1.
William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire
–
He was the first son of William Cavendish, 3rd Duke of Devonshire and Catherine Hoskins. He was elected MP for Derbyshire in 1741 and 1747, Devonshire was a supporter of Sir Robert Walpole and, after Walpoles fall from power, of the Pelhams. Henry Pelham wrote to Devonshires father that he was our mainstay among the young ones, horace Walpole described him as a favourite by descent of the Old Whigs and as errant bigot to the Pelham faction as ever Jacques Clément was to the Jesuits. He had been offered the post of governor to the Prince of Wales, Devonshire supported the Duke of Newcastle after Henry Pelhams death in 1754 and was Lord Lieutenant of Ireland from 2 April 1755 until 3 January 1757 in Newcastles administration. In April 1755 Devonshire was one of the Lords Justices of the realm upon the Kings absence in Hanover, Devonshire succeeded to the dukedom in December 1755 after his father died. The Seven Years War was going badly for Britain under the leadership of the Duke of Newcastle, Devonshire accepted on the condition that his tenure would last only until the end of the parliamentary session. Devonshire believed his duty to the King required an administration capable of prosecuting the war successfully, Devonshire was given the Garter and appointed First Lord of the Treasury in November 1756, and he served as First Lord until May 1757 in an administration effectively run by William Pitt. Devonshires administration secured increased money for the war, troops were sent to America, the administration was eventually brought down for a variety of reasons including the opposition of George II and the alleged mishandling of the trial and execution of Admiral John Byng. It was replaced by the Second Newcastle Ministry headed by the Duke of Newcastle and including Pitt, Henry Fox and this government steered Britain through most of the Seven Years War leading the country to ultimate victory. Devonshire was Lord Chamberlain in Newcastles government and his relations with him were close, George II died in October 1760 and was succeeded by his grandson George III, who was suspicious of Devonshire and Newcastle. When Newcastle resigned in May 1762 Devonshire said that he would rarely attend Lord Butes Councils, when in October George III requested that he attend a Cabinet meeting on peace terms, Devonshire declined, claiming he had inadequate knowledge of the subject. He was in passing through London to Chatsworth and had come to give his leave to the King. In the opinion of one of his biographers, John Brooke, Devonshire resigned his Lord Lieutenancy of Derbyshire in solidarity with Newcastle and Rockingham when they were dismissed from their Lord Lieutenancies. For a long time he had a constitution and he gradually grew more ill during these years. He ultimately died in the Austrian Netherlands where he had gone to take the waters at Spa and his death was a large political loss to his allies, the Whig magnates such as the Duke of Newcastle. Dying at the age of 44 years and 147 days, he remains the shortest lived British Prime Minister, Devonshire was buried at Derby Cathedral. He married Lady Charlotte Elizabeth Boyle, 6th Baroness Clifford, the daughter and heiress of Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington of the first creation, a famous architect and art collector. Through her, the Devonshires inherited Chiswick House and Burlington House in London, Bolton Abbey and Londesborough Hall in Yorkshire, the Duke employed Capability Brown to landscape the garden and park at Chatsworth House, his main residence
2.
William III of England
–
It is a coincidence that his regnal number was the same for both Orange and England. As King of Scotland, he is known as William II and he is informally known by sections of the population in Northern Ireland and Scotland as King Billy. William inherited the principality of Orange from his father, William II and his mother Mary, Princess Royal, was the daughter of King Charles I of England. In 1677, he married his fifteen-year-old first cousin, Mary, a Protestant, William participated in several wars against the powerful Catholic king of France, Louis XIV, in coalition with Protestant and Catholic powers in Europe. Many Protestants heralded him as a champion of their faith, in 1685, his Catholic father-in-law, James, Duke of York, became king of England, Ireland and Scotland. Jamess reign was unpopular with the Protestant majority in Britain, William, supported by a group of influential British political and religious leaders, invaded England in what became known as the Glorious Revolution. On 5 November 1688, he landed at the southern English port of Brixham, James was deposed and William and Mary became joint sovereigns in his place. They reigned together until her death on 28 December 1694, after which William ruled as sole monarch, Williams reputation as a staunch Protestant enabled him to take the British crowns when many were fearful of a revival of Catholicism under James. Williams victory at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690 is still commemorated by the Orange Order and his reign in Britain marked the beginning of the transition from the personal rule of the Stuarts to the more Parliament-centred rule of the House of Hanover. William III was born in The Hague in the Dutch Republic on 4 November 1650, baptised William Henry, he was the only child of stadtholder William II, Prince of Orange, and Mary, Princess Royal. Mary was the eldest daughter of King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland, eight days before William was born, his father died of smallpox, thus William was the Sovereign Prince of Orange from the moment of his birth. Immediately, a conflict ensued between his mother the Princess Royal and William IIs mother, Amalia of Solms-Braunfels, over the name to be given to the infant. Mary wanted to name him Charles after her brother, but her mother-in-law insisted on giving him the name William or Willem to bolster his prospects of becoming stadtholder. William II had appointed his wife as his sons guardian in his will, however, Williams mother showed little personal interest in her son, sometimes being absent for years, and had always deliberately kept herself apart from Dutch society. Williams education was first laid in the hands of several Dutch governesses, some of English descent, including Walburg Howard, from April 1656, the prince received daily instruction in the Reformed religion from the Calvinist preacher Cornelis Trigland, a follower of the Contra-Remonstrant theologian Gisbertus Voetius. The ideal education for William was described in Discours sur la nourriture de S. H. Monseigneur le Prince dOrange, in these lessons, the prince was taught that he was predestined to become an instrument of Divine Providence, fulfilling the historical destiny of the House of Orange. From early 1659, William spent seven years at the University of Leiden for a formal education, under the guidance of ethics professor Hendrik Bornius. While residing in the Prinsenhof at Delft, William had a personal retinue including Hans Willem Bentinck, and a new governor, Frederick Nassau de Zuylenstein
3.
