1.
Ice House Street
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Ice House Street is a one-way street in Central, Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong. Named after the previously located on it that housed the citys only source of ice. The street is noted for several historical landmarks situated on it, most notably the Club Lusitano, during the First Opium War, the British occupied Hong Kong in 1841 and one year later, the territory was ceded to them in the Treaty of Nanking. Four years later, in 1845, the Hong Kong Ice Company was founded and it was set up with the intention of selling ice blocks from the United States—specifically from New England and New York State. These were transported to the colony on clippers and traded as a commodity, to persuade the company to sell ice to local hospitals at cost price, the Government of Hong Kong granted the company the site for an ice house rent-free for 75 years. The building eventually lent its name to the street it was situated on, it was Hong Kongs only source of ice, because that there were no commercial ice-making facilities in the colony. The house was on the intersection of Ice House Street and Queens Road Central, and continued to store ice imports until 1874, from its southern end, Ice House Street begins at its junction with Lower Albert Road. This is where the Old Dairy Farm Depot is located, built by Dairy Farm, one of the first companies that sold ice cream and refrigerated milk in the city, it currently houses the Hong Kong Fringe Club and the Foreign Correspondents Club. Although not officially on the street itself, the Bishops House is situated across from the depot and it serves as the residence of the Archbishop of Hong Kong. The next landmark on the route is the flight of stairs that descend onto Duddell Street, before the street intersects with Queens Road Central, it passes the Club Lusitano. After crossing with Queens Road, Ice House Street goes past 9 Queens Road Central, although the current skyscraper is located in the same place as a former building that stood on the site until 1987, the old complexs address was 9 Ice House Street. The street then intersects with Des Voeux Road Central and Chater Road before ending on Connaught Road Central, list of streets and roads in Hong Kong Ice House Street and map – Lonely Planet
2.
Central, Hong Kong
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Central is the central business district of Hong Kong. It is located in Central and Western District, on the shore of Hong Kong Island, across Victoria Harbour from Tsim Sha Tsui. The area was the heart of Victoria City, although that name is used today. As the central district of Hong Kong, it is the area where many multinational financial services corporations have their headquarters. Consulates general and consulates of countries are also located in this area, as is Government Hill. The area of Chung Wan, named Central in English, was one of the districts in Victoria City. The English name Central became prevalent after the Island Line of the MTR metro system was built in the early 1980s, on some older maps, it and the area to its west are named Kwan Tai Lo below Victoria Peak. It formed a channel, Chung Mun, with Tsim Sha Tsui, the eastern part of Central District has been known as Admiralty since the completion of Admiralty Station in the early 1980s. Central is located on the shore of Hong Kong Island, across Victoria Harbour from Tsim Sha Tsui. It is bordered in the west by Sheung Wan, with the border being along Aberdeen Street and it is bordered in the east by Admiralty, an eastern extension of the central business district. As such, Admiralty is sometimes considered a part of Central, Central is bordered in the south by Mid-levels, an area halfway up Victoria Peak. The boundary between Central and Mid-levels is not clearly defined, for district council elections purposes, the area, together with Admiralty, correspond roughly to the Chung Wan constituency. The boundaries of such constituencies may be subject to modification, the British landed on Possession Point of Sheung Wan in 1841. They soon decided to build a city on the north coast of Hong Kong Island, and the present-day Central was chosen to house major military facilities and an administrative centre. The area soon attracted both Westerners and Chinese to trade and live in the area, and a Canton Bazaar was built between Cochrane Street and Graham Street in 1842, the area was soon zoned for Westerners only, and the Chinese residents were restricted to Sheung Wan. The area was dominated by the presence of Victoria City. The popularity of this area would also boost the population of Hong Kong from 5,000 in 1841 to 24,000 in 1848, Government House and other Hong Kong Government buildings were completed during this period on Government Hill. Various barracks, naval base and residence of Commander, Flagstaff House were built on the east end of the district, between 1860 and 1880 the construction of City Hall, Theatre Royal and other financial structures made Central the heart of Hong Kong
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
Queen's Road, Hong Kong
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Queens Road is a collection of roads along the northern coast of Hong Kong Island, in Hong Kong, within the limit of Victoria City. It was the first road in Hong Kong, constructed by the British between 1841 and 1843, spanning across Victoria City from Shek Tong Tsui to Wan Chai. At various points along the route, Queens Road marks the shoreline before land reclamation projects permanently extended land into Victoria Harbour. The four sections of the roads, from west to east, are respectively, Queens Road West, Queens Road Central, Queensway, the road was originally 4 miles long. The Royal Engineers built the first section to Sai Ying Pun with the help of 300 coolies from Kowloon and this section of Queens Road ran parallel to the beach where Sir Henry Pottinger set up his tent in 1842. Originally named Main Street, it was officially renamed Queens Road in March 1842 after Queen Victoria of the British Empire and it was mistakenly translated into Chinese as 皇后, meaning queen consort. When Hong Kong was founded as a British Crown Colony in 1842, the development of this island had been haphazard, winding paths connected the Hong Kong Club for tai-pans and ran along squatter huts, military encampments and taverns. The first governors built their homes along Queens Road, subsequently, instead of a properly paved road, newcomers to Hong Kong found Queens Road as a pocked dirt path that was prone to dust clouds and puddles of mud. On Christmas Day 1878, a fire out and destroyed a large area of the slums along Queens Road. An eyewitness account was recorded by Constance Gordon-Cumming in his 1886 book Wanderings in China, the fire raged for 17 hours and burnt down 400 houses across a 10 acres area. Thousands of residents were left homeless, nevertheless, the devastated ruins were recycled for reclamation adjacent to the area. After the Great Fire of 1878, Queens Road has shrugged its past and become home to some of Hong Kongs most expensive land, Queens Road West runs from Sheung Wan to Shek Tong Tsui. It begins in Sheung Wan at the junction with Possession Street and ends where it meets the coastal road, Queens Road Central runs from Central to Sheung Wan. It was one of the first roads, along with Hollywood Road to be built by the British, the road became an important infrastructure to Queens Town, which was later renamed the City of Victoria. Queens Road Central intersects with the similarly named Queen Victoria Street, at the western end of Queens Road Central, the name changes to Queens Road West. At the eastern end, it merges with Des Voeux Road Central to become Queensway at the junction of Garden Road. When Hong Kong was occupied by the Japanese Empire from 1942 to 1945, Queens Road Central was briefly renamed Meiji-dori, after Emperor Meiji, Queensway was originally the westernmost section of Queens Road East. After the development of Admiralty as a business district next to Central and it links Queens Road Central to Queens Road East and Hennessy Road
5.
Chinese language
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Chinese is a group of related, but in many cases mutually unintelligible, language varieties, forming a branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family. Chinese is spoken by the Han majority and many ethnic groups in China. Nearly 1.2 billion people speak some form of Chinese as their first language, the varieties of Chinese are usually described by native speakers as dialects of a single Chinese language, but linguists note that they are as diverse as a language family. The internal diversity of Chinese has been likened to that of the Romance languages, There are between 7 and 13 main regional groups of Chinese, of which the most spoken by far is Mandarin, followed by Wu, Min, and Yue. Most of these groups are mutually unintelligible, although some, like Xiang and certain Southwest Mandarin dialects, may share common terms, all varieties of Chinese are tonal and analytic. Standard Chinese is a form of spoken Chinese based on the Beijing dialect of Mandarin. It is the language of China and Taiwan, as well as one of four official languages of Singapore. It is one of the six languages of the United Nations. The written form of the language, based on the logograms known as Chinese characters, is shared by literate speakers of otherwise unintelligible dialects. Of the other varieties of Chinese, Cantonese is the spoken language and official in Hong Kong and Macau. It is also influential in Guangdong province and much of Guangxi, dialects of Southern Min, part of the Min group, are widely spoken in southern Fujian, with notable variants also spoken in neighboring Taiwan and in Southeast Asia. Hakka also has a diaspora in Taiwan and southeast Asia. Shanghainese and other Wu varieties are prominent in the lower Yangtze region of eastern China, Chinese can be traced back to a hypothetical Sino-Tibetan proto-language. The first written records appeared over 3,000 years ago during the Shang dynasty, as the language evolved over this period, the various local varieties became mutually unintelligible. In reaction, central governments have sought to promulgate a unified standard. Difficulties have included the great diversity of the languages, the lack of inflection in many of them, in addition, many of the smaller languages are spoken in mountainous areas that are difficult to reach, and are often also sensitive border zones. Without a secure reconstruction of proto-Sino-Tibetan, the structure of the family remains unclear. A top-level branching into Chinese and Tibeto-Burman languages is often assumed, the earliest examples of Chinese are divinatory inscriptions on oracle bones from around 1250 BCE in the late Shang dynasty
6.
