1.
Washington, D.C.
–
Washington, D. C. formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D. C. is the capital of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July 16,1790, Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any state. The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district, named in honor of President George Washington, the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital. In 1846, Congress returned the land ceded by Virginia, in 1871. Washington had an population of 681,170 as of July 2016. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the population to more than one million during the workweek. The Washington metropolitan area, of which the District is a part, has a population of over 6 million, the centers of all three branches of the federal government of the United States are in the District, including the Congress, President, and Supreme Court. Washington is home to national monuments and museums, which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of international organizations, trade unions, non-profit organizations, lobbying groups. A locally elected mayor and a 13‑member council have governed the District since 1973, However, the Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws. D. C. residents elect a non-voting, at-large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives, the District receives three electoral votes in presidential elections as permitted by the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961. Various tribes of the Algonquian-speaking Piscataway people inhabited the lands around the Potomac River when Europeans first visited the area in the early 17th century, One group known as the Nacotchtank maintained settlements around the Anacostia River within the present-day District of Columbia. Conflicts with European colonists and neighboring tribes forced the relocation of the Piscataway people, some of whom established a new settlement in 1699 near Point of Rocks, Maryland. 43, published January 23,1788, James Madison argued that the new government would need authority over a national capital to provide for its own maintenance. Five years earlier, a band of unpaid soldiers besieged Congress while its members were meeting in Philadelphia, known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, the event emphasized the need for the national government not to rely on any state for its own security. However, the Constitution does not specify a location for the capital, on July 9,1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River. The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia, the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles on each side, totaling 100 square miles. Two pre-existing settlements were included in the territory, the port of Georgetown, Maryland, founded in 1751, many of the stones are still standing
Washington, D.C.
–
Clockwise from top left:
Smithsonian Institution Building,
Rock Creek Park,
National Mall (including the
Lincoln Memorial in the foreground),
Howard Theatre and the
Frederick Douglass National Historic Site
Washington, D.C.
–
Map of the District of Columbia in 1835, prior to the
retrocession
Washington, D.C.
–
Ford's Theatre in the 19th century, site of the 1865
assassination of
President Lincoln
Washington, D.C.
–
Crowds surrounding the
Reflecting Pool during the 1963
March on Washington
2.
New York City
–
The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
New York City
–
Clockwise, from top:
Midtown Manhattan,
Times Square, the
Unisphere in
Queens, the
Brooklyn Bridge,
Lower Manhattan with
One World Trade Center,
Central Park, the
headquarters of the United Nations, and the
Statue of Liberty
New York City
–
New Amsterdam, centered in the eventual
Lower Manhattan, in 1664, the year
England took control and renamed it "New York".
New York City
–
The
Battle of Long Island, the largest battle of the
American Revolution, took place in
Brooklyn in 1776.
New York City
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Broadway follows the Native American Wickquasgeck Trail through Manhattan.
3.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
New York (state)
–
British general
John Burgoyne surrenders at
Saratoga in 1777.
New York (state)
–
Flag
New York (state)
–
1800 map of New York from
Low's Encyclopaedia
New York (state)
–
The
Erie Canal at
Lockport, New York in 1839
4.
Swing music
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Swing music, or simply swing, is a form of American music that dominated in the 1930s and 1940s. The name swing came from the swing feel where the emphasis is on the off–beat or weaker pulse in the music, Swing bands usually featured soloists who would improvise on the melody over the arrangement. The danceable swing style of big bands and bandleaders such as Benny Goodman was the dominant form of American popular music from 1935 to 1946, the verb to swing is also used as a term of praise for playing that has a strong groove or drive. Notable musicians of the era include Louis Armstrong, Cab Calloway, Benny Goodman, Duke Ellington, Glenn Miller, Count Basie, Woody Herman. Swing has roots in the late 1920s as larger ensembles began using written arrangements, a typical song played in swing style would feature a strong, anchoring rhythm section in support of more loosely tied wind and brass. The most common style consisted of having a soloist take center stage, Swing music began to decline in popularity during World War II because of several factors. By the late 1940s, swing had morphed into traditional pop music, or evolved into new styles such as jump blues, Swing music saw a revival in the late 1950s and 1960s with pop vocalists such as Frank Sinatra, Nat King Cole, and Ella Fitzgerald. Swing blended with other genres to create new styles, in country music, artists such as Jimmie Rodgers, Moon Mullican and Bob Wills introduced many elements of swing along with blues to create a genre called western swing. Gypsy swing is an outgrowth of Venuti and Langs jazz violin swing, in the 1970s, and 1980s, fans of big band music attended swing music performances at supper clubs. In the late-1980s a trendier, more urban-styled swing-beat emerged called new jack swing, in the late 1990s and into the 2000s there was a swing revival, led by Squirrel Nut Zippers, Brian Setzer, Big Bad Voodoo Daddy, and Lavay Smith. In Canada, some of the early 2000s records by The JW-Jones Blues Band included swing revival elements, the 1920s saw parallel trends in jazz and popular music that would later converge into the swing style. New Orleans style jazz was based on a meter and contrapuntal improvisation led by a trumpet or cornet, typically followed by a clarinet. The rhythm section consisted of a tuba and drums, and sometimes a banjo, by the early 1920s guitars and pianos sometimes substituted for the banjo and a string bass sometimes substituted for the tuba. Further innovations in small ensemble playing led to development of the Chicago style identified with Louis Armstrong, a stint with the Fletcher Henderson Orchestra familiarized him with arranged ensemble playing that differed from the New Orleans style, in which saxophones became the dominant sound among the reeds. Armstrong brought those back to his smaller ensembles, the soloist played over an ensemble relegated to a supporting role in the background. The string bass also lent itself to playing in a 4/4 rhythm rather than the 2/4 rhythm dictated by the tuba. The new format gave the soloist the opportunity to play with more rhythmic freedom, but playing with swing remained the province of the soloist, not the ensemble. The late 1920s saw increasingly sophisticated arrangements used by bigger ensembles, some arrangements used call-response between horn sections to build the melody
Swing music
–
Benny Goodman, one of the first swing bandleaders to achieve widespread fame.
Swing music
–
Frank Sinatra
Swing music
–
Django Reinhardt and Stephane Grappelli
5.
Frank Sinatra
–
Francis Albert Sinatra was an American singer, actor, and producer who was one of the most popular and influential musical artists of the 20th century. He is one of the music artists of all time. Born in Hoboken, New Jersey, to Italian immigrants, Sinatra began his career in the swing era with bandleaders Harry James. Sinatra found success as a solo artist after he signed with Columbia Records in 1943 and he released his debut album, The Voice of Frank Sinatra, in 1946. Sinatras professional career had stalled by the early 1950s, and he turned to Las Vegas and his career was reborn in 1953 with the success of From Here to Eternity, with his performance subsequently winning an Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor. Sinatra released several critically lauded albums, including In the Wee Small Hours, Come Fly with Me, Only the Lonely and Nice n Easy. Sinatra left Capitol in 1960 to start his own label, Reprise Records. It was followed by 1968s collaboration with Duke Ellington, using his Las Vegas shows as a home base, he toured both within the United States and internationally until a short time before his death in 1998. Sinatra forged a successful career as a film actor. After winning an Academy Award for From Here to Eternity, he starred in The Man with the Golden Arm and he appeared in various musicals such as On the Town, Guys and Dolls, High Society, and Pal Joey, winning another Golden Globe for the latter. Toward the end of his career, he associated with playing detectives. Sinatra would later receive the Golden Globe Cecil B, on television, The Frank Sinatra Show began on ABC in 1950, and he continued to make appearances on television throughout the 1950s and 1960s. While Sinatra never formally learned how to read music, he had a natural, intuitive understanding of it, a perfectionist, renowned for his impeccable dress sense and cleanliness, he always insisted on recording live with his band. His bright blue eyes earned him the popular nickname Ol Blue Eyes, Sinatra led a colorful personal life, and was often involved in turbulent affairs with women, such as with his second wife Ava Gardner. He went on to marry Mia Farrow in 1966 and Barbara Marx in 1976, Sinatra had several violent confrontations, usually with journalists he felt had crossed him, or work bosses with whom he had disagreements. He was honored at the Kennedy Center Honors in 1983, was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Ronald Reagan in 1985, Sinatra was also the recipient of eleven Grammy Awards, including the Grammy Trustees Award, Grammy Legend Award and the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. After his death, American music critic Robert Christgau called him the greatest singer of the 20th century, Francis Albert Sinatra was born on December 12,1915, in an upstairs tenement at 415 Monroe Street in Hoboken, New Jersey. He was the child of Italian immigrants Antonino Martino Marty Sinatra
Frank Sinatra
–
Sinatra in 1957
Frank Sinatra
–
Hoboken, New Jersey, early 20th century
Frank Sinatra
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Sinatra (far right) with the Hoboken Four on Major Bowes' Amateur Hour
Frank Sinatra
–
Harry James in 1942
6.
Billy Strayhorn
–
His compositions include Take the A Train, Chelsea Bridge, A Flower Is a Lovesome Thing, and Lush Life. Strayhorn was born in Dayton, Ohio and his family soon moved to the Homewood section of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. However, his mothers family was from Hillsborough, North Carolina, Strayhorn spent many months of his childhood at his grandparents house in Hillsborough. In an interview, Strayhorn said that his grandmother was his influence during the first ten years of his life. He first became interested in music while living with her, playing hymns on her piano, Strayhorn returned to Pittsburgh, and attended Westinghouse High School, later attended by Erroll Garner and Ahmad Jamal. While still in school, he worked odd jobs to earn enough money to buy his first piano. While in high school, he played in the band, and studied under the same teacher, Carl McVicker. By age 19, he was writing for a professional musical, Strayhorn was then introduced to the music of pianists like Art Tatum and Teddy Wilson at age 19. These musicians guided him into the realm of jazz where he remained for the rest of his life and his first jazz exposure was in a combo called the Mad Hatters that played around Pittsburgh. He met Duke Ellington in December 1938, after an Ellington performance in Pittsburgh, here he first told, and then showed, the band leader how he would have arranged one of Dukes own pieces. Ellington was impressed enough to invite other members to hear Strayhorn. At the end of the visit, he arranged for Strayhorn to meet him when the returned to New York. Strayhorn worked for Ellington for the quarter century as an arranger, composer, occasional pianist. As Ellington described him, Billy Strayhorn was my right arm, my arm, all the eyes in the back of my head, my brain waves in his head. Strayhorns relationship with Ellington was always difficult to pin down, Strayhorn was a composer and arranger who seemed to flourish in Dukes shadow. Ellington was arguably a father figure and the band was affectionately protective of the diminutive, mild-mannered, unselfish Strayhorn, nicknamed by the band Strays, Weely, though Duke Ellington took credit for much of Strayhorn’s work, he did not maliciously drown out his partner. Ellington would make jokes onstage like, Strayhorn does a lot of the work, Strayhorn composed the bands best known theme, Take the A Train, and a number of other pieces that became part of the band’s repertoire. Strayhorn also arranged many of Ellingtons band-within-band recordings and provided harmonic clarity, taste, Strayhorn also often sat in on the piano with the Ellington Orchestra, both live and in the studio
Billy Strayhorn
–
Photo by
Carl Van Vechten (August 14, 1958)
Billy Strayhorn
–
Billy Strayhorn, New York, N.Y., between 1946 and 1948
7.
Ella Fitzgerald
–
Ella Jane Fitzgerald was an American jazz singer often referred to as the First Lady of Song, Queen of Jazz and Lady Ella. She was noted for her purity of tone, impeccable diction, phrasing and intonation, Fitzgeralds rendition of the nursery rhyme A-Tisket, A-Tasket helped boost both her and Webb to national fame. Taking over the band after Webb died, Fitzgerald left it behind in 1942 to start a career that would last effectively the rest of her life. With Verve she recorded some of her more noted works. These partnerships produced recognizable songs like Dream a Little Dream of Me, Cheek to Cheek, Into Each Life Some Rain Must Fall, in 1993, Fitzgerald capped off her sixty-year career with her last public performance. Three years later, she died at the age of 79, Fitzgerald was born on April 25,1917, in Newport News, Virginia, the daughter of William Fitzgerald and Temperance Tempie Fitzgerald. Her parents were unmarried but lived together for at least two and a years after she was born. Initially living in a room, her mother and Da Silva soon found jobs. Her half-sister, Frances Da Silva, was born in 1923, by 1925, Fitzgerald and her family had moved to nearby School Street, then a predominantly poor Italian area. She began her education at the age of six and proved to be an outstanding student. Fitzgerald had been passionate about dancing from third grade, being a fan of Earl Snakehips Tucker in particular, Fitzgerald and her family were Methodists and were active in the Bethany African Methodist Episcopal Church, and she regularly attended worship services, Bible study, and Sunday school. The church provided Fitzgerald with her earliest experiences in music making. During this period Fitzgerald listened to recordings by Louis Armstrong, Bing Crosby. Fitzgerald idolized the Boswell Sisters lead singer Connee Boswell, later saying, My mother brought home one of her records, in 1932, her mother died from serious injuries she received in a car accident when Fitzgerald was 15 years of age. This left her at first in the care of her stepfather but before the end of April 1933, following these traumas, Fitzgerald began skipping school and letting her grades suffer. During this period she worked at times as a lookout at a bordello, Ella Fitzgerald never talked publicly about this time in her life. When the authorities caught up with her, she was first placed in the Colored Orphan Asylum in Riverdale, in the Bronx. However, when the orphanage proved too crowded, she was moved to the New York Training School for Girls in Hudson, New York, eventually she escaped and for a time she was homeless
Ella Fitzgerald
–
Fitzgerald in November 1946
Ella Fitzgerald
–
A young Fitzgerald, photographed by
Carl Van Vechten in 1940
Ella Fitzgerald
–
Fitzgerald performing with
Dizzy Gillespie,
Ray Brown,
Milt Jackson and
Timme Rosenkrantz in September 1947, New York
Ella Fitzgerald
–
Fitzgerald shakes hands with
President Ronald Reagan after performing in the
White House, 1981
8.
