Duchy of Massa and Carrara
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The Duchy of Massa and Principality of Carrara was a small state that controlled the towns of Massa and Carrara from 1473 until 1836.
Northern Italy in 1815.
Malaspina Castle, the main seat of the rulers of the Massa and Carrara state before 1563
The Ducal Palace in Massa, the principal residence thereafter
Cispadane Republic
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The Cispadane Republic was a short-lived client republic located in northern Italy, founded in 1796 with the protection of the French army, led by Napoleon Bonaparte. In the following year, it was merged with the Transpadane Republic to form the Cisalpine Republic. The Cispadane Republic was the first Italian sovereign State to adopt the Italian tricolour as its flag.
Northern Italy in 1796. Modena and Papal Legations (all lower right) were merged into the Cispadane Republic.
The former President of the Italian Republic Carlo Azeglio Ciampi honors the flag of Cispadane Republic, first Italian flag, during the Tricolour Day on 7 January 2004 in Reggio Emilia.