1.
Morris Heights, Bronx
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Morris Heights is a residential neighborhood located in the West Bronx. The neighborhood is part of Bronx Community Board 5, university Avenue is the primary thoroughfare through Morris Heights. The local subway is the IRT Jerome Avenue Line, operating along Jerome Avenue, ZIP codes include 10453 and 10452. The area is patrolled by the 46th Precinct located at 2120 Ryer Avenue in Fordham, New York City Housing Authority property in the area is patrolled by P. S. A. 7 at 737 Melrose Avenue in the Melrose section of the Bronx, Morris Heights has a population of around 36,779. Almost half the population lives below the poverty line and receives public assistance, the vast majority of residents in the area are of Puerto Rican, Dominican, or African American descent. The majority of households are renter occupied, Morris Heights is dominated by 5 and 6-story tenement buildings, older multi-unit homes, vacant lots, and newly constructed subsidized attached multi-unit townhouses and apartment buildings. A significant percentage of the early 20th century housing stock was damaged by arson. The neighborhood contains one of the highest concentrations of NYCHA projects in the Bronx, the total land area is less than half one square mile. The terrain is elevated and very hilly, stair streets connect areas located at different elevations. Ten NYCHA developments are located in Morris Heights, harrison Avenue Rehab, one, 5-story rehabilitated tenement building. Harrison Avenue Rehab, four rehabilitated buildings,5 and 6-stories tall, macombs Road, two rehabilitated buildings,5 and 6-stories tall. Morris Heights Rehab, three rehabilitated tenement buildings,5 and 6-stories tall Sedgewick Houses, seven buildings,14, university Avenue Rehab, four, 6-story rehabilitated tenement buildings. West Tremont Avenue-Sedgwick Avenue Area, one, 12-story building, West Tremont Rehab, two rehabilitated tenement buildings,5 and 6-stories tall. West Tremont Rehab, one, 5-story rehabilitated tenement building, West Tremont Rehab, two, 6-story rehabilitated tenement buildings. After a wave of arson ravaged the low-income communities of New York City throughout the 1970s, the city began to rehabilitate many formerly abandoned tenement-style apartment buildings and designate them low-income housing beginning in the late 1970s. Also many subsidized attached multi-unit townhouses and newly constructed apartment buildings have been or are being built on vacant lots across the neighborhood, Morris Heights is believed to be the site where Hip Hop culture originated in the 1970s
2.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
3.
United States Navy
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The United States Navy is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. The U. S. Navy is the largest, most capable navy in the world, the U. S. Navy has the worlds largest aircraft carrier fleet, with ten in service, two in the reserve fleet, and three new carriers under construction. The service has 323,792 personnel on duty and 108,515 in the Navy Reserve. It has 274 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of October 2016, the U. S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy, which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter. It played a role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy. It played the role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan. The 21st century U. S. Navy maintains a global presence, deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific, the Mediterranean. The Navy is administratively managed by the Department of the Navy, the Department of the Navy is itself a division of the Department of Defense, which is headed by the Secretary of Defense. The Chief of Naval Operations is an admiral and the senior naval officer of the Department of the Navy. The CNO may not be the highest ranking officer in the armed forces if the Chairman or the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The mission of the Navy is to maintain, train and equip combat-ready Naval forces capable of winning wars, deterring aggression, the United States Navy is a seaborne branch of the military of the United States. The Navys three primary areas of responsibility, The preparation of naval forces necessary for the prosecution of war. The development of aircraft, weapons, tactics, technique, organization, U. S. Navy training manuals state that the mission of the U. S. Armed Forces is to prepare and conduct prompt and sustained combat operations in support of the national interest, as part of that establishment, the U. S. Navys functions comprise sea control, power projection and nuclear deterrence, in addition to sealift duties. It follows then as certain as that night succeeds the day, that without a decisive naval force we can do nothing definitive, the Navy was rooted in the colonial seafaring tradition, which produced a large community of sailors, captains, and shipbuilders. In the early stages of the American Revolutionary War, Massachusetts had its own Massachusetts Naval Militia, the establishment of a national navy was an issue of debate among the members of the Second Continental Congress. Supporters argued that a navy would protect shipping, defend the coast, detractors countered that challenging the British Royal Navy, then the worlds preeminent naval power, was a foolish undertaking. Commander in Chief George Washington resolved the debate when he commissioned the ocean-going schooner USS Hannah to interdict British merchant ships, and reported the captures to the Congress
4.