John Coltrane
–
John William Coltrane, also known as Trane, was an American jazz saxophonist and composer. Working in the bebop and hard bop idioms early in his career and he led at least fifty recording sessions during his career, and appeared as a sideman on many albums by other musicians, including trumpeter Miles Davis and pianist Thelonious Monk. As his career progressed, Coltrane and his music took on a spiritual dimension. Coltrane influenced innumerable musicians, and remains one of the most significant saxophonists in music history and he received many posthumous awards and recognitions, including canonization by the African Orthodox Church as Saint John William Coltrane and a special Pulitzer Prize in 2007. His second wife was pianist Alice Coltrane and their son Ravi Coltrane is also a saxophonist, Coltrane was born in his parents apartment at 200 Hamlet Avenue, Hamlet, North Carolina on September 23,1926. His father was John R. Coltrane and his mother was Alice Blair and he grew up in High Point, North Carolina, attending William Penn High School. Beginning in December 1938 Coltranes aunt, grandparents, and father all died within a few months of one another, leaving John to be raised by his mother, in June 1943 he moved to Philadelphia. In September of that year his mother bought him his first saxophone, Coltrane played the clarinet and the alto horn in a community band before taking up the alto saxophone during high school. He had his first professional gigs in early to mid-1945 – a cocktail lounge trio, with piano and guitar. To avoid being drafted by the Army, Coltrane enlisted in the Navy on August 6,1945, by the time he got to Hawaii, in late 1945, the Navy was already rapidly downsizing. As the Melody Masters was a band, however, Coltrane was treated merely as a guest performer to avoid alerting superior officers of his participation in the band. He continued to other duties when not playing with the band, including kitchen. By the end of his service, he had assumed a role in the band. His first recordings, a session in Hawaii with Navy musicians. Coltrane played alto saxophone on a selection of standards and bebop tunes. In Philadelphia after the war, he studied theory with guitarist and composer Dennis Sandole. Originally an altoist, in 1947 Coltrane also began playing saxophone with the Eddie Vinson Band. Coltrane later referred to point in his life as a time when a wider area of listening opened up for me
John Coltrane
–
Coltrane in 1963
John Coltrane
–
Coltrane's first recordings were made when he was a sailor.
John Coltrane
–
The rivalry, tension, and mutual respect between Coltrane and bandleader
Miles Davis was formative for both of their careers.
John Coltrane
–
As Coltrane's interest in jazz became increasingly experimental, he added Pharoah Sanders to his ensemble.
9.
Alice Babs
–
Alice Babs was a Swedish singer and actress. She worked in a number of genres – Swedish folklore, Elizabethan songs. While she was best known internationally as a singer, Babs also competed as Swedens first annual competition entrant in the Eurovision Song Contest 1958. In 1972 she was named Sweden’s Royal Court Singer, the first non-opera singer as such, after making her breakthrough in the film Swing it magistern, she appeared in more than a dozen Swedish-language films. Despite being cast as the well-behaved, good-hearted, cheerful girl, a vicar called the Babs cult the foot and mouth disease of cultural life. In 1958, she was the first artist to represent Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest, the same year, she formed Swe-Danes with guitarist Ulrik Neumann and violinist Svend Asmussen. The group would tour the United States together, before dissolving in 1965. A long and productive period of collaboration with Duke Ellington began in 1963, among other works, Babs participated in performances of Ellingtons second and third Sacred Concerts which he had written originally for her. Her voice had a range of more than three octaves, Ellington said that when she was not available to sing the parts that he had written for her, in 1963, her recording of After Youve Gone reached No.43 in the British charts. In 1943 Babs married Nils Ivar Sjöblom and their three children are Lilleba Sjöblom Lagerbäck, Lars-Ivar Sjöblom, and Titti Sjöblom. Titti Sjöblom appeared with her mother in recordings and radio shows from the mid-1950s, at the end of Alice Babs career, mother and daughter again toured together. 1973–2004 Babs and her husband resided in Costa del Sol, while working in Sweden. In their later years, they returned to Sweden, Babs died of complications from Alzheimers disease at age 90 on 11 February 2014 in Stockholm. Thunder and Lightning Alice Babs discography includes more than 800 recordings since her debut with Joddlarflickan in 1939, the following is a list of her recordings available on CD, listed chronologically from when they were originally recorded. Originally recorded, 1939–53 Sonora 548493-2 Swing it, Alice, originally recorded 1960–1969 EMI724353989422 Den olydiga ballongen/Hej du måne, originally recorded, 1968–76 Prophone PCD045 What a joy
Alice Babs
–
Alice Babs, c. 1940
Alice Babs
–
Alice Babs and daughter Titti Sjöblom in an advertisement for
Toy chewing gum, 1960
Alice Babs
–
Alice Babs with The
Swe-Danes in 1961, with
Svend Asmussen to the left and
Ulrik Neumann to the right.
Alice Babs
–
Recording of Alice Babs produced by the Swedish
record label Sonora.
10.
Big band
–
A big band is a type of musical ensemble associated with playing jazz music and which became popular during the Swing Era from the early 1930s until the late 1940s. Big Bands evolved with the times and continue to this day, a big band typically consists of approximately 12 to 25 musicians and contains saxophones, trumpets, trombones, and a rhythm section. The terms jazz band, jazz ensemble, stage band, jazz orchestra and this does not, however, mean that each one of these names is technically correct for naming a big band specifically. The music is traditionally called charts, improvised solos may be played only when called for by the arranger. There are two periods in the history of popular bands. Beginning in the mid-1920s, big bands, then consisting of 10–25 pieces. At that time they played a form of jazz that involved very little improvisation, which included a string section with violins. A few bands also had violas and cellos, usually one or two along with them, the dance form of jazz was characterized by a sweet and romantic melody. Orchestras tended to stick to the melody as it was written and vocals would be sung, many of these artists changed styles or retired after the introduction of swing music. Although unashamedly commercial, these bands often featured front-rank jazz musicians - for example Paul Whiteman employed Bix Beiderbecke, there were also all-girl bands such as Helen Lewis and Her All-Girl Jazz Syncopators. Towards the end of the 1920s, a new form of Big Band emerged which was more authentically jazz and this form of music never gained the popularity of the sweet dance form of jazz. The few recordings made in form of jazz were labelled race records and were intended for a limited urban audience. Few white musicians were familiar with music, Johnny Mercer. The three major centres in this development were New York City, Chicago and Kansas City, some big ensembles, like the Joe King Oliver outfit played a kind of half arranged, half improvised jazz, often relying on head arrangements. Other great bands, like the one of Luis Russell became a vehicle for star instrumentalists, there the whole arrangement had to promote all the possibilities of the star, although they often contained very good musicians, like Henry Red Allen, J. C. Earl Hines became the star of Chicago with his Grand Terrace Cafe band, meanwhile, in Kansas City and across the Southwest, an earthier, bluesier style was developed by such bandleaders as Benny Moten and, later, by Jay McShann and Jesse Stone. Radio was a factor in gaining notice and fame for Benny Goodman. Soon, others challenged him, and the battles of the bands became a staple at theater performances featuring many groups on one bill
Big band
–
Paul Whiteman and his orchestra in 1921
Big band
–
Benny Goodman and
Peggy Lee
Big band
–
Glenn Miller
Big band
–
Ockbrook Big Band at
Pride Park Stadium
11.
Cotton Club
–
The club operated most notably during Americas Prohibition Era. Owney Madden, a prominent bootlegger and gangster, took over the club in 1923 after release from Sing Sing, a deal was arranged between the two that allowed Johnson to still be the club’s manager. Madden used the club as an outlet to sell his #1 beer to the prohibition crowd. While the club was closed briefly in 1925 for selling liquor, a man by the name of Herman Stark became the stage manager from then on. Harlem producer Leonard Harper directed the first two of three opening night floor-shows at the new venue, the Cotton Club was a Whites-only venue. The club reproduced the racist imagery of the times, often depicting blacks as savages in exotic jungles or as darkies in the cotton-growing plantation South, the skin color of the male dancers was more varied. Ellington was expected to write music for an audience of whites. The prices for customers were high so the performers had very high salaries, shows at the Cotton Club were musical revues, and several went under the heading of Cotton Club Parade followed by the year. The revues featured dancers, singers, comedians and variety acts and these revues helped launch the careers of many artists including Fletcher Henderson who led the first house band to play there in 1923. It also helped push Duke Ellingtons career, whose orchestra was the band there from December 4,1927. In 1927, the first revue that Duke Ellington took over as house band was called Rhythmania and featured Adelaide Hall and their recording of Creole Love Call became a worldwide hit. Ellington recorded more than 100 compositions during this era, dorothy Dandridge performed there while still one of The Dandridge Sisters, while Coleman Hawkins and Don Redman played there as part of Hendersons band. Tap dancers Bill Bojangles Robinson, Sammy Davis Jr. and the Nicholas Brothers starred there as well, the club also drew from white popular culture of the day. Walter Brooks, who had produced the successful Broadway show Shuffle Along, was the nominal owner, in 1934, Adelaide Hall starred at the Cotton Club in Cotton Club Parade 1934, the biggest grossing show that ever appeared at the club. The show opened on 11 March and ran for eight months, the score was written by Harold Arlen and Ted Koehler and featured the classic song Ill Wind. During Halls performance of Ill Wind, to add authenticity to the production and it was the first time such equipment had been used on a stage. Featured on the bill was the 16-year-old Lena Horne, the club was closed temporarily in 1936 after the race riot in Harlem the previous year. Photographer Carl Van Vechten vowed to boycott the club for having such racist policies in place, the Cotton Club reopened later that year at Broadway and 48th
Cotton Club
–
Cotton Club dancer
Mildred Dixon - Duke Ellington's second companion
Cotton Club
–
Cotton Club on 125th Street in New York City, December 2013.
12.
Johnny Hodges
–
John Cornelius Johnny Hodges was an American alto saxophonist, best known for solo work with Duke Ellingtons big band. He played lead alto in the section for many years. Hodges was also featured on saxophone, but refused to play soprano after 1946. He is considered one of the alto saxophone players of the big band era. Hodges started playing with Lloyd Scott, Sidney Bechet, Lucky Roberts, when Ellington wanted to expand his band in 1928, Ellingtons clarinet player Barney Bigard recommended Hodges. His playing became one of the voices of the Ellington orchestra. From 1951 to 1955, Hodges left the Duke to lead his own band, Hodges was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, to John H. Hodges and Katie Swan Hodges, both originally from Virginia. Soon afterwards, the moved to Hammond Street in Boston, where he grew up with baritone saxophonist Harry Carney. His first instruments were drums and piano, while his mother was a skilled piano player, Hodges was mostly self-taught. Once he became good enough, he played the piano at dances in private homes for eight dollars an evening and he had taken up the soprano saxophone by his teens. It was around this time that Hodges developed the nickname Rabbit, in fact, Carney called him Rabbit because of his rabbit-like nibbling on lettuce and tomato sandwiches. When Hodges was 14, he saw Sidney Bechet play in Jimmy Coopers Black, Hodges sister got to know Bechet, which gave him the inspiration to introduce himself and play My Honeys Lovin Arms for Bechet. Bechet was impressed with his skill and encouraged him to keep on playing, Hodges built a name for himself in the Boston area before moving to New York in 1924. Hodges joined Duke Ellingtons orchestra in November 1928 and he was one of the prominent Ellington Band members who featured in Benny Goodmans 1938 Carnegie Hall concert. Goodman described Hodges as by far the greatest man on alto sax that I ever heard, Charlie Parker called him the Lily Pons of his instrument. Ellingtons practice of writing tunes specifically for members of his orchestra resulted in the Hodges specialties, Confab with Rab, Jeeps Blues, Sultry Sunset and his highly individualistic playing style, which featured the use of a wide vibrato and much sliding between slurred notes, was frequently imitated. In the 1940s, Hodges played a Conn 6M and later on a Buescher 400 alto saxophone, fewer than 2,000 were ever made. Hodges Vito saxophone was silver-plated and extensively engraved on the bell, bow, body and key-cups of the instrument
Johnny Hodges
–
Hodges in 1946, playing a
Conn 6M, with
Al Sears in background
Johnny Hodges
–
In performance: Hodges with Ellington, Frankfurt, Germany, February 6, 1965.
13.
Gramophone record
–
The groove usually starts near the periphery and ends near the center of the disc. The phonograph disc record was the medium used for music reproduction until late in the 20th century. It had co-existed with the cylinder from the late 1880s. Records retained the largest market share even when new formats such as compact cassette were mass-marketed, by the late 1980s, digital media, in the form of the compact disc, had gained a larger market share, and the vinyl record left the mainstream in 1991. The phonograph record has made a resurgence in the early 21st century –9.2 million records were sold in the U. S. in 2014. Likewise, in the UK sales have increased five-fold from 2009 to 2014, as of 2017,48 record pressing facilities remain worldwide,18 in the United States and 30 in other countries. The increased popularity of vinyl has led to the investment in new, only two producers of lacquers remains, Apollo Masters in California, USA, and MDC in Japan. Vinyl records may be scratched or warped if stored incorrectly but if they are not exposed to heat or broken. The large cover are valued by collectors and artists for the space given for visual expression, in the 2000s, these tracings were first scanned by audio engineers and digitally converted into audible sound. Phonautograms of singing and speech made by Scott in 1860 were played back as sound for the first time in 2008, along with a tuning fork tone and unintelligible snippets recorded as early as 1857, these are the earliest known recordings of sound. In 1877, Thomas Edison invented the phonograph, unlike the phonautograph, it was capable of both recording and reproducing sound. Despite the similarity of name, there is no evidence that Edisons phonograph was based on Scotts phonautograph. Edison first tried recording sound on a paper tape, with the idea of creating a telephone repeater analogous to the telegraph repeater he had been working on. The tinfoil was wrapped around a metal cylinder and a sound-vibrated stylus indented the tinfoil while the cylinder was rotated. The recording could be played back immediately, Edison also invented variations of the phonograph that used tape and disc formats. A decade later, Edison developed a greatly improved phonograph that used a wax cylinder instead of a foil sheet. This proved to be both a better-sounding and far more useful and durable device, the wax phonograph cylinder created the recorded sound market at the end of the 1880s and dominated it through the early years of the 20th century. Berliners earliest discs, first marketed in 1889, but only in Europe, were 12.5 cm in diameter, both the records and the machine were adequate only for use as a toy or curiosity, due to the limited sound quality
Gramophone record
–
Edison wax cylinder phonograph c. 1899
Gramophone record
Gramophone record
–
Emil Berliner with disc record gramophone
Gramophone record
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Hungarian Pathé record, 90 to 100 rpm
14.
