1.
Muni Metro
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Muni Metro is a light rail/streetcar hybrid system serving San Francisco, California, operated by the San Francisco Municipal Railway, a division of the San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency. With an average ridership of 128,500 passengers as of the fourth quarter of 2014. Muni Metro operates a fleet of 151 light rail vehicles made by Breda, Muni Metro is the modern incarnation of the traditional streetcar system that had served San Francisco since the late 19th century. Recently, the system has undergone expansion, most notably the Third Street Light Rail Project, completed in 2007, other projects, such as the Central Subway, are underway. Muni Metro descended from the traditional streetcar system started on December 28,1912. The first streetcar line, the A Geary, ran from Kearny and Market Streets in the Financial District to Fulton Street, the system slowly expanded, opening the Twin Peaks Tunnel in 1917, allowing streetcars to run to the southwestern quadrant of the city. By 1921, the city was operating 304 miles of trolley lines and 25 miles of cable car lines. The last line to service before 2007 was the N Judah. However, five heavily used streetcar lines traveled for at least part of their routes through tunnels or otherwise reserved right-of-way, as a result, these lines, running PCC streetcars, continued in operation. The new tunnel would be connected to the existing Twin Peaks Tunnel, the new underground stations would feature high platforms, and the older stations would be retrofitted with the same, which meant that the PCCs could not be used in them. Hence, a fleet of new rail vehicles was ordered from Boeing-Vertol. The K and M lines were extended to Balboa Park during this time, on February 18,1980, the Muni Metro was officially inaugurated, with weekday N line service in the subway. The Metro service was implemented in phases, and the subway was served only on weekdays until 1982. The K Ingleside line began using the Metro subway on weekdays on June 11,1980, the L Taraval and M Ocean View lines on December 17,1980, and lastly the J Church line on June 17,1981. Meanwhile, weekend service on all five lines continued to use PCC cars operating on the surface of Market Street through to the Transbay Terminal, finally, on November 20,1982, the Muni Metro subway began operating seven days a week. At the time, there were no plans to revive any service on the surface of Market Street or return PCCs to regular running. However, tracks were rehabilitated for the 1983 Historic Trolley Festival, Muni criticism had been something of a feature of life in San Francisco, and not without reason. The Boeing trains were sub-par and grew crowded quickly, Muni did take steps to address these problems
2.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
3.
San Francisco Municipal Railway
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The San Francisco Municipal Railway is the public transit system for the city and county of San Francisco, California. In 2006, it served 46.7 square miles with an budget of about $700 million. In ridership Muni is the seventh largest transit system in the United States, with 210,848,310 rides in 2006 and the second largest in California behind Metro in Los Angeles. With a fleet average speed of 8.1 mph, it is the slowest major urban transit system in America and one of the most expensive to operate, costing $19.21 per mile per bus and $24.37 per mile per train. However, it has more boardings per mile and more vehicles in operation than similar transit agencies, many weekday riders are commuters, as the daytime weekday population in San Francisco exceeds its normal residential population. Muni shares four metro stations with BART, on weekends, most Muni bus lines are scheduled to run every ten to twenty minutes. However, complaints of unreliability, especially on less-often-served lines and older lines, are a system-wide problem. Muni has had difficulty meeting a stated goal of 85% voter-demanded on-time service. Most intercity connections are provided by BART and Caltrain heavy rail, AC Transit buses at the Transbay Terminal, 70% of stops are spaced closer than recommended range of 800–1,000 feet apart. Muni is short for the Municipal in San Francisco Municipal Railway and is not an acronym, thus, the Muni metro is often called the train or the streetcar. Most San Francisco natives use Muni when speaking about the system in general, the E Embarcadero and F Market & Wharves lines are referred to by Muni as a historic streetcar line rather than as a heritage railway. Munis logo is a stylized, trademarked worm version of the word muni and this logo was designed by San Francisco-based graphic designer Walter Landor in the mid-1970s. Bus and trolleybus lines have number designations, rail lines have letters, except for cable cars, cash fares are $2.50 for adults, $1. Clipper card fares are $2.25 for adults and $1 for seniors, youth, proof-of-payment, which fare inspectors may demand at any time, is either a Clipper card, Muni Passport, or paper transfer. One fare entitles a rider to unlimited vehicle transfers for the next 90 to 120 minutes, cable cars are $7 one way, with no transfers unless the rider has a Muni Passport or Fast Pass. As of September 2014 monthly passes cost $70 for adults, $35 for low-income residents, or $24 for youth, seniors, passes are valid on all Muni lines—including cable cars—and the $83 adult Fast Pass allows BART transit entirely within San Francisco. Other passes and stickers are valid on all Muni lines, including cable cars, cable car fare is $7 per trip, with no transfers issued or accepted. Muni has implemented a smart card payment system known as Clipper
4.
Side platform
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A side platform is a platform positioned to the side of a pair of tracks at a railway station, tram stop, or transitway. Dual side platform stations, one for direction of travel, is the basic station design used for double-track railway lines. Side platforms may result in a wider overall footprint for the station compared with a platform where a single width of platform can be shared by riders using either track. In some stations, the two platforms are connected by a footbridge running above and over the tracks. While a pair of platforms is often provided on a dual-track line. Where the station is close to a crossing the platforms may either be on the same side of the crossing road or alternatively may be staggered in one of two ways. With the near-side platforms configuration, each platform appears before the intersection, in some situations a single side platform can be served by multiple vehicles simultaneously with a scissors crossing provided to allow access mid-way along its length. Normally, the facilities of the station are located on the Up platform with the other platform accessed from a footbridge. However, in cases the stations main buildings are located on whichever side faces the town or village the station serves. Larger stations may have two platforms with several island platforms in between. Some are in a Spanish solution format, with two platforms and an island platform in between, serving two tracks
5.