Gunboat
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In the age of sail, a gunboat was usually a small undecked vessel carrying a single smoothbore cannon in the bow, or just two or three such cannons. A gunboat could carry one or two masts or be oar-powered only, but the version of about 15 m length was most typical. Some types of gunboat carried two cannons, or else mounted a number of guns on the railings. The gun that such boats carried could be heavy, a 32-pounder for instance. For example, in the Battle of Alvøen during the Gunboat War of 1807-1814, Gunboats used in the Battle of Valcour Island on Lake Champlain during the American Revolutionary War were mostly built on the spot, attesting to the speed of their construction. All navies of the era kept a number of gunboats on hand. Gunboats saw extensive use in the Baltic Sea during the late 18th century as they were well-suited for the extensive coastal skerries and archipelagoes of Sweden, Finland and Russia. The rivalry between Sweden and Russia in particular led to an expansion of gunboat fleets and the development of new gunboat types. The majority of these were developed from the 1770s and onwards by the naval architect Fredrik Henrik af Chapman for the Swedish archipelago fleet. The designs, copied and refined by the rival Danish and Russian navies, spread to the Mediterranean, British ships engaged larger 22 m Russian gunboats off Turku in southeast Finland in 1854 during the Crimean War. The Russian vessels had the distinction of being the last oared vessels of war in history to fire their guns in anger, Gunboats played a key role in Napoleon Bonapartes plan for the invasion of England in 1804. Denmark-Norway used them heavily in the Gunboat War, between 1803 and 1812 the United States Navy had a policy of basing its navy on coastal gunboats, experimenting with a variety of designs. President Thomas Jefferson and his Democratic-Republican Party opposed a strong navy and they proved useless against the British blockade during the War of 1812. With the introduction of power in the early 19th century. Initially, these vessels retained full sailing rigs and used steam engines for auxiliary propulsion, the British Royal Navy deployed two wooden paddle-gunboats in the Lower Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River during the Rebellions of 1837 in Upper and Lower Canada. The United States Navy deployed an iron-hulled paddle gunboat, the USS Michigan, the Von der Tann became the first propeller-driven gunboat in the world. Conradi shipyards in Kiel built the steam-powered 120 long tons gunboat in 1849 for the navy of Schleswig-Holstein. 1, Von der Tann was the most modern ship in the navy and she participated successfully in the First Schleswig War of 1848-1851
5.
QF 6-pounder Hotchkiss
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The QF6 pounder Hotchkiss was a light 2.24 inch naval gun and coast defence gun of the late 19th century used by many countries, and was adapted for use in the early British tanks in World War I. The UK adopted a 40-calibre version as Ordnance QF Hotchkiss 6 pounder gun Mk I and it was manufactured under licence by the Elswick Ordnance Company. They were originally mounted for use against the new torpedo boats which started to service in the late 1870s. The original 1885 Mk I lacked a recoil system, the Mk II of 1890 introduced a recoil system, with a pair of recoil/recuperator cylinders. During World War I the navy required many more guns and a version with a barrel was developed to simplify manufacture. Initially these guns were allowed to be fired with a special lower charge. After World War I the gun was considered obsolete for combat use, of the 3,984 produced it was estimated that 1,640 still existed in 1939. With the onset of World War II the remaining guns were rushed back into service for anti-submarine defense, E-boat defense, New non-recoil Mk VI, Mk VI* and Mk VI** mountings were built with elevations between -10° to +70°. These mountings were used on models of the Fairmile D Motor Gunboats, Motor Launchs. Some of which were not re-armed with the modern auto-loading 6 pdr Mk IIA until late 1944, the gun was used to equip Male versions of the early British tanks, Mk I - Mk III. In 1916 the British Army having no experience in fighting tanks was faced with the difficulty of quickly providing a new class of weapon. The existing Hotchkiss 6 pounder naval gun appeared to most closely meet the need, a single gun was mounted in each sponson, i. e.2 per Male tank, able to fire forwards or to the side. The British chose to shorten the gun rather than change its location, the history of the Hotchkiss six pounder in United States Navy and Army service is a complex story. It was used in conjunction with another design, its primary rival being the Driggs-Schroeder six pounder. Oddly, one shipbuilding and naval supply company, Cramp & Sons, had a license to both the Hotchkiss and Driggs-Schroeder and sold both to the Navy in parallel. However, the purchases by the Navy were in small lots each year. Both Hotchkiss and Driggs-Schroeder guns used the same ammunition and eventually the Navy made certain that the ammunition for both was identical, there is no question that the Driggs-Schroeders were predominant in the new protected and armored cruisers that were being commissioned by 1895. However, USS Texas, a second class battleship commissioned in 1895, carried a mixed six pounder complement of ten Driggs-Schroeders, USS Maine, an armored cruiser, exclusively carried Driggs-Schroeder six pounders although it had a mixed one pounder battery of both Driggs-Schroeder and Hotchkiss
6.