Juan Tizol
–
Juan Tizol was a Puerto Rican trombonist and composer. He is best known as a member of Duke Ellingtons band, Tizol was born in Vega Baja, Puerto Rico. Music was a part of his life from an early age. His first instrument was the violin, but he switched to valve trombone. His musical training came mostly from his uncle Manuel Tizol, who was the director of the municipal band, throughout his youth, Juan played in his uncle’s band and also gained experience by playing in local operas, ballets and dance bands. In 1920, Juan joined a band that was traveling to the United States to work in Washington D. C, the group eventually made it to Washington and established residence at the Howard Theater where they played for touring shows and silent movies. At the Howard they also were hired to play in jazz or dance groups. This is where Tizol first came in contact with Edward Kennedy Duke Ellington, Tizol got the call to join the Ellington band in the summer of 1929. Arthur Whetsol, a trumpeter whom Tizol played with in the White Brothers’ Band, Tizol sat beside Joe Tricky Sam Nanton in the two-man trombone section and became the fifth voice in the brass section of Ellington’s orchestra. This opened up new possibilities for Duke’s writing, as he now could write for trombones as a section instead of just having them play with the trumpets. Tizol’s rich, warm tone also blended pleasingly with the saxophone section, along with his distinctive sound, Tizol was also known for being one of the best sight-readers and overall musicians in the band. He played with great accuracy and was considered to be the rock of the trombone section. He was not a major improviser in the band, but he was featured playing written out solos that displayed his masterful technique. Tizol made many contributions to the Ellington band throughout the 1930s and 40s, one of his major roles in the band was copying parts from Ellington’s scores. Tizol spent many hours and sometimes days extracting parts that needed to be out for upcoming shows. Besides copying, Tizol was also a band composer and his best-known compositions, Caravan and Perdido, are still played by jazz musicians today. This technique became known as inverting, and led to a style called Modal Jazz, Tizol was responsible for bringing Latin influences into the Ellington band with compositions such as Moonlight Fiesta, Jubilesta, Conga Brava, and others. Tizol left Ellington’s band in 1944 to play in the Harry James Orchestra, the main reason for this was to allow him to spend more time with his wife who lived in Los Angeles
Juan Tizol
–
Juan Tizol in Duke Ellington's orchestra (1943)
15.
Caravan (1937 song)
–
Caravan is a jazz standard composed by Juan Tizol and Duke Ellington, and first performed by Ellington in 1936. Irving Mills wrote seldom performed lyrics and its exotic sound interested exotica musicians, Martin Denny, Arthur Lyman, and Gordon Jenkins all covered it. Woody Allen used the song in two of his films, Alice and Sweet and Lowdown, the song is also heavily featured in the 2014 film Whiplash as an important plot element. The Mills Brothers recorded an a cappella version, making the sounds with their voices. There are more than 350 recordings of song by Duke Ellingtons orchestra. The first version of the song was recorded in Hollywood in 1936, performed as an instrumental by Barney Bigard, two takes were recorded, of which the first was published. For this recording, which included Ellington and song composer Tizol as performers, Santo & Johnnys cover version, released in 1959 on their studio album Santo & Johnny, peaked at number 48 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. Santo & Johnny were an American rock and roll music duo featuring brothers Santo, in 1961, Duane Eddy recorded a single on the label Gregmark Records. Juan Tizol joined Harry Jamess band in 1944 after he left Duke Ellington, Tizol remained with the James band until 1951, then returned to play another seven years with James in 1953. Mulgrew Miller and Niels-Henning Ørsted Pedersen included the song in their 1999 album The Duets, a 2014 version arranged by John Wasson was included in the film Whiplash as one of the main songs jazz student Andrew Neiman has to learn
Caravan (1937 song)
–
For other uses, see
Caravan (disambiguation).
16.
Perdido (song)
–
Perdido is a jazz standard composed by Juan Tizol and was first recorded on December 3,1941 by Duke Ellington. However, it is their January 21,1942, recording of the song on the Victor label, in 1944, Ervin Drake and Hans Lengsfelder were enlisted to write lyrics for the tune. The song was not usually sung with the Ellington band, the exception being Ella Fitzgerald on her 1957 album Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Duke Ellington Songbook, the melody can be heard in Woody Allens Another Woman from 1988. Perdido is Spanish and simply means lost, but also sloppy or indecent, the song refers to Perdido Street in New Orleans. Perdido 36 different artists recordings of Perdido, in a Standards Throwdown
Perdido (song)
–
Juan Tizol from 1943
17.
Spanish tinge
–
The phrase Spanish tinge is a reference to an Afro-Latin rhythmic touch that spices up the more conventional 4/4 rhythms commonly used in jazz and pop music. The phrase is a quotation from Jelly Roll Morton, in his Library of Congress recordings, after referencing the influence of his own French Creole culture in his music, he noted the Spanish presence, Then we had Spanish people there. I heard a lot of Spanish tunes, I tried to play them in correct tempo, but I personally didnt believe they were perfected in the tempos. Now take the habanera La Paloma, which I transformed in New Orleans style and you leave the left hand just the same. The difference comes in the right hand — in the syncopation, now in one of my earliest tunes, New Orleans Blues, you can notice the Spanish tinge. In fact, if you cant manage to put tinges of Spanish in your tunes, you never be able to get the right seasoning, I call it. What Morton described as a Spanish influence did not refer to Spanish culture, what he called Spanish were the tresillo and habanera rhythms of the Cuban contradanza. Morton demonstrated the tinge to Alan Lomax in the 1938 Library of Congress recordings, what is known in Latin music as the habanera rhythm, and tresillo, are in fact, two of the most basic duple-pulse cells found in sub-Saharan African music traditions. They were brought to Cuba and elsewhere in the New World via the Atlantic slave trade, Morton categorized his compositions in three groups, blues, stomps, and Spanish tinge, for those with habanera rhythms. Tunes with the tinge include New Orleans Blues a. k. a, New Orleans Joys, La Paloma, The Crave, and The Spanish Tinge. Morton also called attention to the habanera in St. Louis Blues as one of the elements in the songs success, mortons maxim, usually given now as Youve got to have that Spanish tinge, has proven to be apt for many artists to this day. Afro-Cuban rhythms and musical instruments are employed by artists of all sorts, many jazz and pop compositions express Spanish tinge, as well as other Cuban rhythmic elements such as clave. Cuban percussion instruments are also popular, chuck Berrys La Juanda and Havana Moon The boogaloo, a fusion of soul music with the Cuban mambo and son. Richard Berrys inspiration for Louie Louie came from René Touzets song El Loco Cha Cha, Jelly Roll, The Fortunes of Jelly Roll Morton, New Orleans Creole and Inventor of Jazz by Alan Lomax. Jelly Rolls autobiography, largely drawn from Jelly Roll Morton the Complete Library of Congress Recording, Tom Waits in Interview with Tom Waits by Mark Richardson
Spanish tinge
–
Jelly Roll Morton
18.
Newport Jazz Festival
–
The Newport Jazz Festival is a music festival held every summer in Newport, Rhode Island. It was established in 1954 by socialite Elaine Lorillard, who, together with husband Louis Lorillard, the couple hired jazz impresario George Wein to organize the event to help them bring jazz to the resort town. Most of the festivals were broadcast on Voice of America radio. In 1972, the Newport Jazz Festival moved to New York City, in 1981, it became a two-site festival when it returned to Newport while continuing in New York. From 1984 to 2008, the festival was known as the JVC Jazz Festival, however, during the downturn of 2009. As of 2012, the festival is sponsored by Natixis Global Asset Management, the festival is hosted in Newport at Fort Adams State Park. It is often held in the month as its sister festival. In 1954, the first Newport Jazz Festival was held at Newport Casino, in the Bellevue Avenue Historic District of Newport and it incorporated academic panel discussions and featured live musical performances. The live performances were set outdoors, on a lawn and these performances were given by a number of notable jazz musicians, including Billie Holiday, and were emceed by Stan Kenton. The festival was hailed by major magazines and newspapers, and some 13,000 people attended between the two days, in general, the festival was regarded as a major success. In 1955, organizers were planning a year for the festival. The Newport Casino would not again host the festival since its lawn, Festival backer Elaine Lorillard, with her husband, purchased Belcourt, a large estate which was available locally, in hopes of hosting the festival there. However, the neighborhood disallowed that plan, citing concerns about potential disturbance, consequently, the workshops and receptions were held at Belcourt, while the music was presented at Freebody Park, an arena for sports near the casino. Some Newport residents were opposed to the festival, Jazz appreciation was not common within the established upper-class community, and the festival brought crowds of younger music fans to Newport. Many attendees were students who, in the absence of sufficient lodging, slept outdoors wherever they could, Newport was at first not accustomed to this. Traffic gridlock and other contention near the venue were legitimate concerns. Moreover, many of the musicians and their fans were African American, racist attitudes were probably a factor in some residents opposition to the festival too as it commonly was across the country at that time. Nonetheless, the festival continued annually and increased in popularity, in 1960, boisterous spectators created a major disturbance, and the National Guard was called to the scene
Newport Jazz Festival
–
McCoy Tyner and
Ravi Coltrane performing at the Newport Jazz Festival on August 13, 2005.
19.
Pulitzer Prize
–
The Pulitzer Prize /ˈpʊlᵻtsər/ is an award for achievements in newspaper, magazine and online journalism, literature, and musical composition in the United States. It was established in 1917 by provisions in the will of American Joseph Pulitzer who had made his fortune as a newspaper publisher, Prizes are awarded yearly in twenty-one categories. In twenty of the categories, each receives a certificate. The winner in the service category of the journalism competition is awarded a gold medal. The Pulitzer Prize does not automatically consider all applicable works in the media, entries must fit in at least one of the specific prize categories, and cannot simply gain entrance for being literary or musical. Works can also only be entered in a maximum of two categories, regardless of their properties, each year,102 jurors are selected by the Pulitzer Prize Board to serve on 20 separate juries for the 21 award categories, one jury makes recommendations for both photography awards. For each award category, a jury makes three nominations, the board selects the winner by majority vote from the nominations or bypasses the nominations and selects a different entry following a 75% majority vote. The board can also vote to issue no award, the board and journalism jurors are not paid for their work, however, the jurors in letters, music, and drama receive a $2,000 honorarium for the year, and each chair receives $2,500. Anyone whose work has been submitted is called an entrant, the jury selects a group of nominated finalists and announces them, together with the winner for each category. However, some journalists who were submitted, but not nominated as finalists. For example, Bill Dedman of msnbc, Dedman wrote, To call that submission a Pulitzer nomination is like saying that Adam Sandler is an Oscar nominee if Columbia Pictures enters Thats My Boy in the Academy Awards. Many readers realize that the Oscars dont work that way—the studios dont pick the nominees and its just a way of slipping Academy Awards into a bio. The Pulitzers also dont work that way, but fewer people know that, newspaper publisher Joseph Pulitzer gave money in his will to Columbia University to launch a journalism school and establish the Prize. It allocated $250,000 to the prize and scholarships and he specified four awards in journalism, four in letters and drama, one in education, and four traveling scholarships. After his death, the first Pulitzer Prizes were awarded June 4,1917, many people have won more than one Pulitzer Prize. Nelson Harding is the person to have won a Prize in two consecutive years, the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning in 1927 and 1928. Four prizes Robert Frost, Poetry Eugene ONeill, Drama Robert E, in rare instances, contributors to the entry are singled out in the citation in a manner analogous to individual winners. Journalism awards may be awarded to individuals or newspapers or newspaper staffs, infrequently, Awards are made in categories relating to journalism, arts, letters and fiction
Pulitzer Prize
–
Pulitzer Prize
20.
Parlor song
–
Parlour music is a type of popular music which, as the name suggests, is intended to be performed in the parlours of middle-class homes by amateur singers and pianists. Its popularity waned in the 20th century as the phonograph record and this is the middlebrow and lowbrow music from which European classical music began to gradually and eventually self-consciously distance itself beginning around 1790. Many of the earliest parlour songs were transcriptions for voice and keyboard of other music, various other genres were also performed in the parlour, including patriotic selections, religious songs, and pieces written for the musical stage. Excerpts from blackface minstrel shows, arranged for voice and keyboard, were particularly popular, also, a handful of the better-known art songs, such as Schuberts Serenade, became part of the parlour repertory. Lyrics written for parlour songs often have themes, such as love songs or poetic meditations. May the Red Rose Live Alway and Come with Thy Sweet Voice Again are early, the high point of the parlour song came in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, during the Victorian era in North America and the British Isles. Just Awearyin for You exemplifies the parlor song, note the sentimental lyrics by Frank Lebby Stanton, the plaintive but well matched tune by Carrie Jacobs-Bond, and the conscious artistry by singer Elizabeth Spencer. In addition to dissemination as individual pieces of music, parlour songs were also collected into anthologies. The most notable collection was Heart Songs, first published in 1909 by Chapple Publishing Company of Boston, the publisher claimed that this selection of songs Dear to the American People was selected from entries submitted by 25,000 people. As described by Peter van der Merwe, in contrast to the classical music era. This produces parlour chords, many of them added tone chords if not extended such as the dominant thirteenth, added sixth, some mediant-octave mode examples are, Ludwig van Beethovens Turkish March from The Ruin of Athens Frédéric Chopins Waltz in Ab, Op.34, no. Yesterdays, Popular Song in America,1979, origins of the Popular Style, The Antecedents of Twentieth-Century Popular Music
Parlor song
21.
West End, Washington, D.C.