Pinyin
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Pinyin, or Hànyǔ Pīnyīn, is the official romanization system for Standard Chinese in mainland China, Malaysia, Singapore, and Taiwan. It is often used to teach Standard Chinese, which is written using Chinese characters. The system includes four diacritics denoting tones, Pinyin without tone marks is used to spell Chinese names and words in languages written with the Latin alphabet, and also in certain computer input methods to enter Chinese characters. The pinyin system was developed in the 1950s by many linguists, including Zhou Youguang and it was published by the Chinese government in 1958 and revised several times. The International Organization for Standardization adopted pinyin as a standard in 1982. The system was adopted as the standard in Taiwan in 2009. The word Hànyǔ means the language of the Han people. In 1605, the Jesuit missionary Matteo Ricci published Xizi Qiji in Beijing and this was the first book to use the Roman alphabet to write the Chinese language. Twenty years later, another Jesuit in China, Nicolas Trigault, neither book had much immediate impact on the way in which Chinese thought about their writing system, and the romanizations they described were intended more for Westerners than for the Chinese. One of the earliest Chinese thinkers to relate Western alphabets to Chinese was late Ming to early Qing Dynasty scholar-official, the first late Qing reformer to propose that China adopt a system of spelling was Song Shu. A student of the great scholars Yu Yue and Zhang Taiyan, Song had been to Japan and observed the effect of the kana syllabaries. This galvanized him into activity on a number of fronts, one of the most important being reform of the script, while Song did not himself actually create a system for spelling Sinitic languages, his discussion proved fertile and led to a proliferation of schemes for phonetic scripts. The Wade–Giles system was produced by Thomas Wade in 1859, and it was popular and used in English-language publications outside China until 1979. This Sin Wenz or New Writing was much more sophisticated than earlier alphabets. In 1940, several members attended a Border Region Sin Wenz Society convention. Mao Zedong and Zhu De, head of the army, both contributed their calligraphy for the masthead of the Sin Wenz Societys new journal. Outside the CCP, other prominent supporters included Sun Yat-sens son, Sun Fo, Cai Yuanpei, the countrys most prestigious educator, Tao Xingzhi, an educational reformer. Over thirty journals soon appeared written in Sin Wenz, plus large numbers of translations, biographies, some contemporary Chinese literature, and a spectrum of textbooks
7.
Street
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A street is a public thoroughfare in a built environment. It is a parcel of land adjoining buildings in an urban context, on which people may freely assemble, interact. A street can be as simple as a patch of dirt. Portions may also be smoothed with asphalt, embedded with rails, originally the word street simply meant a paved road. Examples of streets include pedestrian streets, alleys, and city-centre streets too crowded for road vehicles to pass, conversely, highways and motorways are types of roads, but few would refer to them as streets. The word street has its origins in the Latin strata, it is related to stratum. Ancient Greek stratos means army, Greeks originally built roads to move their armies, old English applied the word to Roman roads in Britain such as Ermine Street, Watling Street, etc. Later it acquired a meaning of straggling village, which were often laid out on the verges of Roman roads. In the Middle Ages, a road was a way people travelled, the street is a public easement, one of the few shared between all sorts of people. As a component of the environment as ancient as human habitation. Its roles are as numerous and diverse as its ever-changing cast of characters, streets can be loosely categorized as main streets and side streets. Main streets are usually broad with a high level of activity. Commerce and public interaction are more visible on main streets, side streets are quieter, often residential in use and character, and may be used for vehicular parking. Circulation, or less broadly, transportation, is perhaps a streets most visible use, the unrestricted movement of people and goods within a city is essential to its commerce and vitality, and streets provide the physical space for this activity. In the interest of order and efficiency, an effort may be made to different types of traffic. Le Corbusier, for one, perceived an ever-stricter segregation of traffic as an affirmation of social order—a desirable. To this end, proposals were advanced to build vertical streets where vehicles, pedestrians. Such an arrangement, it was said, would allow for denser development in the future
8.
Lan Kwai Fong
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Lan Kwai Fong is a small square of streets in Central, Hong Kong. The area was dedicated to hawkers before the Second World War and it is now a popular expatriate haunt in Hong Kong for drinking, clubbing and dining. The street Lan Kwai Fong is L-shaped with two ends joining with DAguilar Street, Lan Kwai Fong as an area is defined by DAguilar Street and the smaller lane, Lan Kwai Fong, an L-shaped, cobble-stoned lane. Both streets turn 90 degrees to form a rectangle and its eating and drinking establishments are considered upmarket in price and the area is also considered a tourist spot. From the west side of the rectangle, Wo On Lane and Wing Wah Lane extend to host several more spots for drinks, the area arguably extends to Wellington Street and Wyndham Street, through to the Hong Kong Fringe Club. It is also home to a number of art galleries. Before the Second World War, Lan Kwai Fong was dedicated to hawkers, in early days, the square housed many mui yan, or marriage arrangers, a role exclusively held by females. Mui yan were marriage intermediaries between two families in traditional times and it was thus known as Mui Yan Hong or Hung Leung Hong. Between 2011 and 2015, a change was underway, following Zemans decision to replace his block in Lan Kwai Fong. This led to an area of Lan Kwai Fong becoming a construction site. The crowds during special occasions such as Halloween or New Years Eve put the place at a standstill with the large numbers. Police control is employed at times, to manage the crowds. In recent years, street performing has become a new scene in Hong Kongs street culture, some of the performers decide to set their stages at Lai Kwai Fong, usually with the medium of singing and playing guitar in an acoustic setting. On 1 January 1993,21 people were killed and 62 injured in a human stampede whilst celebrating the New Years Day in Lan Kwai Fong. More than 15,000 people were crammed into the area for the New Year countdown at the time, the Hong Kong government appointed then-Court of First Instance judge Kemal Bokhary to conduct an inquest into the disaster. The stringent crowd control measures now in force at major events are a direct consequence of the inquests recommendations. There are several ways to access Lan Kwai Fong other than taxi, consuming Places in Hong Kong, Experiencing Lan Kwai Fong
9.
Hong Kong
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Hong Kong, officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the Peoples Republic of China, is an autonomous territory on the Pearl River Delta of East Asia. Macau lies across the delta to the west, and the Chinese province of Guangdong borders the territory to the north. With a total area of 1,106 square kilometres. Hong Kong was later occupied by Japan during World War II until British control resumed in 1945, under the principle of one country, two systems, Hong Kong maintains a separate political and economic system from China. Except in military defence and foreign affairs, Hong Kong maintains its independent executive, legislative, in addition, Hong Kong develops relations directly with foreign states and international organisations in a broad range of appropriate fields. Hong Kong is one of the worlds most significant financial centres, with the highest Financial Development Index score and consistently ranks as the worlds most competitive and freest economic entity. As the worlds 8th largest trading entity, its legal tender, Hong Kongs tertiary sector dominated economy is characterised by simple taxation with a competitive level of corporate tax and supported by its independent judiciary system. However, while Hong Kong has one of the highest per capita incomes in the world and it has a very high Human Development Index ranking and the worlds longest life expectancy. Over 90% of the population use of well-developed public transportation. Seasonal air pollution with origins from neighbouring areas of Mainland China. Hong Kong was officially recorded in the 1842 Treaty of Nanking to encompass the entirety of the island, before 1842, the name referred to a small inlet—now Aberdeen Harbour, literally means Little Hong Kong)—between Aberdeen Island and the southern coast of Hong Kong Island. Aberdeen was a point of contact between British sailors and local fishermen. Detailed and accurate romanisation systems for Cantonese were available and in use at the time, fragrance may refer to the sweet taste of the harbours fresh water estuarine influx of the Pearl River or to the incense from factories lining the coast of northern Kowloon. The incense was stored near Aberdeen Harbour for export before Hong Kong developed Victoria Harbour, the name had often been written as the single word Hongkong until the government adopted the current form in 1926. Nevertheless, a number of century-old institutions still retain the form, such as the Hongkong Post, Hongkong Electric. As of 1997, its name is the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the Peoples Republic of China. This is the title as mentioned in the Hong Kong Basic Law. Hong Kong has carried many nicknames, the most famous among those is the Pearl of the Orient, which reflected the impressive nightscape of the citys light decorations on the skyscrapers along both sides of the Victoria Harbour
10.
