1.
John I of Portugal
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John I was King of Portugal and the Algarve in 1385–1433. He was referred to as the Good or of Happy Memory in Portugal, more rarely, and especially in Spain, he was sometimes referred to as the Bastard. He is recognized chiefly for his role in preserving the independence of the kingdom of Portugal from the kingdom of Castile, as part of his efforts to acquire Portuguese territories in Africa, he became the first king of Portugal to use the title Lord of Ceuta. John was born in Lisbon as the son of King Peter I of Portugal by a woman named Teresa. In the 18th century, António Caetano de Sousa found a 16th-century document in the archives of the Torre do Tombo in which she was named as Teresa Lourenço. In 1364, by request of Nuno Freire de Andrade, a Galician Grand Master of the Order of Christ, as heiress presumptive, Beatrice had married king John I of Castile, but popular sentiment was against an arrangement in which Portugal would have been virtually annexed by Castile. The 1383–1385 Crisis followed, a period of anarchy, when no monarch ruled the country. On 6 April 1385, the Council of the Kingdom met in Coimbra and declared John, then Master of Aviz, to be king of Portugal. This was followed by the liberation of almost all of the Minho in the course of two months as part of a war against Castile in opposition to its claims to the Portuguese throne. Soon after, the king of Castile again invaded Portugal with the purpose of conquering Lisbon, John I of Castile was accompanied by French allied cavalry while English troops and generals took the side of John of Aviz. John and Nuno Álvares Pereira, his constable and talented supporter, John I of Castile then retreated. The Castilian forces abandoned Santarém, Torres Vedras and Torres Novas, as a result, the stability of the Portuguese throne was permanently secured. On 11 February 1387, John I married Philippa of Lancaster, daughter of John of Gaunt, the marriage consolidated an Anglo-Portuguese Alliance that endures to the present day. John I of Castile died in 1390 without issue from his wife Beatrice, John I of Portugal was then able to rule in peace and concentrate on the economic development and territorial expansion of his realm. The most significant military actions were the siege and conquest of the city of Ceuta by Portugal in 1415, and these measure were intended to help seize control of navigation off the African coast and trade routes from the interior of Africa. The raids and attacks of the Reconquista in the Iberian Peninsula created captives on both sides who were ransomed or sold as slaves. The Portuguese crown extended this practice to North Africa, after the attack on Ceuta, the king sought papal recognition of the military action as a Crusade. Such a ruling would have enabled those captured to be sold as slaves
John I of Portugal
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Portrait painted c. 1435
John I of Portugal
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The wedding of João I of Portugal, 11 February 1387 with
Philippa of Lancaster, by fifteenth century painter and
manuscript illuminator Master of Wavrin, from around
Lille, now in France.
2.
Peerage of Portugal
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Portuguese nobility was the class of legally privileged and titled persons acknowledged by the Kingdom of Portugal. During the absolute monarchy, nobles enjoyed the most privileged status and held the most important offices after members of the ruling dynasty and this was the region of the sun and the most powerful men of the kingdom. They united nobility of birth to the authority and prestige of public office and they were followed in the hierarchy, in descending order, by infancies, cavaleiros and escudeiros. The noble members of Cabrals fleet followed this feature, since most descended from families of Castile and León, who had settled in Portugal, who had already rendered several generations of service. The few exceptions - such as Bartolomeu Dias, who received his rank, to rise in status, a noble was expected to demonstrate loyalty and service to the king. Though the 15th and 16th centuries were rich in acts of bravery and heroic deeds, few were granted, and not all heraldic grants were recorded. This did not occur with those involved in combat, especially during the occupation of northern Africa, the arms of Nicolau Coelho, which contain a base undy silver and blue, which can symbolize the conquered sea, is a rare exception. Following the Proclamation of the Portuguese Republic in 1910, the nobility was officially disbanded, during this time, no new titles were bestowed. The predominant activity of the Council was the identification of living heirs to historical titles, after Dom Duarte Nunos death, his son Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza, declared the Council of Nobility disbanded, receiving some criticism for doing so. Subsequently, he established what is now called the Instituto da Nobreza Portuguesa, which continues the work and maintains the records of the original Council of Nobility
Peerage of Portugal
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Portrait of a Young
Fidalgo; a 16th-century rendition of a young Portuguese nobleman.
Peerage of Portugal
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The
Marquise of Pombal, a noble by marriage
Peerage of Portugal
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The Marquise of Alorna, a noblewoman in her own right
3.
Afonso I, Duke of Braganza
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Dom Afonso I of Braganza was the first Duke of Braganza and the eighth Count of Barcelos. He would start a dynasty, the House of Braganza, that would end up being the most powerful and his descendents would go on to become high-ranking nobles, imperial officials, and even the Kings of Portugal and the Emperors of Brazil. Historians believe he was born in Veiros, Estremoz, Alentejo, as a son of Portuguese King John I. He married the heiress Beatriz Pereira de Alvim, daughter of Nuno Álvares Pereira, a general, a traveled and cultivated man, Afonso was present in 1415 when the Portuguese conquered Ceuta. When his half-brother King Edward I of Portugal died in 1438, his son Afonso V was an infant and the choice for the regency was his sister-in-law and this choice pleased both the people and the fast-growing bourgeoisie. Within the Portuguese aristocracy, however, especially those in the circle around Afonso, Eleonor of Aragon was preferred, a contest for the young kings affection began, and within a few years, Afonso managed to become Afonso Vs favourite uncle. In 1443, in a gesture of reconciliation, Peter made Afonso the first Duke of Braganza, but, in 1445, Afonso took offence because Isabella of Coimbra, Peters daughter, became the choice for Afonso Vs wife, and not one of his granddaughters. Indifferent to the intrigues, Peter continued his regency and the country prospered under his rule and it was during this period that the first subsidies for the exploration of the Atlantic Ocean were appropriated under the supervision of Henry the Navigator. On 9 June 1448, King Afonso V came of age, an ambitious man, he persuaded the young king to turn against Peter. Influenced by Afonso, the king nullified all of Peters edicts, the following year, under accusations that years later would prove false, Afonso V declared his uncle Peter a rebel. The situation became unsustainable and a war begun. On 20 May 1449, during the Battle of Alfarrobeira, near Alverca, after the Battle of Alfarrobeira, Afonso V gave new powers to his uncle Afonso and nine years later when he departed to Africa, the regency was delegated to him. Duke of Braganza List of Dukes of Braganza Nobreza de Portugal e Brasil, genealogical information on Afonso, Duke of Braganza Media related to Afonso, Duke of Braganza at Wikimedia Commons
Afonso I, Duke of Braganza
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posthumous engraving; Carlos António Leoni
Afonso I, Duke of Braganza
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D. Afonso;
Ducal Palace of Vila Viçosa.
4.
Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza
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Dom Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza is the pretender to the former Portuguese throne, as the head of the House of Braganza. The Miguelist Braganzas, to whom Duarte Pio belongs as great-grandson of King Miguel I, is a branch of the House of Braganza. Duarte Pio is a figure within the European network of royal houses, despite his support for a monarchical government and widespread recognition as heir to the throne, there are no serious movements or parties that support restoration of the monarchy. In 1995, the Duke married Isabel Inês de Castro Curvelo de Herédia, the Duke and Duchess have three children, thus continuing the line of the Braganzas, as neither of the Dukes brothers have married nor had children. Duarte Pio João Miguel Gabriel Rafael was born on 15 May 1945 in Bern, Switzerland and his father was the grandson of King Miguel I, while his mother was a great-granddaughter of King Pedro IV, who was King Miguel Is older brother. Through his father, he is a member of the Miguelist branch of the House of Braganza, Duarte Pios godparents were Pope Pius XII, Queen Amélie and his great-aunt Infanta Adelgundes, Duchess of Guimarães. From his birth, Duarte Pio has held the honorific styling of Dom, the Duke is regarded as a Portuguese national by descent, since his father was Portuguese. At the time of his birth, Duarte Pio and the rest of the Miguelist Braganzas were banned from entering Portugal, in 1951, Dom Duarte visited Portugal for the first time, accompanied by his aunt, Infanta Filipa. In 1952, he moved to Portugal permanently with his parents, from 1957 to 1959, Duarte was enrolled in the Colégio NunÁlvres in Santo Tirso. In 1960, he entered the Colégio Militar in Lisbon and he attended the Instituto Superior de Agronomia and later the Graduate Institute of Development Studies of the University of Geneva. From 1968 to 1971, Dom Duarte fulfilled his service as a helicopter pilot in the Portuguese Air Force in Portuguese Angola at the time of the Portuguese Colonial War. In 1972, he participated with a multi-ethnic Angolan group in the organization of an independent list of candidates to the National Assembly and this resulted in his expulsion from Angola by order of the Prime Minister Marcelo Caetano. Duarte Pio claims the throne as the heir of King Manuel II according to the Constitutional Charter of 1826, a small number of Portuguese monarchists do not recognise Duarte Pio as pretender to the throne or as Duke of Braganza. The dispute dates back to 1828 when Duarte Pios great-grandfather usurped the throne as King Miguel I, Miguel I was eventually exiled and his niece, Queen Maria II, was restored to her throne. According to the law of banishment of 1834 and the Constitution of 1838, Miguel I, however, the Constitutional Charter of 1826 was reinstated in 1842, this constitution did not bar Miguels descendants from ascending the throne. In 1912 and 1922, Duarte Pios grandfather, Miguel, Duke of Braganza, reconciled with King Manuel II, one monarchist group in Portugal that did support Miguel, Duke of Braganza, instead of the deposed King Manuel II was the Integralismo Lusitano. In May 2006, the Portuguese Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a statement where it referred to Duarte Pio as Duke of Braganza, in its official response on 11 July 2006, the Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs restated the fact that the Portuguese constitution guarantees the republican regime. The Duke often interacts with national and international political and cultural institutions, by which he represents the Portuguese people
Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza
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The Duke of Braganza in 2011
Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza
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Duarte Nuno of Braganza was Duarte Pio's father and predecessor.
Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza
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Duarte Pio speaking at the Royal Dinner of the
Forty Conspirators in 2008.
Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza
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Duarte Pio often speaks on behalf of Portugal and the monarchist cause.
5.