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The West End is so named because it was the westernmost part of the original LEnfant Plan for the city of Washington, before the annexation of Georgetown. It is home to the embassies of Qatar and Spain as well as the Delegation of the European Union to the United States, the George Washington University and George Washington University Hospital are on the edge of the West End, at Washington Circle. The West End is home to luxury hotels, upscale condominiums. The neighborhood exists due in part to a 1972 urban renewal plan prepared by the citys Office of Planning and Management. Titled New Town for the West End, the photograph on the cover of the study showed the area that was planned to become a new intown community. The neighborhood is adjacent to Georgetown, Foggy Bottom, Dupont Circle, historically, West End was a predominantly African American community with brick Victorian rowhouses and warehouses. The West End is currently a hotbed of development, with hundreds of new luxury condominiums either under construction or in the planning phase, in 2007, controversy began over the last remaining underdeveloped parcel of land, known as Square 37. Bordered by 23rd Street, 24th Street, L Street, and an alleyway, Square 37 was home to the Tiverton, the last remaining rent-controlled apartment building in the West End. The Tiverton tenants gained local attention for successfully battling two upzoning attempts by developers in an effort to maintain the square as-is. Trader Joes grocery store opened in the neighborhood in September 2006, next to the former Columbia Hospital for Women, council passed controversial emergency legislation in 2007 to sell the West End public library branch, the D. C. Special Operations Police Station, and a firehouse to the developer Eastbanc, district of Columbia Public Schools operates Francis-Stevens Educational Center at 2425 N Street
West End, Washington, D.C.
–
Intersection of 22nd Street and
New Hampshire Avenue in the West End
West End, Washington, D.C.
–
Map of
Washington, D.C., with West End highlighted in red
22.
Lincolnton, North Carolina
–
Lincolnton is a small city in Lincoln County, North Carolina, United States, within the Charlotte metropolitan area. The population was 10,683 at the 2010 census, Lincolnton is northwest of Charlotte, on the South Fork of the Catawba River. The junction of State Highway 27 and U. S. Route 321 is located nearby, the city is the county seat of Lincoln County, and is the only legally incorporated municipality wholly within the rural county. This area was occupied by varying cultures of indigenous peoples. It was not settled extensively by European Americans until after the American Revolutionary War of the late 18th century, some historians consider the battle significant because it disrupted Loyalist organizing in the region at a crucial time. After the Revolution, the organized a new county by splitting this area from old Tryon County. The 1780 battle site was chosen for the seat of Lincoln County, the new city and the county were named for Major General Benjamin Lincoln, who served in the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War. The Piedmont area was developed for industry, based on using the power of the fall line. With the advantage of the Catawba River, Lincolnton was the site of the first textile mill built in North Carolina and it was the first cotton mill built south of the Potomac River. Cotton processing became an industry in the area. St. Lukes Episcopal Church was founded in 1841, most of the Civil War battles took place elsewhere but Lincoln County men fought for the Confederacy. Among them was Confederate Major General Stephen Dodson Ramseur, who was wounded at the Battle of Cedar Creek in the final year of the Civil War. He came from Lincolnton and his body was returned there for burial, lay spent the final months of the Civil War in the town. In the closing months of the war, Union forces occupied Lincoln County on Easter Monday,1865, as county seat and a center of the textile industry, city residents prospered on the returns from cotton cultivation. The city has numerous properties, including churches, which have listed on the National Register of Historic Places since the late 20th century. It has three recognized historic districts, Lincolnton Commercial Historic District, South Aspen Street Historic District, and these were centers of the earliest businesses and retail activities. There was much activity around the Lincoln County Courthouse on court days, Lukes Church and Cemetery, and Woodside. In 1986, Lincolnton expanded by annexing the town of Boger City
Lincolnton, North Carolina
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Lincoln Cotton Mills, built 1813.
Lincolnton, North Carolina
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10-year-old factory worker in Lincolnton, 1908
Lincolnton, North Carolina
–
Counties
23.
Slave
–
A slave is unable to withdraw unilaterally from such an arrangement and works without remuneration. Many scholars now use the chattel slavery to refer to this specific sense of legalised. In a broader sense, however, the word slavery may also refer to any situation in which an individual is de facto forced to work against his or her will. Scholars also use the generic terms such as unfree labour or forced labour. However – and especially under slavery in broader senses of the word – slaves may have some rights and/or protections, Slavery began to exist before written history, in many cultures. A person could become a slave from the time of their birth, capture, while slavery was institutionally recognized by most societies, it has now been outlawed in all recognized countries, the last being Mauritania in 2007. Nevertheless, there are still more slaves today than at any point in history. The most common form of the trade is now commonly referred to as human trafficking. Chattel slavery is still practiced in the Islamic State of Iraq. An older interpretation connected it to the Greek verb skyleúo to strip a slain enemy, there is a dispute among historians about whether terms such as unfree labourer or enslaved person, rather than slave, should be used when describing the victims of slavery. Chattel slavery, also called traditional slavery, is so named because people are treated as the chattel of the owner and are bought, although it dominated many societies in the past, this form of slavery has been formally abolished and is very rare today. Even when it can be said to survive, it is not upheld by the system of any internationally recognized government. Indenture, otherwise known as bonded labour or debt bondage is a form of labour under which a person pledges himself or herself against a loan. The services required to repay the debt, and their duration, debt bondage can be passed on from generation to generation, with children required to pay off their parents debt. It is the most widespread form of slavery today, debt bondage is most prevalent in South Asia. This may also include institutions not commonly classified as slavery, such as serfdom, conscription, Human trafficking primarily involves women and children forced into prostitution. And is the fastest growing form of forced labour, with Thailand, Cambodia, India, Brazil, in 2007, Human Rights Watch estimated that 200,000 to 300,000 children served as soldiers in current conflicts. A forced marriage may be regarded as a form of slavery by one or more of the involved in the marriage
Slave
–
Photograph of a slave boy in
Zanzibar. 'An Arab master's punishment for a slight offence.' c. 1890.
Slave
–
Slavery
Slave
–
Thousands of children work as bonded labourers in
Asia, particularly in the Indian subcontinent.
Slave
–
A world map showing countries by prevalence of female trafficking
24.
United States Navy
–
The United States Navy is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. The U. S. Navy is the largest, most capable navy in the world, the U. S. Navy has the worlds largest aircraft carrier fleet, with ten in service, two in the reserve fleet, and three new carriers under construction. The service has 323,792 personnel on duty and 108,515 in the Navy Reserve. It has 274 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of October 2016, the U. S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy, which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter. It played a role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy. It played the role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan. The 21st century U. S. Navy maintains a global presence, deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific, the Mediterranean. The Navy is administratively managed by the Department of the Navy, the Department of the Navy is itself a division of the Department of Defense, which is headed by the Secretary of Defense. The Chief of Naval Operations is an admiral and the senior naval officer of the Department of the Navy. The CNO may not be the highest ranking officer in the armed forces if the Chairman or the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The mission of the Navy is to maintain, train and equip combat-ready Naval forces capable of winning wars, deterring aggression, the United States Navy is a seaborne branch of the military of the United States. The Navys three primary areas of responsibility, The preparation of naval forces necessary for the prosecution of war. The development of aircraft, weapons, tactics, technique, organization, U. S. Navy training manuals state that the mission of the U. S. Armed Forces is to prepare and conduct prompt and sustained combat operations in support of the national interest, as part of that establishment, the U. S. Navys functions comprise sea control, power projection and nuclear deterrence, in addition to sealift duties. It follows then as certain as that night succeeds the day, that without a decisive naval force we can do nothing definitive, the Navy was rooted in the colonial seafaring tradition, which produced a large community of sailors, captains, and shipbuilders. In the early stages of the American Revolutionary War, Massachusetts had its own Massachusetts Naval Militia, the establishment of a national navy was an issue of debate among the members of the Second Continental Congress. Supporters argued that a navy would protect shipping, defend the coast, detractors countered that challenging the British Royal Navy, then the worlds preeminent naval power, was a foolish undertaking. Commander in Chief George Washington resolved the debate when he commissioned the ocean-going schooner USS Hannah to interdict British merchant ships, and reported the captures to the Congress
United States Navy
United States Navy
–
United States Navy portal
United States Navy
–
USS Constellation vs L'Insurgente during the
Quasi-War
United States Navy
–
USS Constitution vs HMS Guerriere during the
War of 1812
25.
Jim Crow
–
Jim Crow laws were state and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the Southern United States. Enacted after the Reconstruction period, these continued in force until 1965. They mandated de jure segregation in all public facilities in the states of the former Confederate States of America, starting in 1890 with a separate. Facilities for African Americans were consistently inferior and underfunded compared to available to European Americans. This body of law institutionalized a number of economic, educational, the U. S. military was also segregated, as were federal workplaces, initiated in 1913 under President Woodrow Wilson. By requiring candidates to submit photos, his administration practiced racial discrimination in hiring and these Jim Crow laws followed the 1800–1866 Black Codes, which had previously restricted the civil rights and civil liberties of African Americans. The phrase Jim Crow Law can be found as early as 1892 in the title of a New York Times article about voting laws in the South, as a result of Rices fame, Jim Crow by 1838 had become a pejorative expression meaning Negro. When southern legislatures passed laws of racial segregation which were directed against blacks at the end of the 19th century, during the Reconstruction period of 1865–1877, federal laws provided civil rights protections in the U. S. South for freedmen, the African Americans who had formerly been slaves, extensive voter fraud was also used. Gubernatorial elections were close and had been disputed in Louisiana for years, in 1877, a national Democratic Party compromise to gain Southern support in the presidential election resulted in the governments withdrawing the last of the federal troops from the South. White Democrats had regained power in every Southern state. These Southern, white, Democratic Redeemer governments legislated Jim Crow laws, grandfather clauses temporarily permitted some illiterate whites to vote but gave no relief to most blacks. Voter turnout dropped drastically through the South as a result of such measures, in Louisiana, by 1900, black voters were reduced to 5,320 on the rolls, although they comprised the majority of the states population. By 1910, only 730 blacks were registered, less than 0. 5% of eligible black men, in 27 of the states 60 parishes, not a single black voter was registered any longer, in 9 more parishes, only one black voter was. The cumulative effect in North Carolina meant that voters were completely eliminated from voter rolls during the period from 1896–1904. The growth of their middle class was slowed. Alabama had tens of thousands of poor whites disenfranchised and those who could not vote were not eligible to serve on juries and could not run for local offices. They effectively disappeared from political life, as they could not influence the state legislatures, like schools, Jim Crow public libraries were underfunded and often stocked with secondhand books and other resources
Jim Crow
–
Cover to an early edition of "
Jump Jim Crow " sheet music (c 1832)
Jim Crow
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Freedmen voting in New Orleans, 1867
Jim Crow
–
Sign for the "colored" waiting room at a bus station in
Durham, North Carolina, 1940
Jim Crow
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1904 caricature of "White" and "Jim Crow" rail cars by
John T. McCutcheon. Despite Jim Crow's legal pretense that the races be "separate but equal" under the law, non-whites were given inferior facilities and treatment.
26.
Baseball
–
Baseball is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of nine players each, who take turns batting and fielding. A run is scored when a player advances around the bases, Players on the batting team take turns hitting against the pitcher of the fielding team, which tries to prevent runs by getting hitters out in any of several ways. A player on the team who reaches a base safely can later attempt to advance to subsequent bases during teammates turns batting. The teams switch between batting and fielding whenever the team records three outs. One turn batting for both teams, beginning with the team, constitutes an inning. A game is composed of nine innings, and the team with the number of runs at the end of the game wins. Baseball has no clock, although almost all games end in the ninth inning. Baseball evolved from older bat-and-ball games already being played in England by the mid-18th century and this game was brought by immigrants to North America, where the modern version developed. By the late 19th century, baseball was widely recognized as the sport of the United States. Baseball is now popular in North America and parts of Central and South America, the Caribbean, in the United States and Canada, professional Major League Baseball teams are divided into the National League and American League, each with three divisions, East, West, and Central. The major league champion is determined by playoffs that culminate in the World Series, the top level of play is similarly split in Japan between the Central and Pacific Leagues and in Cuba between the West League and East League. The evolution of baseball from older bat-and-ball games is difficult to trace with precision, a French manuscript from 1344 contains an illustration of clerics playing a game, possibly la soule, with similarities to baseball. Other old French games such as thèque, la balle au bâton, consensus once held that todays baseball is a North American development from the older game rounders, popular in Great Britain and Ireland. Baseball Before We Knew It, A Search for the Roots of the Game, by David Block, suggests that the game originated in England, recently uncovered historical evidence supports this position. Block argues that rounders and early baseball were actually regional variants of other. It has long believed that cricket also descended from such games. The earliest known reference to baseball is in a 1744 British publication, A Little Pretty Pocket-Book, David Block discovered that the first recorded game of Bass-Ball took place in 1749 in Surrey, and featured the Prince of Wales as a player. William Bray, an English lawyer, recorded a game of baseball on Easter Monday 1755 in Guildford and this early form of the game was apparently brought to Canada by English immigrants
Baseball
–
A baseball game at
Angel Stadium in
Anaheim, CA
Baseball
–
Alexander Cartwright, father of modern baseball
Baseball
–
The
New York Giants baseball team, 1913.
Fred Merkle, sixth in line, committed a
baserunning gaffe in a crucial 1908 game that became famous as
Merkle's Boner.
Baseball
–
Babe Ruth in 1920, the year he joined the
New York Yankees
27.