Mary II of England
–
Mary II was joint monarch of England, Scotland, and Ireland with her husband and first cousin, William of Orange, from 1689 until her death. William became sole ruler upon her death in 1694, popular histories usually refer to their joint reign as that of William and Mary. Mary wielded less power than William when he was in England, ceding most of her authority to him and she did, however, act alone when William was engaged in military campaigns abroad, proving herself to be a powerful, firm, and effective ruler. Mary, born at St Jamess Palace in London on 30 April 1662, was the eldest daughter of James, Duke of York, and his first wife, Anne Hyde. She was baptised into the Anglican faith in the Chapel Royal at St Jamess and her godparents included her fathers cousin, Prince Rupert of the Rhine. Although her mother bore eight children, all except Mary and her younger sister Anne died very young, consequently, for most of her childhood, Mary was second in line to the throne after her father. The Duke of York converted to Roman Catholicism in 1668 or 1669, Marys education, from private tutors, was largely restricted to music, dance, drawing, French, and religious instruction. Her mother died in 1671, and her father remarried in 1673, taking as his second wife Mary of Modena, from about the age of nine until her marriage, Mary wrote passionate letters to an older girl, Frances Apsley, the daughter of courtier Sir Allen Apsley. In time, Frances became uncomfortable with the correspondence, and replied more formally, at the age of fifteen, Mary became betrothed to her cousin, the Protestant Stadtholder of Holland, William of Orange. William was the son of the Kings late sister, Mary, Princess Royal, and thus fourth in the line of succession after James, Mary, and Anne. The Duke of York agreed to the marriage, after pressure from chief minister Lord Danby and the King, when James told Mary that she was to marry her cousin, she wept all that afternoon and all the following day. William and a tearful Mary were married in St Jamess Palace by Bishop Henry Compton on 4 November 1677, Mary accompanied her husband on a rough sea crossing back to the Netherlands later that month, after a delay of two weeks caused by bad weather. On 14 December, they made an entry to The Hague in a grand procession. Marys animated and personable nature made her popular with the Dutch people and she was devoted to her husband, but he was often away on campaigns, which led to Marys family supposing him to be cold and neglectful. She suffered further bouts of illness that may have been miscarriages in mid-1678, early 1679 and her childlessness would be the greatest source of unhappiness in her life. From May 1684, the Kings illegitimate son, James Scott, Duke of Monmouth, lived in the Netherlands, Monmouth was viewed as a rival to the Duke of York, and as a potential Protestant heir who could supplant James in the line of succession. William, however, did not consider him a viable alternative, upon the death of Charles II without legitimate issue in February 1685, the Duke of York became king as James II in England and Ireland and James VII in Scotland. Mary was playing cards when her husband informed her of her fathers accession, to Williams relief, Monmouth was defeated, captured and executed, but both he and Mary were dismayed by Jamess subsequent actions
4.
William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Devonshire
–
Cavendish was the son of William Cavendish, 3rd Earl of Devonshire and his wife Lady Elizabeth Cecil. In 1661, he was elected Member of Parliament for Derbyshire in the Cavalier Parliament and he was a Whig under Charles II of England and James II of England and was leader of the anti-court and anti-Catholic party in the House of Commons, where he served as Lord Cavendish. He was re-elected MP for Derbyshire in the two elections of 1679 and in 1681, in 1684 he succeeded to the peerage as Earl of Devonshire on the death of his father and then sat in the House of Lords. He was a supporter of the Glorious Revolution of 1688 which brought William III of Orange to the throne. After the revolution, Cavendish was a leading Whig, serving as Williams Lord Steward, Cavendish was given an honorary MA by the University of Cambridge in 1705. Cavendish married Lady Mary Butler, daughter of James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde and his wife, Lady Elizabeth Preston, on 26 October 1662
5.
Peregrine Cavendish, 12th Duke of Devonshire
–
Peregrine Andrew Morny Cavendish, 12th Duke of Devonshire KCVO CBE DL is a British peer. He is the surviving son of Andrew Cavendish, 11th Duke of Devonshire and his wife. He succeeded to the following the death of his father on 3 May 2004. Prior to this succession, he was styled Marquess of Hartington, the duke is worth an estimated £800 million. He attended Eton College and Exeter College, Oxford, where he read History, the duke is well known in the world of horse racing and served as Her Majestys Representative at Ascot and chairman of Ascot Racecourse Ltd. In 1980 he was elected to the Jockey Club and in 1989 he was appointed its Senior Steward and he was appointed first chairman of the board in June 1993 and retired at the end of his term in 1996. He was appointed a Trustee of the Wallace Collection in 2007 and he is a trustee of Sheffield Galleries and Museums Trust. He is Chairman of the Devonshire Arms Hotel Group, a chain of hotels in North Yorkshire and Derbyshire. He collects modern British and contemporary painting and sculpture, as well as works in other areas, the Duke and Duchess and the house and estate grounds were featured in the BBC documentary series Chatsworth. In December 2012, he sold Auxiliary cartoon for the Head of a Young Apostle by Raphael for £29. 7m at a Sothebys auction, as of 2016 he is the owner of Heywood Hill, a notable bookstore in London. He took up the position as the third Chancellor of the University of Derby at a ceremony on 28 October 2008 in Buxton. The range of Cavendish Pianos were named after the name of the Duke to recognise his support which was critical to the establishment of the new firm. On 28 June 1967 the future Duke married Amanda Carmen Heywood-Lonsdale, daughter of Commander Edward Gavin Heywood-Lonsdale and they have three children and eight grandchildren, William Cavendish, Earl of Burlington, married Laura Roundell on 31 March 2007. They have four children, Jake Carter Alfie Carter Ned Carter Willa Carter Lady Jasmine Nancy Cavendish and this mirrored the view of his mother, who had said titles are meaningless because peers are no longer legislators. This was dismissed as nonsense by Lord Ferrers, who disagreed with the Dukes claims that the aristocracy was dead. It is not known how serious he was in his intention,27 April 1944 –10 September 1944, Peregrine Cavendish, Esq
6.