Queen's Road Central
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Queens Road is a collection of roads along the northern coast of Hong Kong Island, in Hong Kong, within the limit of Victoria City. It was the first road in Hong Kong, constructed by the British between 1841 and 1843, spanning across Victoria City from Shek Tong Tsui to Wan Chai. At various points along the route, Queens Road marks the shoreline before land reclamation projects permanently extended land into Victoria Harbour. The four sections of the roads, from west to east, are respectively, Queens Road West, Queens Road Central, Queensway, the road was originally 4 miles long. The Royal Engineers built the first section to Sai Ying Pun with the help of 300 coolies from Kowloon and this section of Queens Road ran parallel to the beach where Sir Henry Pottinger set up his tent in 1842. Originally named Main Street, it was officially renamed Queens Road in March 1842 after Queen Victoria of the British Empire and it was mistakenly translated into Chinese as 皇后, meaning queen consort. When Hong Kong was founded as a British Crown Colony in 1842, the development of this island had been haphazard, winding paths connected the Hong Kong Club for tai-pans and ran along squatter huts, military encampments and taverns. The first governors built their homes along Queens Road, subsequently, instead of a properly paved road, newcomers to Hong Kong found Queens Road as a pocked dirt path that was prone to dust clouds and puddles of mud. On Christmas Day 1878, a fire out and destroyed a large area of the slums along Queens Road. An eyewitness account was recorded by Constance Gordon-Cumming in his 1886 book Wanderings in China, the fire raged for 17 hours and burnt down 400 houses across a 10 acres area. Thousands of residents were left homeless, nevertheless, the devastated ruins were recycled for reclamation adjacent to the area. After the Great Fire of 1878, Queens Road has shrugged its past and become home to some of Hong Kongs most expensive land, Queens Road West runs from Sheung Wan to Shek Tong Tsui. It begins in Sheung Wan at the junction with Possession Street and ends where it meets the coastal road, Queens Road Central runs from Central to Sheung Wan. It was one of the first roads, along with Hollywood Road to be built by the British, the road became an important infrastructure to Queens Town, which was later renamed the City of Victoria. Queens Road Central intersects with the similarly named Queen Victoria Street, at the western end of Queens Road Central, the name changes to Queens Road West. At the eastern end, it merges with Des Voeux Road Central to become Queensway at the junction of Garden Road. When Hong Kong was occupied by the Japanese Empire from 1942 to 1945, Queens Road Central was briefly renamed Meiji-dori, after Emperor Meiji, Queensway was originally the westernmost section of Queens Road East. After the development of Admiralty as a business district next to Central and it links Queens Road Central to Queens Road East and Hennessy Road
11.
Gas lighting
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Gas lighting is production of artificial light from combustion of a gaseous fuel, such as hydrogen, methane, carbon monoxide, propane, butane, acetylene, ethylene, or natural gas. Before electricity became widespread and economical to allow for general public use, gas was the most popular method of outdoor and indoor lighting in cities. Early gas lights were ignited manually, but many designs are self-igniting. In addition, some urban historical districts retain gas street lighting, early lighting fuels consisted of olive oil, beeswax, fish oil, whale oil, sesame oil, nut oil, and similar substances. These were the most commonly used fuels until the late 18th century, chinese records dating back 1,700 years note the use of natural gas in the home for light and heat via bamboo pipes to the dwellings. Public illumination preceded the discovery and adoption of gaslight by centuries, in 1417, Sir Henry Barton, Mayor of London, ordained lanterns with lights to be hung out on the winter evenings between Hallowtide and Candlemasse. Paris was first lit by an order issued in 1524, and, in the beginning of the 16th century, in coal mining, accumulating and escaping gases were known originally for their adverse effects rather than their useful qualities. Coal miners described two types of gases, one called the choke damp and the fire damp. In 1667, a paper detailing the effects of gases was entitled, A Description of a Well and Earth in Lancashire taking Fire. Imparted by Thomas Shirley, Esq an eye-witness, stephen Hales was the first person who procured a flammable fluid from the actual distillation of coal. His experiments with this object are related in the first volume of his Vegetable Statics and these results seemed to have passed without notice for several years. This paper contained some striking facts relating to the flammability and other properties of coal-gas, the principal properties of coal-gas were demonstrated to different members of the Royal Society, and showed that after keeping the gas some time, it still retained its flammability. The scientists of the time still saw no purpose for it. John Clayton, in an extract from a letter in the Philosophical Transactions for 1735, calls gas the spirit of coal and this spirit happened to catch fire, by coming in contact with a candle as it escaped from a fracture in one of his distillatory vessels. By preserving the gas in bladders, he entertained his friends, william Murdoch was the first to exploit the flammability of gas for the practical application of lighting. He worked for Matthew Boulton and James Watt at their Soho Foundry steam engine works in Birmingham and he first lit his own house in Redruth, Cornwall in 1792. In 1798, he used gas to light the building of the Soho Foundry and in 1802 lit the outside in a public display of gas lighting. One of the employees at the Soho Foundry, Samuel Clegg, Clegg left his job to set up his own gas lighting business, the Gas Lighting and Coke Company
12.
British Hong Kong
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British Hong Kong was the period during which Hong Kong was under British Crown rule from 1841 to 1997. It was established as a Crown colony and later designated a British Dependent Territory in 1981, Hong Kong Island was ceded to Great Britain by the Qing dynasty of China after the First Anglo-Chinese War. The Kowloon Peninsula was added to the colony after the Second Anglo-Chinese War, finally, in 1898, the New Territories were added under a 99-year lease. The transfer has been credited as marking the end of the British Empire, in 1836, the Manchu Qing government undertook a major policy review of the opium trade. Lin Zexu volunteered to take on the task of suppressing opium, in March 1839, he became Special Imperial Commissioner in Canton, where he ordered the foreign traders to surrender their opium stock. He confined the British to the Canton Factories and cut off their supplies, Chief Superintendent of Trade, Charles Elliot, complied with Lins demands to secure a safe exit for the British, with the costs involved to be resolved between the two governments. When Elliot promised that the British government would pay for their stock, the merchants surrendered their 20,283 chests of opium. In September 1839, the British Cabinet decided that the Chinese should be made to pay for the destruction of British property, an expeditionary force was placed under Elliot and his cousin, Rear Admiral George Elliot, as joint plenipotentiaries in 1840. Foreign Secretary Lord Palmerston stressed to the Chinese Imperial Government that the British Government did not question Chinas right to prohibit opium, but it objected to the way this was handled. He viewed the sudden strict enforcement as laying a trap for the traders. In 1841, Elliot negotiated with Lins successor, Qishan, in the Convention of Chuenpi during the First Opium War, on 20 January, Elliot announced the conclusion of preliminary arrangements, which included the cession of Hong Kong Island and its harbour to the British Crown. On 26 January, the Union Jack was raised on Hong Kong and Commodore James Bremer, commander-in-chief of British forces in China, on 29 August 1842, the cession was formally ratified in the Treaty of Nanking, which ceded Hong Kong in perpetuity to Britain. The treaty failed to satisfy British expectations of an expansion of trade and profit. In October 1856, Chinese authorities in Canton detained the Arrow, the Consul in Canton, Harry Parkes, claimed the hauling down of the flag and arrest of the crew were an insult of very grave character. Parkes and Sir John Bowring, the 4th Governor of Hong Kong, in March 1857, Palmerston appointed Lord Elgin as Plenipotentiary with the aim of securing a new and satisfactory treaty. A French expeditionary force joined the British to avenge the execution of a French missionary in 1856, in 1860, the capture of the Taku Forts and occupation of Beijing led to the Treaty of Tientsin and Convention of Peking. In the Treaty of Tientsin, the Chinese accepted British demands to open ports, navigate the Yangtze River. During the conflict, the British occupied the Kowloon Peninsula, where the land was valuable training and resting ground
13.
Portuguese Macau
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Portuguese Macau was the period of Macau as a Portuguese colony and later, an overseas province under Portuguese administration from 1557 to 1999. Macau was both the first and last European colony in China, Portuguese traders first settled in Macau in the 16th century. In 1557 Macau was rented to Portugal by the Chinese empire as a trading port, the Portuguese administered the city under Chinese authority and sovereignty until 1887, when Macau became a colony of the Portuguese Empire. Sovereignty over Macau was transferred back to China on 20 December 1999, the Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration on the Question of Macau and the Macau Basic Law stipulate that Macau operate with a high degree of autonomy until at least 2049, fifty years after the transfer. China–Portugal relations Portuguese Empire Official website of the Portuguese Government of Macau Media related to History of Macau at Wikimedia Commons
14.