Teddy Roosevelt
–
Theodore Roosevelt Jr. was an American statesman, author, explorer, soldier, naturalist, and reformer who served as the 26th president of the United States from 1901 to 1909. As a leader of the Republican Party during this time, he became a force for the Progressive Era in the United States in the early 20th century. Born a sickly child with debilitating asthma, Roosevelt successfully overcame his health problems by embracing a strenuous lifestyle and he integrated his exuberant personality, vast range of interests, and world-famous achievements into a cowboy persona defined by robust masculinity. Home-schooled, he began a lifelong naturalist avocation before attending Harvard College and his first of many books, The Naval War of 1812, established his reputation as both a learned historian and as a popular writer. Upon entering politics, he became the leader of the faction of Republicans in New Yorks state legislature. Returning a war hero, he was elected governor of New York in 1898, the state party leadership distrusted him, so they took the lead in moving him to the prestigious but powerless role of vice presidential candidate as McKinleys running mate in the election of 1900. Roosevelt campaigned vigorously across the country, helping McKinleys re-election in a victory based on a platform of peace, prosperity. Following the assassination of President McKinley in September 1901, Roosevelt succeeded to the office at age 42, making conservation a top priority, he established a myriad of new national parks, forests, and monuments intended to preserve the nations natural resources. In foreign policy, he focused on Central America, where he began construction of the Panama Canal and he greatly expanded the United States Navy and sent the Great White Fleet on a world tour to project the United States naval power around the globe. His successful efforts to end the Russo-Japanese War won him the 1906 Nobel Peace Prize, elected in 1904 to a full term, Roosevelt continued to promote progressive policies, but many of his efforts and much of his legislative agenda were eventually blocked in Congress. Roosevelt successfully groomed his close friend, William Howard Taft, to succeed him in the presidency, after leaving office, Roosevelt went on safari in Africa and toured Europe. Returning to the United States, he became frustrated with Tafts approach, failing to win the Republican presidential nomination in 1912, Roosevelt founded his own party, the Progressive, so-called Bull Moose Party, and called for wide-ranging progressive reforms. The split among Republicans enabled the Democrats to win both the White House and a majority in the Congress in 1912, Republicans aligned with Taft nationally would control the Republican Party for decades. Frustrated at home, Roosevelt led an expedition to the Amazon basin. During World War I, he opposed President Woodrow Wilson for keeping the country out of the war, and offered his military services, although planning to run again for president in 1920, Roosevelt suffered deteriorating health and died in early 1919. Roosevelt has consistently ranked by scholars as one of the greatest American presidents. Historians admire Roosevelt for rooting out corruption in his administration, but are critical of his 1909 libel lawsuits against the World and his face was carved into Mount Rushmore, alongside those of George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Abraham Lincoln. Theodore Roosevelt Jr. was born on October 27,1858, at East 20th Street in New York City and he was the second of four children born to socialite Martha Stewart Mittie Bulloch and glass businessman and philanthropist Theodore Roosevelt Sr
Teddy Roosevelt
–
Theodore Roosevelt
Teddy Roosevelt
–
Theodore Roosevelt at age 11
Teddy Roosevelt
–
Roosevelt's taxidermy kit
Teddy Roosevelt
–
Roosevelt as NY State Assemblyman, 1883
28.
Soda jerk
–
A soda jerk is a person—typically a youth—who operates the soda fountain in a drugstore, often for the purpose of preparing and serving flavored soda water or an ice cream soda. This was made by putting flavored syrup into a specially designed tall glass, adding carbonated water and, finally, the result was served with a long-handled spoon, most commonly known as a soda spoon, and drinking straws. The unflavored carbonated water was used to all of the drinks. Consequently, the tap handle was large, as a busy shop would have the soda jerker using it frequently. This made the mixing of drinks a center of activity at the soda fountain counter, the practice of operating a soda fountain in a drugstore reached its peak popularity in the 1940s. The position was highly coveted, and was only awarded after several months or years of menial labor in the store. Michael Karl Witzel describes the archetypal soda jerk as being consummate showman, innovator, the pop culture star of the Gilded Age. The proliferation of ice cream parlors declined, however, as drive-ins and walk-up fast food stands grew in popularity, some modern theme diners are styled after establishments from the 1950s, however, and include an actual soda jerk, along with retro jukeboxes and booth seating. Longtime soda jerk closes up shop, The Topeka Capital-Journal, July 9,2000
Soda jerk
–
Soda jerk passing an ice cream soda between two soda fountains, New York City, 1936
Soda jerk
–
A soda jerk tossing a scoop of ice cream into a metal mixing cup before blending a
malted shake, Texas, 1939
29.
One-step
–
The One-Step was a ballroom dance popular in social dancing at the beginning of the 20th century. Troy Kinney writes that One-Step originated from the Turkey Trot dance, with all mannerisms of the latter removed, so that “of the original ‘trot’ nothing remains, the One-Step included the following basic figures, The Castle Walk. The Turn is a step, pivoting on one foot to change direction. The right foot comes from the step to the place of starting. The turn′s completion brings the right foot into anterior fourth position, the woman′s steps are the converse of the man′s, her left foot making the long steps, while her right foot turns on its place. The turn gains smoothness by means of allowing the right knees to touch each other lightly, in that case the left foot again glides to anterior fourth position, and the step is effected as before. Frequently several dips are made in succession and they often succeed a turn, the latter′s finish leaving the feet in appropriate position for the purpose. The dip is executed in any direction, with the performers in any position of the couple and it occurs in other dances, but its technique is always the same. The Grapevine The One-Step Eight, so called from the number of beats it occupies, is a simple walk, the mans steps are the converse of the womans, she pivots on her right foot, he on his left foot. Executed in closed position of the couple, the Square, originally a Tango figure, is equally effective in the One-Step. It is usually repeated several times, executed in closed position of the couple. Execution of the figure occupies two measures of music, steps done in half-time
One-step
–
¡Si vas a París, papá!
30.
Waltz
–
The waltz is a ballroom and folk dance, normally in triple time, performed primarily in closed position. There are several references to a sliding or gliding dance that would evolve into the waltz that date from 16th century Europe, the French philosopher Montaigne wrote of a dance he saw in 1580 in Augsburg, where the dancers held each other so closely that their faces touched. Kunz Haas wrote, Now they are dancing the godless Weller or Spinner, the peasants of Bavaria, Tyrol, and Styria began dancing a dance called Walzer, a dance for couples, around 1750. The Ländler, also known as the Schleifer, a dance in 34 time, was popular in Bohemia, Austria, and Bavaria. While the eighteenth century upper classes continued to dance the minuet, describing life in Vienna, Don Curzio wrote, The people were dancing mad. The ladies of Vienna are particularly celebrated for their grace and movements of waltzing of which they never tire, there is a waltz in the second act finale of the opera Una Cosa Rara written by Martin y Soler in 1786. Solers waltz was marked Andante con moto, or at a pace with motion, but the flow of the dance was sped-up in Vienna leading to the Geschwindwalzer. In the transition from country to town, the hopping of the Ländler, a known as Langaus, became a sliding step. In the 19th century, the word primarily indicated that the dance was a one, one would waltz in the polka to indicate rotating rather than going straight forward without turning. The Viennese custom is to anticipate the second beat of each measure, making it sound as if the third is late. The metronome speed for a full bar varies between 60 and 70, with the waltzes of the first Strauss often played faster than those of his sons. Shocking many when it was first introduced, the waltz became fashionable in Vienna around the 1780s, according to contemporary singer Michael Kelly, it reached England in 1791. During the Napoleonic Wars, infantry soldiers of the Kings German Legion introduced the dance to the people of Bexhill and it became fashionable in Britain during the Regency period, having been made respectable by the endorsement of Dorothea Lieven, wife of the Russian ambassador. Diarist Thomas Raikes later recounted that No event ever produced so great a sensation in English society as the introduction of the waltz in 1813, in the same year, a sardonic tribute to the dance by Lord Byron was anonymously published. Influential dance master and author of manuals, Thomas Wilson published A Description of the Correct Method of Waltzing in 1816. Come, its time to be going home, the waltz, and especially its closed position, became the example for the creation of many other ballroom dances. Subsequently, new types of waltz have developed, including many folk and it incorporated hesitations and was danced to fast music. A hesitation is basically a halt on the foot during the full waltz measure
Waltz
Waltz
–
An
early moving picture demonstrates the waltz
31.
Tango
–
The TANGO control system is a free open source device-oriented controls toolkit for controlling any kind of hardware or software and building SCADA systems. It is used for controlling synchrotrons, lasers, physics experiments in over 20 sites and it is being actively developed by a consortium of research institutes. TANGO is a control system. It runs on a machine as well as hundreds of machines. TANGO uses two network protocols - the omniorb implementation of CORBA and Zeromq, the basic communication model is the client-server model. Communication between clients and servers can be synchronous, asynchronous or event driven, CORBA is used for synchronous and asynchronous communication and Zeromq is used for event-driven communication. TANGO is based on the concept of Devices, Devices implement object oriented and service oriented approaches to software architecture. The Device model in TANGO implements commands/methods, attributes / data fields, in TANGO all control objects are Devices. TANGO is a software for building control systems which need to provide access to hardware. Hardware can range from single bits of digital input/output up to sophisticated detector systems or entire plant control systems, hardware access is managed in a process called a Device Server. The Device Server contains Devices belonging to different Device Classes which implement the hardware access, at Device Server startup time Devices are created which then represent logical instances of hardware in the control system. Clients import the Devices via a database and send requests to the devices using TANGO, Devices can store configuration and setup values in a Mysql database permanently. Hundreds of Device Classes have been written by the community, a list of device classes on SourceForge can be found here. Many more exist and can be obtained by contacting the TANGO community via the mailing list, TANGO supports bindings to the following languages, C, C++, Java, Python, MATLAB, LabVIEW, IGOR Pro TANGO is distributed under 2 licenses. The libraries are licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License, tools and device servers are under the GNU General Public License. The LGPL licence allows the TANGO libraries in products which are not GNU GPL, TANGO is an Open source project. Anyone can download and use TANGO, to join the consortium an institute has to sign the Memorandum of Understanding and actively commit resources to the development of TANGO
Tango
32.
Fox trot
–
The foxtrot is a smooth, progressive dance characterized by long, continuous flowing movements across the dance floor. It is danced to big band music, the dance is similar in its look to waltz, although the rhythm is in a 44 time signature instead of 34. Developed in the 1910s, the foxtrot reached its height of popularity in the 1930s, the dance was premiered in 1914, quickly catching the eye of the husband and wife duo Vernon and Irene Castle, who lent the dance its signature grace and style. The exact origin of the name of the dance is unclear, although one theory is that it took its name from its popularizer, two sources credit African American dancers as the source of the Foxtrot, Vernon Castle himself, and dance teacher Betty Lee. Castle saw the dance, which had been danced by negroes, to his knowledge, for fifteen years. Handy notes in his autobiography that his The Memphis Blues was the inspiration for the Foxtrot, during breaks from the fast paced Castle Walk and One-step, Vernon and Irene Castles music director, James Reese Europe, would slowly play the Memphis Blues. The Castles were intrigued by the rhythm and Jim asked why they didnt create a dance to go with it. The Castles introduced what they called the Bunny Hug in a magazine article. Shortly after, they went abroad and, in mid-ocean, sent a wireless to the magazine to change the name of the dance from Bunny Hug to the Foxtrot and it was subsequently standardized by Arthur Murray, in whose version it began to imitate the positions of Tango. At its inception, the foxtrot was originally danced to ragtime, from the late teens through the 1940s, the foxtrot was certainly the most popular fast dance and the vast majority of records issued during these years were foxtrots. The waltz and tango, while popular, never overtook the foxtrot, even the popularity of the lindy hop in the 1940s did not affect the foxtrots popularity, since it could be danced to the same records used to accompany the lindy hop. When rock and roll first emerged in the early 1950s, record companies were uncertain as to style of dance would be most applicable to the music. Notably, Decca Records initially labeled its rock and roll releases as foxtrots, most notably Rock Around the Clock by Bill Haley and His Comets. Since that recording, by some estimates, went on to more than 25 million copies. Today, the dance is accompanied by the same big band music to which swing is also danced. Over time, the split into slow and quick versions, referred to as foxtrot. In the context of International Standard category of dances, for some time the foxtrot was called Slow Foxtrot. These names are still in use, to distinguish from other types of foxtrots, three distinct styles of foxtrot are in common use among ballroom dancers today, the American Social Style, the American Continuity Style, and the International Style
Fox trot
–
Foxtrot
Fox trot
–
Dancesport version of foxtrot
33.
Turner Layton
–
Turner Layton, born John Turner Layton, Jr. was an African-American songwriter, singer and pianist. He frequently worked with Henry Creamer, born in Washington, D. C. in 1894, he was the son of John Turner Layton, a bass singer, music educator and hymn composer. Layton is best known for his compositions with Creamer, the best known of which is the standard After Youve Gone, written in 1918. The two contributed music and lyrics to many Broadway shows, including the Ziegfeld Follies of 1917,1921 and 1922, Three Showers, Some Party, Layton split with Johnstone in 1935, with Johnstone returning to New York and continuing to perform with significantly less success. Layton continued to perform in England, an elegant song stylist, he held a regular, successful spot over the years at the Café de Paris, a London club, until his retirement in 1946. He died in London in February 1978, two albums of Layton & Johnstone recordings have been issued on CD in the UK - on ASV Living Era and Flapper. Two compilation albums of recordings by Layton have been released on CD, after Youve Gone Dear Old Southland It Must Be Love Strut, Miss Lizzie Way down Yonder in New Orleans Goodbye Alexander, Goodbye Honey Boy Biography at AllMusic
Turner Layton
–
Sheet music cover for a patriotic Creamer & Layton song, 1918
34.
Eubie Blake
–
James Hubert Blake, known as Eubie Blake, was an American composer, lyricist, and pianist of ragtime, jazz, and popular music. In 1921, he and his long-time collaborator Noble Sissle wrote Shuffle Along, one of the first Broadway musicals to be written, Blakes compositions included such hits as Bandana Days, Charleston Rag, Love Will Find a Way, Memories of You and Im Just Wild About Harry. The musical Eubie. which opened on Broadway in 1978, featured his works, Blake was born at 319 Forrest Street in Baltimore, Maryland, to John Sumner Blake and Emily Emma Johnstone, both of whom had been slaves. He was the surviving child of eight, all the rest of whom died in infancy. In 1894, the moved to 414 North Eden Street. John Blake earned US$9.00 weekly working as a stevedore on the Baltimore docks, Blakes musical training began when he was four or five years old. While out shopping with his mother, he wandered into a store, climbed on the bench of an organ. When his mother found him, the manager said to her. It would be criminal to deprive him of the chance to use of such a sublime. The Blakes purchased an organ for US$75.00, making payments of 25 cents a week. When Blake was seven, he received lessons from a neighbor, Margaret Marshall. At age fifteen, without his parents knowledge, he began playing piano at Aggie Sheltons Baltimore bordello. Blake got his first big break in the business in 1907, when the world champion boxer Joe Gans hired him to play the piano at Ganss Goldfield Hotel. According to Blake, he worked the medicine show circuit and was employed by a Quaker doctor. He played a Melodeon strapped to the back of the medicine wagon, Blake stayed with the show only two weeks, however, because the doctors religion didnt allow the serving of Sunday dinner. Blake said he composed the melody of the Charleston Rag in 1899 and it was not committed to paper, however, until 1915, when he learned to write musical notation. In 1912, Blake began playing in vaudeville with James Reese Europes Society Orchestra, the band played ragtime music, which was still quite popular. Shortly after World War I, Blake joined forces with the performer Noble Sissle to form a musical act
Eubie Blake
–
Eubie Blake
Eubie Blake
–
Cover page for "
I'm Just Wild About Harry " from the musical
Shuffle Along by
Noble Sissle and Eubie Blake, 1921.