Chatsworth House
–
Chatsworth House is a stately home in Derbyshire, England. It is in the Derbyshire Dales, about 3.5 miles north-east of Bakewell and 9 miles west of Chesterfield and it is the seat of the Duke of Devonshire and has been home to the Cavendish family since 1549. Standing on the east bank of the River Derwent, Chatsworth looks across to the low hills that divide the Derwent, Chatsworth has been selected as the United Kingdoms favourite country house several times. The name Chatsworth is a corruption of Chetels-worth, meaning the Court of Chetel, Chetel was deposed after the Norman Conquest and in the Domesday Book the Manor of Chetesuorde is listed as the property of the Crown in the custody of William de Peverel. Chatsworth ceased to be an estate, until the 15th century when it was acquired by the Leche family who owned property nearby. They enclosed the first park at Chatsworth and built a house on the ground in what is now the south-eastern part of the garden. Bess began to build the new house in 1553 and she selected a site near the river, which was drained by digging a series of reservoirs, which doubled as fish ponds. Sir William died in 1557, but Bess finished the house in the 1560s and lived there with her husband, George Talbot. In 1568 Shrewsbury was entrusted with the custody of Mary, Queen of Scots and she lodged in the apartment now known as the Queen of Scots rooms, on the top floor above the great hall, which faces onto the inner courtyard. An accomplished needlewoman, Bess joined Mary at Chatsworth for extended periods in 1569,1570, Bess died in 1608 and Chatsworth was passed to her eldest son, Henry. The estate was purchased from Henry by his brother William Cavendish, 1st Earl of Devonshire, few changes were made at Chatsworth until the mid 17th century. William Cavendish, 3rd Earl of Devonshire was a staunch Royalist and was expelled from the House of Lords in 1642 and he left England for the safety of the continent and his estates were sequestrated. Chatsworth was occupied by both sides during the Civil War, and the 3rd Earl did not return to the house until the restoration of the monarchy and he reconstructed the principal rooms in an attempt to make them more comfortable, but the Elizabethan house was out-dated and unsafe. This called for a rebuilding of the house, which began in 1687 and he enjoyed building and reconstructed the East Front, that included the Painted Hall and Long Gallery, followed by the rebuilding of the West Front from 1699 to 1702. The North Front was completed in 1707 just before the Duke died, the 1st Duke also had large parterre gardens designed by George London and Henry Wise, who was later appointed by Queen Anne to the post of Royal Gardner at Kensington Palace. Connoisseur of the arts the collection include paintings, Old Master drawings and prints, ancient coins and carved Greek, Palladian furniture designed by William Kent was commissioned by the 3rd Duke when he had Devonshire House in London rebuilt following a fire in 1733. Upon the sale and demolition of Devonshire House in 1924 the furniture was transferred to Chatsworth, the 4th Duke made great changes to the house and gardens. He decided the approach to the house should be from the west and had the old stables and offices as well as parts of Edensor village pulled down so they were not visible from the house
7.
Bolton Abbey
–
Bolton Abbey is an estate in Wharfedale in North Yorkshire, England, which takes its name from the ruins of the 12th-century Augustinian monastery—now generally known as Bolton Priory. It sits within the landscape of the Yorkshire Dales, adjacent to the village of Bolton Abbey, the estate is open to visitors, and includes many miles of all-weather walking routes and a variety of attractions for people of all ages. The Embsay & Bolton Abbey Steam Railway currently terminates at Bolton Abbey station one, the monastery was founded at Embsay in 1120. Led by a prior, Bolton Abbey was technically a priory and it was founded in 1154 by the Augustinian order, on the banks of the River Wharfe. The land at Bolton, as well as resources, were given to the order by Lady Alice de Romille of Skipton Castle in 1154. In the early 14th century Scottish raiders caused the abandonment of the site. The seal of the featured the Blessed Virgin Mary and the Child. The nave of the church was in use as a parish church from about 1170 onwards. Building work was going on at the abbey when the Dissolution of the Monasteries resulted in the termination of the priory in January 1540. The east end remains in ruins, a tower, begun in 1520, was left half-standing, and its base was later given a bell-turret and converted into an entrance porch. Most of the church is in the Gothic style of architecture. It is still a working priory today, holding services on Sundays, Bolton Abbey churchyard contains the war grave of a Royal Flying Corps officer of the First World War. The Domesday Book lists Bolton Abbey as the manor of a multiple estate including 77 carucates of ploughland belonging to Edwin. The Romille line died out around 1310, and Edward II granted the estates to Robert Clifford. The estate encompasses 8 miles of river,84 farms,84 buildings of architectural interest, and four Grade I listed buildings, apart from people employed within these businesses, the estate employs about 120 staff to work on the upkeep of the estate. Bolton Abbey Hall, originally the gatehouse of the priory, was converted into a house by the Cavendish family, the hall is a Grade II* listed building. As well as Bolton Abbey, the Cavendish family also own the Chatsworth, in the early nineteenth century, a cow known as the Craven Heifer was bred on the Bolton Abbey estate. Weighing 312 stone, and measuring 11ft 4ins in length and over 7ft in height, the remains of the priory can still be seen, and the setting is immortalised in both art and poetry
8.