N Judah
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The N Judah is a Muni Metro light rail line in San Francisco, California, so named as it runs along Judah Street for much of its length, named after railroad engineer Theodore Judah. It links downtown San Francisco to the Cole Valley and Sunset neighborhoods and it is the busiest line in the Muni Metro system, serving an average of 41,439 weekday passengers in 2013. It was one of San Franciscos streetcar lines, beginning operation in 1928, while many streetcar lines were converted to bus lines after World War II, the N Judah remained a streetcar line due to its use of the Sunset Tunnel. The line runs from the Caltrain depot in the Mission Bay district to Ocean Beach, from the Caltrain depot at Fourth and King Streets, it runs along King Street and the Embarcadero, passing by AT&T Park. It then enters the Market Street Subway, which it shares with the five other Muni Metro lines and it exits the tunnel at Church Street and, after a brief stretch along Duboce Avenue to Duboce Park, enters the older Sunset Tunnel. This tunnel serves to avoid a hill and contains no underground stations, on Judah between 9th Avenue and 19th Avenue the N runs on a right-of-way that is slightly raised above the surrounding street. There is a loop in the intersection at Judah, La Playa, the N Judah line stops at large stations for the downtown section of the route and at smaller stops on the rest of the line. Muni bus routes provide service to all stations and other systems with access to the stations are noted. As with all Muni lines, service begins around 5 a. m. on weekdays,6 a. m. on Saturdays and it operates at high frequencies, mainly between 7 and 12 minutes, and mostly utilizes two-car trains during Muni Metro hours of operation. Late night service is provided by the N Owl diesel bus line and this line is generally the same as the daytime N Judah line, except it follows surface streets instead of going through the streetcar-only Market Street Subway and Sunset Tunnel. It then takes Church, Hermann and Fillmore to get to Haight Street, where it bypasses the hill above the Sunset Tunnel. It turns off Haight at Cole, and then rejoins the daytime N line at Carl, originally, the line was operated on the Market Street Railway before being rerouted underground through the Market Street Subway in 1980. The extension to King Street Station and Caltrain was opened in 1998, on December 5,2009, SFMTA eliminated the portion of the N Judah line between Embarcadero and 4th & King/Caltrain on weekends and holidays. N Owl service was not affected by this change, weekend service to the Caltrain depot was restored in October 2011. After concerns from riders of constant overcrowding of the trains on the N Judah line, starting off as a pilot program, the NX was intended to relieve overcrowding during rush hours every ten minutes. It follows the end of the N Judah route from Ocean Beach to 19th Avenue, then operates nonstop from there to the Financial District where it stops at Bush. This will allow the N Judah to run three car trains as opposed to the current two car trains, additional plans include a non-revenue L Taraval to N Judah connector, which may run on 46th Avenue. Inbound to outbound N Judah on SFMTAs site N Judah schedule N Judah map, N Judah route information from the SF Muni Map Project The N-Judah Chronicles
6.
Church station (California)
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Church Street Station is a Muni Metro station at the six-way intersection of Market Street, Church Street and 14th Street in the Duboce Triangle neighborhood of San Francisco, California. The station consists of two platforms next to the tracks on the second level down with the concourse mezzanine level overlooking it. The F Market & Wharves streetcar line, running along Market Street, the N Judah line also exits the Market Street tunnel before reaching the Church Street station and stops one block away at Church and Duboce Avenue. At both Church Street Station and Castro Street Station, there is only one stairway on each side of Market Street leading into the station. One of these entrances is located on the northwest corner of Market and 14th Street, Church Street Station is featured in the Nick Nolte/Eddie Murphy cop dramedy 48 Hours, with shots of entrances, plaza and platform levels, and train operations. Service at this station began in June 1980
7.
J Church
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The J Church is a Muni Metro light rail line in San Francisco, California, mainly serving the Noe Valley and Balboa Park neighborhoods, connecting them to downtown. It began as one of San Franciscos streetcar lines in 1917, buses cannot negotiate the grades, and the right-of-way is too narrow to accommodate anything wider than the streetcar tracks. The line runs from Embarcadero Station in the Financial District to Balboa Park Station, the downtown portion of the line uses the Market Street Subway, along with four other Muni Metro lines. The J exits the tunnel at Duboce Avenue along with the N Judah, between 18th and 20th Street, the line cuts through Dolores Park in a private right-of-way featuring a 9% grade, the steepest section of the Muni Metro. After crossing 20th Street, it cuts across the blocks east of Church, around a steep hill, the J then follows Church to 30th Street, then to San Jose Avenue and Geneva. Between Randall and Cotter Streets, there is a right-of-way in the middle of San Jose Avenue, at the end of the line, the J loops around the Metro yard at San Jose and Geneva, alongside Balboa Park Station. The J Church line stops at stations for the downtown section of the route. Most of the stops are designated by a sign on the sidewalk. The J Church begins service at 5 a. m. weekdays,6 a. m, sundays and continues until 12,15 a. m. every night. Headways range from 7 to 15 minutes during the day, and 15 to 20 minutes at night, there is no late night service along the entire J line. Some of the route is covered by the L-Owl and N-Owl service provided by buses run on Market Street between Church Street and Steuart Street. Owl service on the 24 Divisadero line runs near the portion of the J line north of 30th Street, the outer end of the line was originally at Church and 30th Streets, where streetcars used a wye to turn around. In 1991, the tracks were extended to the Balboa Park BART station, however, the 2. 3-mile new section was initially used only by light rail cars starting or ending their runs, all-day J-line service was not extended along the new tracks until March 1992. This extension of the J-line to the Metro Center now also provides vintage F Market cars a connection to the adjacent Geneva Yard, occasionally J-Church streetcars use the wye at 30th and Church as a terminus during rush hours, or during irregular operations. With the completion of the M Ocean View Subway, the J Church will be re-routed to connect with the M Ocean View at a new subway station at SF State. Future ideas for extensions include a north of Church and Duboce Streets along Fillmore Street to Fort Mason. When these extensions occur, it is whether the J Church will be re-titled to J San Jose or keep its current designation. Inbound to outbound J Church on SFMTAs site J Church schedule J Church map, J-Church route information from the SF Muni Map Project
8.
Embarcadero station
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Embarcadero is a BART and Muni Metro station in the Financial District of San Francisco. The easternmost stop on the Market Street Subway, Embarcadero acts as a hub for passenger movement throughout the San Francisco Bay Area. With 45,460 exits each weekday in 2015, Embarcadero is the busiest station in the BART system and it is the first stop in San Francisco for BART trains after crossing through the Transbay Tube from West Oakland. This station was a station, opening in May 1976. The Ferry Building, Embarcadero Center, Transbay Terminal and the end of the California Street cable car line are all located near Embarcadero station. Service at this station began on May 27,1976, three years after the other San Francisco stations, the station was not part of the original plans for the system. As a result of increasing development in the lower Market Street area, the later opening resulted in the Embarcadero station having a much different design than the other three Market Street stations. The station was designed by chief BART architect Tallie Maule and Hertzka & Knowles & Associates in collaboration with Parsons Brinckerhoff, Tudor Construction, and Bechtel. Embarcadero originally was the terminus for all of the Muni Metro lines, service along that extension was originally provided by the E Embarcadero line, which ran between Embarcadero Station and the Caltrain station. The N Judah line was extended along the new extension to replace the E line. On April 7,2007, the T Third Street line replaced the N line along this route, since at least 1992 the station was serenaded by the Jazz Man Ronald Brewington. He would play saxophone for commuters and entertain them with conversation, for Christmas Brewington would give out Christmas cards to passengers stating You are my Carnegie Hall. He claimed his name was Garrick Sherrod, however that was an identity he had stolen, the Jazz Man was actually a fugitive from Albuquerque facing capital murder charges stemming from the 1987 murder of his wife Diedre. He was arrested at a BART station in 2012 and extradited to New Mexico, in 2013, he pleaded guilty to the murder and was sentenced to 16 years in prison. Like all stations in the Market Street Subway, Embarcadero has a tri-level configuration, passengers first descend to a mezzanine concourse containing faregates for passengers to enter separate BART and Muni paid areas, with one Muni entrance in the middle, flanked by two BART entrances. Below, there are two platforms, one on the second level down for Muni trains, and another below the Muni platform for BART trains. There are numerous local and express Muni bus lines stopping at this station. The Temporary Transbay Terminal is a walk from the station, at Howard & Beale Streets, with Greyhound, Samtrans, SolTrans, AC Transit, WestCAT
9.
