 2008 Macalester publicly launched a $150 million campaign, raising funds for scholarships, faculty support, program enhancement, operating support, and new facilities. In 2009, construction was completed on Markim Hall, a new home for the Institute for Global Citizenship, in fall 2012, Macalester opened its renovated and expanded Janet Wallace Fine Arts Center. In 2013, The Princeton Review ranked Macalester as one of the Best Value Colleges, in 2016, Forbes rated it 68th out of 660 colleges, universities and service academies in the U. S. In 2016, Washington Monthly ranked Macalester 59th best liberal arts college for contributing to the public good, the ranking uses criteria of social mobility, research, and service
Macalaster College
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Neill Hall
Macalaster College
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Macalester College
Macalaster College
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The Leonard Center athletic and wellness complex
Macalaster College
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Old Main, Macalester College
25.
Bloomfield Hills
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Bloomfield Hills is a city located in Metro Detroits northern suburbs in Oakland County in the U. S. state of Michigan,20.2 miles northwest of downtown Detroit. The city is almost completely surrounded by Bloomfield Township, as of the 2010 census, the city population was 3,869. What is now Bloomfield Hills was an area until the turn of the 20th century when wealthy Detroit residents bought up the land. The settlement became a village in 1927, and in 1932 residents voted to become a city to avoid being incorporated into growing Birmingham, Bloomfield Hills is the location of the National Historic Landmark Cranbrook Educational Community and other historic sites listed on the national register of historic places. In popular culture, Bloomfield Hills was the setting for the 2005 film The Upside of Anger. In the 2002 film 8 Mile, Eminem mentions Cranbrook Kingswood while making fun of Doc because he attended Cranbrook, Bloomfield Hills is the hometown of the comic book character, Trance. Some scenes in Out of Sight with Jennifer Lopez and George Clooney were filmed at a residence in Bloomfield Hills. Jimmy Hoffa was last seen at the former Machus Red Fox restaurant in adjacent Bloomfield Township, the novel Gilda Joyce, The Ladies of the Lake is set in a private school in Bloomfield. The Congregational Church of Birmingham United Church of Christ was founded in Birmingham, St. Hugo of the Hills Roman Catholic Church was funded by Theodore F. MacManus and his wife in memory of their deceased children, Hugo and Hubert. St. Hugo of the Hills Catholic Church was built from 1931–1936, with approval from Bishop Michael J. Gallagher, other churches include St. Acme Group, consisting of Acme Mills, Great Lakes Filters, and Fairway Products, is headquartered in Bloomfield Hills. Other companies headquartered in Bloomfield Hills, MI include Taubman Centers, larson Realty Group, Princeton Enterprises, PulteGroup, Inc. TIP Capital, Bloomfield Hills Bancorp, Reverie, BlackEagle Partners, alidade Capital, and O2 Investment Partners.04 square miles, of which 4.96 square miles is land and 0.08 square miles is water. As of the 2005–2009 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, there were 3,774 people,1,570 households, the population density was 796.4 per square mile. There were 1,628 housing units at a density of 329.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 89. 1% White,5. 4% Asian,4. 3% Black,0. 8% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 2% of the population. As of the census of 2010, there were 3,869 people,1,489 households, the population density was 780.0 inhabitants per square mile. There were 1,659 housing units at a density of 334.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 87. 3% White,4. 1% African American,0. 1% Native American,6. 7% Asian,0. 3% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 5% of the population
Bloomfield Hills
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Gregor S. and Elizabeth B. Affleck House
Bloomfield Hills
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Cranbrook gardens
Bloomfield Hills
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Kirk in the Hills
Bloomfield Hills
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Wildwood Manor by
Hugh T. Keyes, Bloomfield Hills estate of
John Bugas
26.