Lismore Castle
–
Lismore Castle is the Irish home of the Duke of Devonshire. Located in the town of Lismore in County Waterford in Ireland, it belonged to the Earls of Desmond and it was largely re-built in the Gothic style during the mid-nineteenth century by William Cavendish, 6th Duke of Devonshire. Built in 1185 by Prince John, the site was originally occupied by Lismore Abbey. It was a possession of the Earls of Desmond, whose lands were broken up during the following the killing of Gerald FitzGerald. In 1589, Lismore was leased and later acquired by Sir Walter Raleigh, Raleigh sold the property during his imprisonment for High Treason in 1602 to another infamous colonial adventurer, Richard Boyle, later 1st Earl of Cork. Boyle came to Ireland from England in 1588 with only twenty-seven pounds in capital, after purchasing Lismore he made it his principal seat and transformed it into a magnificent residence with impressive gabled ranges each side of the courtyard. He also built an outer wall and a gatehouse known as the Riding Gate. The principal apartments were decorated with plaster ceilings, tapestry hangings, embroidered silks. It was here in 1626 that Robert Boyle The Father of Modern Chemistry, the castle descended to another Richard Boyle, 4th Earl of Cork & 3rd Earl of Burlington, who was a noted influence on Georgian architecture. Lismore featured in the Cromwellian wars when, in 1645, a force of Catholic confederacy commanded by Lord Castlehaven sacked the town, some restoration was carried out by Richard Boyle, 2nd Earl of Cork to make it habitable again but neither he nor his successors lived at Lismore. Their son, the 5th Duke carried out improvements at Lismore, the 6th Duke, commonly known as the Bachelor Duke, was responsible for the castles present appearance. Lismore was always the Bachelor Dukes favourite residence, but as he grew older his love for the place developed into a passion, Crace of London, the leading maker of Gothic Revival furniture and his partner the leading architect A. W. N. Pugin also designed other chimney-pieces and furnishings in the castle and after his death in 1851 Crace continued to supply furnishings in the Puginesque manner, in 1858, the Cavendish family sponsored a new bridge over the Blackwater, which replaced the one built in 1775. This new construction followed designs by Charles Tarrant and was done by E. P. Nagle, after the bachelor Dukes death, Lismore remained substantially unaltered. It became the home of a son of the 9th Duke, Lord Charles Cavendish who married Adele Astaire. After her husbands death in 1944 and remarriage in 1947, Adele continued to use the castle shortly before her own death in 1981. The castle was used by Andrew Cavendish, 11th Duke of Devonshire for brief annual visits. In the last years of his tenure it was available for premium short-term rental
9.
Londesborough Hall
–
Londesborough Hall is a country house in the village of Londesborough in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England, close to the towns of Market Weighton and Pocklington. The original Elizabethan building was demolished in 1819 and replaced by the present Victorian house, the Londesborough estate belonged in the 16th and early 17th century to the Clifford family, the Earls of Cumberland. The original house was built by the Earl of Cumberland in 1589, in 1643 the last Earl Henry Clifford, 5th Earl of Cumberland died. His only child Elizabeth had married Richard Burlington, 2nd Earl of Cork, in 1664 Richard Boyle was also created 1st Earl of Burlington. Robert Hooke was engaged to enlarge the house and lay out formal gardens between 1679 and 1683. The 3rd Earl of Burlington, who was the patron of the Palladian movement in England. A private railway station was built on the adjacent York to Beverley line for Hudson to use, hudsons questionable financial practices soon brought about his ruin, and in 1849 he sold Londesborough to the banker Alfred Denison, who was created Baron Londesborough in 1850. Londesborough enlarged the hunting box to create a house in the Elizabethan style. His son later became the Earl of Londesborough, the Victorian house survives in the ownership of Dr and Mrs Ashwin who also own the Londesborough estate. The Yorkshire Wolds Way long distance footpath passes through Londesborough Park, which still has open pastureland which the walks official site describes as a delight to walk through
10.