San Francisco 4th and King Street Station
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It is next to a Muni Metro light rail station, which provides connections to downtown San Francisco and Bay Area Rapid Transit. The station is in the Mission Bay/China Basin area, bordered on the north by Townsend Street, east by 3rd Street, west by 4th Street and it opened on June 21,1975, replacing a station built in 1914 at 3rd and Townsend, one block away. The Muni extension to the station was opened in 1998, the Caltrain Downtown Extension project to the rebuilt Transbay Terminal includes the construction of an underground 4th and King station. The underground station will be next to the current station on the Townsend side, until that time, California High-Speed Rail trains may also utilize the existing station. All 96 weekday trains and all Saturday and Sunday trains utilize the station as a terminal, San Francisco Giants service 4th and King is one block from AT&T Park, the home of the San Francisco Giants. Caltrain usually operates special trains to transport fans to baseball games, special trains usually depart about fifteen minutes after the last out. One special train, leaving 15 minutes after the last out, expresses to San Carlos and this train is not available for daytime weekday games. Giants fans can either walk or take the Muni to the ballpark, Muni operates special trains from Caltrain to the ballpark on game days. 4th and King hosts a number of Muni bus lines, the E Embarcadero historic streetcar line, and Munis T Third Street and N Judah lines run to Market St downtown. N Judah service replaced the J Church on June 30,2007, the nearest BART access is the Powell Street station, a 1-mile walk up 4th street then left on Market St. California Shuttle Bus runs to Los Angeles via Oakland and San Jose, service to Chinatown via Munis Central Subway will connect to this station in 2019 after a realignment of the T Third Street lines route
10.
K Ingleside
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The K Ingleside is a Muni Metro line in San Francisco, California, mainly serving the West Portal and Ingleside neighborhoods. The line runs from the Embarcadero Station downtown to the Geneva Avenue and San Jose Avenue in the Balboa Park neighborhood, the downtown portion of the line runs through the Market Street Subway, which it shares with the four other Muni Metro lines. It continues through the much older Twin Peaks Tunnel, along with the L Taraval and M Ocean View lines, emerging at West Portal Station. From there, it follows West Portal Avenue to Saint Francis Circle, the K then follows Ocean Avenue until it reaches Balboa Park Station, where it circles around the Metro yard at San Jose and Geneva Avenue, with the actual terminal stop alongside the station. The K Ingleside line stops at stations for the downtown section of the line. Most of the stops are nothing more than concrete islands in the middle of the street next to the tracks. Some of these island stops provide access for wheelchairs, Muni bus routes provide service to all stations and other systems with access to the stations are noted. The original K Ingleside streetcar line opened in 1918, service was extended the next year by incorporating a previously opened line. The outer end of the line was a stub at the intersection of Brighton and Grafton, in the 1940s an additional branch of the line was built down Onondaga Street to Mission Street. In the 1950s, this was shortened to the Phelan loop at Ocean, on April 23,1979, the line was lengthened to Balboa Park BART Station. Weekend service continued to use PCC cars until September 1982 when the Muni Metro became fully operational. At West Portal Station, inbound K trains heading towards downtown change their signs to the T line, conversely, at Embarcadero Station, the trains show the ultimate destination of the spliced lines rather than the intermediate terminus of the individual line. The K Ingleside begins service at 5 a. m. weekdays,6 a. m, sundays, with the end of service occurring around 12,30 a. m. each night. It operates a headway of 9 to 10 minutes during the day, there is also a K-Owl diesel bus line that runs from Market Street and Steuart Street to Balboa Park. This line makes a number of trips between the times owl service stops and the underground subway stations open. This has been identified as a Tier 1 level project, once this project is complete, the K Ingleside may be re-titled as K Geneva or K Crocker Amazon. Additional plans include a subway with an entrance south of Saint Francis Circle on Junipero Serra Boulevard that connects to the existing Twin Peaks Tunnel. This plan will coincide with the construction of the M Ocean View subway project, inbound to outbound Muni Metro and San Francisco rail map K Ingleside route information from the SF Muni Map Project
11.
San Francisco Transbay Terminal
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It opened on January 14th,1939 as a train station and was converted into a bus depot in 1959. Long-distance buses from beyond the Bay Area such as Greyhound and Amtrak also served the terminal, several bus lines of the San Francisco Municipal Railway connected with the terminal. It closed on August 7,2010, to make way for the construction of the replacement facility, the Transbay Transit Center, and associated towers. All long-distance and transbay bus operations were transferred to a Temporary Transbay Terminal at the block bounded by Main, Folsom, Beale. The new Transbay Transit Center broke ground on August 11,2010, US Secretary of Transportation Ray LaHood, US Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi, and the Mayor of San Francisco Gavin Newsom attended the ceremony. The new transit center is scheduled to be completed in 2017, bus services such as Greyhound and local Muni streetcar lines had stops at the main entrance. The Terminal was designed by Timothy L. Pflueger in the Art Moderne style, bids were taken for construction of the terminal in June 1937, excavation began on 29 July 1937, and the first steel was erected on 12 January 1938. Structural concrete was complete by May 1938, the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge Electric Railway Terminal Building was formally dedicated on January 14,1939. State officials and guests rode electric trains to the opening ceremony, the terminal cost was estimated at US$2,300,000, and it was expected to serve upwards of 60,000 passengers per day. Governor Frank Merriam piloted the first electric train across the bridge on 23 September 1938, although regular service did not commence until January 1939, trains were controlled with a custom electric switchboard, which was considerably simpler than the typical mechanical lever system then in use. A loop was built so trains could turn around and go back across the bridge, even after rail service ended, the loop continued to be used by AC Transit, Thruway Motorcoach and Greyhound buses until the station closed. Surprisingly, a track was never made to connect to the Southern Pacifics Third, the SP and Sacramento Northern trains ceased service across the Bay in 1941 only two years after the Terminal was completed. Interurban stated they were forced to service, citing falling passenger counts, revenues. After Interurban was granted permission to discontinue service, Sacramento Northern also applied to service in 1941. Sacramento Northern carried only a fraction of the total rail traffic over the Bay Bridge. The last train crossed the bridge on 20 April 1958, less than twenty years service was inaugurated in 1939. There have been attempts to restore rail service across the bridge. During the next year, the Transbay Terminal was rebuilt into a bus depot, the tracks were removed and replaced with pavement for use primarily by the buses of the publicly owned successor of the Key System, AC Transit
12.