Prince of Brazil
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Prince of Brazil was the title held by the heir-apparent to the Kingdom of Portugal, from 1645 to 1815. Tied with the title of Prince of Brazil was the title Duke of Braganza, the titles name has its origins in the Viceroyalty of Brazil, a colony of the Portuguese Empire. Brazil would later break from the United Kingdom and become the independent Empire of Brazil, the heirs presumptive of Brazil were known as The Prince Imperial of Brazil or The Princess Imperial of Brazil, with the style of Imperial Highness. Other members of the Brazilian Imperial Family were known by the title of Prince or Princess prefixed to their given names, until the reign of King John IV of Portugal, the heir-apparent to the throne of Portugal had used the title of Prince of Portugal. After his succession to the throne, John IV sought to give his heir a more prestigious and noble title, Prince of Brazil, alongside granting the heir of Portugal the title of Duke of Braganza. The title was created by King John IV of Portugal on 27 October 1645 in favor of his eldest son and heir Teodósio, the eldest son and heir of the Prince of Brazil was styled Prince of Beira and Duke of Barcelos. When Brazil broke away from the United Kingdom to become an independent Empire, the title of the Portuguese heir apparent was changed to Prince Royal of Portugal
Prince of Brazil
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Teodósio
Prince of Brazil
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Flag of the Prince of Brazil.
Prince of Brazil
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Afonso
Prince of Brazil
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João
6.
Portuguese language
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Portuguese is a Romance language and the sole official language of Portugal, Brazil, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, Angola, and São Tomé and Príncipe. It also has co-official language status in East Timor, Equatorial Guinea, Portuguese is part of the Ibero-Romance group that evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in the medieval Kingdom of Galicia, and has kept some Celtic phonology. Portuguese is also termed the language of Camões, after Luís Vaz de Camões, one of the greatest literary figures in the Portuguese language and author of the Portuguese epic poem, the museum is the first of its kind in the world. In 2015 the museum was destroyed in a fire, but there are plans to reconstruct it, when the Romans arrived in the Iberian Peninsula in 216 BCE, they brought the Latin language with them, from which all Romance languages descend. Between 409 CE and 711 CE, as the Roman Empire collapsed in Western Europe, Portuguese evolved from the medieval language, known today by linguists as Galician-Portuguese, Old Portuguese or Old Galician, of the northwestern medieval Kingdom of Galicia. It is in Latin administrative documents of the 9th century that written Galician-Portuguese words and this phase is known as Proto-Portuguese, which lasted from the 9th century until the 12th-century independence of the County of Portugal from the Kingdom of León, by then reigning over Galicia. In the first part of the Galician-Portuguese period, the language was used for documents. For some time, it was the language of preference for poetry in Christian Hispania. Portugal became an independent kingdom in 1139, under King Afonso I of Portugal, in the second period of Old Portuguese, in the 15th and 16th centuries, with the Portuguese discoveries, the language was taken to many regions of Africa, Asia and the Americas. The language continued to be popular in parts of Asia until the 19th century, some Portuguese-speaking Christian communities in India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, and Indonesia preserved their language even after they were isolated from Portugal. The end of the Old Portuguese period was marked by the publication of the Cancioneiro Geral by Garcia de Resende, Most literate Portuguese speakers were also literate in Latin, and thus they easily adopted Latin words into their writing—and eventually speech—in Portuguese. Portuguese is the language of the majority of people in Brazil and Portugal, perhaps 75% of the population of Angola speaks Portuguese natively, and 85% are fluent. Just over 40% of the population of Mozambique are native speakers of Portuguese, Portuguese is also spoken natively by 30% of the population in Guinea-Bissau, and a Portuguese-based creole is understood by all. No data is available for Cape Verde, but almost all the population is bilingual, there are also significant Portuguese speaking immigrant communities in many countries including Andorra, Bermuda, Canada, France, Japan, Jersey, Namibia, Paraguay, Macau, Switzerland, Venezuela. In some parts of former Portuguese India, namely Goa and Daman and Diu, in 2014, an estimated 1,500 students were learning Portuguese in Goa. Equatorial Guinea made an application for full membership to the CPLP in June 2010. In 2011, Portuguese became its official language and, in July 2014. Portuguese is a subject in The school curriculum in Uruguay
Portuguese language
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Multilingual sign in Japanese, Portuguese, and English in
Oizumi,
Japan. Return immigration of
Japanese Brazilians has led to a large Portuguese-speaking community in the town.
Portuguese language
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Percentage of worldwide Portuguese speakers per country.
Portuguese language
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Library of the
Mafra National Palace, Portugal
Portuguese language
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Baroque Library of the
Coimbra University, Portugal
7.
House of Braganza
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The house came to rule the Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves following the successful deposition of the Philippine Dynasty by John IV of Portugal, in 1640. The Braganzas were deposed from their thrones at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries, when Emperor Pedro II was deposed in Brazil, in 1889, and when King Manuel II was deposed in Portugal, in 1910. The Constitutional branch died out with the death of King Manuel II in 1932, passing its claim to the Portuguese throne to the Miguelist Branch, by way of Duarte Nuno, Duke of Braganza. The House of Braganza originated with Afonso I, an son of King John I of Portugal, founder of the House of Aviz. With his newly consolidated place in the nobility of Portugal, Afonso commenced what would be a successful political and social career. In 1415 he took part in the Conquest of Ceuta, alongside his father, his brothers, by the time of his fathers death in 1433, Afonso had won favour with his brother, King Duarte I and the rest of high Portuguese society. The Duke of Coimbras regency, however, soon proved unpopular, afonsos elevation to the dukedom, the highest level of nobility, marked the foundation of the House of Braganza, which was to become a key family in Portuguese history. As a result of the work and success of Afonso I, his children all secured successful positions. He was a diplomat, and served as the kings representative at the Council of Basel in 1436. In 1451, the Count of Ourém was made Marquis of Valença and escorted Infanta Leonor of Portugal to her husband Frederick III, later, in 1458, he participated in the capture and conquest of Alcácer-Ceguer. The Marquis of Valença, however, died in 1460, one year before his father, Afonso Is first daughter, Isabel of Braganza, married Infante João, Lord of Reguengos de Monsaraz, thus relinking the House of Braganza to the Royal House of Portugal. Isabels strategic marriage proved successful, and produced four children, whose descendants would be some of the most important in Iberian history, Afonso Is last child and successor, Fernando I, Duke of Braganza, continued his legacy of prominence in the military and society. When Fernando I was born, in 1403, his grandfather, Nuno Álvares Pereira, Fernando became an accomplished military man, participating in various Portuguese imperial campaigns. Fernando Is children, by his wife, Joana de Castro, Lady of Cadaval, of his nine children, all six who survived to adulthood established themselves either through positions or marriages, though the actions of King João II would seek to weaken their influence. Fernando Is first son and successor, Fernando II, was initially a bright and popular nobleman, but his conflict with King João II would see his and the Houses downfall. His second son, João of Braganza, 1st Marquis of Montemor-o-Novo, was a military man and was made Constable of Portugal. Fernandos third son, Afonso of Braganza, became a nobleman of society and was made 1st Count of Faro. The Dukes fourth son, Álvaro of Braganza, inherited the fiefs of his mother, becoming the 5th Lord of Ferreira, 4th Lord of Cadaval, fernandos eldest surviving daughter, Beatriz of Braganza, married Pedro de Meneses, 1st Marquis of Vila Real
House of Braganza
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Afonso I, first
Duke of Braganza and founder of the House of Braganza.
House of Braganza
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Most Serene House of Braganza Sereníssima Casa de Bragança
House of Braganza
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Jaime I, the Duke who restored the House's prestige after the
João II affair.
House of Braganza
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João II raised the noble house to the ruling dynasty as King João IV of Portugal.
8.
Portugal
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Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, is a country on the Iberian Peninsula in Southwestern Europe. It is the westernmost country of mainland Europe, to the west and south it is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean and to the east and north by Spain. The Portugal–Spain border is 1,214 kilometres long and considered the longest uninterrupted border within the European Union, the republic also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira, both autonomous regions with their own regional governments. The territory of modern Portugal has been settled, invaded. The Pre-Celts, Celts, Carthaginians and the Romans were followed by the invasions of the Visigothic, in 711 the Iberian Peninsula was invaded by the Moors, making Portugal part of Muslim Al Andalus. Portugal was born as result of the Christian Reconquista, and in 1139, Afonso Henriques was proclaimed King of Portugal, in the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal established the first global empire, becoming one of the worlds major economic, political and military powers. Portugal monopolized the trade during this time, and the Portuguese Empire expanded with military campaigns led in Asia. After the 1910 revolution deposed the monarchy, the democratic but unstable Portuguese First Republic was established, democracy was restored after the Portuguese Colonial War and the Carnation Revolution in 1974. Shortly after, independence was granted to almost all its overseas territories, Portugal has left a profound cultural and architectural influence across the globe and a legacy of over 250 million Portuguese speakers today. Portugal is a country with a high-income advanced economy and a high living standard. It is the 5th most peaceful country in the world, maintaining a unitary semi-presidential republican form of government and it has the 18th highest Social Progress in the world, putting it ahead of other Western European countries like France, Spain and Italy. Portugal is a pioneer when it comes to drug decriminalization, as the nation decriminalized the possession of all drugs for use in 2001. The early history of Portugal is shared with the rest of the Iberian Peninsula located in South Western Europe, the name of Portugal derives from the joined Romano-Celtic name Portus Cale. Other influences include some 5th-century vestiges of Alan settlements, which were found in Alenquer, Coimbra, the region of present-day Portugal was inhabited by Neanderthals and then by Homo sapiens, who roamed the border-less region of the northern Iberian peninsula. These were subsistence societies that, although they did not establish prosperous settlements, neolithic Portugal experimented with domestication of herding animals, the raising of some cereal crops and fluvial or marine fishing. Chief among these tribes were the Calaicians or Gallaeci of Northern Portugal, the Lusitanians of central Portugal, the Celtici of Alentejo, a few small, semi-permanent, commercial coastal settlements were also founded in the Algarve region by Phoenicians-Carthaginians. Romans first invaded the Iberian Peninsula in 219 BC, during the last days of Julius Caesar, almost the entire peninsula had been annexed to the Roman Republic. The Carthaginians, Romes adversary in the Punic Wars, were expelled from their coastal colonies and it suffered a severe setback in 150 BC, when a rebellion began in the north
Portugal
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Citânia de Briteiros, in the
Minho Province, is the best preserved
Iron Age and
Castro culture site in Portugal.