QF 1-pounder pom-pom
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The QF1 pounder, universally known as the pom-pom due to the sound of its discharge, was a 37 mm British autocannon, the first of its type in the world. It was used by several countries initially as an infantry gun, hiram Maxim originally designed the Pom-Pom in the late 1880s as an enlarged version of the Maxim machine gun. Early versions were sold under the Maxim-Nordenfelt label, whereas versions in British service were labelled Vickers, Sons and they are all effectively the same gun. The Belgian Army used the gun on a field carriage mounting. A version was produced in Germany for both Navy and Army, in World War I, it was used in Europe as an anti-aircraft gun as the Maxim Flak M14. Four guns were used mounted on carriages in the German campaign in South West Africa in 1915. The British government initially rejected the gun but other countries bought it, in the Second Boer War, the British found themselves being fired on with success by the Boers with their 37 mm Maxim-Nordenfelt versions with ammunition made in Germany. In response, Vickers-Maxim of Britain shipped either 57 or 50 guns out to the British Army in South Africa and these early Mk I versions were mounted on typical field gun type carriages. In World War I, it was used as an early anti-aircraft gun in the defence of Britain. 25 were employed in August 1914, and 50 in February 1916, a Mk II gun on a Naval pedestal mounting was the first to open fire in defence of London during the war. However, the shell was insufficient to damage the German Zeppelin airships sufficiently to bring them down. The Ministry of Munitions noted in 1922, The pom-poms were of little value. There was no shrapnel available for them, and the provided for them would not burst on aeroplane fabric. Were of no use except at a lower elevation than a Zeppelin attacking London was likely to keep. Hogg of No.2 AA Section in III Corps was the first anti-aircraft gunner to shoot down an aircraft, with 75 rounds on 23 September 1914 in France. The gun was mounted on aircraft as the lighter 1-pounder Mk III. As a light gun, it was quickly replaced by the larger QF 1½ pounder. The British are reported to have used some Common pointed shells in the Boer War
7.
4"/50 caliber gun
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The 4/50 caliber gun was the standard low-angle, quick-firing gun for United States, first appearing on the monitor Arkansas and then used on Flush Deck destroyers through World War I and the 1920s. It was also the deck gun on S-class submarines, and was used to rearm numerous submarines built with 3-inch guns early in World War II. United States naval gun terminology indicates the gun fired a projectile 4-inch in diameter, and the barrel was 50 calibers long. The original 4-inch/50 caliber Mark 7 gun, M1898, serial nos. 213–254, 257–281, 316–338, was an entirely new high-power design built-up gun with a tube, jacket, hoop, locking ring, the ammunition was about 7 lb heavier than a 4-inch/40 caliber round. The Mod 1 was a Mod 0 that used a steel liner and the Mod 2 was either a Mod 0 or Mod 1 that was relined using a conical nickel-steel liner. Gun No.353 was the prototype of the Mark 8 and was test fired on 22 September 1910 and this gun had been ordered 16 June 1907 and delivered in November 1907. The simplified design of the Mark 8 had just a gun tube, the jacket extended all the way to the muzzle and ended in a muzzle bell. The production run was small with only 12 guns built, Nos. 353–364, the Mark 9 was a design directly resulting from tests with gun No.353. It was designed to be light in weight, and would go on to be the standard 4-inch gun used on destroyers, the gun would use an A tube, full-length jacket, a muzzle swell with a side swing Smith-Asbury breech mechanism and Welin breech block. The gun weighed about 2.725 short tons,365, the first Mark 9, was ordered from Midvale Steel on 18 October 1911. There were 390 Mark 9s built by four different manufacturers from 1911 until the US entered World War I in 1917, during the war another 1,885 guns were produced, with Root & VanDervoort, American Radiator Company and Poole Engineering joining the pre-war manufacturers. After the Armistice another 713 guns were produced, with orders for 3538 guns cancelled and it was decided after World War I that all destroyers would carry the 4-inch/50 caliber Mark 9 Mod 5 gun, the refits were completed in autumn 1921. 365-A, was order in 1915 but does not appear to have been completed until after WW I, the initial drawings were for a 4-inch/50 caliber anti-aircraft gun dated January and February 1915. Fixed ammunition with a 14. 5-pound charge of smokeless powder gave a 33-pound projectile a velocity of 2,900 ft/s, range was 9 mi at the maximum elevation of 20 degrees. Useful life expectancy was 400–500 effective full charges for a non-chrome plated barrel, increasing awareness of the need for improved anti-aircraft protection resulted in the mounting of dual purpose guns on destroyers beginning in the 1930s. The dual-purpose 5-inch/38 caliber gun became standard for United States destroyers constructed from the 1930s through World War II, United States destroyers built with 4-inch/50 caliber low-angle guns were mostly rearmed with dual-purpose 3-inch/50 caliber guns during the war. The 4-inch/50 caliber guns removed from destroyers were mounted on Defensively Equipped Merchant Ships of the British Merchant Navy, the unassigned numbers mostly corresponded to gun orders that were cancelled with the signing of the Armistice. They seem to have withdrawn in 1943 as other defenses were constructed
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United States Navy