L Taraval
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The line commenced operation in 1919 and incorporated a previous streetcar line which had opened in about 1907, 20th Avenue – 30th Avenue. It was extended along Taraval to 48th in 1923, and subsequently extended south to the San Francisco Zoo, the L was partially converted to modern light rail operation as part of the opening of the Muni Metro system in 1980. While many streetcar lines were converted to buses after World War II, the L Taraval Rapid project was conceived to increase pedestrian safety and speed up trains. Nine stops will be eliminated, the roadway upon which the track is laid will be repainted as a transit-only lane, stop elimination occurred on February 25,2017. The line runs from the Embarcadero Station in the Financial District to the 46th Avenue and Wawona Street, the downtown portion of the line runs in the Market Street Subway, which is shared with six other Muni Metro lines. It continues through the much older Twin Peaks Tunnel, shared by the K Ingleside and M Ocean View lines, once out of the tunnel, the L begins street running operation. It takes Ulloa Street to 15th Avenue and then turns west onto Taraval Street and it then follows Taraval to 46th Avenue, where it turns south towards the Zoo. The end of the loops around Vicente, 47th Avenue. Tracks on Taraval Street extend west from 46th Avenue to 48th Avenue/Great Highway, however, chartered streetcars and LRVs can operate there if requested. The L Taraval line stops at stations for the downtown section of the route. Muni bus routes provide service to all stations and other systems with access to the stations are noted, the L Taraval operates 7 days a week, primarily with train service beginning at 5 a. m. weekdays,6 a. m. Sundays and running until 12,30 a. m, frequency headways range from 7 to 10 minutes during the day, and 15 to 20 during nighttime service. Late-night service is provided by the L Owl diesel bus line and this line is generally the same as the daytime L Taraval line, except it follows surface streets instead of going through the streetcar-only Market Street Subway and Twin Peaks Tunnel. West of Castro Street, it turns south on Market Street and it follows Portola between the Diamond Heights neighborhood and Twin Peaks, turns onto Woodside and then Laguna Honda Boulevard, where it loops around at Forest Hill Station. It then backtracks on Laguna Honda Boulevard, Dewey, Claremont and Ulloa to West Portal Station, inbound to outbound Muni Metro and San Francisco rail map L Taraval route information from the SF Muni Map Project
13.
M Ocean View
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The M Ocean View is a Muni Metro light rail line in San Francisco, California. It was one of San Franciscos streetcar lines in the early 20th century, service along this route was replaced by buses in 1939, but rail service was shortly restored in 1944. While many streetcar lines were converted to buses after World War II. On August 30,1980, the line was extended to Balboa Park BART station, the line was partially converted to modern light-rail operation with the opening of the Muni Metro system in 1980. In May 2010, the San Francisco MTA began a project to reconstruct. The MTA decided to discontinue all M Ocean View rail service for the duration of the project, passengers were required to take K Ingleside trains or L Taraval trains and transfer to temporary shuttle bus service at West Portal. Full M Ocean View service was restored on Sept.4,2010, the line runs from the Embarcadero Station in the Financial District to Geneva Avenue and San Jose Avenue near City College of San Francisco in the Balboa Park neighborhood. The downtown portion of the runs through the Market Street Subway. It continues through the much older Twin Peaks Tunnel, along with the K Ingleside and L Taraval lines, from there, it follows West Portal Avenue to the Saint Francis Circle, where it then takes its own right-of-way to 19th Avenue. The portion of the line on 19th Avenue between where it joins 19th near Eucalyptus Drive and Junipero Serra Boulevard is a right-of-way separated from the street. This section has two stations with high-platforms, one at the Stonestown Galleria on Winston Drive and the other at San Francisco State University on Holloway Avenue and it continues on 19th Avenue past Junipero Serra to Randolph Street. At the end of Randolph, the M uses Orizaba Avenue to get to Broad Street, the rest of the line follows San Jose Avenue to Geneva Avenue, where the line loops around the Metro yard there on the corner opposite from Balboa Park Station. The M Ocean View line stops at stations for the downtown section of the route and on 19th Avenue. Muni bus routes provide service to all stations and other systems with access to the stations are noted, M Ocean View moves at only 8.5 to 9.5 miles per hour during afternoon commute hours over a 2-mile distance along 19th Avenue/Highway 1. The slow speed is attributed to trains stopping at multiple busy street crossings, in addition, the majority of riders access 19th Avenue stops from the west side of 19th, since Stonestown Galleria, San Francisco State University and Parkmerced are all located west of 19th. In order to access the stops, which are located in the median of 19th Avenue, in San Francisco, 55% of severe and fatal pedestrian accidents occur on 7% of its street miles, which includes the 19th Avenue/Highway 1 corridor. In response, the San Francisco County Transportation Authority commissioned a study, published in 2014 to explore options to facilitate pedestrian access, the option that has been selected is the full subway alternative. The M Ocean View and K Ingleside will remain underground along West Portal Avenue, the current West Portal station will most likely have to be redesigned as a two-level station with the K and M lines on the lower level and the L line on the upper level
14.
Light rail
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Light rail, light rail transit or fast tram is urban public transport using rolling stock similar to a tramway, but operating at a higher capacity, and often on an exclusive right-of-way. A few light rail networks tend to have closer to rapid transit or even commuter rail. Other light rail networks are tram-like in nature and partially operate on streets, Light rail systems are found throughout the world, on all inhabited continents. They have been popular in recent years due to their lower capital costs. The term light rail was coined in 1972 by the U. S, Urban Mass Transportation Administration to describe new streetcar transformations that were taking place in Europe and the United States. In Germany the term Stadtbahn was used to describe the concept, and many in UMTA wanted to adopt the direct translation, however, UMTA finally adopted the term light rail instead. Light in this context is used in the sense of intended for light loads and fast movement, the infrastructure investment is also usually lighter than would be found for a heavy rail system. The Transportation Research Board defined light rail in 1977 as a mode of urban transportation utilizing predominantly reserved, electrically propelled rail vehicles operate singly or in trains. LRT provides a range of passenger capabilities and performance characteristics at moderate costs. Light rail is a generic international English phrase for these types of rail systems, the use of the generic term light rail avoids some serious incompatibilities between British and American English. The word trolley is used as a synonym for streetcar in the United States. A further difference arose because, while Britain abandoned all of its trams except Blackpool after World War II, when these cities upgraded to new technology, they called it light rail to differentiate it from their existing streetcars since some continued to operate both the old and new systems. Conventional rail technologies including high-speed, freight, commuter/regional, and metro/subway/elevated urban transit systems are considered heavy rail, people movers and personal rapid transit are even lighter, at least in terms of capacity. Monorail is a technology that has been more successful in specialized services than in a commuter transit role. Due to varying definitions, it is hard to distinguish between what is called light rail, and other forms of urban and commuter rail, a system described as light rail in one city may be considered to be a streetcar or tram system in another. Conversely, some lines that are called light rail are in very similar to rapid transit, in recent years. Some light rail systems, such as Sprinter, bear little similarity to urban rail, in the United States, light rail has become a catch-all term to describe a wide variety of passenger rail systems. There is a significant difference in cost between these different classes of light rail transit, tram-like systems are often less expensive than metro-like systems by a factor of two or more
15.
Duboce Triangle, San Francisco
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The area is sometimes known as Mint Hill, after the United States Mint, nearby on a steep rocky cliff overlooking the intersection of Market and Duboce streets. The neighborhood is bounded bordered by Market St. Castro St. Divisadero St. Waller St. Webster St. the Duboce Triangle is well served by Muni Metro, historic streetcars, and buses. Because of its location east of Buena Vista Heights and Twin Peaks, Duboce Park and several smaller pocket parks provide public green spaces, as well as lushly landscaped sidewalks and well-maintained Victorian flats and apartment buildings. These are the result of San Franciscos rejection of the large-scale demolition of Victorians
16.