Portugal
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Flag
Portugal
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The
Roman Temple of Évora, in the
Alentejo, is a symbol of
Lusitania, Roman rule in Portugal.
Portugal
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Monument in Porto to
Vimara Peres, first ruler of the County of Portugal
9.
Portuguese monarchs
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Through the nearly 800 years which Portugal was a monarchy, the kings held various other titles and pretensions. Two Kings of Portugal, Ferdinand I and Afonso V, also claimed the crown of Castile, when the House of Habsburg came into power, the Kings of Spain, and Naples, also became Kings of Portugal. The House of Braganza brought numerous titles to the Portuguese Crown, including King of Brazil, with Manuel IIs death, the Miguelist branch of the House of Braganza became the pretenders to the throne of Portugal. They have all been acclaimed King of Portugal by their monarchist groups, the monarchs of Portugal all came from a single ancestor, Afonso I of Portugal, but direct lines have sometimes ended. This has led to a variety of royal houses coming to rule Portugal, Prior to the independence of Portugal, the house ruled the feudal County of Portugal, of the Kingdom of Galicia. When Alphonso I Henriques declared the independence of Portugal, he turned the family from a house to a royal house which would rule Portugal for over two centuries. When Ferdinand I died, a crisis occurred and Ferdinands daughter Beatrice of Portugal was proclaimed queen. Her legitimacy as a monarch is disputed, the House of Aviz, known as the Joanine Dynasty, succeeded the House of Burgundy as the reigning house of the Kingdom of Portugal. The house was founded by John I of Portugal, who was the Grand Master of the Order of Aviz, when King John II of Portugal died without an heir, the throne of Portugal passed to his cousin, Manuel, Duke of Beja. When King Sebastian of Portugal died, the passed to his uncle. When Henry died, a crisis occurred and António, Prior of Crato was proclaimed António of Portugal. The House of Habsburg, known as the Philippine Dynasty, is the house that ruled Portugal from 1581 to 1640, the dynasty began with the acclamation of Philip II of Spain as Philip I of Portugal in 1580, officially recognized in 1581 by the Portuguese Cortes of Tomar. Philip I swore to rule Portugal as a separate from his Spanish domains. John was proclaimed King John IV, and he deposed the House of Habsburg in the Portuguese Restoration War, the descendants of Queen Maria II, and her consort, King Ferdinand II, came to rule in 1853. Portuguese law and custom treated them as members of the House of Braganza and this has led some to classify these last four monarchs of Portugal as members of a new family, called the House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, though this view is not widely held. History of titles of the kings of Portugal with bibliography Sousa, história Genealógica da Casa Real Portuguesa. Jiří Louda & Michael Maclagan, Portugal, in Lines of Succession, heraldry of the Royal families of Europe, London, Orbis Publishing, pp. 228–237. Luís Amaral & Marcos Soromenho Santos, Costados do Duque de Bragança, Lisboa, Afonso Eduardo Martins Zuquete, Nobreza de Portugal e Brasil, vol
Portuguese monarchs
–
O Rei D. Manuel II
Portuguese monarchs
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Royal Coat of arms
Portuguese monarchs
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Portuguese: Afonso Henriques
Portuguese monarchs
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Portuguese: Sancho I
10.
Prince of Beira
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Prince of Beira is a title traditionally granted to the heir apparent of the heir apparent to the throne of Portugal. The titles original use that it be granted on the eldest daughter of the monarch of Portugal. Tied with the title of Prince of Beira, is Duke of Barcelos, as heir to the Duke of Braganza, the current Prince of Beira is Prince Afonso, the eldest son of Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza. The titles name has its origins in the Beira province in central Portugal, the title was presumably created by King John IV of Portugal, the new monarch, first of the Braganza dynasty, sometime in the 1640s. It was firstly given to his eldest surviving daughter, Infanta Joanna of Portugal, 1st Princess of Beira. The title had no connection to being one for next heirs of the throne - King John IV had a second son, and soon a third, but the daughter kept Beira. However, Joanna died young in 1653, afterwards, the title kept granted and regranted several times during the remaining Portuguese monarchy. However, the precedent of being granted to the monarchs eldest daughter in a situation where he had several living sons, was repeated some times in later centuries. The titles first connection with the position of the heir was from 1669 onwards, when it was held by the Infanta Isabel Luísa, Princess of Beira, the only then living child of King Peter II. She received it as the eldest daughter of the king, but as she also was the heiress presumptive until 1688, according to the first tradition, the next holder would be infanta Barbara of Portugal, the eldest daughter of King John V of Portugal. In 1729, she married with Infante Fernando of Spain, the Prince of Asturias, then, on December 17,1734 the title was created anew by king John V of Portugal, in favour of his newborn eldest granddaughter Infanta Maria Francisca. She was the eldest daughter of the heir-apparent of the monarch and this was the first time when it was granted two generations down from the monarch. As the future Joseph I was to remain without sons, the new Princess of Beira would later become the proclaimed heiress, in 1750 the newly ascended King Joseph I proclaimed his eldest daughter the official heiress and granted her the crown-princely title Princess of Brazil. He in 1761 further granted Marias eldest son, Infante Dom José Francisco, for the first time, the title was held by a male. The situation now, effectively, was that the official heir held the Princedom of Brazil. The situation had been the same during 1734-50, when the monarchs heir-apparent was Prince of Brazil and this was to be repeated after that time, as monarchs granted Beira to the second heir-apparent whenever possible. The future King John VI himself never became Prince of Beira--he became Prince of Brazil, according to the first tradition, the next holder of Beira would be Infanta Mariana Vitória of Portugal, the eldest daughter of Maria I and Pedro III. She died two months after her eldest brother, in 1785, she was married to Infante Gabriel of Spain, whom she predeceased by some weeks
Prince of Beira
–
Joana
Prince of Beira
–
Catarina
Prince of Beira
–
Isabel Luísa
Prince of Beira
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Bárbara
11.
History of Portugal
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The history of Portugal dates back to the Early Middle Ages. The country was weakened by the destruction of much of its capital city in an earthquake in 1755, occupation during the Napoleonic Wars. From the middle of the 19th century to the late 1950s, in 1910, there was a revolution that deposed the monarchy. Amid corruption, repression of the church, and the bankruptcy of the state. The new government instituted sweeping reforms and granted independence to all of Portugals African colonies in 1975. Portugal is a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. It entered the European Economic Community in 1986, the word Portugal derives from the Roman-Celtic place name Portus Cale. Around 200 BC, the Romans took the Iberian Peninsula from the Carthaginians during the Second Punic War, during the Dark Ages, the region around Portus Cale became known by the Suebi and Visigoths as Portucale. By the 11th and 12th centuries, Portugale was already referred to as Portugal, the precise etymology of the name Cale is somewhat mysterious, although the most plausible origin points to Cale being a Celtic name, like many others found in the region. Indeed the word cale or cala meant port, an inlet or harbour, furthermore todays Gaelic word for harbour is indeed Cala. Some argue it is the stem of Gallaecia, again of Celtic derivation, another theory claims it derives from the word Caladunum. In any case, the particle Portu in the word Portucale was used as the basis of Porto, and port became the English name of the wine actually produced further inland, in the Upper Douro Valley region, but exported through Porto. The name Cale is today reflected in Gaia, a city on the bank of the river. The region of present-day Portugal was inhabited by Neanderthals, and then by Homo sapiens, Neanderthals probably arrived 100,000 years BP. A Neanderthal tooth found at Nova da Columbiera cave in Estremadura is one of the oldest human fossils so far discovered, Homo sapiens sapiens arrived in Portugal in around 35,000 years ago and spread rapidly throughout the country. Pre-Celtic tribes inhabited Portugal leaving a remarkable cultural footprint, the Cynetes developed a written language, leaving many stelae, which are mainly found in the south of Portugal. Early in the first millennium BC, several waves of Celts invaded Portugal from Central Europe and intermarried with the populations to form several different ethnic groups. The Celtic presence in Portugal is traceable, in outline, through archaeological
History of Portugal
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Archaeological artifact from the work developed in the area of
Citânia de Briteiros
History of Portugal
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Cross or cruzado in Citânia de Briteiros
12.
List of Dukedoms in Portugal
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The highest hereditary title in the Portuguese monarchy. By tradition, there are a total of five royal and seven non-royal dukes in Portugal, out of 28 dukedoms that have ever been created. In the majority of cases, the title of duke was attributed to members of the nobility, usually relatives of the Portuguese Royal Family. There are exceptions, like António José de Ávila, who, although not having any relation to the family, was given the title of duke of Ávila. Only Aveiro, Lafões, Terceira, Palmela, Saldanha and Loulé were dukedoms de juro e herdade, some of these dukes enjoyed Honras de Parente, i. e. certain honours associated with being an officially recognised relative of the king. Before the Liberal Regime, Duke of Aveiro and Duke of Torres Novas, the first duke was an illegitimate son of King Pedro II of Portugal. Also Count of Miranda do Corvo and Marquis of Arronches and Count of Cantanhede and Marquis of Marialva and also Duke of Miranda do Corvo, Duke da Vitória. After the Liberal Regime, Duke of Terceira,1832, Descendants of Ferdinand III of Castile, by his son, heads of the Portuguese branch of the Manoel de Vilhena family, since the marriage of Constance Manoel with King Pedro I of Portugal. Her brother, Henrique Manoel, was brought in her entourage, Duke of Palmela,1833, formerly Duke of Faial, replaced by the title of Duke of Palmela, descending in the female line from the Dukes of Holstein. Also 1st Marquis of Faial, 1st Marquis of Palmela, 1st Count of Palmela, the first duke was President of the Council of Ministers and a quite remarkable ambassador in London and to the Congress of Vienna, Duke of Saldanha,1857, family Saldanha Oliveira e Daun. Also 1st Marquis of Saldanha, 1st Count of Saldanha and 1st Count of Almoster, the first duke was President of the Council of Ministers, Duke of Ávila and Bolama,1878, family Ávila. First dukedom granted to a commoner and these titles were traditionally granted to the Lady Chamberlain, the highest royal court office for a woman, only during her life, Duchess of Abrantes, granted to two Marchionesses of Abrantes. Duchess of Ficalho, to one Marchioness of Ficalho, Duchess of Linhares, to one Countess of Linhares. Duchess of Tancos, to one Marchioness of Tancos
List of Dukedoms in Portugal
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Designated royal titles
13.