Hardwick Hall
–
Hardwick Hall, in Derbyshire, is an architecturally significant Elizabethan country house in England, a leading example of the Elizabethan prodigy house. Built between 1590 and 1597 for the formidable Bess of Hardwick, it was designed by the architect Robert Smythson, Hardwick Hall is one of the earliest examples of the English interpretation of this style, which came into fashion having slowly spread from Florence. Its arrival in Britain fortuitously coincided with the period when it was no longer necessary or legal to fortify a domestic dwelling, ownership of the house was transferred to the National Trust in 1959. Today, it is open to the public. Sited on a hilltop between Chesterfield and Mansfield, overlooking the Derbyshire countryside, Hardwick Hall was designed by Robert Smythson in the late 16th century. Ordered by Bess of Hardwick, Countess of Shrewsbury and ancestress of the Dukes of Devonshire, Bess of Hardwick was the richest woman in England after Queen Elizabeth I, and her house was conceived to be a conspicuous statement of her wealth and power. The windows are large and numerous at a time when glass was a luxury, leading to the saying, Hardwick Hall. The Halls chimneys are built into the walls of the structure. The houses design also demonstrated new concepts not only in domestic architecture, Hardwick was one of the first English houses where the great hall was built on an axis through the centre of the house rather than at right angles to the entrance. Hardwick was but one of Besss many houses, each of her four marriages had brought her greater wealth, she had been born in the now old Hall at Hardwick, which today is a ruin beside the new hall. After Besss death in 1608, the passed to her son William Cavendish. His great-grandson, William, was created 1st Duke of Devonshire in 1694, the Devonshires made another of Besss great houses, Chatsworth, their principal seat. Hardwick thus became relegated to the role of a retreat for hunting. As a secondary home, it escaped the attention of modernisers, from the early 19th century, the antique atmosphere of Hardwick Hall was consciously preserved. A low, 19th-century service wing is fairly inconspicuous at the rear, in 1950, the unexpected death of the 10th Duke of Devonshire and the subsequent death duties caused the sale of many of the Devonshire assets and estates. At this time, Hardwick was occupied by Evelyn, Duchess of Devonshire, the decision was taken to hand the house over to HM Treasury in lieu of Estate Duty in 1956. The Treasury transferred the house to the National Trust in 1959, the Duchess remained in occupation of the house until her death in 1960. However, hostile to the Trust, the now elderly lady seldom visited the house in her final years, having done much to conserve the textiles in the house, she was to be its last occupant
11.
Chiswick House
–
Chiswick House is a Palladian villa in Burlington Lane, Chiswick, west London. Arguably the finest remaining example of Neo-Palladian architecture in London, the house was designed by Lord Burlington, the house and gardens occupy 26.33 hectares, and were created mainly by architect and landscape designer William Kent, respectively. The garden is one of the earliest examples of the English landscape garden, after Williams death in 1764, the villa passed to his and Charlottes orphaned young son, William Cavendish, 5th Duke of Devonshire. Tory Prime Minister George Canning also died there, in 1827, during the 19th century the house fell into decline, and was rented out by the Cavendish family. It was used as an asylum, the Chiswick Asylum from 1892, in 1929, the 9th Duke of Devonshire sold Chiswick House to Middlesex County Council, and it became a fire station. The villa suffered damage during World War II, and in 1944 a V-2 rocket damaged one of the two wings, the wings were demolished in 1956. Today the house is a Grade I listed building, and is maintained by English Heritage, the original Chiswick House was a Jacobean house owned by Sir Edward Wardour, and possibly built by his father. It is dated c.1610 in a late 17th century engraving of the Chiswick House estate by Jan Kip and Leonard Knyff, Wardour sold the house to Robert Carr, 1st Earl of Somerset in 1624. The house was large, in the 1664 Hearth Tax documents it is recorded as having 33 fireplaces. The house was at the end of the Royalist line in the Battle of Turnham Green. The house was purchased by Charles Boyle, 3rd Viscount Dungarvan in 1682, the Jacobean house was used by the Boyle family as a summer retreat from their central London home, Burlington House. After a fire in 1725, Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington, then head of the family, during his trip to Italy in 1719, Burlington had acquired a passion for Palladian architecture. He had not closely inspected Roman ruins or made detailed drawings on the sites in Italy, he relied on Palladio, another source of his inspiration were drawings he collected, including those of Palladio himself, which had belonged to Inigo Jones and his pupil John Webb. Burlington, himself an amateur architect and Apollo of the Arts, designed the villa with the aid of William Kent. Construction of the villa took place between 1726 and 1729, after Burlingtons death in 1753, his wife, Lady Dorothy Savile, and daughter, Charlotte, who had married William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire in 1748, inherited the house. Charlotte died in December 1754, and Lady Burlington died in September 1758, after the death of Lady Burlington in 1758, the villa and gardens passed to the Cavendish family. William Cavendish died in 1764, leaving the property to his son William, in 1774, William married Lady Georgiana Spencer, the Duchess of Devonshire, who enjoyed spending time at Chiswick which she referred to as her earthly paradise. She regularly invited members of the Whig party to the house for tea parties in the garden, in 1788 the Cavendish family demolished the Jacobean house and hired architect John White to add two wings to the villa to increase the amount of accommodation
12.