San Francisco
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San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the cultural, commercial, and financial center of Northern California. It is the birthplace of the United Nations, the California Gold Rush of 1849 brought rapid growth, making it the largest city on the West Coast at the time. San Francisco became a consolidated city-county in 1856, after three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire, San Francisco was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama-Pacific International Exposition nine years later. In World War II, San Francisco was a port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater. Politically, the city votes strongly along liberal Democratic Party lines, San Francisco is also the headquarters of five major banking institutions and various other companies such as Levi Strauss & Co. Dolby, Airbnb, Weebly, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Yelp, Pinterest, Twitter, Uber, Lyft, Mozilla, Wikimedia Foundation, as of 2016, San Francisco is ranked high on world liveability rankings. The earliest archaeological evidence of habitation of the territory of the city of San Francisco dates to 3000 BC. Upon independence from Spain in 1821, the became part of Mexico. Under Mexican rule, the system gradually ended, and its lands became privatized. In 1835, Englishman William Richardson erected the first independent homestead, together with Alcalde Francisco de Haro, he laid out a street plan for the expanded settlement, and the town, named Yerba Buena, began to attract American settlers. Commodore John D. Sloat claimed California for the United States on July 7,1846, during the Mexican–American War, montgomery arrived to claim Yerba Buena two days later. Yerba Buena was renamed San Francisco on January 30 of the next year, despite its attractive location as a port and naval base, San Francisco was still a small settlement with inhospitable geography. The California Gold Rush brought a flood of treasure seekers, with their sourdough bread in tow, prospectors accumulated in San Francisco over rival Benicia, raising the population from 1,000 in 1848 to 25,000 by December 1849. The promise of fabulous riches was so strong that crews on arriving vessels deserted and rushed off to the gold fields, leaving behind a forest of masts in San Francisco harbor. Some of these approximately 500 abandoned ships were used at times as storeships, saloons and hotels, many were left to rot, by 1851 the harbor was extended out into the bay by wharves while buildings were erected on piles among the ships. By 1870 Yerba Buena Cove had been filled to create new land, buried ships are occasionally exposed when foundations are dug for new buildings. California was quickly granted statehood in 1850 and the U. S. military built Fort Point at the Golden Gate, silver discoveries, including the Comstock Lode in Nevada in 1859, further drove rapid population growth. With hordes of fortune seekers streaming through the city, lawlessness was common, and the Barbary Coast section of town gained notoriety as a haven for criminals, prostitution, entrepreneurs sought to capitalize on the wealth generated by the Gold Rush
17.
Market Street Subway
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The Market Street Subway is a double-decker subway tunnel that carries Muni Metro and BART train traffic in San Francisco, California. It runs under the length of Market Street between Embarcadero Station and Castro Street Station, the upper level is used by Muni Metro lines and the lower level is used by BART lines. BART does not run through the subway, it turns south. The northeastern end of the BART level is connected to the Transbay Tube, on the Muni Metro level, the southwestern end of the Market Street Subway connects to the much-older Twin Peaks Tunnel, and the northeastern end connects to surface tracks along the Embarcadero. The Market Street Railway had existed on the parallel to the subways alignment in some form since 1860 with services terminating at the Ferry Building. To alleviate traffic, plans for a third-rail powered tunnel under Market Street can be dated to at least 1910, by 1918, there were four tracks running down the thoroughfare - two per direction. The Twin Peaks Tunnel had been built with provisions to connect to a tunnel under Market Street. Serious consideration for construction was given while designing the initial BART system. Original plans variously called for the current stations, less Embarcadero, both levels were originally to have carried BART trains, with the lower level reserved for express trains. The top level was finally ceded to Muni when funds for BART construction came short of estimates, an Embarcadero station was planned, with a station box designed into the tunnel, but was not slated to be complete with the initial opening of the subway. Construction, commencing in July 1967, was carried out via the cut-and-cover method, BART trains first ran though the Subway with service as far as Daly City on November 5,1973. Connections through the Transbay Tube were opened for service on September 16,1974. Embarcadero station was opened shortly after on May 27,1976, starting on February 18,1980 and continuing for over a year afterward, Muni replaced surface operations with subway service at all stations in the tunnel. At that point, there were no plans to maintain the tracks on Market Street. Munis Embarcadero portal opened in 1998, and was not a part of the subways plan. T Third trains began running in the subway with the inauguration on April 7,2007. That line will be rerouted through Central Subway, which is a tunnel running underneath the Market Street Subway east of Powell Street Station. The K Ingleside, L Taraval, M Ocean View, and T Third Street Muni Metro lines run through the length of the subway to its direct connection with the Twin Peaks Tunnel
18.
Market Street Railway (transit operator)
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The Market Street Railway Company was a commercial streetcar and bus operator in San Francisco. The company was named after the famous Market Street of that city, over the years, the company was also known as the Market Street Railroad Company, the Market Street Cable Railway Company and the United Railroads of San Francisco. The franchise for what would become the Market Street Railway was granted in 1857 to Thomas Hayes, the line was the first horsecar line to open in San Francisco, opened on July 4,1860, as the Market Street Railroad Company. A few years later, the line was converted to steam power utilizing an engine that was part locomotive and part passenger car. Following the opening of the cable hauled Clay Street Hill Railroad in 1873, in 1882, Leland Stanford and associates bought the Market Street Railroad Company and converted its lines to cable haulage. In the process, the name was changed to the Market Street Cable Railway Company. This company was to grow to become San Franciscos largest cable car operator, at its peak, it operated five lines all of which converged into Market Street to a common terminus at the Ferry Building, during rush hours a cable car left that terminus every 15 seconds. In 1893, Stanford died and the company was taken over by the Southern Pacific Railroad, the company was again renamed to the Market Street Railway Company, and began the process of converting its lines to electric traction. In 1895 the company placed an advertisement in the San Francisco Examiner offering horse cars for $20. Many of these became the basis for the community built from streetcars called Carville-by-the-Sea. Conversion to electricity was resisted by opponents who objected to what they saw as ugly overhead lines on the thoroughfares of the city center. At 5,12 am on April 18,1906, those objections were swept away as the great San Francisco earthquake struck, the race to rebuild the city allowed the company to replace all but the steepest of its cable car lines with electric streetcar lines. By this stage, the company had changed again. Horsecars were finally withdrawn from city streets on June 3,1914, by 1918, and assisted by the construction of several tunnels under the citys hills, Muni was in direct competition with the URR down the length of Market Street. The two operators each operated their own pair of tracks down that thoroughfare, which came to be known as the roar of the four. The two Market Street Railway tracks were on the inside and the two San Francisco Municipal Railway tracks were on the outside, competition, labor troubles and a bad accident in 1918 led to the reorganisation of the URR, to re-emerge again as the Market Street Railway Company. This continued to operate electric streetcars throughout the city, the Powell St. cable car lines, and a fleet of buses.5 million. These are the surviving vehicles from the Market Street Railway fleet, Car 578 was built in 1896 by the Hammond Car Company and is a single-truck
19.
Sunset Tunnel
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The Sunset Tunnel is a 4,232 ft -long light rail/streetcar tunnel in San Francisco, California. The tunnel runs under the hill adjacent to Buena Vista Park and is used exclusively by the N Judah Muni Metro line. The tunnel was opened on 21 October 1928 in a ceremony presided over by Mayor James Rolph, access to the tunnel is restricted to San Francisco Municipal Railway light rail trains only. Despite the access limitations, this tunnel is not well protected, from time to time, automobile drivers manage to drive their cars into the tunnel
20.