Old Protestant Cemetery (Macau)
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The Old Protestant Cemetery is a cemetery in Santo António, Macau, China. It was established by the British East India Company in 1821 in Portuguese Macau in response to a lack of burial sites for Protestants in the Roman Catholic Portuguese colony. It is the last resting place of the artist George Chinnery, missionaries Robert Morrison and Samuel Dyer, Royal Navy captain Henry John Spencer-Churchill, humphrey Fleming Senhouse, a captain in the Royal Navy, is also buried here. In 2005, the cemetery was officially enlisted as part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site Historic Center of Macau, nationals of Britain, the United States of America, the Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden and Germany are buried there. The cemetery was closed in 1858, after which the cemetery began to be referred to as the Old Protestant Cemetery, adjoining the cemetery is the Morrison Chapel, named in honour of Robert Morrison
15.
Street light
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A street light, light pole, lamppost, street lamp, light standard, or lamp standard is a raised source of light on the edge of a road or walkway. Modern lamps may also have light-sensitive photocells that activate automatically when light is or is not needed, dusk, dawn and this function in older lighting systems could have been performed with the aid of a solar dial. Many street light systems are being connected underground instead of wiring from one utility post to another, at that time oil lamps were used predominantly as they provided a long-lasting and moderate flame. The Romans had a word lanternarius, which was a term for a responsible for lighting the oil lamps in front of their villas. Before incandescent lamps, candle lighting was employed in cities, the earliest lamps required that a lamplighter tour the town at dusk, lighting each of the lamps. According to some sources, illumination was ordered in London in 1417 by Sir Henry Barton, in 1524, Paris house owners were required to have lanterns with candles lit in front of their houses at night, but the law was often ignored. Following the invention of lanterns with glass windows, which improved the quantity of light. Still, in 1662, it was a practice for travelers to hire a lantern-bearer if they had to move at night through the dark. Lantern bearers were still common in Paris until 1789, in 1667, under King Louis XIV, the royal government began installing lanterns on all the streets. There were three thousand in place by 1669, and twice as many by 1729, lanterns with glass windows were suspended from a cord over the middle of the street at a height of twenty feet and were placed twenty yards apart. A much-improved oil lantern, called a réverbère, was introduced between 1745 and 1749 and these lamps were attached to the top of lampposts, by 1817, there were 4694 lamps on the Paris streets. During the French Revolution, the found that the lampposts were a convenient place to hang aristocrats. The first widespread system of lighting used piped coal gas as fuel. William Murdoch was the first to use the flammability of gas for the application of lighting. He first lit his own house in Redruth, Cornwall in 1792, in 1798, he used gas to light the main building of the Soho Foundry and in 1802 lit the outside in a public display of gas lighting, the lights astonishing the local population. In Paris, gas lighting was first demonstrated in November 1800 at a residence on the rue Saint-Dominique, and was installed on a covered shopping street. The gaslights installed on the boulevards and city monuments in the 19th century gave the city the nickname The City of Light, the first public street lighting with gas was demonstrated in Pall Mall, London on January 28,1807 by Frederick Albert Winsor. In 1812, Parliament granted a charter to the London and Westminster Gas Light and Coke Company, less than two years later, on December 31,1813, the Westminster Bridge was lit by gas
16.
Coal gas
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Coal gas is a flammable gaseous fuel made from coal and supplied to the user via a piped distribution system. Town gas is a general term referring to manufactured gaseous fuels produced for sale to consumers. Town gas was supplied to households via municipally-owned piped distribution systems, originally created as a by-product of the coking process, its use developed during the 19th and early 20th centuries tracking the industrial revolution and urbanization. Facilities where the gas was produced were known as a manufactured gas plant or a gasworks. The production process is distinct, both physically and chemically, from used to create a range of gaseous fuels known variously as manufactured gas, syngas, hygas, Dowson gas. Manufactured gas can be made by two processes, carbonization or gasification, carbonization refers to the devolatilization of an organic feedstock to yield gas and char. Gasification is the process of subjecting a feedstock to chemical reactions that produce gas, the first process used was the carbonization and partial pyrolysis of coal. The off gases liberated in the high-temperature carbonization of coal in coke ovens were collected, scrubbed and used as fuel, Coke plants are typically associated with metallurgical facilities such as smelters, and blast furnaces, while gas works typically served urban areas. A facility used to manufacture coal gas, carburetted water gas, in the early years of MGP operations, the goal of a utility gas works was to produce the greatest amount of illuminating gas. The illuminating power of a gas was related to amount of soot-forming hydrocarbons dissolved in it and these hydrocarbons gave the gas flame its characteristic bright yellow color. Gas works would typically use oily bituminous coals as feedstock and these coals would give off large amounts of volatile hydrocarbons into the coal gas, but would leave behind a crumbly, low-quality coke not suitable for metallurgical processes. Coal or coke oven gas typically had a value between 10 and 20 MJ/m³, with values around 20 MJ/m³ being typical. The advent of electric lighting forced utilities to search for markets for manufactured gas. MGPs that once produced gas almost exclusively for lighting shifted their efforts towards supplying gas primarily for heating and cooking, fuel gas for industrial use was made using producer gas technology. Producer gas is made by blowing air through an incandescent fuel bed in a gas producer, the reaction of fuel with insufficient air for total combustion produces carbon monoxide, this reaction is exothermic and self-sustaining. It was discovered that steam to the input air of a gas producer would increase the calorific value of the fuel gas by enriching it with CO. Producer gas has a very low value of 3.7 to 5. The incandescent fuel bed would be blasted with air followed by steam
17.
The Hong Kong and China Gas Company
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The Hong Kong and China Gas Company Limited, commonly known as Towngas, is the sole provider of towngas in Hong Kong. Founded in 1862, it is one of the oldest listed companies in the territory and it is the leading public utility in Hong Kong, and supplies towngas to 85% Hong Kong households, and also to commercial and industrial customers. It has over 200 projects in mainland China including city-gas, water supply, emerging environmentally-friendly energy and it also engages in property development projects, namely International Finance Centre, Grand Promenade and Grand Waterfront, in Hong Kong with its largest shareholder. According to official documents, Henderson Land Development Co, ltd is the companys largest shareholder, owning 41. 51% of the issued shares of the company as at 31 December 2014. Lee Shau Kee, chairman of HLD, is also the chairman of the company, in February 1862, the concession to supply gas to the city of Victoria, was obtained from then governor Sir Hercules Robinson by William Glen, a newcomer to the gas industry. Incorporation took place on 3 June 1862 and by 3 December 1864 that year there were 15 miles of pipes and 500 gas lamps along Queens Road, in Kowloon, residents continued to rely on candles and oil lamps until gas was laid on 28 years later. The plant was fired and produced 120,000 cubic feet of gas per day. As of 2011, the surviving four gas lamps installed by the company are situated at the top and bottom of a flight of broad granite steps linking Ice House Street. These are still maintained by Towngas, while the site is one of the Declared monuments of Hong Kong, the company imports natural gas from Australia by sea and stores it at the Dapeng liquefied natural gas terminal in Shenzhen under a 25-year contract. A 34-kilometre submarine pipeline connects the Dapeng terminal to Towngas Tai Po plant, the Tai Po plant produces 97% of town gas while the remaining 3% is produced at the Ma Tau Kok plant. The two plants cover 1.8 million households via a network of more than 3,500 kilometres of pipelines throughout Hong Kong, treated gas from landfill sites is also utilised as fuel to reduce emission of greenhouse gases. In Hong Kong, town gas is produced from naphtha and natural gas and its major components are hydrogen, methane, carbon dioxide and a small amount of carbon monoxide. On 3 October 2007, HLD proposed to pay market value only to control of Towngas. The 39.06 percent stake in Towngas held by subsidiary Henderson Investment was valued at HK$42.86 billion in cash and convertible notes for the purposes of the transaction. Minority shareholders of Henderson Investment, who together hold 30. 73%, would receive 204.1 million Henderson Land shares and HK$1.19 billion in cash. Webb further criticised the nature of the offer as a back-door privatisation of Henderson Investment, on 7 November, Henderson sweetened the offer to appease minority shareholders by increasing the cash portion to HK$2.24 per share, who threatened to vote down the proposal. On 7 December 2007, Henderson secured shareholders support for the usurpation, Towngas in 2008 agreed to a joint venture with Sunpec and Shaanxi Yanchang Petroleum to develop block 3113 in Madagascar with technical assistance from Yunnan Kaiyuan Oil and Gas. The venture was success leading to the discovery of oil in November 2009
18.