Devonshire House
–
Devonshire House in Piccadilly was the London residence of the Dukes of Devonshire in the 18th and 19th centuries. It was built for William Cavendish, 3rd Duke of Devonshire, in the Palladian style, completed circa 1740, it stood empty after World War I and was demolished in 1924. Many of Britains great peers maintained large London houses that bore their names, all of these have been long demolished, except Burlington and Lansdowne, both of which have been substantially altered. Today the site is occupied by a building known as Devonshire House. The house was occupied by Barbara Villiers, Duchess of Cleveland. The house, a mansion built by Hugh May, had been purchased by William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Devonshire in 1696. As part of the agreement, Lord Berkeley undertook not to build on part of the land he retained that lay directly behind the house. The cause was attributed to careless labourers, ironically, the Dukes former London residence, Old Devonshire House, at 48 Boswell Street, Bloomsbury, survived both its successors until the Blitz of World War II. During the 18th century, existing forms of entertainment began to change and large sophisticated receptions came into fashion, often taking the form of concerts, initially, hosts would hire one of many new assembly rooms built to indulge the fashion. The Duke of Devonshire, an owner of vast estates, belonged to the latter category, thus the fire of the Devonshire House in 1733 provided the opportunity to build a house at the height of contemporary fashion. For his architect, the 3rd Duke chose the fashionable architect William Kent, the house was constructed between 1734 and about 1740. Chiswick House was later to come, other estates, into the Devonshires possession through the marriage of the 4th Duke to Lady Charlotte Boyle, in typical Palladian fashion, Devonshire House consisted of a corps de logis flanked by service wings. The severity of the design, of three storeys in eleven bays, caused one critic to liken the mansion to a warehouse. In the Dukes sitting room, a case over the chimneypiece contained the best of his collection of engraved gems and Renaissance. Such a prominent commission could hardly fail to be included in Vitruvius Britannicus and its purpose, too, was identical, to display wealth and consequently power. Thus a great house, by its size and design. At Devonshire House, Kents exterior stairs led up to a piano nobile, inconspicuous pairs of staircases are tucked into modest sites at either hand, for the upstairs was strictly private. Greeted at the head of the stairs, they then flowed in a convenient circuit rather retracing their steps and this design was first exemplified by the now-demolished Norfolk House completed in 1756
13.
Burlington House
–
Burlington House is a building on Piccadilly in London. It was originally a private Palladian mansion, and was expanded in the century after being purchased by the British government. The house was one of the earliest of a number of large private residences built on the north side of Piccadilly, previously a country lane. The first version was begun by Sir John Denham about 1664 and it was a red-brick double-pile hip-roofed mansion with a recessed centre, typical of the style of the time, or perhaps even a little old fashioned. In 1704 the house passed to the ten-year-old Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington, who was to become the patron of the Palladian movement in England. The colonnade separated the house from increasingly urbanized Piccadilly with a cour dhonneur, inside, Baroque decorative paintings in the entrance hall and staircase by Sebastiano Ricci and Giovanni Antonio Pellegrini resulted in some of the richest interiors in London. In between his two Grand Tours of Italy young Lord Burlingtons taste was transformed by the publication of Giacomo Leonis Palladio. In 1717 or 1718, Colen Campbell was appointed to replace Gibbs, the ground floor became a rusticated basement, which supported a monumental piano nobile of nine bays. This had no centrepiece, but was highlighted by venetian windows in the end bays. Other alterations included a monumental screening gateway to Piccadilly and the reconstruction of most of the principal interiors, with typical Palladian features such as rich coved ceilings. The Saloon, constructed immediately after William Kents return from Rome in December 1719, has survived in the most intact condition and its plaster putti above the pedimented doorcases were probably by Giovanni Battista Guelfi. Lord Burlington transferred his energies to Chiswick House after 1722. On Burlingtons death in 1753, Burlington House passed to the Dukes of Devonshire, the 4th Dukes younger son Lord George Cavendish and a Devonshire in-law, the 3rd Duke of Portland, each used the house for at least two separate spells. Portland had some of the interiors altered by John Carr in the 1770s. Eventually Lord George, who was a man in his own right due to a marriage to an heiress. Like Carrs work Wares was sympathetic with the Palladian style of the house, providing an example of the Kent Revival. In 1819 the Burlington Arcade was built along the part of the grounds. In 1854, Burlington House was sold to the British government for £140,000 and this plan, however, was abandoned in the face of strong opposition and in 1857 Burlington House was occupied by the Royal Society, the Linnean Society and the Chemical Society
14.
House of Cavendish
–
Cavendish is the surname of a British noble family, also known as the House of Cavendish. S. Their principal seat, Welbeck Abbey in Nottinghamshire, came to them through the Cavendish connection, charles Roger Dod, Peerage, Baronetage, and Knightage, Volume 15,544. William Courthope, Debretts Complete Peerage of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, sir Egerton Brydges, A Biographical Peerage of the Empire of Great Britain,86
15.
Aristocratic
–
Aristocracy is a form of government that places power in the hands of a small, privileged ruling class. The term derives from the Greek aristokratia, meaning rule of the best, at the time of the words origins in Ancient Greece, the Greeks conceived it as rule by the best qualified citizens—and often contrasted it favourably with monarchy, rule by an individual. In later times, aristocracy was usually seen as rule by a group, the aristocratic class. The Greeks did not like the concept of monarchy, and as their democratic system fell, in Ancient Rome, the Republic consisted of an aristocracy—as well as consuls, a senate, and a tribal assembly. In the Middle Ages and early modern era, aristocracies primarily consisted of an aristocratic class, privileged by birth. Since the French Revolution, aristocracy has generally been contrasted with democracy, however, this distinction is often oversimplified. In exchange feudal aid is received from tenants or vassals, oaths of military allegiance, however an oligarchy, nobility or royalty had the right to set taxes, assemble or raise armies and command loyalty by virtue of traditional authority. In the 1651 book Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes describes an aristocracy as a commonwealth in which the representative of the citizens is an assembly by part and it is a system in which only a small part of the population represents the government. Modern depictions of aristocracy tend to regard it not as the ancient Greek concept of rule by the best, history, John Cannon, Oxford University Press,1997, ISBN 978-0-19-866176-4 Aristocracy in the Modern World, Ellis Wasson, Palgrave Macmillan,2006
16.