Trolleybuses in San Francisco
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The San Francisco trolleybus system forms part of the public transportation network serving San Francisco, in the state of California, United States. Opened on October 6,1935, it presently comprises 15 lines, in San Francisco, these vehicles are also known as trolley coaches. One of only five such systems currently operating in the U. S. the Muni trolley bus system is the second-largest such system in the Western Hemisphere, a particularly notable feature of its operations are very steep grades. The Muni trolley bus system is complementary to the citys rail-bound Caltrain, Bay Area Rapid Transit, Muni Metro, in addition, it shares some of its overhead wires with the F Market & Wharves streetcar line. Of the latter,40 were New Flyer E60 vehicles,12 of these were retired in early 2013, and the remaining 28 were retired in early January 2015. All of the then-remaining 273 trolleybuses were built by Electric Transit, Inc. mostly in 2001–03, the 240 40-foot units being model 14TrSF, an order was placed in 2014 for 60 New Flyer XT60 articulated vehicles, the systems first low-floor trolleybuses. Two prototypes arrived in March 2015 and May 2015, respectively, delivery of the 58 production-series vehicles began in September 2015, and the series entered service between November 2015 and July 2016. They replaced the 33 ETI 15TrSF articulated trolleybuses, the last of which were retired in April–May 2016 and these changes left the current fleet with the 240 conventional units built by ETI and 60 New Flyer XT60s. The articulated trolleybuses are used on the 5R,14 and 30S lines, the suffix SF in the two ETI model numbers stands for San Francisco. These two types were specially derived from the standard series Škoda 14Tr for use on the Muni system, the model XT60 for New Flyer has prefixes X for Xcelsior and T for electric, and the suffix 60 for the 60-foot bus. The first order to be placed under the 2013 agreement was the 2014 order for 60 articulated trolleybuses, San Francisco Municipal Railway fleet List of trolleybus systems in the United States Perles, Anthony, with John McKane, Tom Matoff, Peter Straus. The Peoples Railway, The History of the Municipal Railway in San Francisco, San Francisco database / photo gallery and San Francisco trolleybus list at Urban Electric Transit – in various languages, including English
21.
Twin Peaks Tunnel
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The Twin Peaks Tunnel is a 2. 27-mile -long light rail/streetcar tunnel in San Francisco, California. The tunnel runs under the Twin Peaks and is used by the K Ingleside, L Taraval, M Ocean View, the S Castro Shuttle also uses the tunnel for AT&T Park game day runs. The tunnel was opened on February 3,1918, there are two stations along the tunnel, Forest Hill Station, near the western end, and the now disused Eureka Station, near the eastern end. When the Muni Metro system and Market Street Subway were built, they were connected to the Twin Peaks Tunnel to be used by the K Ingleside, L Taraval, the Eureka Station was closed, and the Metro lines stop at the nearby Castro Street Station instead. Instead, trains continue directly from the Market Street Subway into the tunnel without going above ground, west Portal Station, which was originally a surface stop outside of the tunnels western entrance, was rebuilt as a high-platform station located just inside of the entrance. Sunset Tunnel Silent film by SF real estate company of construction of tunnel
22.
Accessibility
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Accessibility refers to the design of products, devices, services, or environments for people who experience disabilities. The concept of design and practice of accessible development ensures both direct access and indirect access meaning compatibility with a persons assistive technology. Accessibility can be viewed as the ability to access and benefit from some system or entity and this is about making things accessible to all people. Article 9 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities commits signatories to provide for full accessibility in their countries. Accessible facilities therefore extend to such as Braille signage, elevators, audio signals at pedestrian crossings, walkway contours, website design. Government mandates including Section 508, WCAG, DDA are all enforcing practices to standardize accessibility testing engineering in product development, existing private businesses are required to increase the accessibility of their facilities when making any other renovations in proportion to the cost of the other renovations. The United States Access Board is A Federal Agency Committed to Accessible Design for People with Disabilities, the Job Accommodation Network discusses accommodations for people with disabilities in the workplace. Many states in the US have their own disability laws, in Australia, the Disability Discrimination Act 1992 has numerous provisions for accessibility. In South Africa the Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act 2000 has numerous provisions for accessibility, in the UK, the Equality Act 2010 has numerous provisions for accessibility. In Sri Lanka, the Supreme Court, on 27 April 2011 gave an order to boost the inherent right of disabled persons to have unhindered access to public buildings. The Act refers to legislation regarding accessibility in e. g. ICT. In Canada, relevant federal legislation includes the Canadian Human Rights Act, the Employment Equity Act, legislation may also be enacted on a state, provincial or local level. In Ontario, Canada, the Ontarians with Disabilities Act of 2001 is meant to improve the identification, removal, the European Union, which has signed the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, also has adopted a European Disability Strategy for 2010-20. A European Accessibility Act was proposed in late 2012 and this Act would establish standards within member countries for accessible products, services, and public buildings. Assistive technology is the creation of a new device that assists a person in completing a task that would otherwise be impossible. Adaptive technology is the modification, or adaptation, of existing devices, methods, or the creation of new uses for existing devices, to enable a person to complete a task. Examples include the use of controls, and the autocomplete feature in computer word processing programs. Adaptations to wheelchair tires are another example, widening the tires enables wheelchair users to move over soft surfaces, such as snow on ski hills
23.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
24.
T Third Street
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The T Third Street is a Muni Metro line in San Francisco, California. It is the first new rail line in San Francisco in more than half a century. It is also the first true light rail line in the mostly streetcar Muni Metro system, as it mostly in a street median. Testing on the line took place in summer 2006, with limited service starting on January 13,2007, and full service beginning on April 7,2007. In the future, the line may be extended to Caltrains Bayshore Station and, in the other direction, each train displays its ultimate destination. This system will continue in place until the Central Subway is operational, from there the T turns south on Fourth Street, crossing the bridge over Mission Creek before joining Third Street for the majority of the routes length. It passes through Mission Bay where the UCSF Mission Bay branch is located, then continues on south through the Bayview, once both economically impoverished parts of the City, they have slowly experienced rehabilitation and rebuilding mainly helped by the new T line. From there the T follows Bayshore Boulevard for two stations until it reaches its terminus at Sunnydale Station. A section of track one more block until stopped short at the Daly City limits. All stations along this line feature high platforms, eliminating the need for the raising and lowering of entrance, stations south of Fourth and King feature short platforms that accommodate only two-car trains. The T Third also uses the Muni Metro terminology in which a train goes from West Portal to Embarcadero. This also means that an outbound T Third train runs from Sunnydale and this is the reverse of other lines, as those lines have their outer termini on the southwest and west sides of the city, and those trains enter the subway from the west going inbound toward downtown. T-Third has been built in phases, the first phase extended rail service south to Sunnydale Station. The second phase, currently under construction, is known as the Central Subway project. The southern segment from Sunnydale to 4th and King Street will remain as-is, operating on street-level median tracks. After 4th and King, the line will proceed to a new 4th and Brannan Station, a proposed third phase would build an extension beyond Chinatown, including new stations at Washington Square in North Beach and Fishermans Wharf. In preparation, the tunnels were bored past Chinatown Station, a conceptual fourth phase has been advanced by SFMTA and transit advocates to further extend the line west of Fishermans Wharf to the Presidio. Initially upon opening, the T Third was operated from Castro Station to Bayshore, in the aftermath of the Muni Meltdown of 2007, the T Third was suspended from operating as a distinct line, in favor of being through-routed with the K Ingleside
25.