Declared monuments of Hong Kong
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Declared monuments of Hong Kong are places, structures or buildings legally declared to receive the highest level of protection. In Hong Kong, declaring a monument requires consulting the Antiquities Advisory Board, as of 20 May 2016, there were 114 declared monuments in Hong Kong. Under Antiquities and Monuments Ordinance, some buildings are classified as Grades I, II and III historic buildings. There was no link between graded buildings and monuments. As of July 2007,607 buildings had been graded,54 of these, as of August 2007, of 151 buildings classified as Grade I, only 28 pre-war buildings have been declared monuments since 1980. On 26 November 2008, the Antiquities Advisory Board announced that the declaration of monuments would be related to the grading of historic buildings, as of February 2013, there were 101 declared monuments, of which 57 were owned by the Government and the remaining 44 by private bodies. The Antiquities Authority may declare a building facing a risk a proposed monument. A Declaration of proposed status is valid for twelve months and may be extended, however the affected owner may object to the proposed status. Five buildings were declared proposed monuments between 1982 and 2012, Ohel Leah Synagogue, Morrison Building, Jessville, King Yin Lei and Ho Tung Gardens
19.
Goods of Desire
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Goods of Desire commonly known as G. O. D. is a lifestyle design and retail brand based in Hong Kong. Founded in 1996 by Douglas Young and Benjamin Lau, the brand is known for their interpretation of Hong Kong design. The English name G. O. D. is a translation of the Cantonese 住好啲 jyu hou di to live better. There are six locations in Hong Kong with additional stores in Shenzhen. They launched G. O. D. with their first store in an Ap Lei Chau warehouse in 1996, within two years, other locations followed including, Central, Tsim Sha Tsui. In 2001, G. O. D. opened its 20,000 square foot store at Leighton Centre in Causeway Bay, as well as lifestyle mall Delay No Mall. In 2008, the company introduced a Hong Kong Street Culture Gallery at the Jockey Club Creative Arts Centre in Shek Kip Mei, Kowloon, also the location of their design studio, in 2009, another store opened at The Peak Galleria. In 2011, the company opened stores in Stanley Plaza and Sai Kung, in July 2012, they expanded overseas and opened their 6,000 square foot flagship store in Singapores historical riverside Clarke Quay. G. O. D. opened a store in PMQ, in the beginning of 2016, G. O. D. opened a store in the MH Mall in Shenzhen, China. Taking inspiration from both the urban centres and rural environments of Asia, G. O. D. is influenced by the concept of the eastern lifestyle as an alternative to the western way of living. The idea of such a contradiction is especially prevalent in a city like Hong Kong. Young wanted to build a brand not based on images of Hong Kong. Not many Hong Kong brands actually feel very Hong Kong, I want to do something different, to give ourselves some pride and some respect. Some of our signature items have a quirky Hong Kong feel – they are unmistakable, Young also said in an interview with Hong Kong Trade Development Council that Im trying to push Hong Kong traditions, to make the ordinary and mundane into something extraordinary. When I hear people saying wow about my products, its great because it shows Hong Kongs flexibility, the intention is to provide something desirable that the customers have not even imagined before. G. O. D. s core range of products are designed in-house. Such products includes Bishop and Rook bean bags, inspired by Chinese chess, in 2003, the company introduced its trademark slogan, Delay No More. The phrase is a translation of the Cantonese profanity díu néih lóuh móuh fuck your mother, but in English it is a call to action
20.
Starbucks
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Starbucks Corporation is an American coffee company and coffeehouse chain. Starbucks was founded in Seattle, Washington in 1971. As of November 2016, it operates 23,768 locations worldwide, many stores sell pre-packaged food items, hot and cold sandwiches, and drinkware including mugs and tumblers, select Starbucks Evenings locations offer beer, wine, and appetizers. Starbucks-brand coffee, ice cream, and bottled cold coffee drinks are sold at grocery stores. Starbucks first became profitable in Seattle in the early 1980s, the first Starbucks location outside North America opened in Tokyo in 1996, overseas properties now constitute almost one-third of its stores. The company opened an average of two new locations daily between 1987 and 2007, on December 1,2016, Howard Schultz announced he would resign as CEO effective in April 2017 and will be replaced by Kevin Johnson. The company took the name of the mate in the book Moby-Dick, Starbuck, after considering Cargo House. Bowker recalls that Terry Heckler, with whom Bowker owned an advertising agency, the founders brainstormed a list of words beginning with st. Someone pulled out an old mining map of the Cascade Range and saw a mining town named Starbo, Bowker said, Moby-Dick didnt have anything to do with Starbucks directly, it was only coincidental that the sound seemed to make sense. The first Starbucks store was located in Seattle at 2000 Western Avenue from 1971–1976 and this cafe was later moved to 1912 Pike Place, never to be relocated again. During this time, the only sold roasted whole coffee beans. The only brewed coffee served in the store were free samples, during their first year of operation, they purchased green coffee beans from Peets, then began buying directly from growers. In 1984, the owners of Starbucks, led by Jerry Baldwin. During the 1980s, total sales of coffee in the US were falling, by 1986, the company operated six stores in Seattle and had only just begun to sell espresso coffee. In 1987, the owners sold the Starbucks chain to former manager Howard Schultz. In the same year, Starbucks opened its first locations outside Seattle at Waterfront Station in Vancouver, British Columbia, by 1989,46 stores existed across the Northwest and Midwest and annually, Starbucks was roasting over 2,000,000 pounds of coffee. At the time of its public offering on the stock market in June 1992, Starbucks had 140 outlets, with a revenue of US$73.5 million. The companys market value was US$271 million by this time, the 12% portion of the company that was sold raised around US$25 million for the company, which facilitated a doubling of the number of stores over the next two years
21.
Bing sutt
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Bing Sutt is a type of traditional coffee house in Hong Kong. Commonly found in 1950s and 1960s-era, it is characterized by old furniture and settings such as the tiled floors, hanging fans, folding chairs. Bing Sutt provides light meals and drinks and is neighbourhood-oriented and it is believed to be the predecessor of Cha Chaan Teng. Since World War II, the culture of Hong Kong became westernized. That was also the time when Bing Sutts started to become popular, traditional Bing Sutts only provide drinks and localized western snacks. Although serving western menus, they keep the low and thus become popular among people from various social status. Yet along with the development of Cha Chaan Tengs, chained fast food shops and coffee shops, in the 1980s, many had no choice but to refine the traditional menus by adding rice and noodles so as to increase their competitiveness. Only a few dozen traditional Bing Sutts are still operating now, realizing consumers’ desire to take a glimpse of past memories, quite a number of fast food chains set up and adorn their unique experimental concept stores like Bing Sutts to attract customers. Some of them have become iconic tourist attractions as well and those riding the new wave of Bing Sutts are seeking to stay up to the true spirit of simplicity and community. The reason why Bing Sutt is diminishing is due to the change in society, most of the Bing Sutts encounter keen competition among Cha Chaan Tengs with heavy rent. Bing Sutts had been one of the best relaxing areas for Hong Kong people, however, what is more, the decreasing in number of Bing Sutts has gradually aroused attention where businessmen are grasping the trend of ruminating on the past to re-establish exquisite old Bing Sutts. Bing Sutts may not be offering the best food, but many believe that they should be preserved as they exert certain cultural significances and witness the development of Hong Kong
22.
Shanghai Tang
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Shanghai Tang is a Hong Kong luxury fashion house founded in 1994 by Hong Kong businessman David Tang. In 1998, Richemont acquired David Tangs controlling stake in the business, David Tang stated that Shanghai Tang is a Chinese label that set out to rejuvenate Chinese fashion of the 1920s and 1930s. The fundamental design concept is inspired by 1920s Cheongsam combined with the modernity of the 21st century, the brand is noted for its use of bright colours. They are often located in areas such as Bangkoks Sukhumvit Road. After 17 years, the 6, 300sqft flagship store in Hong Kongs Pedder Building closed in October 2011 and this was followed by “Shanghai Tang Loft” in Pedder Building, upstairs to the old store, from 23 October to 20 February 2012. As of 2016, there are 8 stores in various regions of Hong Kong, in April 2012, the flagship store in Central was opened on Duddell Street, called Shanghai Tang Mansion. With close to 1, 400-square-meter it is Shanghai Tangs largest branch, in 2014 Shanghai Tang celebrated its 20th anniversary in Shanghai, China. Shopping in Hong Kong Official website
23.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
24.