Duchy of Braganza
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The Duchy of Braganza has been the fief of an important Portuguese noble family, the House of Braganza, and is one of the most important Dukedoms of Portugal. Created in 1442 by King Afonso V of Portugal for his uncle Afonso, Count of Barcelos, it is one of the oldest fiefdoms in Portugal. After the foundation of the Portuguese Republic in 1910, the tradition of the heir to the throne being titled Duke of Braganza was revived by some pretenders to signify their claims to the throne. The Duchy of Braganza, a Dukedom, was created in 1442 by king Afonso V of Portugal for his uncle Afonso, Count of Barcelos. Along with the duchies of Coimbra and Viseu created by John I for his sons Peter and Henry after their capture of Ceuta from the Moors in 1415, by 1640, Portugal was on the verge of rebellion and a new Portuguese king had to be found. The duke was a modest man without particular ambitions to the crown, legend says that his wife, Leonor of Guzman, daughter of the duke of Medina-Sidónia, urged him to accept the offer saying, Id rather be Queen for one day than duchess for a lifetime. He accepted the leadership of the rebellion, which was successful, the fief itself became merged in the crown
Duchy of Braganza
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Duchy of Braganza
14.
Afonso V of Portugal
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Afonso V KG, called the African, was King of Portugal and the Algarves. His sobriquet refers to his conquests in Northern Africa, as of 1471, Afonso V was the first king of Portugal to claim dominion over a plural Kingdom of the Algarves, instead of the singular Kingdom of the Algarve. Territories added to the Portuguese crown lands in North Africa during the 15th century came to be referred to as possessions of the Kingdom of the Algarve, the Algarves then were considered to be the southern Portuguese territories on both sides of the Strait of Gibraltar. Afonso was born in Sintra, the eldest son of King Edward of Portugal by his wife Eleanor of Aragon, Afonso V was only six years old when he succeeded his father in 1438. During his minority, Afonso V was placed under the regency of his mother in accordance with a will of his late father, as both a foreigner and a woman, the queen was not a popular choice for regent. Opposition rose and without any important ally among the Portuguese aristocracy other than Afonso, Count of Barcelos, the half brother of King Edward. In 1439, the Portuguese Cortes decided to replace the queen with Peter, Duke of Coimbra, peters main policies were concerned with restricting the political power of the great noble houses and expanding the powers of the crown. The country prospered under his rule, but not peacefully, as his laws interfered with the ambition of powerful nobles, the count of Barcelos, a personal enemy of the Duke of Coimbra eventually became the kings favourite uncle and began a constant struggle for power. In 1442, the king made Afonso the first Duke of Braganza, with this title and its lands, he became the most powerful man in Portugal and one of the richest men in Europe. To secure his position as regent, Peter had Afonso marry his daughter, Isabella of Coimbra, but on 9 June 1448, when the king came of age, Peter had to surrender his power to Afonso V. The years of conspiracy by the Duke of Braganza finally came to a head, on 15 September of the same year, Afonso V nullified all the laws and edicts approved under the regency. In the following year, led by what were discovered to be false accusations, Afonso declared Peter a rebel and defeated his army in the Battle of Alfarrobeira. After this battle and the loss of one of Portugals most remarkable infantes, Afonso V then turned his attentions to North Africa. In the reign of his grandfather John I, Ceuta had been conquered from the king of Morocco, the kings army conquered Alcácer Ceguer in 1458 and Arzila in 1471. Tangiers, on the hand, was won and lost several times between 1460 and 1464. These achievements granted the king the nickname of the African or Africano, the king also supported the exploration of the Atlantic Ocean led by prince Henry the Navigator but after Henrys death in 1460, he did nothing to continue Henrys work. Administratively, Afonso V was a passive king and he chose not to pursue the revision of laws or development of commerce, preferring instead to preserve the legacy of his father Edward and grandfather John I. In 1452, Pope Nicholas V issued the papal bull Dum Diversas and this was reaffirmed and extended in the Romanus Pontifex bull of 1455
Afonso V of Portugal
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Afonso V
Afonso V of Portugal
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Afonse V of Portugal
Afonso V of Portugal
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A copy of the
Fra Mauro map was made under a commission by Afonso V in 1457. Finished on April 24, 1459, it was sent to Portugal with a letter to
Prince Henry the Navigator, Afonso's uncle, encouraging further funding of exploration trips. Although the copy has been lost, the
Andrea Bianco original is preserved at the
Biblioteca Marciana (Venice).
15.
Afonso, Duke of Braganza
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Dom Afonso I of Braganza was the first Duke of Braganza and the eighth Count of Barcelos. He would start a dynasty, the House of Braganza, that would end up being the most powerful and his descendents would go on to become high-ranking nobles, imperial officials, and even the Kings of Portugal and the Emperors of Brazil. Historians believe he was born in Veiros, Estremoz, Alentejo, as a son of Portuguese King John I. He married the heiress Beatriz Pereira de Alvim, daughter of Nuno Álvares Pereira, a general, a traveled and cultivated man, Afonso was present in 1415 when the Portuguese conquered Ceuta. When his half-brother King Edward I of Portugal died in 1438, his son Afonso V was an infant and the choice for the regency was his sister-in-law and this choice pleased both the people and the fast-growing bourgeoisie. Within the Portuguese aristocracy, however, especially those in the circle around Afonso, Eleonor of Aragon was preferred, a contest for the young kings affection began, and within a few years, Afonso managed to become Afonso Vs favourite uncle. In 1443, in a gesture of reconciliation, Peter made Afonso the first Duke of Braganza, but, in 1445, Afonso took offence because Isabella of Coimbra, Peters daughter, became the choice for Afonso Vs wife, and not one of his granddaughters. Indifferent to the intrigues, Peter continued his regency and the country prospered under his rule and it was during this period that the first subsidies for the exploration of the Atlantic Ocean were appropriated under the supervision of Henry the Navigator. On 9 June 1448, King Afonso V came of age, an ambitious man, he persuaded the young king to turn against Peter. Influenced by Afonso, the king nullified all of Peters edicts, the following year, under accusations that years later would prove false, Afonso V declared his uncle Peter a rebel. The situation became unsustainable and a war begun. On 20 May 1449, during the Battle of Alfarrobeira, near Alverca, after the Battle of Alfarrobeira, Afonso V gave new powers to his uncle Afonso and nine years later when he departed to Africa, the regency was delegated to him. Duke of Braganza List of Dukes of Braganza Nobreza de Portugal e Brasil, genealogical information on Afonso, Duke of Braganza Media related to Afonso, Duke of Braganza at Wikimedia Commons
Afonso, Duke of Braganza
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posthumous engraving; Carlos António Leoni
Afonso, Duke of Braganza
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D. Afonso;
Ducal Palace of Vila Viçosa.
16.
Fief
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The fees were often lands or revenue-producing real property held in feudal land tenure, these are typically known as fiefs or fiefdoms. However, not only land but anything of value could be held in fee, including office, rights of exploitation such as hunting or fishing, monopolies in trade. In ancient Rome a benefice was a gift of land for life as a reward for services rendered, originally, in medieval Latin European documents, a land grant in exchange for service continued to be called a beneficium. Later, the term feudum, or feodum, began to replace beneficium in the documents, the first attested instance of this is from 984, although more primitive forms were seen up to one hundred years earlier. The origin of the feudum and why it replaced beneficium has not been well established, but there are multiple theories, described below. The most widely held theory is put forth by Marc Bloch that it is related to the Frankish term *fehu-ôd, in which means cattle and -ôd means goods. When land replaced currency as the store of value, the Germanic word *fehu-ôd replaced the Latin word beneficium. This Germanic origin theory was also shared by William Stubbs in the nineteenth century, a theory put forward by Archibald R. Lewis that the origin of fief is not feudum, but rather foderum, the earliest attested use being in Astronomuss Vita Hludovici. In that text is a passage about Louis the Pious which says annona militaris quas vulgo foderum vocant, a theory by Alauddin Samarrai suggests an Arabic origin, from fuyū. Samarrais theory is that early forms of fief include feo, feu, feuz, feuum and others, Samarrai, however, also advises medieval and early modern Muslim scribes often used etymologically fanciful roots in order to claim the most outlandish things to be of Arabian or Muslim origin. It lacked a precise meaning until the middle of the 12th century, in English usage, the word fee is first attested around 1250–1300, the word fief from around 1605–15. In French, the fief is found from the middle of the 13th century. In French, one also finds seigneurie, which rise to the expression seigneurial system to describe feudalism. Originally, vassalage did not imply the giving or receiving of landholdings, by the middle of the 10th century, fee had largely become hereditary. The eldest son of a deceased vassal would inherit, but first he had to do homage and fealty to the lord, historically, the fees of the 11th and the 12th century derived from two separate sources. The first was land carved out of the estates of the upper nobility, the second source was allodial land transformed into dependent tenures. The process occurred later in Germany, and was going on in the 13th century. In England, Henry II transformed them into important sources of royal income, the discontent of barons with royal claims to arbitrarily assessed reliefs and other feudal payments under Henrys son King John resulted in Magna Carta of 1215
Fief
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Harold Sacramentum Fecit Willelmo Duci (
Bayeux Tapestry)
Fief
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Sigismund fees the
Margraviate of Brandenburg to
Frederik, April 30, 1415
17.