Edward Kienholz
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Edward Kienholz was an American installation artist and assemblage sculptor whose work was highly critical of aspects of modern life. From 1972 onwards, he assembled much of his artwork in close collaboration with his partner and fifth wife. Edward Ralph Kienholz was born in Fairfield, Washington, in the dry part of the state. He grew up on a farm, learning carpentry, drafting. His father was strict, and his mother was a religious fundamentalist, but the rebellious son longed to escape this constricted environment. He studied art at Eastern Washington College of Education and, briefly, at Whitworth College in Spokane, in 1956, Kienholz opened the NOW Gallery, for which Michael Bowen designed the sign, that year he met grad student Walter Hopps, who owned the Syndell Gallery. They co-organized the All-City Art Festival, then in 1957, with poet Bob Alexander, the Ferus Gallery soon became a focus of avant garde art and culture in the Los Angeles area. In 1958 he sold his share of the Ferus Gallery to buy a Los Angeles house and studio and to concentrate on his art, creating free-standing and he continued to participate in activities at the Ferus Gallery, mounting a show of his first assemblage works in 1959. In 1961, Kienholz completed his first large-scale installation, Roxys and this artwork later caused a stir at the documenta 4 exhibition in 1968. A1966 show at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art drew considerable controversy over his assemblage, the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors called it revolting, pornographic and blasphemous and threatened to withhold financing for the museum unless the tableau was removed from view. The uproar led to more than 200 people lining up to see the work the day the show opened, ever since, Back Seat Dodge ’38 has drawn crowds. LACMA did not formally acquire the work until 1986, in 1966, Kienholz began to spend summers in Hope, Idaho, while still maintaining studio space in Los Angeles. Also around that time, he produced a series of Concept Tableaux and he would sell these works of early Conceptual Art for a modest sum, giving the buyer the right to have Kienholz actually construct the artwork. He sold a number of Concept Tableaux, but only The State Hospital progressed to a completed artwork, regarding found materials he said, in 1977, I really begin to understand any society by going through its junk stores and flea markets. It is a form of education and historical orientation for me, I can see the results of ideas in what is thrown away by a culture. Kienholz occasionally incorporated defunct or operating radios or televisions into their works, sometimes adding sound, live animals were selectively included as crucial elements in some installations, providing motion and sound that contrasted starkly with frozen tableaus of decay and degradation. For example, The Wait, a scene of a lonely skeletal woman surrounded by memories and waiting for death. The bird is considered a part of the installation, but requires special attention to insure that it remains healthy and active, as described in the Whitney Museums online catalog
Edward Kienholz
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Edward Kienholz photographed by
Lothar Wolleh, 1970
Edward Kienholz
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Sollie 17, mixed media construction by Edward Kienholz and Nancy Reddin Kienholz (1979-80,
Smithsonian American Art Museum)
Edward Kienholz
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Interior view of
The Beanery (1965, restored 2012;
Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam, 2013 photo)
Edward Kienholz
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In The Infield Was Patty Peccavi by Edward and Nancy Kienholz; metal, resin, cloth, wood, glass, paper, photomechanical reproduction, electric lights, stuffed bird and paint (1981,
Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden)
27.
African American
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African Americans are an ethnic group of Americans with total or partial ancestry from any of the Black racial groups of Africa. The term may also be used to only those individuals who are descended from enslaved Africans. As a compound adjective the term is usually hyphenated as African-American, Black and African Americans constitute the third largest racial and ethnic group in the United States. Most African Americans are of West and Central African descent and are descendants of enslaved peoples within the boundaries of the present United States. On average, African Americans are of 73. 2–80. 9% West African, 18–24% European, according to US Census Bureau data, African immigrants generally do not self-identify as African American. The overwhelming majority of African immigrants identify instead with their own respective ethnicities, immigrants from some Caribbean, Central American and South American nations and their descendants may or may not also self-identify with the term. After the founding of the United States, black people continued to be enslaved, believed to be inferior to white people, they were treated as second-class citizens. The Naturalization Act of 1790 limited U. S. citizenship to whites only, in 2008, Barack Obama became the first African American to be elected President of the United States. The first African slaves arrived via Santo Domingo to the San Miguel de Gualdape colony, the ill-fated colony was almost immediately disrupted by a fight over leadership, during which the slaves revolted and fled the colony to seek refuge among local Native Americans. De Ayllón and many of the colonists died shortly afterwards of an epidemic, the settlers and the slaves who had not escaped returned to Haiti, whence they had come. The first recorded Africans in British North America were 20 and odd negroes who came to Jamestown, as English settlers died from harsh conditions, more and more Africans were brought to work as laborers. Typically, young men or women would sign a contract of indenture in exchange for transportation to the New World, the landowner received 50 acres of land from the state for each servant purchased from a ships captain. An indentured servant would work for years without wages. The status of indentured servants in early Virginia and Maryland was similar to slavery, servants could be bought, sold, or leased and they could be physically beaten for disobedience or running away. Africans could legally raise crops and cattle to purchase their freedom and they raised families, married other Africans and sometimes intermarried with Native Americans or English settlers. By the 1640s and 1650s, several African families owned farms around Jamestown and some became wealthy by colonial standards and purchased indentured servants of their own. In 1640, the Virginia General Court recorded the earliest documentation of slavery when they sentenced John Punch. One of Dutch African arrivals, Anthony Johnson, would own one of the first black slaves, John Casor
African American
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An artist's conception of
Crispus Attucks (1723–1770), the first "
martyr " of the
American Revolution. He was of
Native American and African American descent.