Central and Western District
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The Central and Western District located on northern part of Hong Kong Island is one of the 18 administrative districts of Hong Kong. It had a population of 251,519 in 2011, the district has the most educated residents with the second highest income and the third lowest population due to its relatively small size. Central is the business district and the core urban area of Hong Kong. Western District covers Shek Tong Tsui, Kennedy Town and Sai Ying Pun, and was part of the City of Victoria, Central District, as Victoria City, was the first area of planned urban development in Hong Kong during the colonial era. The British held a sale in June 1841, six months after the flag was raised at Possession Point. A total of 51 lots of land were sold to 23 merchant houses to build offices and warehouses, the property buyers included Dents, Jardines, Russells and Olyphants. At the time, the two roads Albany Nullah and Glenealy Nullah were mainly used by the British, the streets later became known as Government Hill. In 1857, the British government expanded Victoria City and divided it into seven districts and those located in present-day Central and Western are, Sai Ying Pun, Sheung Wan, Tai Ping Shan, Central. The area was essentially a European area until 1860 when Chinese merchants begin buying up European properties around Cochrane, Wellington, the Central district was the principal European business district, hence the arrival of the first major bank HSBC. The Western district was the centre for Chinese businesses. When property values in the rose, a meeting was held in February 1866 to establish a District Watch Force to police. In 1880, Shek Tong Tsui was established, followed by Kennedy Town in the 20th century, by the 1890s the majority of Hong Kongs population was concentrated in the district with about 200,000 residents, mostly in Victoria City. The corresponding body for the district is Central and Western District Council, District council elections are held every four years, the last one was held on November 7,2011, for terms beginning January 1,2012. 15 constituency members are elected while 4 are appointed by the government, the constituency areas are smaller than the commonly used geographic areas, which are in turn based on the old 1857 and 1880 divisions. In Hong Kongs 2011 Census the district population was 251,519, down four percent from 261,884 in the 2001 census, among the 18 districts, Central and Western has the second highest median household income in the territory. In terms of size of households, it is third smallest at 2.8 persons, behind only Wan Chai and Yau Tsim Mong District. Central and Western District has an ethnically diverse population. 83% of the residents are Chinese, and the largest ethnic groups are Filipinos
25.
Aberdeen Street
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Aberdeen Street is a border street dividing Sheung Wan and Central on Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong. It ascends from Queens Road Central to Caine Road in the Mid-levels, the street is named after George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen, Foreign Secretary at the time of the cession of Hong Kong Island to the United Kingdom in 1842. South of Hollywood Road was the Alice Memorial Hospital and the College of Medicine where Sun Yat-sen graduated with distinction in 1892, after the college was merged into the University of Hong Kong, the hospital was also moved to Bonham Road and renamed to Nethersole Hospital. After reclamation of island north, Aberdeen Street was extended in the north by Wing Kut Street, the following list follows a north-south order. Indicates the western side of the street, while indicates the eastern side, > Junction with Queens Road Central This section is a ladder street > intersection with Wellington Street Lin Heung Tea House Located at 160-164 Wellington Street, at the corner with Aberdeen Street. The restaurant opened in 1928 and changed several times before opening at its present location. It serves dim sum for breakfast and lunch and traditional Cantonese dishes for dinner, > junction with Kau U Fong Lan Kwai Fong Hotel Located at No.3 Kau U Fong, at the corner with Aberdeen Street. Despite the name, it is not located at Lan Kwai Fong, > junction with Wa On Lane > junction with Gough Street > junction with Gage Street Original site of the school where Yang Quyun was assassinated by Qing agents in 1911. Located at No.52 Gage Street, at the corner with Aberdeen Street, a marker, part of the Dr Sun Yat-sen Historical Trail is located in Aberdeen Street. The site is included in the Central and Western Heritage Trail. > junction with Sam Ka Lane > intersection with Hollywood Road PMQ The compound occupies the block west of Aberdeen Street and it is located on the site of the former Central School. The school had established in 1862 at Gough Street and moved to the Aberdeen Street location in 1889. At that time, the school was one of the largest and most expensive buildings in Hong Kong and it was renamed Queens College in 1894. The campus was destroyed during World War II, and the school was subsequently relocated, the buildings at Aberdeen Street were demolished in 1948 and the Quarters were opened in 1951. They were completely vacated in 2000 and it has been revitalized as a creative hub for local design talents in 2014. N. A gatepost of the remains in front of the building on Caine Road. St. 41–55, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch, Vol.44
26.
Arbuthnot Road
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Arbuthnot Road is a road in Central, Hong Kong. The road begins at the Former Central Magistracy, a monument of Hong Kong. The road ends at the Hong Kong Zoological and Botanical Gardens, most of the roads built and declared at the outset in Colonial Hong Kong in 1841 were close to the waterfront. The Magistracy was not established until 1847 and the land on which it was built was previously largely unoccupied, Arbuthnot Road is rather inclined, and runs between Hollywood Road and Caine Road, the latter of which was not named until 1859. It is likely that it was not named or created until the 1850s or later,1, Hong Kong Police Club, former Central Magistracy No. 10, Chez Moi Public transport MTR Central Station, Exit D1 Public bus, 12M,13, 23A and 40M Green light bus, route no
27.
Battery Path
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Battery Path is a pedestrian-only footpath located beneath Government Hill in Central, Hong Kong. Named after Murray Battery, it stretches from Queens Road Central to Garden Road, the path is noted for many historical landmarks situated on it, most notably the Former Central Government Offices, the Former French Mission Building and St. Johns Cathedral. During the First Opium War, the British occupied Hong Kong in 1841 and one year later, the new administration chose the site around present-day Battery Path to build its headquarters and defences. Construction on the path was completed in approximately 1841, at around the time that its namesake—Murray Battery—was built. At the time, both the path and the battery were located on Hong Kong Islands waterfront with Victoria Harbour, however, it is now situated much farther inland due to the amount of land reclamation that has been undertaken since its opening. Although the use of sedan chairs ceased after the 1960s, the remain in the same place. From its western end, Battery Path begins at the junction between Queens Road Central and Ice House Street. It separates from the main thoroughfare through a series of stairs elevating the path above Queens Road, the next landmark on the route is the Former French Mission Building. Located on 1 Battery Path, this building currently houses the Court of Final Appeal. The path ends at the intersection with Garden Road, where St. Johns Cathedral is located, list of streets and roads in Hong Kong Murray Battery
28.
Belcher's Street
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Belchers Street is a main street in Kennedy Town of Hong Kong. It connects east Victoria Road and joins west Queens Road West, a small section in its west end built a turn around for Hong Kong Tramway. The street was named after Edward Belcher, a Royal Navy officer who surveyed the harbour of Hong Kong in 1841, the Ex-Western Fire Station, located at No.12 Belchers Street, was converted into the Po Leung Kuk Chan Au Big Yan Home for the Elderly. It is a Grade III historic building and is located along the Central, list of streets and roads in Hong Kong Belcher Bay The Belchers HKU Station a station of the MTR, with one exit in Belchers Street Google Maps of Belchers Street
29.
Bonham Strand
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Bonham Strand is a combination of two streets in Sheung Wan, Hong Kong, Bonham Strand and Bonham Strand West. As the name suggested, it was a strand and close to shore in the past though it is pretty far from the seafront after several reclamations over a hundred years and this street renders the early shore line after 1842. The streets are named after Sir George Bonham, the third Governor of Hong Kong, the street is comparatively low to the surrounding area and is easily flooded during heavy rains. The street is sometimes written as Bonham Strand East after its Chinese name. The directory board in MTR Sheung Wan Station is an illustration of the mistake, Bonham Strand West starts from Bonham Strand and ends in Des Voeux Road West. Bonham Strand West, 22°17′14″N 114°08′54″E Ibis Hong Kong Sheung Wan will open at the junction between Bonham Strand West and Des Voeux Road West and provide 550 rooms. List of streets and roads in Hong Kong Google Maps of Bonham Strand Google Maps of Bonham Strand West Bonham Strand website
30.