John IV of Portugal
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John IV was the King of Portugal and the Algarves from 1640 to his death. He was the grandson of Catherine, Duchess of Braganza, who had in 1580 claimed the Portuguese crown, John IV was nicknamed John the Restorer. On the eve of his death in 1656, the Portuguese Empire reached its territorial zenith and he was one of the main forces behind the independence of Portugal after the Spanish dominance. John IV was born at Vila Viçosa and succeeded his father Teodósio II as Duke of Braganza when the latter died insane in 1630 and he married Luisa de Guzmán, eldest daughter of Juan Manuel Pérez de Guzmán, 8th Duke of Medina Sidonia, in 1633. John had blond hair, blue eyes and an average height, when Philip II of Portugal died, he was succeeded by Philip III, who had a different approach to Portuguese issues. Taxes on the Portuguese merchants were raised, the Portuguese nobility began to lose its influence, ultimately, Philip III tried to make Portugal a Spanish province, meaning Portuguese nobles stood to lose all of their power. Philips troops were at the fighting the Thirty Years War. The ensuing conflict with Spain brought Portugal into the Thirty Years War as, at least and his accession led to a protracted war with neighbouring Spain, a conflict known as the Portuguese Restoration War, which ended with the recognition of Portuguese independence in a subsequent reign. Spain was involved in the Thirty Years War until 1648 and the Franco–Spanish War until 1659, in Spain, a Portuguese invasion force defeated the Spanish at Montijo, near Badajoz, in 1644. Abroad, the Dutch took Portuguese Malacca, and the Sultan of Oman captured Muscat and this was countered by the loss of Portuguese Ceylon to the Dutch, who took Colombo in 1656. King John IV died in 1656 and was succeeded by his son Afonso VI and his daughter, Catherine of Braganza, married King Charles II of England. John was a patron of music and the arts, and a sophisticated writer on music, in addition to this. During his reign he collected one of the largest libraries in the world, among his writings is a defense of Palestrina, and a Defense of Modern Music. One famous composition attributed to him is a setting of the Crux fidelis, however, no known manuscript of the work exists, and it was first published only in 1869, in France. On stylistic grounds, it is recognized that the work was written in the 19th century. John married Luisa de Guzmán, daughter of Juan Manuel Pérez de Guzmán, from that marriage several children were born. Because some of Johns children were born and died before their father became king they are not considered infantes or infantas of Portugal, história genealógica da Casa Real portuguesa. Free scores by John IV of Portugal in the Choral Public Domain Library Crux fidelis Recording of John IVs best-known choral work
John IV of Portugal
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John IV
John IV of Portugal
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Portrait of John, when Duke of Braganza (c. 1628),
Rubens ' workshop.
Royal Castle,
Warsaw
John IV of Portugal
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The Acclamation of the King John IV.
18.
Catherine, Duchess of Braganza
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Infanta Catherine of Guimarães, Duchess of Braganza by marriage was a Portuguese infanta claimant to the throne following the death of King Henry of Portugal in 1580. The duchess had several children, of whom Teodósio of Braganza, was her eldest surviving son, when King Henry died, Edwards issue were the only surviving legitimate heirs of any of the sons of King Manuel I of Portugal. Her cousin, King Philip II of Spain, used his descent as son of Infanta Isabella and her other cousin Anthony, Prior of Crato was a male, though illegitimate. Anthony had already in 1578 claimed the throne, Catherine had married the Duke of Braganza, John, who himself as a grandson of the late James, Duke of Braganza, was a legitimate heir of Portugal. The Duchess son, Teodósio of Braganza, would have been their royal heir, the duchesss claim was relatively strong, as it was reinforced by her husbands position as one of the legitimate heirs, thus they would both be entitled to hold the kingship. Her claim was also strengthened by the fact that she was living in Portugal, however, Portugal had not yet had a generally recognized queen regnant, but only males on the throne. Moreover, she was a daughter, thus there was a genealogically senior claimant. The Duke of Braganza, influenced by Catherine, refused the proposal and she failed in the struggle, the strongest claimant was her cousin Philip II of Spain who wanted to unite Portugal in a personal union with the other Spanish kingdoms under himself. The nationalist party, those who desired Portugal to remain independent, supported her illegitimate cousin Anthony of Crato, Anthony lost the final competition to Philip in the Battle of Alcântara in 1580. In a couple of years, she lost her husband John of Braganza and she lived on as a widowed lady under the rule of her Castilian cousin and worked hard to pave the way for her descendants to take the Portuguese throne, which finally happened in 1640. In 1640, Catherines grandson and direct heir, the then Duke of Braganza, the Duchess was then retrospectively acknowledged as the legitimate heir, as result of her descendants obtaining the throne, although in her own lifetime she was only one of several possible heirs. By the unanimous voice of the people John was raised to the throne of Portugal during the revolution effected on December 1,1640 against the Spanish king, Philip IV. Catherine and her husband had the children, Maria of Braganza Seraphina of Braganza married Juan Fernández Pacheco. Teodosio of Braganza, succeeded his father as Duke of Braganza, edward of Braganza Alexander of Braganza, Archbishop of Évora Cherubina of Braganza Angelica of Braganza Maria of Braganza Isabella of Braganza Philip of Braganza
Catherine, Duchess of Braganza
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Catherine
19.
Manuel I of Portugal
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Manuel I, the Fortunate, King of Portugal and the Algarves, was the son of Infante Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu, by his wife, the Infanta Beatrice of Portugal. His name is associated with a period of Portuguese civilization that was distinguished by significant achievements both in political affairs and the arts. Manuels mother was the granddaughter of King John I of Portugal, whereas his father was the surviving son of King Edward of Portugal. In 1495, Manuel succeeded his first cousin, King John II of Portugal, Manuel grew up amidst conspiracies of the Portuguese upper nobility against King John II. He was aware of people being killed and exiled. His older brother Diogo, Duke of Viseu, was stabbed to death in 1484 by the king himself, as a result of this stroke of luck, he was nicknamed the Fortunate. Manuel would prove a worthy successor to his cousin John II for his support of Portuguese exploration of the Atlantic Ocean, during his reign, the following achievements were realized,1498 — The discovery of a maritime route to India by Vasco da Gama. 1500 — The discovery of Brazil by Pedro Álvares Cabral,1505 — The appointment of Francisco de Almeida as the first viceroy of India. 1503–1515 — The establishment of monopolies on maritime routes to the Indian Ocean and Persian Gulf by Afonso de Albuquerque. All these events made Portugal wealthy from trade as it formally established a vast overseas empire. Manuel used the wealth to build a number of royal buildings, commercial treaties and diplomatic alliances were forged with China and the Persian Empire. Pope Leo X received an embassy from Portugal during his reign designed to draw attention to Portugals newly acquired riches to all of Europe. In Manuels reign, royal absolutism was the method of government, the Portuguese Cortes met only three times during his reign, always in Lisbon, the kings seat. He reformed the courts of justice and the municipal charters with the crown, modernizing taxes, during his reign, the laws in force in the kingdom of Portugal were recodified with the publication of the Manueline Ordinations. Manuel also endeavoured to promote another crusade against the Turks and his relationship with the Portuguese Jews started out well. At the outset of his reign, he released all the Jews who had been made captive during the reign of John II, unfortunately for the Jews, he decided that he wanted to marry Infanta Isabella of Aragon, then heiress of the future united crown of Spain. Ferdinand and Isabella had expelled the Jews in 1492 and would never marry their daughter to the king of a country that still tolerated their presence, in the marriage contract, Manuel I agreed to persecute the Jews of Portugal. In December 1496, it was decreed that all Jews either convert to Christianity or leave the country without their children, however, those expelled could only leave the country in ships specified by the king
Manuel I of Portugal
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Manuel I of Portugal, in a miniature from the frontispiece of the Livro 1 de Além Douro of the Leitura Nova (penned 15??-1521).
Manuel I of Portugal
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Saint Aleixo's Wedding of Manuel and Maria; Garcia Fernandes, 1541.
Manuel I of Portugal
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The Family of King D. Manuel I at the Fons Vitae;
Colijn de Coter, 1518.
Manuel I of Portugal
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The Interment of D. Manuel from the
Book of hours of D. Manuel; 1517-1551.
20.
Luisa of Guzman
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Luisa María Francisca de Guzmán y Sandoval was a queen consort of Portugal. She was the spouse of King John IV, the first Braganza ruler and she served as regent of Portugal de jure from 1656 until 1662, and de facto until her death in 1666. Luisa was Spanish by birth, the daughter of Juan Manuel Pérez de Guzmán, 8th Duke of Medina Sidonia and her paternal grandfather was the renowned Alonso de Guzmán, El Bueno. She married a high ranking Portuguese noble John, 8th Duke of Braganza in 1633, despite her Spanish roots, the ambitious, willful and ruthless Luisa guided her husbands policies during the Portuguese revolution against Habsburg Spain of 1640. She is considered the influence behind his acceptance of the Portuguese throne when the Revolution seemed to tend to the Portuguese side. It is said that being warned of the dangers of becoming queen of a country that was to face Spains might she pronounced the famous words, rather Queen for a day than Duchess all my life. In some sources this is quoted as for an hour instead of for a day. When she was aware of a failed attempt to murder the King in 1641, she is said to have been one of the members of the Corte. In 1656, she was named Regent of the Kingdom after her husbands death and she continued to occupy the post even after Afonso became an adult in 1662, because her son was mentally unstable. She was the target of a conspiracy headed by Luís de Vasconcelos e Sousa. Luisa was politically astute and mainly responsible for the success of the new alliance with England. Her daughter Catherine married Charles II of England and she is also credited with the organization of the armies that in the following years would completely ensure Portuguese independence through the victories in the Portuguese Restoration War. Infante Teodósio, Prince of Brazil died unmarried, ana of Braganza died at birth. Infanta Joana, Princess of Beira died unmarried, Catherine of Braganza married Charles II of England and had no surviving issue. Manuel of Portugal died at birth, Afonso VI of Portugal married Maria Francisca of Savoy. Pedro II of Portugal married Maria Francisca of Savoy, had issue, married Maria Sophia of Neuburg and had issue
Luisa of Guzman
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Portrait attributed to
Alonzo Cano, 1632
21.