Eubie Blake
–
Headstone of Blake's grave in
Cypress Hills Cemetery, Brooklyn, (inscription has false birth date)
35.
Philadelphia
–
In 1682, William Penn, an English Quaker, founded the city to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony. Philadelphia was one of the capitals in the Revolutionary War. In the 19th century, Philadelphia became an industrial center. It became a destination for African-Americans in the Great Migration. The areas many universities and colleges make Philadelphia a top international study destination, as the city has evolved into an educational, with a gross domestic product of $388 billion, Philadelphia ranks ninth among world cities and fourth in the nation. Philadelphia is the center of activity in Pennsylvania and is home to seven Fortune 1000 companies. The Philadelphia skyline is growing, with a market of almost 81,900 commercial properties in 2016 including several prominent skyscrapers. The city is known for its arts, culture, and rich history, Philadelphia has more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other American city. Fairmount Park, when combined with the adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park in the watershed, is one of the largest contiguous urban park areas in the United States. The 67 National Historic Landmarks in the city helped account for the $10 billion generated by tourism, Philadelphia is the only World Heritage City in the United States. Before Europeans arrived, the Philadelphia area was home to the Lenape Indians in the village of Shackamaxon, the Lenape are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government. They are also called Delaware Indians and their territory was along the Delaware River watershed, western Long Island. Most Lenape were pushed out of their Delaware homeland during the 18th century by expanding European colonies, Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases, mainly smallpox, and violent conflict with Europeans. Iroquois people occasionally fought the Lenape, surviving Lenape moved west into the upper Ohio River basin. The American Revolutionary War and United States independence pushed them further west, in the 1860s, the United States government sent most Lenape remaining in the eastern United States to the Indian Territory under the Indian removal policy. In the 21st century, most Lenape now reside in the US state of Oklahoma, with communities living also in Wisconsin, Ontario. The Dutch considered the entire Delaware River valley to be part of their New Netherland colony, in 1638, Swedish settlers led by renegade Dutch established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina and quickly spread out in the valley. In 1644, New Sweden supported the Susquehannocks in their defeat of the English colony of Maryland
Philadelphia
–
From top left, the Philadelphia skyline, a
statue of Benjamin Franklin, the
Liberty Bell, the
Philadelphia Museum of Art,
Philadelphia City Hall, and
Independence Hall
Philadelphia
–
An 18th century map of Philadelphia.
Philadelphia
–
Penn's Treaty with the Indians by
Benjamin West
Philadelphia
–
Benjamin Franklin, 1777
36.
Atlantic City
–
Atlantic City is a resort city in New Jersey, United States, known for its casinos, boardwalk and beach. In 2010, it had a population of 39,558, incorporated on May 1,1854, from portions of Egg Harbor Township and Galloway Township, the city borders Absecon, Brigantine, Pleasantville, Ventnor City, West Atlantic City and the Atlantic Ocean. Atlantic City inspired the American version of the board game Monopoly, especially the street names, since 1921, Atlantic City has been the home of the Miss America pageant. Because of its location in South Jersey, hugging the Atlantic Ocean between marshlands and islands, Atlantic City was viewed by developers as prime real estate and a resort town. In 1853, the first commercial hotel, the Belloe House, was built at the intersection of Massachusetts, the city was incorporated in 1854, the same year in which the Camden and Atlantic Railroad train service began. Built on the edge of the bay, this served as the link of this remote parcel of land with Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. That same year, construction of the Absecon Lighthouse, designed by George Meade of the Corps of Topographical Engineers, was approved, by 1874, almost 500,000 passengers a year were coming to Atlantic City by rail. In Boardwalk Empire, The Birth, High Times, and Corruption of Atlantic City, the hotel was owned by the railroad. It was a sprawling, four-story structure built to house 2,000 guests and it opened while it was still under construction, with only one wing standing, and even that wasnt completed. By years end, when it was constructed, the United States Hotel was not only the first hotel in Atlantic City. Its rooms totaled more than 600, and its grounds covered some 14 acres, the first boardwalk was built in 1870 along a portion of the beach in an effort to help hotel owners keep sand out of their lobbies. Businesses were restricted and the boardwalk was removed each year at the end of the peak season, because of its effectiveness and popularity, the boardwalk was expanded in length and width, and modified several times in subsequent years. The historic length of the boardwalk, before the destructive 1944 Great Atlantic Hurricane, was about 7 miles and it extended from Atlantic City to Longport, through Ventnor, the first road connecting the city to the mainland at Pleasantville was completed in 1870 and charged a 30-cent toll. Albany Avenue was the first road to the mainland available without a toll, by 1878, because of the growing popularity of the city, one railroad line could no longer keep up with demand. Soon, the Philadelphia and Atlantic City Railway was also constructed to transport tourists to Atlantic City, at this point massive hotels like The United States and Surf House, as well as smaller rooming houses, had sprung up all over town. The United States Hotel took up a city block between Atlantic, Pacific, Delaware, and Maryland Avenues. These hotels were not only impressive in size, but featured the most updated amenities, in the early part of the 20th century, Atlantic City went through a radical building boom. Many of the modest boarding houses dotted the boardwalk were replaced with large hotels
Atlantic City
–
Atlantic City skyline from 47th floor of Revel
Atlantic City
–
Seascape with Distant Lighthouse, Atlantic City, New Jersey, 1873,
William Trost Richards.
Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum
Atlantic City
–
Brooklyn Museum - A High Tide at Atlantic City - William Trost Richards - overall
Atlantic City
–
Atlantic City, 1877
37.
Dunbar High School (Washington, D.C.)
–
Paul Laurence Dunbar High School is a public secondary school located in Washington, D. C. The school is located in the Truxton Circle neighborhood of Northwest Washington, Dunbar, which serves grades 9 through 12, is a part of the District of Columbia Public Schools. The school was Americas first public school for black students. The school was renamed in 1916, when its location was changed from M Street, after the famous African-American poet, Paul Laurence Dunbar and it later was designated as the citys academic high school, with other schools providing more vocational or technical training goals. Dunbar was known for its excellent academics, enough so that some black parents moved to Washington specifically so their children could attend it and its faculty was paid well by the standards of the time, earning parity pay with Washingtons white school teachers because they were all federal employees. It also boasted a high number of graduates who went on to higher education. All three schools are highly regarded for their athletic programs within their respective school district in the sports of football, basketball. There is also a Paul Laurence Dunbar High School in Lexington, one of Dunbars first principals was the first black graduate of Harvard College. Almost all the teachers had graduate degrees, and several earned PhDs, by the 1950s, Dunbar High School was sending 80 percent of its students to college. Dunbar, which had been accepting outstanding black students from anywhere in the city, virtually overnight, Dunbar became a typical ghetto school. As unmotivated, unruly and disruptive students flooded in, Dunbar teachers began moving out, more than 80 years of academic excellence simply vanished into thin air. Its illustrious faculty included Anna Julia Cooper, Kelly Miller, Mary Church Terrell, birch Jr. Carter G. Woodson and Julia Evangeline Brooks who was also a graduate of the school. Among its principals were Anna J. Cooper, Richard Greener, Mary Jane Patterson, and Robert Heberton Terrell. An unusual number of teachers and principals held Ph. D. degrees, including Carter G. Woodson, father of Black history Month and the second African American to earn a Phd. from Harvard. As a consequence, however, Dunbar High School was considered the nations best high school for African Americans during the first half of the 20th century and it helped make Washington an educational and cultural capital. Frank Coleman, professor of physics, founder of Omega Psi Phi Fraternity and he would play for the Kings, Vancouver Grizzlies, and Washington Wizards. Anthony Jones, former player for Georgetown Univ and UNLV. Jones was selected in the 1st round by the Washington Bullets in the 1986 NBA Draft, also played for the Spurs, Bulls and Mavericks
Dunbar High School (Washington, D.C.)
–
Dunbar Senior High School
38.
Sheet music
–
Sheet music is a handwritten or printed form of music notation that uses modern musical symbols to indicate the pitches, rhythms and/or chords of a song or instrumental musical piece. The first printed sheet music made with a press was made in 1473. Sheet music is the form in which Western classical music is notated so that it can be learned and performed by solo singers or instrumentalists or musical ensembles. Many forms of traditional and popular Western music are commonly learned by singers and musicians by ear, Score is a common alternative term for sheet music, and there are several types of scores, as discussed below. Sheet music from the 20th and 21st century typically indicates the title of the song or composition on a page or cover, or on the top of the first page. If the song or piece is from a movie, Broadway musical, or opera, if the songwriter or composer is known, her or his name is typically indicated along with the title. Black market sheet music, such as illegal jazz fake books may or may not indicate the songwriter or composer, the type of musical notation varies a great deal by genre or style of music. In most classical music, the melody and accompaniment parts are notated on the lines of a staff using round note heads, the lyrics, if present, are written near the melody notes. However, music from the Baroque music era or earlier eras may have neither a tempo marking nor a dynamic indication. The singers and musicians of that era were expected to know what tempo and loudness to play or sing a song or piece due to their musical experience. In the contemporary music era, and in some cases before, composers often used their native language for tempo indications. These conventions of music notation, and in particular the use of English tempo instructions, are also used for sheet music versions of 20th. Popular music songs often indicate both the tempo and genre, slow blues or uptempo rock, pop songs often contain chord names above the staff using letter names, so that an acoustic guitarist or piano player can improvise a chordal accompaniment. In other styles of music, different musical notation methods may be used, in jazz, while most professional performers can read classical-style notation, many jazz tunes are notated using chord charts, which indicate the chord progression of a song and its form. Like popular music songs, jazz tunes often indicate both the tempo and genre, slow blues or fast bop, professional country music session musicians typically use music notated in the Nashville Number System, which indicates the chord progression using numbers. Chord charts using letter names, numbers, or Roman numerals are widely used for notating music by blues, R&B, rock music. Many guitar players and electric bass players learn songs and note tunes using tablature, tab is widely used rock music and heavy metal guitarists. Singers in many music styles learn a song using only a lyrics sheet
Sheet music
–
Tibetan musical score from the 19th century.
Sheet music
–
A conductor's score
Sheet music
–
Excerpt from a 13th-century Dominican missal (parchment manuscript)
Sheet music
–
Frontispiece to Petrucci's Odhecaton
39.
Stride (music)
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Harlem Stride Piano, stride piano, commonly abbreviated to stride, is a jazz piano style that was developed in the large cities of the US East Coast, mainly New York City, during the 1920s and 1930s. The left hand plays a four-beat pulse with a single bass note, octave, seventh or tenth interval on the first and third beats. Occasionally this pattern is reversed by placing the chord on the downbeat, Stride piano is highly rhythmic because of the oom-pah action of the left hand. There are many differences between stride and one of its roots, ragtime, unlike ragtime pianists, stride players were not concerned with ragtime form and played pop songs of the day in the stride style. Also, while the original music was composed, many stride pianists possessed impressive improvisational skills. Some of the finest players, in fact, did not read music at all, lastly, authentic stride makes use of tension/release, dynamics, and can be played at all tempos, slow or fast depending upon the underlying composition the pianist is performing. Some younger pianists have transcribed display pieces note for note from early recordings, however this practice is not really jazz piano. James P. Johnson, known as the Father of Stride, created this style of jazz piano along with fellow pianists Willie The Lion Smith, Thomas Fats Waller and Luckey Roberts. One of Johnsons greatest contributions was to recast the straight feeling of ragtime with a modern, swinging beat. He discovered and employed the tenth or broken tenth interval among other devices, tatum was awarded a posthumous Grammy for his contributions to jazz, in 1974. True Stride pianists practiced a full jazz piano style that utilized highly creative, often flamboyant devices such as arpeggios, black note slide-offs, varying rhythmic accents and they often engaged in marathon cutting contests to show off their skills. Bubbles, Jaki Byard, and George Winston, other prominent stride jazz pianists are Butch Thompson, Mike Lipskin, Bernd Lhotsky, Louis Mazetier, and Stephanie Trick, who perform internationally. Johnson online at the Library of Congress National Jukebox Stride Piano on BlueBlackJazz Dick Hyman Explaining Stride Dick Hyman Illustrating Ragtime to Stride Piano Thomas Fats Waller website, a tribute to the King of Stride Piano
Stride (music)
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Thomas "Fats" Waller (1904–1943), a student of
James P. Johnson, was an important contributor to the stride piano style
40.
James P. Johnson
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James Price Johnson was an American pianist and composer. As such, he was a model for Count Basie, Duke Ellington, Art Tatum, Johnson was born in New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States. The proximity to New York City meant that the full spectrum of the citys musical experience, from bars, to cabarets. Johnsons father, William H. Johnson, was a helper and mechanic while his mother. Harrison was a part of the choir at the Methodist Church and was also a self-taught pianist, Johnson later attributed the popular African-American songs and dances at home and around the city as early influences on his musical taste. In 1908, Johnsons family moved to the San Juan Hill section of New York City, with perfect pitch and excellent recall he was soon able to pick out on the piano tunes that he had heard. Johnson, who got his first job as a pianist in 1912, from 1913 to 1916 Johnson spent time studying the European piano tradition with Bruto Giannini. Over the next four to five years Johnson continued to progress his ragtime piano skills by studying other pianists, in 1914, while performing in Newark, New Jersey with singer Lillie Mae Wright, who became his wife three years later, Johnson met Willie Smith. Smith and Johnson shared many of the ideas regarding entertainers. These beliefs and their complementary personalities led the two to become best friends, starting in 1918, Johnson and Wright began touring together in the Smart Set Revue before settling back in New York in 1919. During this period he met George Gershwin, who was also a young piano-roll artist at Aeolian, Johnson was a pioneer in the stride playing of the jazz piano. Johnson honed his craft, playing night after night, catering to the egos and idiosyncrasies of the singers he encountered. He developed into a sensitive and facile accompanist, the favorite accompanist of Ethel Waters, Ethel Waters wrote in her autobiography that working with musicians such as, and most especially, Johnson. made you want to sing until your tonsils fell out. Johnson seemed to be at his finest when he attacked the piano as if it were a drum set, the majority of his phonograph recordings of the 1920s and early 1930s were done for Black Swan and Columbia. In 1922, Johnson branched out and became the director for the revue Plantation Days. This revue took him to England for our months in 1923, during the summer of 1923 Johnson, along with the help of lyricist Cecil Mack, wrote the revue Runnin Wild. This revue stayed on tour for more than five years as well as showing on Broadway, in the depression era, Johnsons career slowed down somewhat. As the swing era began to gain popularity within the African-American communities, Johnson had a hard time adapting, Johnson began to write for musical revues and composed many forgotten orchestral music pieces
James P. Johnson
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James P. Johnson,
Fess Williams, Freddie Moore,
Joe Thomas 1948. Photography by
William P. Gottlieb.