Bridges Street
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Bridges Street is a 300-metre two-way street in Sheung Wan, Hong Kong. On the east, the street intersects Shing Wong Street and Staunton Street, on the west, it intersects Square Street. The west side of the ends with a staircase which connects Tai Ping Shan Street. Therefore, to go to Hollywood Road, drivers must drive back to Aberdeen Street and its name comes from William Thomas Bridges, a British lawyer, Acting Attorney General and Acting Colonial Secretary, who was active in Hong Kong from 1851 to 1861. Bridges was an old friend of Sir John Bowring, the 4th Governor of Hong Kong, the law firm established by Bridges later became known as Deacons. A Bauhaus style market, originally opened in 1953, and scheduled to be renovated and it was partly built on the site of the former American Congregational Mission Preaching House at which Dr. Sun Yat-Sen was baptised into Christianity in 1883. It is part of the Central and Western Heritage Trail and the Dr Sun Yat-sen Historical Trail and it was listed as a Grade III historic building in 2011. CentreStage, a new luxury apartment near Soho, Hong Kong Ladder Street Kings College Old Boys Association Primary School. The Church of Christ in China China Congregational Church, chinese YMCA of Hong Kong Bridges Street Centre. Built in 1918 in Eclectic architectural style with Chicago School influence, the architects were Shattuck and Hussey of Chicago, which specialized in YMCA building design. The premises included the first indoor swimming pool in Hong Kong and it is part of the Central and Western Heritage Trail. Its central building was formerly a Grade II historic building and was listed as a Grade I historic building in 2009
31.
Caine Road
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Caine Road is a road running through Central and Sheung Wan, Hong Kong. It connects Bonham Road to the west, and Arbuthnot Road, Glenealy, the road is named after William Caine, a Colonial Secretary, and an acting Governor of Hong Kong between May and September 1859. Private vehicles may drive west between 7pm and 7am weekdays, after 1pm on Saturdays, and all day Sunday, list of streets and roads in Hong Kong Google Maps of Caine Road
32.
Centre Street (Hong Kong)
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Centre Street is a street in the Sai Ying Pun area of Hong Kong. Centre Street is the point of the most active traditional market in Western District of Hong Kong Island. The street is part of planned streets in the development of the area. Western Street and Eastern Street run parallel north to south steeply, the top part of the street has a slope of 1,4. It is used by approximately 10,000 pedestrians per day and these lanes are only accessible to pedestrians, and contain stairs. Traffic conditions vary with the area between High Street and Second Street blocked to vehicles, the uppermost part is two-way traffic to the stairs, and the lowermost part is one-way to Connaught Road West where vehicles can turn left or right. Green Mini Bus 12 has a terminus on the part of the street. A series of escalators run uphill in the Centre Street Market, the Centre Street Escalator Link then takes pedestrians all the way to the top of the street to Bonham Road. Construction of the escalator cost $60,000,000 HKD, Sai Ying Pun Station opened in March 2015, with a station entrance just behind the Centre Street Market. An electoral constituency in the Central and Western District Council is named after Centre Street, the boundaries of this electorate follow Eastern Street, Queens Road West, Eastern Street, High Street, and Bonham Road. The polling station was located in the Kau Yan Church and school in High Street, on 11 June 2006 a by election elected Lee Chi Hang, Sidney. The boundaries for the 2007 election will be extended to add on a block bounded by Des Voeux Road west, Centre Street, in 2006 the constituency had 6168 registered voters. Central–Mid-Levels escalators List of streets and roads in Hong Kong Hong Kong City Guide 2003, ISBN 962-14-2537-9
33.
Chater Road
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Chater Road is a three-lane road in Central, Hong Kong named after Sir Paul Chater. It begins at its intersection with Pedder Street and Des Voeux Road Central in the west and it divides Statue Square into a southern and a northern sections. Chater House, owned by Hongkong Land, is located at the end of the road, which abuts the similarly dedicated Chater Garden. Impromptu parties with music and dancing are frequent, almost all of the people share picnics with their friends. The hotel has been replaced by the AIG Tower, later renamed AIA Central, part of the MTRs Tsuen Wan Line runs underneath the road, and the Tsuen Wan Line station serving the area was originally called Chater in English. It was later renamed Central together with the Island Line Pedder station nearby, list of streets and roads in Hong Kong Google Maps of Chater Road
34.
Cochrane Street
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Cochrane Street is a hilly street between Queens Road Central and the junction with Gage Street and Lyndhurst Terrace in Central, Hong Kong. The whole street hosts the Central-Mid-levels Escalators, the street was named after Thomas John Cochrane, a Rear Admiral of Second in Command and commander-in-chief in East Indies and China Station of Royal Navy. At the time, he stayed in Hong Kong, the street is near the Central Market across the Queens Road. Cochrane Street was at the area of Cantonese residents. It was re-zoned in 1844 under the administration of Henry Pottinger to improve the condition of water supply. The Cantonese residents was later removed to Tai Ping Shan area, at about 11pm oo 14 August 1901, two houses at No.32 and 34 of Cochrane Street collapsed suddenly, claiming 43 lives. The street runs uphill and many restaurants are on this street, List of restaurant districts and streets List of streets and roads in Hong Kong
35.
Conduit Road
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Conduit Road is a road in the Mid-Levels on Hong Kong Island in Hong Kong. Conduit Road was constructed in 1910 and it is located in Western Mid-Levels. It is named after the aqueduct passing underneath which carries water from the Pok Fu Lam Reservoir to the Central area and it is at the highest point on Victoria Peak reached by the Central–Mid-levels escalators. It is also the second highest road, second to Po Shan Road, the road was renamed as Izumo-dori during Japanese occupation of Hong Kong. After the surrender and evacuation of Japanese army, its name was changed back and it is a luxury residential area. One of the roads earliest residents was Catchick Paul Chater, who built a magnificent residence at 1, Conduit Road named Marble Hall, whose gatehouse is the only reminder of this connection today. The road interchanges with Glenealy at the east-end with Hornsey Road intersecting next to the section near the east-end of the road. Kotewall Road, Po Shan Road. The east-end is often considered as the start of the road with the rest being sparsely populated with less traffic, an example of the larger old residential apartments is Realty Gardens. Other similarly old properties include Elegant Garden, Panorama, Cliffview Mansions, Conway Mansion, Woodland Gardens, other than Realty Gardens, all the other relatively old assets are concentrated very shallow into the road itself as proven by the almost-consecutive numbers. These properties are all built on the northern side of the road. The main reason for this is there were no flat tough ground for foundations on the waterfront side of the road 30–40 years ago. Furthermore, building them on the mountainside is easier and allows a more laid-back position with a view of the Victoria Harbour. Thus the buildings standing along the part and on the waterfront side of the road were mostly built in recent times. They were built by removing sections of the mountain and/or extending the foundations from Robinson Road- the road one street-level lower and this is mostly the case for the near-eastern-end part of Conduit Road. In the past, until the early 1990s, the views of the harbour were mostly uninterrupted for the any mid-rise mountainside properties lining the mountainside near the end of the road. However In the early 1990s, new properties began to be constructed by extending foundations from Robinson Road, and since the building height requirements became much more loose with the buildings being 30-40 storeys high, the harbour views were no more. Number 41A Conduit Road is a deeply secluded pre-war house blocked-from-view by Realty Gardens and is located on the hillside, number 2 also has proven history and city-wide recognition, it is renowned for housing influential Hong Kong socialites. Although there is currently a construction site numbered 55 on the road which will forever be the last property on the road in terms of location
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Connaught Road
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Connaught Road is a major thoroughfare on the north shore of Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong. It links Shing Sai Road in Kennedy Town to the west, the road consists of two adjoining sections, namely Connaught Road Central and Connaught Road West. Connaught Road Central runs the length of Central, parallel to the north shore and it runs from approximately Admiralty in the east, where it connects Harcourt Road at the junction with Murray Road. The road ends west at On Tai Street, where it becomes Connaught Road West, Connaught Road West runs towards the Kennedy Town and Pok Fu Lam areas in the west. For most of the stretch, Connaught Road West runs beneath the Connaught Road West Flyover and it is the main thoroughfare to the entrance of the Western Harbour Tunnel and beyond to Shek Tong Tsui, where it merges with Des Voeux Road West. This road was once a waterfront promenade with boats docked against the side of the road. In 1889, the shore of Victoria City was under extensive reclamation. A statue of the Duke once also occupied the junction of Pedder Street, Connaught Road West was lined with many piers in the past. Rice wholesalers gathered there owing to its proximity to the shore, due to reclamation of the harbour, the entire length of Connaught Road has now become landlocked
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John Francis Davis