Philippine Dynasty
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The Philippine Dynasty, also known as the House of Habsburg in Portugal, was the third royal house of Portugal. It was named after the three Spanish kings who ruled Portugal between 1581 and 1640 in a union of the two crowns. The three kings, all named Philip, were from the House of Habsburg, the history of Portugal from the dynastic crisis in 1580 to the House of Braganza monarchs is a period of transition. The Portuguese Empire spice trade was near its height at the start of this period and it continued to enjoy widespread influence after Vasco da Gama had finally reached the East by sailing around Africa in 1497–1498. Vasco da Gamas achievement completed the exploratory efforts inaugurated by Henry the Navigator and this sent the Portuguese spice trade into a long decline. These events, and those that occurred at the end of the House of Aviz and this complexity needed a permanent seat, and the king Philip II of Spain established in 1562 the permanent capital in Madrid, seat of the Royal Court and of the administrative staff. Although transferred-in Valladolid, with the administrative staff, during a brief period. After that, the Council answered afterwards a session to treat the issue, the secretary raise the consultation to the king, and was returned to the Council with his response to be executed. The meetings of the Councils took place in the royal palace, in this polisynodial system stood out for its importance, the Consejo de Estado. Even, the Council of War exercised its jurisdiction on the placed in the Castilian strongholds established on the Portuguese littoral. The Council of Portugal, established in 1582, was integrated with a president and six counselors, any decision of the king who concerning his Kingdom must do the object of a consultation to the Council before being transmitted to the chancellery of Lisbon and to the concerned courts. The Council of Portugal knows two eclipses, in 1619, for the presence of the King in Lisbon, and between 1639–1658, replaced with the Junta of Portugal, relating to the particular government of the kingdom of Portugal itself. Public offices were reserved for Portuguese subjects at home and overseas, the king was represented at Lisbon sometimes by a governor and sometimes by a viceroy. So, Spain left the administration of Portugal and its empire largely to the Portuguese themselves, important matters, however, were referred to Madrid, where they came before the Council of Portugal. In the kingdom of Portugal, the system is reinforced. The Conselho de Estado of Lisbon is the Kings private Council, entrusted of debating major issues related to the Crown, the counselors could send their remarks to the king, and the King consulted them through his Viceroy. Portuguese Inquisition remained independent from the Mesa da Consciência e Ordens, there were three major courts in Lisbon, Coimbra and Évora. Also preserved was the Desembargo do Paço, the pinnacle of the entire Portuguese judicial system was the Desembargo do Paço or Royal Board of Justice in Lisbon
Philippine Dynasty
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Spanish Habsburgs' family tree and connection with Portugal royal house of Aviz
Philippine Dynasty
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Philippine Dynasty
Philippine Dynasty
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John IV of Portugal (João IV)
Philippine Dynasty
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Afonso VI, second
King of the House of Braganza.
22.
Prince of Wales
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Prince of Wales was a title granted to princes born in Wales from the 12th century onwards, the term replaced the use of the word king. Since the 13th century, the title is granted to the apparent to the English or British monarch. The title is granted to the heir apparent as a personal honour or dignity. The title Earl of Chester is always given in conjunction with that of Prince of Wales, the Prince of Wales usually has other titles and honours. The wife of the Prince of Wales is entitled to the title Princess of Wales, Prince Charless first wife, Diana, used that title but his second wife, Camilla, uses only the title Duchess of Cornwall because the other title has become so popularly associated with Diana. The Prince of Wales is the heir apparent of the monarch of the United Kingdom, no formal public role or responsibility has been legislated by Parliament or otherwise delegated to him by law or custom, either as heir apparent or as Prince of Wales. He has also represented the Queen and the United Kingdom overseas at state, for most of the post-Roman period, Wales was divided into several smaller states. Before the Norman conquest of England, the most powerful Welsh ruler at any time was generally known as King of the Britons. In the 12th and 13th centuries, this evolved into Prince of Wales. In Latin, the new title was Princeps Walliae, and in Welsh it was Tywysog Cymru, the literal translation of Tywysog is leader. Only a handful of native princes had their claim to the overlordship of Wales recognised by the English Crown, the first known to have used such a title was Owain Gwynedd, adopting the title Prince of the Welsh around 1165 after earlier using rex Waliae. In 1240, the title was inherited by his son Dafydd ap Llywelyn. Instead he styled himself as Prince of Wales around 1244, the first Welsh prince to do so, in 1246, his nephew Llywelyn ap Gruffudd succeeded to the throne of Gwynedd, and used the style as early as 1258. In 1267, with the signing of the Treaty of Montgomery, three Welshmen, however, claimed the title of Prince of Wales after 1283. The first was Madog ap Llywelyn, a member of the house of Gwynedd and his revolt was suppressed, however, after the Battle of Maes Moydog in March 1295, and the prince was imprisoned in London. It is Owain Glyndŵr, however, whom many Welsh people regard as being the last native Prince, on 16 September 1400, he was proclaimed Prince of Wales by his supporters, and held parliaments at Harlech Castle and elsewhere during his revolt, which encompassed all of Wales. It was not until 1409 that his revolt in quest of Welsh independence was suppressed by Henry IV. However, the story may well be apocryphal, as it can only be traced to the 16th century, and, in the time of Edward I, the English aristocracy spoke Norman French, not English
Prince of Wales
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Incumbent
HRH The Prince Charles since 26 July 1958
Prince of Wales
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Prince of Wales
Prince of Wales
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Edward of Caernarfon
Prince of Wales
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Edward of Woodstock, the Black Prince
23.
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
United Kingdom
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Stonehenge, in
Wiltshire, was erected around 2500 BC.
United Kingdom
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Flag
United Kingdom
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The
Bayeux Tapestry depicts the
Battle of Hastings, 1066, and the events leading to it.
United Kingdom
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The
Treaty of Union led to a single united kingdom encompassing all Great Britain.
24.
Afonso VI of Portugal
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Afonso VI, known as the Victorious, was the second King of Portugal and the Algarves of the House of Braganza from 1656 until his death. He was initially under the regency of his mother, Luisa of Medina-Sidonia, until 1662, when he removed her to a convent and took power with the help of his favourite, Afonsos reign saw the end of the Restoration War and Spains recognition of Portugals independence. He also negotiated a French alliance through his marriage, however, the king was physically and mentally weak. In 1668, his brother Pedro conspired to have him declared incapable of ruling and his French wife, Queen Marie Françoise, received an annulment and married Pedro. Afonso spent the rest of his life and reign practically a prisoner, at the age of three, Afonso suffered an illness that left him paralyzed on the left side of his body, also leaving him mentally unstable. His father created him 10th Duke of Braganza, after the death of his eldest brother Teodósio, Prince of Brazil in 1653, Afonso became the heir-apparent to the throne of the kingdom. He received also the crown-princely title 2nd Prince of Brazil and he succeeded his father in 1656 at the age of thirteen. His mother, Luisa of Medina-Sidonia, was named regent in his fathers will and his mental instability and paralysis, plus his lack of interest in government, left his mother as regent for six years, until 1662. English mediation in 1661 saw the Netherlands acknowledge Portuguese rule of Brazil in return for uncontested control of Ceylon, in 1662, the Count of Castelo Melhor saw an opportunity to gain power at court by befriending the king. He managed to convince the king that his mother was out to steal his throne, as a result, Afonso took control of the throne and his mother was sent to a convent. He married Marie Françoise of Nemours, the daughter of the Duke of Savoy in 1666, Marie Françoise, or Maria Francisca in Portuguese, filed for an annulment in 1667 based on the impotence of the king. The Church granted her the annulment, and she married Afonsos brother, Pedro and that same year, Pedro managed to gain enough support to force the king to relinquish control of the government and he became Prince Regent in 1668. Afonso was exiled to the island of Terceira in the Azores for seven years and his trial is the basis of João Mário Grilos 1990 film, The Kings Trial
Afonso VI of Portugal
–
D. Afonso VI;
Domenico Duprà
Afonso VI of Portugal
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Portrait of Infante Afonso; José de Avelar Rebelo, 1653.
25.
Heir apparent
–
An heir apparent or heiress apparent is a person who is first in line of succession and cannot be displaced from inheriting by the birth of another person. An heir presumptive, by contrast, is someone who is first in line to inherit a title, today these terms most commonly describe heirs to hereditary titles, particularly monarchies. They are also used metaphorically to indicate an anointed successor to any position of power, in France the title was le Dauphin. See crown prince for more examples and this article primarily describes the term heir apparent in a hereditary system regulated by laws of primogeniture—as opposed to cases where a monarch has a say in naming the heir. An heir presumptive, by contrast, can always be bumped down in the succession by the birth of more closely related in a legal sense to the current title-holder. The clearest example occurs in the case of a title-holder with no children, if at any time he or she were to produce children, they rank ahead of whatever more distant relative had been heir presumptive. Many legal systems assume childbirth is always possible regardless of age or health, in such circumstances a person may be, in a practical sense, the heir apparent but still, legally speaking, heir presumptive. Adelaide was 44 at the time, so pregnancy was even if unlikely. Daughters may inherit titles that descend according to male-preference primogeniture, thus, normally, even an only daughter will not be heir apparent, since at any time a brother might be born who, though younger, would assume that position. Hence, she is an heir presumptive, for example, Queen Elizabeth II was heir presumptive during the reign of her father, King George VI, because at any stage up to his death, George could have fathered a legitimate son. In a system of absolute primogeniture that disregards gender, female heirs apparent occur, several European monarchies that have adopted such systems in the last few decades furnish practical examples. Princess Ingrid Alexandra of Norway is heir apparent to her father, Victoria was not heir apparent from birth, but gained the status in 1980 following a change in the Swedish Act of Succession. Her younger brother Carl Philip was thus heir apparent for a few months, then, as the representative of her fathers line she would assume a place ahead of any more distant relatives. Such a situation has not to date occurred with the English or British throne, several times an heir apparent has died, however, there have been several female heirs apparent to British peerages. In one special case, however, England and Scotland had an heir apparent. William, by contrast, was to reign for life only, thus, although after Marys death William continued to reign, he had no power to beget direct heirs, and Anne became the heir apparent for the remainder of Williams reign. She eventually succeeded him as Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland, the position of an heir apparent is normally unshakable, it can be assumed they will inherit. Sometimes, however, extraordinary events—such as the death or the deposition of the parent—intervene
Heir apparent
–
Throngs before the
Imperial Palace in Japan awaiting the appearance of the
Crown Prince Hirohito for the recent proclamation of his official recognition as the heir apparent to the
Japanese Imperial Throne – New York Times, 1916.