Politics
–
Politics is the process of making decisions applying to all members of each group. More narrowly, it refers to achieving and exercising positions of governance — organized control over a human community, furthermore, politics is the study or practice of the distribution of power and resources within a given community as well as the interrelationship between communities. It is very often said that politics is about power, a political system is a framework which defines acceptable political methods within a given society. History of political thought can be traced back to antiquity, with seminal works such as Platos Republic, Aristotles Politics. Formal Politics refers to the operation of a system of government and publicly defined institutions. Political parties, public policy or discussions about war and foreign affairs would fall under the category of Formal Politics, many people view formal politics as something outside of themselves, but that can still affect their daily lives. Semi-formal Politics is Politics in government associations such as neighborhood associations, informal Politics is understood as forming alliances, exercising power and protecting and advancing particular ideas or goals. Generally, this includes anything affecting ones daily life, such as the way an office or household is managed, informal Politics is typically understood as everyday politics, hence the idea that politics is everywhere. The word comes from the same Greek word from which the title of Aristotles book Politics also derives, the book title was rendered in Early Modern English in the mid-15th century as Polettiques, it became politics in Modern English. The history of politics is reflected in the origin, development, the origin of the state is to be found in the development of the art of warfare. Historically speaking, all communities of the modern type owe their existence to successful warfare. Kings, emperors and other types of monarchs in many countries including China, of the institutions that ruled states, that of kingship stood at the forefront until the French Revolution put an end to the divine right of kings. Nevertheless, the monarchy is among the political institutions, dating as early as 2100 BC in Sumeria to the 21st century AD British Monarchy. Kingship becomes an institution through the institution of Hereditary monarchy, the king often, even in absolute monarchies, ruled his kingdom with the aid of an elite group of advisors, a council without which he could not maintain power. As these advisors and others outside the monarchy negotiated for power, constitutional monarchies emerged, long before the council became a bulwark of democracy, it rendered invaluable aid to the institution of kingship by, Preserving the institution of kingship through heredity. Preserving the traditions of the social order, being able to withstand criticism as an impersonal authority. Being able to manage a greater deal of knowledge and action than an individual such as the king. The greatest of the subordinates, the earls and dukes in England and Scotland
17.
Marquess of Salisbury
–
Marquess of Salisbury is a title in the Peerage of Great Britain. It was created in 1789 for the 7th Earl of Salisbury and this branch of the Cecil family descends from Sir Robert Cecil, the son of the prominent statesman the 1st Baron Burghley, from his second marriage, to Mildred Cooke. His elder half-brother the 2nd Baron Burghley, was created Earl of Exeter in 1605 and is the ancestor of the Marquesses of Exeter. Cecil notably served under Queen Elizabeth I and later King James I as Secretary of State, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, Lord Privy Seal and Lord High Treasurer. In 1603 he was raised to the Peerage of England as Baron Cecil, of Essendon in the County of Rutland, in 1605 he was further created Earl of Salisbury. The last two titles were also in the Peerage of England, the Earl of Salisbury was succeeded by his son, the second Earl. He represented Weymouth in the House of Commons and also served as Captain of the Honourable Band of Gentlemen Pensioners and his great-grandson, the fourth Earl, converted to Roman Catholicism and in 1689 the House of Commons decided to impeach him for high treason. However, the charges were not brought any further and he was succeeded by his son, the seventh Earl was a politician and served as Lord Chamberlain of the Household for many years. In 1789, he was created Marquess of Salisbury in the Peerage of Great Britain and he was succeeded by his eldest son, the second Marquess. He was a Conservative politician and held office as Lord Privy Seal, Lord Salisbury married as his first wife Frances Mary Gascoyne, daughter of Bamber Gascoyne, in 1821. The same year he assumed by Royal licence the surname of Gascoyne. He was succeeded by his third but eldest surviving son, the third Marquess, the third Marquess was three times Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, from 1885 to 1886,1886 to 1892 and 1895 to 1902 and also served four times as Foreign Secretary. His time as Prime Minister coincided with an expansion of the British Empire. Lord Salisbury is also remembered as an adherent of the policy of splendid isolation and he was succeeded by his eldest son, the fourth Marquess. Like his father he was regarded as a staunch Conservative and bitterly opposed the Parliament Act 1911 and his eldest son, the fifth Marquess, was also a Conservative politician. In 1941 he was summoned to the House of Lords through a writ of acceleration in his fathers title of Baron Cecil. During his career Lord Salisbury notably held office as Paymaster-General, Secretary of State for the Dominions, Secretary of State for the Colonies, Lord Privy Seal and Leader of the House of Lords. He was an opponent of attempts to reform the House of Lords but was forced to see the Parliament Act 1949 even further limit the power of the House of Lords, the fifth Marquess was succeeded by his eldest son, the sixth Marquess
18.