African American
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Jesse Owens shook racial stereotypes both with Nazis and segregationists in the USA at the 1936 Berlin Olympics.
African American
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An African-American boy outside of
Cincinnati,
Ohio in the 1940s.
African American
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March on Washington, August 28, 1963, shows civil rights leaders and union leaders.
28.
Davie, Florida
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Davie is a town in Broward County, Florida, United States. The towns population was 91,992 at the 2010 census and it is the most populous municipality labelled as a town in Florida, and the third most populous such community in the United States, trailing only Gilbert, Arizona, and Cary, North Carolina. Davie is a city of the Miami metropolitan area, which was home to an estimated 6,012,331 people at the 2015 census. Davie was founded by Tamara Toussaint and Jake Tannebaum, the original name of the town was Zona. In 1909, R. P. Davie assisted then Florida Governor Napoleon Bonaparte Broward by draining the swamplands, robert Parsell Davie, a developer, bought about 27,000 acres in the area. He built a school in Zona, in 1916, the people of the town were so grateful they renamed the town after him. It was carved out of Everglades land that was mostly underwater, Davie has always had a reputation as a Western town, with many earlier buildings having Wild West architecture. It boasts a significant horse-owning population and once was home to herds of cattle. In recent years, commercial and residential development has discouraged such practices, pioneer City, a western theme park, was located across the street from Flamingo Gardens. It was built in the 1960s and closed a few years later, the Davie School, designed in 1917 by August Geiger, one of South Floridas most prominent early architects, opened its doors in 1918 with about 90 students. The Davie School was the first permanent school in the Everglades and is now Broward Countys oldest existing school building, the building was in continuous use as a school until 1980. The Davie School Foundation was established in 1984 to protect and restore the Davie School to the integrity of its earlier appearance, in the early 2000s two other historic buildings from the surrounding neighborhood were moved to the property adjoining the Old Davie School. The Viele House, built beginning in 1912, is the oldest residential structure remaining in Davie and is an excellent example of vernacular architecture and it survived the hurricane of 1926 and the floods of 1947. It was continuously occupied by members of the Viele family until being moved to the Old Davie School property, regrettably, the Viele House was sealed to accommodate a modern air conditioning system, as part of the permanent preservation plan. One of the most important features of the structure was the non-electric air conditioned design of the home. Specifically, warm air was drawn up and out through the opening in the top of the attic, the natural air flow kept the home relatively comfortable, even in the hot south Florida, climate. Also, as with most of the old Davie homes, the Viele House was elevated on pillars, in 2004 the former home of Colonel Charles A. & Katherine M. Walsh and the Bud & Betty Osterhoudt family was also moved to the site. In the 1970s Davie had the reputation of not being hospitable to Jews, Davie was rumored to be the seat of the Ku Klux Klan in South Florida, a cross was burned on the front lawn of a new Jewish family in 1977
Davie, Florida
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Old Davie School Historical Museum
Davie, Florida
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R.P. Davie
Davie, Florida
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Damage by
Hurricane Katrina in 2005 in Davie
29.