26.
Pedro I of Brazil
–
Dom Pedro I, nicknamed the Liberator, was the founder and first ruler of the Empire of Brazil. As King Dom Pedro IV, he reigned briefly over Portugal, born in Lisbon, Pedro I was the fourth child of King Dom João VI of Portugal and Queen Carlota Joaquina, and thus a member of the House of Braganza. When their country was invaded by French troops in 1807, he and his family fled to Portugals largest and wealthiest colony, Brazil. The outbreak of the Liberal Revolution of 1820 in Lisbon compelled Pedro Is father to return to Portugal in April 1821 and he had to deal with threats from revolutionaries and insubordination by Portuguese troops, all of which he subdued. The Portuguese governments threat to revoke the autonomy that Brazil had enjoyed since 1808 was met with widespread discontent in Brazil. Pedro I chose the Brazilian side and declared Brazils independence from Portugal on 7 September 1822, on 12 October, he was acclaimed Brazilian emperor and by March 1824 had defeated all armies loyal to Portugal. A few months later, Pedro I crushed the short-lived Confederation of the Equator, in March 1826, Pedro I briefly became king of Portugal before abdicating in favor of his eldest daughter, Dona Maria II. The situation worsened in 1828 when the war in the south resulted in Brazils loss of Cisplatina, during the same year in Lisbon, Maria IIs throne was usurped by Prince Dom Miguel, Pedro Is younger brother. The Emperors concurrent and scandalous affair with a female courtier tarnished his reputation. Other difficulties arose in the Brazilian parliament, where a struggle over whether the government would be chosen by the monarch or by the legislature dominated political debates from 1826 to 1831. Unable to deal with problems in both Brazil and Portugal simultaneously, on 7 April 1831 Pedro I abdicated in favor of his son Dom Pedro II, Pedro I invaded Portugal at the head of an army in July 1832. Pedro I died of tuberculosis on 24 September 1834, just a few months after he, Pedro was born at 08,00 on 12 October 1798 in the Queluz Royal Palace near Lisbon, Portugal. He was named after St. Peter of Alcantara, and his name was Pedro de Alcântara Francisco António João Carlos Xavier de Paula Miguel Rafael Joaquim José Gonzaga Pascoal Cipriano Serafim. He was referred to using the honorific Dom from birth and his mother, Doña Carlota Joaquina, was the daughter of King Don Carlos IV of Spain. Pedros parents had an unhappy marriage, Carlota Joaquina was an ambitious woman, who always sought to advance Spains interests, even to the detriment of Portugals. Reputedly unfaithful to her husband, she went as far as to plot his overthrow in league with dissatisfied Portuguese nobles, as the second eldest son, Pedro became his fathers heir apparent and Prince of Beira upon the death of his elder brother Francisco António in 1801. Prince Dom João had been acting as regent on behalf of his mother, Queen Maria I, by 1802, Pedros parents were estranged, João lived in the Mafra National Palace and Carlota Joaquina in Ramalhão Palace. Pedro and his siblings resided in the Queluz Palace with their grandmother Maria I, far from their parents, in late November 1807, when Pedro was nine, the royal family escaped from Portugal as an invading French army sent by Napoleon approached Lisbon
Pedro I of Brazil
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Emperor
Dom Pedro I at age 35, 1834
Pedro I of Brazil
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Pedro around age 2, c.1800
Pedro I of Brazil
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Portrait by
Jean-Baptiste Debret of Pedro around age 18, c.1816
Pedro I of Brazil
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Pedro, in his father's name, makes an oath of obedience to the Portuguese Constitution on 26 February 1821. He can be seen at the middle of the balcony raising his hat
27.
Charles I of Portugal
–
Dom Carlos I of Portugal known as the Diplomat, Portuguese, o Diplomata and o Martirizado,28 September 1863 –1 February 1908) was the King of Portugal and the Algarves. He was the first Portuguese king to die a violent death since Sebastian of Portugal and this occurred in 1908, when Carlos was murdered in Lisbon as he travelled in an open carriage with the royal family. Carlos was born in Lisbon, Portugal, the son of King Luís and Queen Maria Pia of Savoy, daughter of Victor Emmanuel II, King of Italy and he had a brother, Infante Afonso, Duke of Porto. He was baptised with the names Carlos Fernando Luís Maria Víctor Miguel Rafael Gabriel Gonzaga Xavier Francisco de Assis José Simão and his paternal first cousins included Frederick Augustus III of Saxony, Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony, Prince Wilhelm of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen and Ferdinand I of Romania. He had an education and was prepared to rule as a constitutional monarch. In 1883, he traveled to Italy, England, France and Germany, in 1883,1886 and 1888, he ruled as regent as his father was traveling in Europe, as had become traditional among the Portuguese constitutional kings. His father Luis I advised him to be modest and to study with focus and he then met and married Princess Amélie of Orléans, eldest daughter of Philippe, comte de Paris, pretender to the throne of France. Carlos became king on 19 October 1889, after the 1890 British Ultimatum, a series of colonial treaties were signed with the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. One signed in August 1890 defined African colonial borders along the Zambezi and Congo rivers and these central African territories were taken over by Great Britain, however, a concession that was viewed as humiliating in Portugal. The agreements were thus looked upon as unpopular in Portugal and were felt to be disadvantageous to the country, Carlos responded by appointing João Franco as prime minister and subsequently accepting parliaments dissolution. As a patron of science and the arts, King Carlos took a part in the celebration of the 500th anniversary of the birth of Prince Henry the Navigator in 1894. The following year he decorated the Portuguese poet João de Deus in a ceremony in Lisbon, Carlos took a personal interest in deep-sea and maritime exploration and published an account of his own studies in this area. On 1 February 1908, the family returned from the palace of Vila Viçosa to Lisbon. They travelled by train to Barreiro and, from there, they took a steamer to cross the Tagus River, on their way to the royal palace, the open carriage with Carlos I and his family passed through the Terreiro do Paço fronting on the river. While crossing the square, shots were fired from the crowd by two republican activists, Alfredo Costa and Manuel Buiça, Buiça, a former army sergeant and sharpshooter, fired five shots from a rifle hidden under his long overcoat. The king died immediately, his heir Luís Filipe was mortally wounded, the two assassins were killed on the spot by police and bodyguards, an innocent bystander was also killed in the confusion. The royal carriage turned into the nearby Navy Arsenal, where, about twenty minutes later, Prince Luís Filipe died. Several days later, the son, Prince Manuel, was proclaimed king of Portugal, he was the last of the Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha dynasty
Charles I of Portugal
–
Carlos I of Portugal
Charles I of Portugal
–
King Carlos I of Portugal; c. 1908
Charles I of Portugal
–
Young Carlos I of Portugal
Charles I of Portugal
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Carlos I and his firstborn son
28.
Manuel II of Portugal
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Before ascending the throne he was Duke of Beja. His reign ended with the dissolution of the monarchy in the 5 October 1910 revolution, a member of the House of Braganza, he was baptized a few days later, with his maternal grandfather as godfather. The former Emperor Pedro II of Brazil, Manuel IIs paternal great-granduncle and he received the traditional education of a member of the royal family, without the political preoccupations that befell his older brother, who was destined to become King. Although Manuel was raised as member of the class, he took a more populist tone after ascending to the throne. He studied history and languages, and by the age of six spoke and he demonstrated a love of literature and reading, unlike his older brother, who was more interested in physical activities. Manuels upbringing included horse riding, fencing, rowing, tennis and he was a great lover of music, especially Beethoven and Wagner, and played the piano. As a child, Manuel played with the children of Count of Figueiró, in 1902, he was taught by Franz Kerausch, later by Father João Damasceno Fiadeiro, Marquês Leitão, M. Boeyé, Alfredo King, Father Domingos Fructuoso and Alexandre Rey Colaço. In 1903 he traveled with his mother and his brother to Egypt, on board the royal yacht Amélia, in 1907, he prepared to enter the Portuguese Naval Academy, to follow a naval career. His future in the Navy was abruptly shelved on 1 February 1908, on that day, the royal family returned from the palace of Vila Viçosa to Lisbon. On their way to the palace, the carriage carrying King Carlos. It is unclear whether the assassins were attempting to kill the King, the murderers were shot on the spot by the royal bodyguard and were later recognized as members of the Portuguese Republican Party. The King was killed, Prince Luís Filipe was mortally wounded, Manuel was hit in the arm and it was Amélies quick thinking that saved her youngest son. About twenty minutes later, Prince Luis Filipe died, and Manuel became King of Portugal, the young King, who had not been groomed to rule, sought to save the fragile position of the Braganza dynasty by dismissing João Franco and his entire cabinet in 1908. The ambitions of various political parties made Manuels short reign a turbulent one, in free elections held on 28 August 1910, the republicans won only 14 seats in the legislature. His first act was to meet with his Council of State and request the resignation of João Franco and he appointed a government of national unity, presided over by Admiral Francisco Joaquim Ferreira do Amaral. This quieted the republicans, but in retrospect was seen as weakness and he opened the Royal Court Assembly on 6 May 1908 in the presence of national representatives, and affirmed his support of the constitution. The King received general public sympathy, due to the deaths of his father and older brother and he was protected by his mother, Amélia, and sought out the support of the experienced politician José Luciano de Castro. Judging that the intervention of King Carlos was a reason for the events of 1908, he declared that he would reign, for his part, the new King tried to increase the monarchys connection with its subjects
Manuel II of Portugal
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Acclamation Portrait of King Manuel II; 1908.
Manuel II of Portugal
–
Infante D. Manuel, Duke of Beja, c. 1901, around age 12.
Manuel II of Portugal
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Luís Filipe, Prince Royal of Portugal and Infante Manuel, Duke of Beja, 1907.
Manuel II of Portugal
–
Manuel II with the Civil Governor of
Porto on the King's national trip in 1908.
29.