James P. Johnson
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James P. Johnson
41.
Will Marion Cook
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William Mercer Cook, better known as Will Marion Cook, was an African-American composer and violinist from the United States. Cook was a student of Antonín Dvořák and performed for King George V among others and he is probably best known for his popular songs and Broadway musicals, such as Clorindy, or The Origin of the Cake Walk and In Dahomey. Will Marion Cook was born in Washington, D. C. to John Hartwell Cook, dean of the Howard University School of Law, Cooks musical talent was apparent at an early age. At fifteen, he was sent to the Oberlin Conservatory to study violin, with help from members of the African American community, his benefit recitals were sponsored to help him afford to study abroad. Although it is stated that Cook studied abroad for nine years. Cook married the young singer Abbie Mitchell in 1898, she was 14 and they had a daughter, Marion Abigail Cook, in 1900, and a son, Will Mercer Cook, in 1903. Their daughter, raised by members as had been Mitchell herself. Their son became a professor at Howard University and United States Ambassador to Niger, during 1894 and 1895, Cook studied with Dvořák and John White at the National Conservatory of Music. Cook had performed professionally as a student and made his debut in 1889 in Washington and his performance career as a soloist was short lived, however. Because of stricter segregation in the music community, Cook found a home in the musical theatre. In 1890, he director of a chamber orchestra touring the East Coast. He prepared Scenes from the Opera of Uncle Toms Cabin for performance, the performance, which was to take place at the Chicago Worlds Fair in 1893, was canceled. Clorindy, or, The Origin of the Cakewalk—a musical sketch comedy in collaboration with Paul Laurence Dunbar — was his next composition and it was the first all-black show to play in a prestigious Broadway house, Casino Theatres Roof Garden. After this period, he was composer-in-chief and musical director for the George Walker-Bert Williams Company, as he continued to write, he produced many successful musicals. Best known for his songs, Cook used folk elements in an original, many of these songs first appeared in his musicals. The songs were written for choral groups or for solo singers, some were published in A Collection of Negro Songs. Later in his career, Cook was a choral and orchestral conductor. He produced several concerts and organized many choral societies in both New York and in Washington, D. C
Will Marion Cook
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Will Marion Cook
Will Marion Cook
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Playbill from 1898 showing
Edward E. Rice's Production of Cook's Clorindy featuring the song "Darktown is Out Tonight"
42.
Fats Waller
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Thomas Wright Fats Waller was an American jazz pianist, organist, composer, singer, and comedic entertainer. His innovations in the Harlem stride style laid the groundwork for modern jazz piano and his best-known compositions, Aint Misbehavin and Honeysuckle Rose, were inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1984 and 1999. Waller was the youngest of 11 children born to Adeline Locket Waller and he started playing the piano when he was six and graduated to playing the organ at his fathers church four years later. His mother instructed him when he was a youth, at the age of 14 he was playing the organ at the Lincoln Theater, in Harlem, and within 12 months he had composed his first rag. Wallers first piano solos were recorded in October 1922, when he was 18 years old and he was the prize pupil and later the friend and colleague of the stride pianist James P. Johnson. Against the opposition of his father, a clergyman, Waller became a professional pianist at the age of 15, working in cabarets, in 1918 he won a talent contest playing Johnsons Carolina Shout, a song he learned from watching a player piano play it. Waller became one of the most popular performers of his era, finding critical and commercial success in the United States and he was also a prolific songwriter, and many songs he wrote or co-wrote are still popular, such as Honeysuckle Rose, Aint Misbehavin and Squeeze Me. Fellow pianist and composer Oscar Levant dubbed Waller the black Horowitz, Waller is believed to have composed many novelty tunes in the 1920s and 1930s and sold them for small sums, attributed to another composer and lyricist. Standards attributed to Waller, sometimes controversially, include I Cant Give You Anything but Love and he further supports the conjecture, noting that early handwritten manuscripts in the Dana Library Institute of Jazz Studies of Spreadin Rhythm Around are in Wallers hand. Machlin comments that the Singer conjecture has considerable justification, maurice Wallers biography similarly notes his fathers objections to hearing On the Sunny Side of the Street playing on the radio. The anonymous sleeve notes on the 1960 RCA Victor album Handful of Keys state that Waller copyrighted over 400 songs, many of them co-written with his closest collaborator, Razaf described his partner as the soul of melody. A man who made the piano sing, both big in body and in mind. After a balance had been taken, wed just need one take to make a side, on one occasion his playing seemed to have put him at risk of injury. Waller was kidnapped in Chicago leaving a performance in 1926, four men bundled him into a car and took him to the Hawthorne Inn, owned by Al Capone. Waller was ordered inside the building, and found a party in full swing, gun to his back, he was pushed towards a piano, and told to play. A terrified Waller realized he was the surprise guest at Capones birthday party and it is rumored that Waller stayed at the Hawthorne Inn for three days and left very drunk, extremely tired, and had earned thousands of dollars in cash from Capone and other party-goers as tips. After sessions with Ted Lewis, Jack Teagarden and Billy Banks Rhythmakers, he began in May 1934 the voluminous series of recordings with a band known as Fats Waller. This six-piece group usually included Herman Autrey, Gene Sedric or Rudy Powell, Waller wrote Squeeze Me, Keepin Out of Mischief Now, Aint Misbehavin, Blue Turning Grey Over You, Ive Got a Feeling Im Falling, Honeysuckle Rose and Jitterbug Waltz
Fats Waller
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Fats Waller
43.
Sidney Bechet
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Sidney Bechet was an American jazz saxophonist, clarinetist, and composer. He was one of the first important soloists in jazz and was perhaps the first notable jazz saxophonist and his playing is characterized by forceful delivery, well-constructed improvisations, and a distinctive wide vibrato. Bechets erratic temperament hampered his career, however, and not until the late 1940s did he earn wide acclaim, Bechet was born in New Orleans in 1897 to a middle-class Creole of color family. His older brother Leonard Victor Bechet was a full-time dentist and a part-time trombonist, Sidney quickly learned to play several musical instruments kept around the house, mostly by teaching himself, he soon decided to specialize in clarinet. At the age of six, he started playing along with his brothers band at a birthday party. Later in his youth, Bechet studied with such renowned Creole clarinetists as Lorenzo Tio, Big Eye Louis Nelson Delisle, soon after, Bechet began to play in many New Orleans ensembles, using the improvisational techniques of the time. He performed in parades with Freddie Keppards celebrated brass band, the Olympia Orchestra, in 1911–12, Bechet performed with Bunk Johnson in the Eagle Band of New Orleans, and in 1913–14, with King Oliver in the Olympia Band. Bechet spent his childhood and adolescence in New Orleans, but from 1914 to 1917 he was touring and traveling, going as far north as Chicago, in the spring of 1919, Bechet traveled to New York City, where he joined Will Marion Cooks Syncopated Orchestra. Soon after, the orchestra traveled to Europe, almost immediately upon arrival, the group was warmly received, and Bechet was especially popular, attracting attention near and far. While in London, Bechet discovered the straight soprano saxophone and quickly developed a style quite unlike his warm and his saxophone sound could be described as emotional, reckless, and large. He often used a very broad vibrato, similar to what was common among some New Orleans clarinetists at the time, Bechet was convicted of assaulting a woman and was imprisoned in London from September 13 to 26,1922. He was deported to the United States, leaving Southampton on November 3, on July 30,1923, he began recording, it is some of his earliest surviving studio work. The session was led by Clarence Williams, a pianist and songwriter, better known at time for his music publishing. Bechet recorded Wild Cat Blues and Kansas City Man Blues, Wild Cat Blues is in a multithematic ragtime tradition, with four 16-bar themes, and Kansas City Man Blues is a 12-bar blues. He interpreted and played each uniquely, with outstanding creativity and innovation for the time, on September 15,1925, Bechet and other members of the Revue Nègre, including Josephine Baker, sailed to Europe, arriving at Cherbourg, France, on September 22. The revue opened at the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées, Paris, on October 2, Bechet toured Europe with various bands, reaching as far as Russia in mid-1926. In 1928, he led his own band at the famous Bricktops Club in Montmartre. Bechet was jailed for 11 months in Paris when a passerby was wounded during a shoot-out
Sidney Bechet
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Bechet's childhood home in the
7th Ward of New Orleans
Sidney Bechet
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Sidney Bechet in 1922
Sidney Bechet
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Bust in
Juan-les-Pins
Sidney Bechet
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Bechet in New York in 1947
44.
Pratt Institute
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It originated in 1887 with programs primarily in engineering, architecture, and fine arts. U. S. News & World Report lists Pratt as one of the top 20 colleges in the Regional Universities North category. Princeton Review recognizes Pratt as being one of the best colleges in the northeast, Pratt Institute was founded in 1887 by American industrialist Charles Pratt, who was a successful businessman and oil tycoon and was one of the wealthiest men in the history of Brooklyn. In 1867 Pratt established Charles Pratt and Company, in 1874 Pratt’s companies were purchased by John D. Rockefeller and became part of his Standard Oil trust while Pratt continued to run the companies himself. Pratt, an advocate of education, wanted to provide the opportunity for working men and women to better their lives through education, even though Pratt never had the opportunity to go to college himself, he wanted to create an affordable college accessible to the working class. In 1884 Pratt began purchasing parcels of land in his affluent home town of Clinton Hill for the intention of opening a school, the school would end up being built only two blocks from Charles Pratt’s residence on Clinton Avenue. From his fortunes with Astral Oil and Charles Pratt and Company, in May 1887 the New York State Legislature granted Charles Pratt a charter to open the school, on October 17,1887, the Institute opened to 12 students in the Main Hall. Tuition was $4 per class per term, the college was one of the first in the country open to all people, regardless of class, color, and gender. In the early years, the Institute’s mission was to offer education to those who never had it offered to them before, Pratt sought to teach people skills that would allow them to be successful and work their way up the economic ladder. Specifically, many programs were tailored for the growing need to train workers in the changing economy with training in design. Early programs sought to teach students a variety of such as architectural engineering, mechanics, dressmaking. Graduates of the school were taught to become engineers, mechanics, drawing, whether freehand, mechanical, or architectural, thought of as being a universal language, united such diverse programs and thus all programs in the school had a strong foundation in drawing. In addition, the curriculum at the Institute was to be complemented by a large Liberal Arts curriculum. Students studied subjects such as history, mathematics, physics, and literature in order to understand the world in which they will be working in. Six months after inception the school had an enrollment of nearly 600 students, by the first anniversary of the school there were 1,000 students in attendance. In five years time the school had nearly 4,000 students, in 1888 Scientific American said of the school that “it is undoubtedly the most important enterprise of its kind in this country, if not in the world”. Andrew Carnegie even visited Pratt for inspiration and used the school as a model in developing Carnegie Technical Schools, now Carnegie Mellon University. As public interest grew in the school and demand increased the school began adding new programs including the Pratt High School, Library School, Music Department, and Department of Commerce
Pratt Institute
Pratt Institute
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Pratt Institute
Pratt Institute
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Charles Pratt, founder of Pratt Institute
Pratt Institute
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Main Hall
45.
Sonny Greer
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Sonny Greer was an American jazz drummer and vocalist, best known for his work with Duke Ellington. Greer was born in Long Branch, New Jersey, and played with Elmer Snowdens band and the Howard Theatres orchestra in Washington, D. C. before joining Duke Ellington, whom he met in 1919. He was Ellingtons first drummer, playing with his quintet, the Washingtonians and this enraged Greer, and the consequent argument led to their permanent estrangement. Greer continued to play, mainly as a drummer, working with musicians such as Johnny Hodges, Red Allen. Higginbotham, Tyree Glenn, and Brooks Kerr, as well as appearing in films, Greer featured in the iconic 1958 black-and-white photograph by Art Kane known as A Great Day in Harlem. He was part of a tribute to Ellington in 1974, which achieved success throughout the United States. Greer died in 1982 and is interred in Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx, with Johnny Hodges Castle Rock Creamy Ian Carr, Digby Fairweather & Brian Priestley. ISBN 1-85828-528-3 Sonny Greer — brief biography by Scott Yanow, for Allmusic Sonny Greer at Drummerworld. com Sonny Greer at the Internet Movie Database
Sonny Greer
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Sonny Greer
46.
Otto Hardwick
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Otto James Toby Hardwicke was a saxophone player associated with Duke Ellington. Hardwick started on string bass at the age of 14, then moved to C melody saxophone, a childhood friend of Duke Ellingtons, Hardwick joined Ellingtons first band in Washington, D. C. in 1919. Hardwick also worked for banjoist Elmer Snowden at Murrays Casino, in 1923, Ellington, Hardwick, Snowden, trumpeter Arthur Whetsol, and drummer Sonny Greer had success as the Washingtonians in New York. After a disagreement over money, Snowden was forced out of the band and they were booked at a Times Square nightspot called the Kentucky Club for three years where they met Irving Mills, who produced and published Ellingtons music. Hardwick occasionally doubled violin and string bass in the 1920s, and he also played clarinet and bass, baritone and soprano saxes. He played lead alto on most Ellington numbers from 1932 to 1946, famous exceptions are, Black and Tan Fantasy, In a Sentimental Mood and Sophisticated Lady. After Hardwicks departure it became the norm for Johnny Hodges to take the ensemble lead as well as taking the lions share of the solos on alto sax. He remained with Ellington until May 1946, when he left the band because of Ellingtons dislike of Hardwick’s girlfriend, Hardwick went on to freelance for a short time in the following year, and then retired from music. In his biography of Ellington, author James Lincoln Collier says that “In a Sentimental Mood, ” “Sophisticated Lady, ” and “Prelude to a Kiss” are adaptations of Hardwick melodies
Otto Hardwick
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From right:
Barney Bigard,
Ben Webster, Otto Hardwick,
Harry Carney,
Rex Stewart,
Sonny Greer,
Wallace Jones (?),
Ray Nance. Photography by
William P. Gottlieb.