Wax museum
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A wax museum or waxworks usually consists of a collection of wax sculptures representing famous people from history and contemporary personalities exhibited in lifelike poses, wearing real clothes. Some wax museums have a special section dubbed the Chamber of Horrors, some collections are more specialized, as, for example, collections of wax medical models once used for training medical professionals. Many museums or displays in historical houses that are not wax museums as such use wax figures as part of their displays, the making of life-size wax figures wearing real clothes grew out of the funeral practices of European royalty. After the funeral these were displayed by the tomb or elsewhere in the church, and became a popular attraction for visitors. From the funeral of Charles II in 1680 they were no longer placed on the coffin but were made for later display. The effigy of Charles II, open-eyed and standing, was displayed over his tomb until the early 19th century, concerned for their revenue from visitors, the Abbey decided it needed a rival attraction for admirers of Nelson. In European courts including that of France the making of posed wax figures became popular, antoine Benoist was a French court painter and sculptor in wax to King Louis XIV. He exhibited forty-three wax figures of the French Royal Circle at his residence in Paris, thereafter, the king authorized the figurines to be shown throughout France. His work became so highly regarded that James II of England invited him to visit England in 1684, there he executed works of the English king and members of his court. A seated figure of Peter the Great of Russia survives, made by an Italian artist, the Danish court painter Johann Salomon Wahl executed figures of the Danish king and queen in about 1740. Philippe Curtius, waxwork modeller to the French court, opened his Cabinet de Cire as a tourist attraction in Paris in 1770, in 1783 this added a Caverne des Grandes Voleurs, an early Chamber of Horrors. He bequeathed his collection to his protegé Marie Tussaud, who during the French Revolution made death masks of the executed royals. Madame Tussauds, historically associated with London, is the most famous associated with wax museums, although it was by no means the earliest wax museum. In 1835 Madame Tussaud established her first permanent exhibition in Londons Baker Street, by the late 19th century most large cities had some kind of commercial wax museum, and for a century these remained highly popular. In the late 20th century it became harder for them to compete with other attractions. C, Fishermans Wharf in San Francisco and Hollywood. Louis Tussauds wax museum in San Antonio, Texas, is across the street from the historic Alamo, others are located on the Canadian side of Niagara Falls, and Grand Prairie, Texas. One of the most popular wax museums in the United States for decades was The Movieland Wax Museum in Buena Park, California, the museum opened in 1962 and through the years added many wax figures of famous show business figures. Several stars attended the unveilings of the wax incarnations, the museum closed its doors on October 31,2005, after years of dwindling attendance
Wax museum
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A typical modern wax sculpture of
Cecilia Cheung at
Madame Tussauds Hong Kong.
Wax museum
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The funeral effigy (without clothes) of
Elizabeth of York, mother of
King Henry VIII, 1503,
Westminster Abbey
Wax museum
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The Beatles at
Madame Tussauds London.
Wax museum
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Elisabeth of Bavaria (Sissi) at Panoptikum Hamburg.
30.
Louisiana Museum of Modern Art
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The Louisiana Museum of Modern Art is an art museum located directly on the shore of the Øresund Sound in Humlebæk,35 km north of Copenhagen, Denmark. The museum is also acknowledged as a milestone in modern Danish architecture, noted for the synthesis it creates of art, architecture, the museum has at occasions also exhibitions with works of the great impressionists and expressionists, like the large Claude Monet impressionist exhibition in 1994. The museum is included in the Patricia Schultz book 1,000 Places to See Before You Die, the name of the museum derives from the first owner of the property, Alexander Brun, who named the villa after his three wives, all named Louise. The museum was created in 1958 by Knud W. Jensen and he contacted architects Vilhelm Wohlert and Jørgen Bo who spent a few months walking around the property before deciding how a new construction would best fit into the landscape. This study resulted in the first version of the museum consisting of three connected by glass corridors. Since then it has been extended several times until it reached its present circular shape in 1991, in late November 2012 Louisiana Museum of Modern Art launched Louisiana Channel, a web-TV channel contributing to the continual development of the museum as a cultural platform. In 2013 the music department of the museum launch Louisiana Music, the videos are often housed in room settings where the viewer is made to feel part of the scene being portrayed. Perched above the sea, there is a garden between the museums two wings with works by artists including Henry Moore, Alexander Calder, and Jean Arp. Besides the collection of art, Louisiana also displays a collection of Pre-Columbian art. Consisting of more than 400 objects, the collection was a donation from the Wessel-Bagge Foundation in 2001 and it is the personal collection left by Niels-Wessel Bagge, who was a Danish dancer, choreographer and art collector living in California and who died in 1990. The Concert Hall was built in 1976 in connection with the West Wing which had built in 1966 and 1971. Its acoustics make it fit for chamber music but it is also used for other musical genres as well as a wide array of others events and activities such as debates, lectures. The chairs are designed by Poul Kjærholm and the wall is decorated with paintings created for the site by Sam Francis. In 2007 began a project to produce concerts filming and musical clips directed by Stéphan Aubé, all the movies are available for free on the Louisiana Music website. The grounds around the museum contain a sculpture garden. It is made up by a plateau and the sloping terrain towards Øresund and is dominated by huge, ancient specimen trees and sweeping vistas of the sea. It contains works by artists as Jean Arp, Max Ernst, Max Bill, Alexander Calder, Henri Laurens, Louise Bourgeois, Joan Miró. The sculptures are placed so that they can be viewed from within, in special sculpture yards or independently around the gardens, forming a synthesis with the lawns, the trees
Louisiana Museum of Modern Art
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Louisiana Museum of Modern Art
Louisiana Museum of Modern Art
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View over the sea from the museum lawn.
Louisiana Museum of Modern Art
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The concert hall
Louisiana Museum of Modern Art
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Sculpture garden, Louisiana Art Museum.