Miguel, Duke of Braganza
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Miguel of Braganza was the Miguelist claimant to the throne of Portugal from 1866 to 1920. He used the title Duke of Braganza, Miguel was born in Kleinheubach Castle near Miltenberg, Kingdom of Bavaria, during the exile in Germany of his father, former King Miguel I of Portugal. His mother was Princess Adelaide of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg and he was a grandson of the Portuguese Queen Carlota Joaquina as well as John VI of Portugal. By the Portuguese law of banishment of 1834 and the constitution of 1838 Miguel was forbidden to enter Portugal, therefore, he was educated in Germany and Austria. He was a member of the staff of Emperor Franz Joseph of Austria and it is said that the emperor Franz Joseph liked Miguel immensely and granted him the privilege of extraterritoriality that allowed him to remain Portuguese, despite the rejection of Portugal. His second son, Prince Francisco José of Braganza, was named after the Austrian Emperor, Miguel held the rank of a colonel in the 7th Austrian Regiment of Hussars. During World War I, he held the rank of Lieutenant General in the Austrian army and he resigned in 1917 when Portugal entered the conflict on the opposite side, and spent the rest of the war as a civilian in the Order of Malta. After the end of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Miguel and his family were thrown into relative poverty. On 31 July 1920, after quarrels with his eldest son, Miguel renounced his claims as king of Portugal in favour of his son, Duarte Nuno. Miguel died in Seebenstein, on October 11,1927 and he is buried at Kloster Maria Himmelfahrt in Bronnbach. Miguels first marriage, with Austrian Empress Elisabeths niece Princess Elisabeth of Thurn, grand Master of the Order of Saint Michael of the Wing Knight of the Bavarian Order of St. Hubert Knight of the Austrian Order of the Golden Fleece. Descendants of Miguel I of Portugal The Royal Family of Portugal – House Bragança at the Wayback Machine
Miguel, Duke of Braganza
–
Miguel
30.
Miguel I of Portugal
–
Dom Miguel I, the Absolutist or the Traditionalist, was the King of Portugal between 1828 and 1834, the seventh child and third son of King João VI and his queen, Carlota Joaquina of Spain. Following his exile as a result of his actions in support of absolutism in the April Revolt, Miguel returned to Portugal as regent, in the end Miguel was forced from the throne and lived the last 32 years of his life in exile. Miguel Maria do Patrocinio de Bragança e Bourbon, the son of King João VI and Carlota Joaquina, was born in the Queluz Royal Palace. Some sources have suggested that Miguel I could be the son from an adulterous affair between his mother, Queen Charlotte, and one of her alleged lovers, possibly D. Pedro José Joaquim Vito de Meneses Coutinho, Marquis of Marialva, apparently sources close to King João VI confirmed as much by asserting that he had not had sexual relations with his wife for two and a half years prior to Miguels birth. But despite the gossip, Miguel was always considered to be a son of the king, by the king, by his mother, by the rest of the family, by the court, what is clear is that Miguel was the queens favourite child. After the death of her firstborn, it was Miguel who received most of her attention, rather than Pedro, Miguel was a mischievous child, sometimes seen in the miniature uniform of a general. At sixteen he was seen galloping around Mata-Carvalos, knocking off the hats of passers-by with his riding crop and he spent most of his time with a rowdy band of half-caste or Indian farm-hands. In general, Miguel was spoiled by the queen and her royal household, Miguel was 20 years old when he first challenged the liberal institutions established after the 1820 revolution, which may have been part of a wider strategy by the queen. He was at the head of the counter-revolution of 1823, known as the Vilafrancada, early in the day, Miguel joined the 23rd Infantry Regiment, commanded by Brigadier Ferreira Sampaio in Vila Franca, where he declared his support for an absolutist monarchy. He immediately called on General Pampluna to join him and his cause, the general, not a fan of the liberal constitution, obeyed his summons and within five days he controlled the insurrectionary forces. But General Pampluna was loyal to the king, and made it clear that he would do nothing to defy the monarch. The king himself marched on Vila Franca where he received the submission of the troops, but he also took advantage of the situation to abolish the 1822 Constitution and dismiss the Cortes. Although Miguel returned to Lisbon in triumph, the king was able to complete control of power. After the events of the Vilafrancada, Miguel was made Count of Samora Correia and appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Army. The mysterious death of the Marquis de Loulé in Salvaterra on February 28,1824, the Abrilada, as this was to be known, worried many of the foreign powers. The foreign diplomatic corp, realizing that the king was a prisoner of his son, traveled to Bemposta and was able to ferry the king away and on board a British warship, the Windsor Castle. On board, the king summoned his son, whom he dismissed as Commander-and-Chief of the Army, and immediately exiling him to Vienna, while in Vienna, he was a guest and friend of the Prince Metternich
Miguel I of Portugal
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Miguel I around age 21, c.1823
Miguel I of Portugal
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Miguel; Johann Nepomuk Ender, 1827.
Miguel I of Portugal
–
Miguel I at age 26, 1828
Miguel I of Portugal
–
Miguel I around age 26, c.1828
31.
Queen of Portugal
–
Through the nearly 800 years which Portugal was a monarchy, the kings held various other titles and pretensions. Two Kings of Portugal, Ferdinand I and Afonso V, also claimed the crown of Castile, when the House of Habsburg came into power, the Kings of Spain, and Naples, also became Kings of Portugal. The House of Braganza brought numerous titles to the Portuguese Crown, including King of Brazil, with Manuel IIs death, the Miguelist branch of the House of Braganza became the pretenders to the throne of Portugal. They have all been acclaimed King of Portugal by their monarchist groups, the monarchs of Portugal all came from a single ancestor, Afonso I of Portugal, but direct lines have sometimes ended. This has led to a variety of royal houses coming to rule Portugal, Prior to the independence of Portugal, the house ruled the feudal County of Portugal, of the Kingdom of Galicia. When Alphonso I Henriques declared the independence of Portugal, he turned the family from a house to a royal house which would rule Portugal for over two centuries. When Ferdinand I died, a crisis occurred and Ferdinands daughter Beatrice of Portugal was proclaimed queen. Her legitimacy as a monarch is disputed, the House of Aviz, known as the Joanine Dynasty, succeeded the House of Burgundy as the reigning house of the Kingdom of Portugal. The house was founded by John I of Portugal, who was the Grand Master of the Order of Aviz, when King John II of Portugal died without an heir, the throne of Portugal passed to his cousin, Manuel, Duke of Beja. When King Sebastian of Portugal died, the passed to his uncle. When Henry died, a crisis occurred and António, Prior of Crato was proclaimed António of Portugal. The House of Habsburg, known as the Philippine Dynasty, is the house that ruled Portugal from 1581 to 1640, the dynasty began with the acclamation of Philip II of Spain as Philip I of Portugal in 1580, officially recognized in 1581 by the Portuguese Cortes of Tomar. Philip I swore to rule Portugal as a separate from his Spanish domains. John was proclaimed King John IV, and he deposed the House of Habsburg in the Portuguese Restoration War, the descendants of Queen Maria II, and her consort, King Ferdinand II, came to rule in 1853. Portuguese law and custom treated them as members of the House of Braganza and this has led some to classify these last four monarchs of Portugal as members of a new family, called the House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, though this view is not widely held. History of titles of the kings of Portugal with bibliography Sousa, história Genealógica da Casa Real Portuguesa. Jiří Louda & Michael Maclagan, Portugal, in Lines of Succession, heraldry of the Royal families of Europe, London, Orbis Publishing, pp. 228–237. Luís Amaral & Marcos Soromenho Santos, Costados do Duque de Bragança, Lisboa, Afonso Eduardo Martins Zuquete, Nobreza de Portugal e Brasil, vol
Queen of Portugal
–
O Rei D. Manuel II
Queen of Portugal
–
Royal Coat of arms
Queen of Portugal
–
Portuguese: Afonso Henriques
Queen of Portugal
–
Portuguese: Sancho I
32.
Portuguese nobility
–
Portuguese nobility was the class of legally privileged and titled persons acknowledged by the Kingdom of Portugal. During the absolute monarchy, nobles enjoyed the most privileged status and held the most important offices after members of the ruling dynasty and this was the region of the sun and the most powerful men of the kingdom. They united nobility of birth to the authority and prestige of public office and they were followed in the hierarchy, in descending order, by infancies, cavaleiros and escudeiros. The noble members of Cabrals fleet followed this feature, since most descended from families of Castile and León, who had settled in Portugal, who had already rendered several generations of service. The few exceptions - such as Bartolomeu Dias, who received his rank, to rise in status, a noble was expected to demonstrate loyalty and service to the king. Though the 15th and 16th centuries were rich in acts of bravery and heroic deeds, few were granted, and not all heraldic grants were recorded. This did not occur with those involved in combat, especially during the occupation of northern Africa, the arms of Nicolau Coelho, which contain a base undy silver and blue, which can symbolize the conquered sea, is a rare exception. Following the Proclamation of the Portuguese Republic in 1910, the nobility was officially disbanded, during this time, no new titles were bestowed. The predominant activity of the Council was the identification of living heirs to historical titles, after Dom Duarte Nunos death, his son Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza, declared the Council of Nobility disbanded, receiving some criticism for doing so. Subsequently, he established what is now called the Instituto da Nobreza Portuguesa, which continues the work and maintains the records of the original Council of Nobility
Portuguese nobility
–
Portrait of a Young
Fidalgo; a 16th-century rendition of a young Portuguese nobleman.
Portuguese nobility
–
The
Marquise of Pombal, a noble by marriage
Portuguese nobility
–
The Marquise of Alorna, a noblewoman in her own right
33.
Duke of Barcelos
–
The Dukes of Barcelos was a title of nobility granted by King Sebastian of Portugal on 5 August 1562 to the heir of the Duke of Braganza. After the Braganza accession to the throne, the continued to be the title of the heir of the Duke of Braganza. This title belonged to the Braganzas since Alphonse, 8th Count of Barcelos, the first Duke of Barcelos was John I, eldest son of Teodósio I, 5th Duque of Braganza, who become later John I, 6th Duke of Braganza. Became King of Portugal in 1640, after the Braganzas ascended to the Portuguese throne, the title of Duke of Barcelos was among those used by the Portuguese Prince of Beira. Duke of Braganza Count of Barcelos List of Portuguese Dukedoms Genealogy of the Dukes of Barcelos in Portuguese Nobreza de Portugal e Brazil – Vol II, page 401
Duke of Barcelos
–
Original Coat of Arms of the Dukes of Braganza.
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