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Sir John Francis Davis, 1st Baronet KCB was a British diplomat and sinologist who served as second Governor of Hong Kong from 1844 to 1848. In 1813, Davis was appointed writer at the East India Companys factory in Canton, China, because of his linguistic abilities, he was chosen to accompany Lord Amherst on his embassy to Peking in 1816. On the missions return Davis returned to his duties at the Canton factory and he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society the same year. He was appointed Second Superintendent of British Trade in China alongside Lord Napier in December 1833, after Napiers death in 1834, Davis became Chief Superintendent then resigned his position in January 1835, to be replaced by Sir George Robinson. Davis left Canton aboard the Asia on 12 January, in 1844, Davis became governor and commander-in-chief of the colony of Hong Kong. He was appointed governor of Hong Kong on 8 May 1844 only for his home to be robbed on 16 July 1844, Davis organized the first Hong Kong Census in 1844, which recorded that there were 23,988 people living in Hong Kong. Weekend horse racing began during his tenure, which evolved into a Hong Kong institution. Davis resigned his commission and left Hong Kong on 21 March 1848, in 1829 Davis, a member of the Royal Asiatic Society, translated the 17th century Chinese novel Haoqiu zhuan under the title The Fortunate Union. A French translation of the Davis English version was created by Guillard DArcy, Davis married Emily, the daughter of Lieutenant Colonel Humfrays of the Bengal Engineers in 1822. J. Locke, vicar of Exmouth, in 1867, a son, Francis Boileau Davis was born in 1871. He was a created a baronet on 9 July 1845 and appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath on 12 June 1854. Davis died on 13 November 1890 at his residence, Hollywood House in the Bristol suburb of Henbury at the age of 95 and was interred in the graveyard of Compton Greenfield Church on 18 November. As his surviving son Francis Boileau Davis left no surviving male heirs the Davis baronetcy died with him,1 Davis Street, Grand Fortune Mansion No.2 Davis Street, Davis Street Garden No.8 Davis Street, The Merton John Francis Davis. Chinese Novels, translated from the Originals, etc, &c. alphabetically arranged, and intended as an aid to correspondence and conversation. Printed at the Honorable Companys Press, by P. P, John Francis Davis, The Chinese, A General Description of the Empire of China and Its Inhabitants. China, during the war and since the peace History of Hong Kong List of heads of Hong Kong by education Endacott, a biographical sketch-book of early Hong Kong. Works by John Francis Davis at Project Gutenberg Works by or about John Francis Davis at Internet Archive
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Des Voeux Road
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Des Voeux Road Central and Des Voeux Road West are two roads on the north shore of Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong. They were named after the 10th Governor of Hong Kong, Sir William Des Vœux, the name was predominantly spelt with the ligature œ in pre-war documents but is nowadays spelt officially as Des Voeux Road. Beginning in 1857, the shore of Hong Kong Island underwent a series of reclamations under then-Governor Sir John Bowring. The first phase of the Praya Reclamation Scheme had an effect on this current street. Upon completion, the roads were named Bowring Praya West and Bowring Praya Central respectively, another series of extensive reclamation projects began in 1887 under then-Governor Des Voeux. From 1942 to 1945, the road was renamed Shōwa-dori by the Japanese occupation government, Des Voeux Road Central runs from Western to Central. It begins at the intersection with On Tai Street in Western and it reaches an alignment several blocks down at the junction with Connaught Road West and becomes Kennedy Town Praya in Shek Tong Tsui. Various groups have long proposed pedestrianising a section of Des Voeux Road Central, the idea was first proposed in 2000 by the Hong Kong Institute of Planners in collaboration with the MTR Corporation and the MVA Asia traffic engineering firm. The proposal was deemed technically feasible but was not implemented by the government, the plan involves converting a 1.4 km section of Des Voeux Road Central, between Pedder Street and the Western Market, from a thoroughfare for motorised traffic to a pedestrian zone. The tramway would be maintained in situ and the cross-streets would remain open to traffic, bus routes would be diverted onto Connaught Road. The pedestrian zone would remain open to vehicles and emergency services. It was resubmitted by HKIP, Civic Exchange, City University of Hong Kong, Des Voeux Road Central is shared between motor traffic and the tram line, with tracks and reserved lanes for the trams laid in the middle of the road. A bus lane runs along the road for most of its length, part of the MTR Island Line also runs underneath Des Voeux Road. Due to the discontinuity between Des Voeux Roads Central and West, the line takes a detour along Connaught Road West. The Central-Mid-Levels escalators link Des Voeux Road Central with Conduit Road in the Mid-levels, a street called Des Voeux Road existed in Kowloon along Hunghom Bay. The street no longer exists following extensive re-development of the area, list of streets and roads in Hong Kong Li Yuen Street East Leung, To. Origins of Hong Kong Street Names, Hong Kong Place, Hong Kong streets named after colonial governors Des Voeux Road Central Inititative
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Elgin Street, Hong Kong
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Elgin Street is located in Central, Hong Kong. It was named after James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin, one of the earliest streets in Hong Kong, it was also known as Mud Street by the locals, as the street formerly became very muddy on rainy days. The street begins at a low elevation at Hollywood Road and ends high at Caine Road, the street is divided into two sections by the junction with Peel Street and Staunton Street. The upper section is less steep than the lower as it approaches the hilltop after the junction, one can find several stalls selling miscellaneous things, which are heaped on the ground, on the sloping street. Originally there were two dai pai dongs operating on the street near Hollywood Road, but one of them was forced to closed in 2005, many international restaurants and a comedy club can be found on the upper section of the street. List of streets and roads in Hong Kong Soho, Hong Kong Map of Elgin Street, Hong Kong The Muddy Elgin Street, Hong Kong Commercial Daily
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Eastern Street (Hong Kong)
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Eastern Street is an early street of Hong Kong, located in the Sai Ying Pun area of Hong Kong Island. Eastern Street North is an extension of the leading to the seafront following progressive harbour reclamations. Eastern Street The street is part of planned streets in the development of Victoria City. High Street, Third Street, Second Street and First Street run east to west horizontally on a slope while Centre Street, Western Street. It descends in the shortest straight line from the mid-levels to the harbour, the steep incline has been cited as a factor in some serious traffic accidents. The extension Eastern Street North, from Connaught Road West, is a continuation of Eastern Street to the Victoria Harbour, Sun Yat Sen Memorial Park and Western Park Indoor Games Hall. List of streets and roads in Hong Kong Hong Kong City Guide 2003, ISBN 962-14-2537-9 Centamap maps building details Hong Kong Yellow Pages map
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Gage Street
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Gage Street is a street in Central, Hong Kong. It is on the hill and between the junction with Cochrane Street and Lyndhurst Terrace, Graham Street and Aberdeen Street. The street is mainly a market and it is named after William Hall Gage. The 2013 novel Gage Street Courtesan by Christopher New depicts the European courtesans who lived in street in the 19th century. List of streets and roads in Hong Kong Google Maps of Gage Street
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Garden Road, Hong Kong
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For former name of a road in Tsim Sha Tsui, see Hankow Road. Garden Road is a road on Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong, connecting the Central. At its lower end, Garden Road forms an intersection with Queensway. For most of its length, Garden Road carries traffic only in the downhill direction, uphill traffic is carried by Cotton Tree Drive, parallel to and to the east of Garden Road. Garden Road is rich in historical and heritage value, list of streets and roads in Hong Kong Google Maps of Garden Road
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Glenealy, Hong Kong
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Glenealy is one of the few roads or streets without a suffix in Hong Kong. Glenealy was the form of a valley called Glenealy Ravine. The valley separates the Government Hill in the east and Pedders Hill in the west, Vale in Elliots Vale means river valley and a river runs from Victoria Peak down to Central. The Elliot Vale name seems, however, to have been as short-lived as Elliot’s administration, the name Glenealy was quickly restored after Elliotts administration ended, with a new suffix of “ravine, ” a fitting name in view of its steepness. Glenealy was also the name of a mansion in the Victorian era and it belonged to an American opium trader, Warren Delano Jr. grandfather of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, the 32nd President of the United States of America. The mansion later gave way to the Catholic Cathedral of Hong Kong, the present address of the cathedral is 16 Caine Road. Another Glenealy landmark is the 100-year-old Anglican Sheng Kung Hui St Paul’s Church, St. Paul’s College was founded here too, in 1851, as a school for boys. It was closed in 1941 due to the Japanese invasion of Hong Kong, after the war it was amalgamated with St. Paul’s Girls’ School to become St. Paul’s Co-educational College, and a new campus was built away from Glenealy. It is one of the steepest roads in Hong Kong with public transport and it has a gradient of 1,5 in the Robinson Road to Conduit Road section, with Route 2*,3, 3A and 45A passing this road, which is often congested. The other 1,5 roads used by public transport in Hong Kong are Aberdeen Reservoir Road, Breezy Path, the present Glenealy street is very short, running from number 1 to 10 only. The 3rd sign, hoisted at the top of the Caritas House, is the street sign showing the street number. A section about Glenealy Map, Glenealy, Hong Kong
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