S Castro Shuttle
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The S Castro Shuttle is a Muni Metro line in San Francisco, California. At its inception in 1995, it ran from Embarcadero Station downtown to the Castro Street Station during peak periods on weekdays, the service stopped running in the early 2000s as the number of available light rail vehicles went down due to maintenance issues. As of 2016, the runs from St. Francis Circle to Embarcadero station with limited service beyond to 23rd Street. The line also runs when there is a game at AT&T Park, continuing from King. During these times the shuttle will occasionally run a three car formation, being the line that will do this regularly. On November 7,2016, S shuttle service resumed with two extra one-car trains running between Embarcadero and West Portal during the rush hour, for a total of ten total trips. The service increase is planned to reduce overcrowding along the L, M and this addition was viewed as a strategic way to use limited resources to provide more service. This service improvement is part of Muni Metros Muni Forward program to add more true subway service, the S Castro Shuttle is the only line not included on any Muni Metro map or on NextBus. The service is not a true shuttle train
26.
Mission Dolores Park
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Mission Dolores Park, often abbreviated to Dolores Park, is a Leave no Trace city park in San Francisco, California. It is located two blocks south of Mission Dolores at the edge of the Mission District. Dolores Park is bounded by 18th Street on the north, 20th Street on the south, Dolores Street on the east, the northern end of Dolores Park is located directly across the street from Mission High School. On its eastern, southern and western sides, the park is surrounded by buildings of two to four stories, in various architectural styles. South of the park is an area known as Dolores Heights. Dolores Park offers several features including many tennis courts, a court, a multi-purpose court, a soccer field, a pissoir, a childrens playground. The southern half of the park is notable for its views of the Mission district, downtown, the San Francisco Bay. The Muni Metro J-Church streetcar line runs through the park along its western border, the park lies east of Twin Peaks in the warm and sunny microclimate of the Mission neighborhood, which was named one of the coolest neighborhoods in the world in 2016. Native Americans of the Chutchui village of the Yelamu tribe inhabited the area prior to the arrival of Spanish missionaries, the cemetery was moved to San Mateo County when San Francisco land became too valuable for the dead and burial within the city limits was prohibited. The graves were moved to Colma, where they still rest today at Hills of Eternity and it passed by 73. 9% later in the same year, initiating the creation of what was back then named Mission Park. In 1905, the City of San Francisco bought the land for $291,350, in 1906-07, the park served as a refugee camp for more than 1600 families made homeless by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire. Camp life after the earthquake ended in the summer of 1908, some people kept their temporary shacks as houses and a few still survive today scattered across western San Francisco. In 1917, the J-Church streetcar line, which runs one side of the park. Until after World War II, the Mission District was largely inhabited by European Americans, which from the 1950s to the 1970s were replaced by an influx of Latino immigrants. The Mexican Liberty Bell is a bell that Hidalgo rang in 1810 in the Mexican city of Dolores Hidalgo. In 2014, the replica was relocated by around 25 feet during the renovations of Mission Dolores Park, in subsequent decades, the park also became popular among LGBT residents from the nearby Castro district and among young professionals who moved to the area to work at Internet tech companies. Numerous community-driven meetings lead to the design of the improvement project. The park was opened in January 2016 with a light-up event
27.
Heritage streetcar
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Heritage streetcars or heritage trams are a part of the efforts to preserve rail traffic heritage. In addition to preserving street running rail vehicles, heritage streetcar operations can include upkeep of historic rail infrastructure, working heritage streetcars are closely related to the growing global heritage railway movement and form a part of the living history of rail transport. As with modern systems, the vehicles are referred to as trams or tramcars in the United Kingdom, Australasia and certain other places. The last two terms are used interchangeably in the United States, with trolley being preferred in the eastern US and streetcar in Canada. In parts of the United States, internally powered buses made to resemble a streetcar, are often referred to—inaccurately—as trolleys, to avoid further confusion with trolley buses, the American Public Transportation Association refers to them as trolley-replica buses. Museums, heritage tram line operators and amateur enthusiast can preserve original vintage vehicles or create replicas of vehicles to re-create or preserve streetcar technology of the past. Heritage vehicles that are fully functional can be used on heritage tramlines or for charter traffic. Heritage tram lines, that offer scheduled service on a certain route, Heritage tramlines that operate on a rail network that mainly serves the interest of modern urban mobility, have difficulty in exhibiting historic tramway infrastructure, apart from the car itself. This kind of tramlines are often operated mainly to attract tourist, some technical aspects of historic tram infrastructure can prevent the use of a heritage line as an integral part of the public transport system. For example, heritage tramlines often lack handicapped access which is required by law in many countries, Heritage tramlines can be either newly installed lines or be surviving older tramlines which have retained use of historic trams for all or most of their scheduled service. Rail tracks designated solely or mainly to heritage streetcar traffic offer best opportunities for preservation of historic streetcar scenes, some heritage tramways use all-new construction while others make use of an existing, usually disused, freight railway, by installing overhead wires and passenger stops. In some cities, new heritage tramways have been installed in the city center, to attract tourists, proponents of such projects claim that using a simple, reliable form of transit from 50 or 100 years ago can bring history to life for 21st century users. However, there are trade-offs, among other things, heritage systems can offer slower speeds, less capacity, the 2014 opened museum Remise covers the history of public transport in the city of Vienna and offers a very extensive tram collection to visitors. The Styrian municipality centre Graz has a museum since 1971 located in the depot of Mariatrost. Another heritage tram is operating in Styria between the station of Mariazell and the nearby Erlaufsee, mainly with Ex-Vienna streetcars. This line was electrified on longer sections and also extended towards the city center. In Amsterdam in the Netherlands the Electrisch Museumtramlijn operates historic trams over a 7 km length of railway line. The tram networks of Hague and Rotterdam have also their tram museums, the association Tramweg Stichting maintains and operates in every three cities its own vehicles, partly as collection of these museums
28.