47.
Racial segregation
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Racial segregation is the separation of humans into racial or other ethnic groups in daily life. As a result, the act of separating oneself from other people on the basis of one of the enumerated grounds does not constitute segregation. Segregation may be maintained by means ranging from discrimination in hiring and in the rental, in the United States, segregation was mandated by law in some states and came with anti-miscegenation laws. Segregation, however, often allowed close contact in hierarchical situations, Segregation can involve spatial separation of the races, and mandatory use of different institutions, such as schools and hospitals by people of different races. Wherever there have been multiracial communities, there has been racial segregation, only areas with extensive miscegenation, or mixing, such as Hawaii and Brazil, despite some social stratification, seem to be exempt. Following its conquest of Ottoman controlled Algeria in 1830, for well over a century France maintained colonial rule in the territory which has described as quasi-apartheid. Camille Bonora-Waisman writes that, n contrast with the Moroccan and Tunisian protectorates and this internal system of apartheid met with considerable resistance from the Muslims affected by it, and is cited as one of the causes of the 1954 insurrection and ensuing independence war. In fifteenth-century north-east Germany, people of Wendish, i. e. Slavic, according to Wilhelm Raabe, down into the eighteenth century no German guild accepted a Wend. The ban on marriage was a part of the Nuremberg Laws. At first the laws were aimed primarily at Jews but were extended to Gypsies, Negroes. Aryans found guilty could face incarceration in a camp, while non-Aryans could face the death penalty. To preserve the purity of the German blood, after the war began. In an effort to split Polish identity they attempted to establish ethnic divisions of Kashubians and Gorals, based on these groups alleged Germanic component. During the 1930s and 1940s, Jews in Nazi-controlled states were made to wear yellow ribbons or stars of David, Jewish doctors were not allowed to treat Aryan patients nor were Jewish professors permitted to teach Aryan pupils. In addition, Jews were not allowed to use any public transportation, besides the ferry, after Kristallnacht, the Jews were fined 1,000,000 marks for damages done by the Nazi troops and SS members. Jews and Roma were subjected to genocide as undesirable racial groups in the Holocaust, the Nazis established ghettos to confine Jews and sometimes Romas into tightly packed areas of the cities of Eastern Europe, turning them into de facto concentration camps. The Warsaw Ghetto was the largest of these ghettos, with 400,000 people, the Łódź Ghetto was the second largest, holding about 160,000. Between 1939 and 1945, at least 1.5 million Polish citizens were transported to the Reich for forced labour, although Nazi Germany also used forced laborers from Western Europe, Poles, along with other Eastern Europeans viewed as racially inferior, were subject to deeper discriminatory measures
Racial segregation
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Nur für Deutsche ("Only for Germans") on the tram number 8 in German-occupied
Kraków, Poland.
Racial segregation
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German warning in occupied Poland 1939 – "No entrance for Poles!"
Racial segregation
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Young Polish girl wearing Letter "P" patch.
48.
Harlem
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Harlem is a large neighborhood in the northern section of the New York City borough of Manhattan. Since the 1920s, Harlem has been known as a major African-American residential, cultural, originally a Dutch village, formally organized in 1658, it is named after the city of Haarlem in the Netherlands. Harlems history has been defined by a series of economic boom-and-bust cycles, African-American residents began to arrive by a lot in 1905, with numbers fed by the Great Migration. In the 1920s and 1930s, Central and West Harlem were the focus of the Harlem Renaissance, however, with job losses in the time of the Great Depression and the deindustrialization of New York City after World War II, rates of crime and poverty increased significantly. Harlems African-American population peaked in the 1950s, in the second half of the 20th century, Harlem became a major hub of African-American businesses. In 2008, the United States Census found that for the first time since the 1930s, less than half of residents were black, since New York Citys revival in the late 20th century, long-time residents of Harlem have been experiencing the effects of gentrification and new wealth. Harlem is located in Upper Manhattan, often referred to as Uptown by locals. Central Harlem is bounded by Fifth Avenue on the east, Central Park on the south, Morningside Park, St. Nicholas Avenue and Edgecombe Avenue on the west, and the Harlem River on the north. A chain of three large linear parks—Morningside Park, St. Nicholas Park and Jackie Robinson Park—are situated on steeply rising banks, on the east, Fifth Avenue and Marcus Garvey Park, also known as Mount Morris Park, separate this area from East Harlem. The bulk of the falls under Manhattan Community Board No.10. In the late 2000s, South Harlem, emerged from area redevelopment, the West Harlem neighborhoods of Manhattanville and Hamilton Heights comprise part of Manhattan Community Board No.9. The two neighborhoods area is bounded by Cathedral Parkway on the South, 155th Street on the North, nicholas/Bradhurst/Edgecome Avenues on the East, and Riverside Park/the Hudson River on the west. Morningside Heights is located in the southern most section of West Harlem, Manhattanville begins at roughly 123rd Street and extends northward to 135th Street. The northern most section of West Harlem is Hamilton Heights, the New York City Police Department patrols six precincts located within Harlem. The New York City Fire Department operates 9 firehouses in Harlem, as many as several hundred farmed the Harlem flatlands. Between 1637 and 1639, a few settlements were established, during the American Revolution, the British burned Harlem to the ground. It took a time to rebuild, as Harlem grew more slowly than the rest of Manhattan during the late 18th century. After the American Civil War, Harlem experienced an economic boom starting in 1868, the neighborhood continued to serve as a refuge for New Yorkers, but increasingly those coming north were poor and Jewish or Italian
Harlem
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Stately Harlem apartment buildings adjacent to
Morningside Park
Harlem
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The
Apollo Theater on
125th Street, in November 2006.
Harlem
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Rowhouse built for the African-American population of Harlem in the 1930s
Harlem
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A condemned building in Harlem after the 1970s
49.
Harlem Renaissance
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The Harlem Renaissance was a cultural, social, and artistic explosion that took place in Harlem, New York, spanning the 1920s. During the time, it was known as the New Negro Movement, the Harlem Renaissance was considered to be a rebirth of African-American arts. The Harlem Renaissance is generally considered to have spanned from about 1918 until the mid-1930s, many of its ideas lived on much longer. The zenith of this flowering of Negro literature, as James Weldon Johnson preferred to call the Harlem Renaissance, until the end of the Civil War, the majority of African Americans had been enslaved and lived in the South. During the Reconstruction Era, the emancipated African Americans, freedmen, began to strive for civic participation, political equality and economic, soon after the end of the Civil War the Ku Klux Klan Act of 1871 gave rise to speeches by African-American Congressmen addressing this Bill. By 1875 sixteen blacks had been elected and served in Congress, the Ku Klux Klan Act of 1871 was denounced by black Congressmen and resulted in the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1875, part of Reconstruction legislation by Republicans. By the late 1870s, Democratic whites managed to power in the South. From 1890 to 1908 they proceeded to pass legislation that disenfranchised most Negros and many poor whites and they established white supremacist regimes of Jim Crow segregation in the South and one-party block voting behind southern Democrats. Convict laborers were typically subject to forms of corporal punishment, overwork. While a small number of blacks were able to land shortly after the Civil War. As life in the South became increasingly difficult, African Americans began to migrate north in great numbers, most of the African-American literary movement arose from a generation that had memories of the gains and losses of Reconstruction after the Civil War. Sometimes their parents or grandparents had been slaves and their ancestors had sometimes benefited by paternal investment in cultural capital, including better-than-average education. Many in the Harlem Renaissance were part of the early 20th century Great Migration out of the South into the Negro neighborhoods of the North, African Americans sought a better standard of living and relief from the institutionalized racism in the South. Others were people of African descent from racially stratified communities in the Caribbean who came to the United States hoping for a better life, uniting most of them was their convergence in Harlem. During the enormous influx of European immigrants in the late 19th century, the once exclusive district was abandoned by the middle class. Harlem became an African-American neighborhood in the early 1900s, in 1910, a large block along 135th Street and Fifth Avenue was bought by various African-American realtors and a church group. Many more African Americans arrived during the First World War, due to the war, the migration of laborers from Europe virtually ceased, while the war effort resulted in a massive demand for unskilled industrial labor. The Great Migration brought hundreds of thousands of African Americans to cities such as Chicago, Philadelphia, Detroit, despite the increasing popularity of Negro culture, virulent white racism, often by more recent ethnic immigrants, continued to affect African-American communities, even in the North
Harlem Renaissance
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Religion and Evolution Ad
Harlem Renaissance
Harlem Renaissance
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"An' the stars began to fall." by Aaron Douglas
Harlem Renaissance
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Langston Hughes, novelist and poet, photographed by
Carl Van Vechten, 1936
50.
Charleston (dance)
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The Charleston is a dance named for the harbor city of Charleston, South Carolina. Runnin Wild ran from 29 October 1923 through 28 June 1924, the peak year for the Charleston as a dance by the public was mid-1926 to 1927. At first, the step started off with a twisting of the feet. When the dance hit Harlem, a new version was added and it became a fast kicking step, kicking the feet, both forward and backward and later done with a tap. Further changes were made before the dance was put on stage. Although the step known as Jay-Bird, and other specific movement sequences are of Afro-American origin, although it achieved popularity when the song Charleston, sung by Elisabeth Welch, was added in the production Runnin Wild, the dance itself was first introduced in Irving C. Millers Liza in the spring of 1923, willie The Lion Smith noted that the dance was known well before that, in particular, he mentions the version done by Russell Brown under the name Geechie dance. Johnson actually recorded several Charlestons, and in later years derided most of them as being of that same damn beat, several of these were recorded on player piano rolls, several of which have survived to this day. The Charleston and similar such as the Black Bottom which involved Kicking up your heels were very popular in the later part of the 1920s. They became less popular after 1930, possibly because after seven years of being fashionable people simply became less interested, the new fashion for floor level sheath evening dresses was also probably a factor. The new dresses constricted the leg movements essential for the Charleston, there is a British Pathé Instructional Short from 1933 in which a new variation – The Crawl Charleston – is demonstrated by Santos Casini and Jean Mence. This shows a very sedate version of similar to a Tango or Waltz. It wasnt until dress hem lines rose toward the end of the thirties that the Charleston is again seen in film, a slightly different form of Charleston became popular in the 1930s and 1940s, and is associated with Lindy Hop. In this later Charleston form, the hot jazz timing of the 20s Charleston was adapted to suit the swing music of the 1930s and 1940s. This style of Charleston has many names, though the most common are Lindy Charleston, Savoy Charleston, 30s or 40s Charleston. In both 20s Charleston and Swinging Charleston, the basic step takes eight counts and is danced either alone or with a partner, frankie Manning and other Savoy dancers saw themselves as doing Charleston steps within the Lindy rather than to be dancing Charleston. Tap Charleston, Leonard was said to have invented Tap Charleston after he learned tap in 1925, Tap Charleston was the Charleston with breaks into open position to do tap steps. The connection between Breakaway and Tap Charleston is murky therefore it could be the same thing attributed to Leonard Reed or something else
Charleston (dance)
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Josephine Baker dancing the Charleston at the
Folies Bergère, Paris, in 1926
Charleston (dance)
51.
Atlantic City, New Jersey
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Atlantic City is a resort city in New Jersey, United States, known for its casinos, boardwalk and beach. In 2010, it had a population of 39,558, incorporated on May 1,1854, from portions of Egg Harbor Township and Galloway Township, the city borders Absecon, Brigantine, Pleasantville, Ventnor City, West Atlantic City and the Atlantic Ocean. Atlantic City inspired the American version of the board game Monopoly, especially the street names, since 1921, Atlantic City has been the home of the Miss America pageant. Because of its location in South Jersey, hugging the Atlantic Ocean between marshlands and islands, Atlantic City was viewed by developers as prime real estate and a resort town. In 1853, the first commercial hotel, the Belloe House, was built at the intersection of Massachusetts, the city was incorporated in 1854, the same year in which the Camden and Atlantic Railroad train service began. Built on the edge of the bay, this served as the link of this remote parcel of land with Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. That same year, construction of the Absecon Lighthouse, designed by George Meade of the Corps of Topographical Engineers, was approved, by 1874, almost 500,000 passengers a year were coming to Atlantic City by rail. In Boardwalk Empire, The Birth, High Times, and Corruption of Atlantic City, the hotel was owned by the railroad. It was a sprawling, four-story structure built to house 2,000 guests and it opened while it was still under construction, with only one wing standing, and even that wasnt completed. By years end, when it was constructed, the United States Hotel was not only the first hotel in Atlantic City. Its rooms totaled more than 600, and its grounds covered some 14 acres, the first boardwalk was built in 1870 along a portion of the beach in an effort to help hotel owners keep sand out of their lobbies. Businesses were restricted and the boardwalk was removed each year at the end of the peak season, because of its effectiveness and popularity, the boardwalk was expanded in length and width, and modified several times in subsequent years. The historic length of the boardwalk, before the destructive 1944 Great Atlantic Hurricane, was about 7 miles and it extended from Atlantic City to Longport, through Ventnor, the first road connecting the city to the mainland at Pleasantville was completed in 1870 and charged a 30-cent toll. Albany Avenue was the first road to the mainland available without a toll, by 1878, because of the growing popularity of the city, one railroad line could no longer keep up with demand. Soon, the Philadelphia and Atlantic City Railway was also constructed to transport tourists to Atlantic City, at this point massive hotels like The United States and Surf House, as well as smaller rooming houses, had sprung up all over town. The United States Hotel took up a city block between Atlantic, Pacific, Delaware, and Maryland Avenues. These hotels were not only impressive in size, but featured the most updated amenities, in the early part of the 20th century, Atlantic City went through a radical building boom. Many of the modest boarding houses dotted the boardwalk were replaced with large hotels
Atlantic City, New Jersey
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Atlantic City skyline from 47th floor of Revel
Atlantic City, New Jersey
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Seascape with Distant Lighthouse, Atlantic City, New Jersey, 1873,
William Trost Richards.
Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum
Atlantic City, New Jersey
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Brooklyn Museum - A High Tide at Atlantic City - William Trost Richards - overall
Atlantic City, New Jersey
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Atlantic City, 1877
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