San Francisco cable car system
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The San Francisco cable car system is the worlds last manually operated cable car system. An icon of San Francisco, the car system forms part of the intermodal urban transport network operated by the San Francisco Municipal Railway. Of the 23 lines established between 1873 and 1890, only three remain, two routes from downtown near Union Square to Fishermans Wharf, and a route along California Street. While the cable cars are used to an extent by commuters. They are among the most significant tourist attractions in the city, along with Alcatraz Island, the Golden Gate Bridge, the cable cars are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The cable cars are not to be confused with San Franciscos heritage streetcars, which operate on Market Street, the first successful cable-operated street railway was the Clay Street Hill Railroad, which opened on August 2,1873. The promoter of the line was Hallidie, and the engineer was William Eppelsheimer, the line involved the use of grip cars, which carried the grip that engaged with the cable, towing trailer cars, the design was the first to use grips. The term grip became synonymous with the operator, the line started regular service on September 1,1873, and its success led it to become the template for other cable car transit systems. It was a success, and Hallidies patents were enforced on other cable car promoters. Accounts differ as to exactly how involved Hallidie was in the inception of the line, the next cable car line to open was the Sutter Street Railway, which converted from horse operation in 1877. This line introduced the side grip, and lever operation, both designed by Henry Casebolt and his assistant Asa Hovey, and patented by Henry Casebolt. This idea was brought about because Casebolt did not want to pay Hallidie royalties of $50,000 a year for use of his patent, the side grip allowed cable cars to cross at intersections. In 1878, Leland Stanford opened his California Street Cable Railroad and this companys first line was on California Street and is the oldest cable car line still in operation. In 1880, the Geary Street, Park & Ocean Railway began operation, the Presidio and Ferries Railway followed two years later, and was the first cable company to include curves on its routes. The curves were let-go curves, where the car drops the cable, in 1883, the Market Street Cable Railway opened its first line. This company was controlled by the Southern Pacific Railroad and was to grow to become San Franciscos largest cable car operator. At its peak, it operated five lines all of which converged into Market Street to a terminus at the Ferry Building, during rush hours, cars left that terminus every 15 seconds. In 1888, the Ferries and Cliff House Railway opened its initial two-line system, the Powell-Mason line is still operated on the same route today, their other route was the Powell-Washington-Jackson line, stretches of which are used by todays Powell-Hyde line
29.
E Embarcadero
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The E Embarcadero is a light rail line that is the San Francisco Municipal Railways second heritage streetcar line in San Francisco, California. Trial service first ran during the Sunday Streets events on The Embarcadero in 2008, the line initially ran on weekends only, but expanded to weeklong service in late April 2016. The initial routing of the line is identical to the 32 Embarcadero bus line. Since there is no loop at the Caltrain station, only double-ended streetcars are able to operate on the line until the 19th Street loop is built, in the future, the line may extend northwest past Aquatic Park and through an unused railroad tunnel to Fort Mason. For this reason, existing sidewalk-level stops adjacent to each raised central light-rail stop will be utilized for the E line, for stops north of Market, the new line will use those of the existing F Market & Wharves line. Munis original E streetcar line was the E Union line, running north from the Ferry Building via The Embarcadero to Washington/Jackson streets and this line was discontinued in 1947. Proposals for historic streetcar service along The Embarcadero were first put forward in 1974, and this temporary line was designated E Embarcadero, and it was discontinued when it was replaced in August 1998 by an extension of the N Judah line. In 2007 the new T Third Street line also began operating on this extension, historic streetcar service on The Embarcadero north of Don Chee Way began in March 2000 when the F Market & Wharves line was extended to Fishermans Wharf. The new E Embarcadero line operated on a temporary basis during the 2013 Americas Cup racing, weekend operation officially began on August 1,2015, and weeklong service began on April 23,2016. Official website Market Street Railway website San Francisco Railway Museum Streetcar Fleet Status Fort Mason Center website
30.
F Market & Wharves
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The F Market & Wharves line is one of several light rail lines in San Francisco, California. Despite its heritage status, the F Market & Wharves line is an part of Munis intermodal urban transport network, operating at frequent intervals for 20 hours a day. It carries local commuters and tourists alike, linking residential, business, unlike the San Francisco cable car system, standard Muni fares are levied. The streetcar line was discontinued in 1951 and was replaced by the 30-Stockton route, the F-line designation was therefore available for use by the current line, although that service is over a completely different route from the F-line of 1915 to 1951. Market Street is a major artery for the city of San Francisco. In the 1960s construction began on the Market Street Subway, which would carry BARTs trains on its lower level, all streetcar lines currently operating in the subway previously ran on the surface of Market Street, and were eventually diverted into the upper level of the tunnel. This diversion, together with the provision of new rail cars. The diversion of the Market Street streetcar lines into tunnel and the replacement of the existing streetcars with new rail cars was completed by November 1982. However, the trackage on Market Street was retained. In 1982, San Franciscos cable car lines were shut down for almost two years to allow for a major rebuild, to provide an alternative tourist attraction during this period, the San Francisco Historic Trolley Festivals began in 1983. These summertime operations of vintage streetcars on Market Street were a joint project of the San Francisco Chamber of Commerce, the trolley festival route went from the Transbay Terminal at First and Mission Streets to Market, then up the retained Market Street tracks to Duboce Avenue. From there, it followed a temporary streetcar detour built in the 1970s to bypass subway construction under Market, Duboce, Church Street, the Trolley Festival proved so successful it was repeated every year until 1987. In that year, preparation began for the introduction of a permanent F line, after that year’s festival finished, Muni replaced the old Market Street tracks with new ones, restoring tracks to upper Market Street and recreating a line to Castro. Different types of streetcars were evaluated to provide the backbone of the F-line fleet, resulting in the decision to use the PCC car. Fourteen such cars were acquired second-hand from Philadelphia to add to three of Muni’s own retired double-ended PCCs, at that point in history, this was a rare instance in which a streetcar replaced a bus line in operation, rather than the other way around. Ridership exceeded expectation, and the need for extra cars resulted in the acquisition of ten Peter Witt style cars just being retired in the city of Milan, Italy. These cars were built in the 1920s to a once common in North American cities. The Embarcadero is the eastern waterfront roadway of San Francisco, along San Francisco Bay, at one time busy with port and ferry related traffic, it fell into decline as freight transferred to the container terminals of Oakland and the Bay Bridge replaced the ferries
31.
Market Street Railway (nonprofit)
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Market Street Railway is San Francisco Municipal Railways 1, 200-member nonprofit preservation partner. It relies on contributions to help maintain San Francisco’s fleet of historic streetcars in service on the E Embarcadero and F Market & Wharves lines. Market Street Railway operates a vintage vehicle restoration facility at 1 Buchanan Street and it is here that Market Street Railway volunteers restore historic vehicles before donating them to Muni. Market Street Railway borrows the name of the Market Street Railway Company, service on F-Market commenced on September 1,1995, replacing Munis 8-Market trolley bus line. Currently, the F line carries four times the ridership of the bus lines it replaced. In 1996, one year after service began, F-Market streetcars carried an average of 7,758 passengers per day, by 2008, F-Market streetcars were carrying an average of 20,000 riders per day, and were so overcrowded that drivers were forced to skip stops. For comparison, the Muni Metro system carried an average of 130,000 passengers per day through the Market Street Subway in 1999, service expanded in 2015 with the E Embarcadero line. The E line directly connects several regional transit services, including Caltrain, BART and bay ferries to waterfront businesses and attractions stretching from Mission Bay to Fort Mason. Since its inception, Market Street Railway has helped Muni to acquire and restore more than a dozen historic streetcars and cable cars for service, Market Street Railways restoration corps has done much of this restoration work themselves. Its volunteers also clean the interiors at the Castro Street Terminal to improve rider experience. Led by President Rick Laubscher, Market Street Railway is working to increase F-line service levels, extension of historic trolley service through Fort Mason Tunnel is currently being evaluated by Muni
Muni: 22, N Owl