Earl of Derby
–
Earl of Derby is a title in the Peerage of England. The title was first adopted by Robert de Ferrers, 1st Earl of Derby under a creation of 1139 and it continued with the Ferrers family until the 6th Earl forfeited his property toward the end of the reign of Henry III and died in 1279. Most of the Ferrers property and, by a creation in 1337, the title merged in the Crown upon Henry IVs accession to the throne. It was created again for the Stanley family in 1485, Lord Derbys subsidiary titles are Baron Stanley of Bickerstaffe in the County Palatine of Lancaster, and Baron Stanley of Preston, in the County Palatine of Lancaster. The courtesy title of the heir apparent is Lord Stanley and they were at times one of the richest landowning families in England. The family seat is Knowsley Hall, near Liverpool, Merseyside, Ferrières in Normandy, the hometown of the de Ferrers family, was an important centre for iron and takes it name from the iron ore mines used during the Gallo-Roman period. Lord of Longueville, Normandy, and a Domesday Commissioner, he built Tutbury Castle, the Ferrers, lords of the barony of Ferrières in Normandy, were accompanied to England by three other families who were their underlords in France, the Curzons, the Baskervilles and the Levetts. Robert de Ferrers, 2nd Earl of Ferrières was created Earl of Derby by King Stephen in 1138 for his valiant conduct at the Battle of Northallerton and he was married to Hawise de Vitre and died in 1139. His son Robert de Ferrers, 2nd Earl of Derby became the earl and was married to Margaret Peverel. He founded Darley Abbey and Merevale Abbey and his son William de Ferrers, 3rd Earl of Derby was married to Sybil de Braose. He rebelled against King Henry II and was imprisoned at Caen and he died in the Crusades at the Siege of Acre. He was succeeded by his son William de Ferrers, 4th Earl of Derby who married Agnes de Kevelioc, daughter of Hugh de Kevelioc, through one line the descent of the Earls of Derby eventually gave rise to the Earls Ferrers. Laurence Shirley, 4th Earl Ferrers, was the only peer of the realm to be hanged for murder, another familial line takes in the Baron Ferrers of Chartley descent. The large estates which were taken from Robert in 1266 were given by Henry III to his son, Edmund Crouchback, John of Gaunt’s son and successor was Henry Bolingbroke, who acceded to the throne as Henry IV in 1399. The title Earl of Derby merged into the Crown, the Stanley family was descended from Ligulf of Aldithley, who was also the ancestor of the Audleys. One of his descendants married an heiress whose marriage portion included Stoneley, Sir Thomas Stanley served as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and represented Lancashire in the House of Commons. In 1456 he was summoned to the House of Lords as Lord Stanley and his eldest son Thomas Stanley, 2nd Baron Stanley, married Lady Margaret Beaufort, the mother of King Henry VII, and also Eleanor Nevill. The title of Earl of Derby was conferred on him in 1485 by his stepson Henry VII after the Battle of Bosworth Field where Thomas decided not to support King Richard III
19.
Devon
–
Devon, also known as Devonshire, which was formerly its common and official name, is a county of England, reaching from the Bristol Channel in the north to the English Channel in the south. It is part of South West England, bounded by Cornwall to the west, Somerset to the northeast, combined as a ceremonial county, Devons area is 6,707 km2 and its population is about 1.1 million. Devon derives its name from Dumnonia, which, during the British Iron Age, Roman Britain, the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain resulted in the partial assimilation of Dumnonia into the Kingdom of Wessex during the eighth and ninth centuries. The western boundary with Cornwall was set at the River Tamar by King Æthelstan in 936, Devon was constituted as a shire of the Kingdom of England thereafter. The north and south coasts of Devon each have both cliffs and sandy shores, and the bays contain seaside resorts, fishing towns. The inland terrain is rural, generally hilly, and has a low density in comparison to many other parts of England. Dartmoor is the largest open space in southern England at 954 km2, to the north of Dartmoor are the Culm Measures and Exmoor. In the valleys and lowlands of south and east Devon the soil is fertile, drained by rivers including the Exe, the Culm, the Teign, the Dart. As well as agriculture, much of the economy of Devon is linked with tourism, in the Brittonic, Devon is known as Welsh, Dyfnaint, Breton, Devnent and Cornish, Dewnens, each meaning deep valleys. One erroneous theory is that the suffix is due to a mistake in the making of the original letters patent for the Duke of Devonshire. However, there are references to Defenascire in Anglo-Saxon texts from before 1000 AD, the term Devonshire may have originated around the 8th century, when it changed from Dumnonia to Defenascir. Kents Cavern in Torquay had produced human remains from 30–40,000 years ago, Dartmoor is thought to have been occupied by Mesolithic hunter-gatherer peoples from about 6000 BC. The Romans held the area under occupation for around 350 years. Devon became a frontier between Brittonic and Anglo-Saxon Wessex, and it was absorbed into Wessex by the mid 9th century. This suggests the Anglo-Saxon migration into Devon was limited rather than a movement of people. The border with Cornwall was set by King Æthelstan on the east bank of the River Tamar in 936 AD, the arrival of William of Orange to launch the Glorious Revolution of 1688 took place at Brixham. Devon has produced tin, copper and other metals from ancient times, Devons tin miners enjoyed a substantial degree of independence through Devons Stannary Parliament, which dates back to the 12th century. The last recorded sitting was in 1748, agriculture has been an important industry in Devon since the 19th century
20.
Duke of Devonshire
–
Duke of Devonshire is a title in the Peerage of England held by members of the Cavendish family. Although modern usage outside of the county itself now rarely refers to Devon as Devonshire, despite the title of the dukedom and the subsidiary title, the earldom of Devonshire, the family estates are centred in Derbyshire. The title Duke of Devonshire should not be confused with the earlier title, uniquely, every Duke of Devonshire has been made a Knight of the Garter, except the present one. The Cavendish family descends from Sir John Cavendish, who took his name from the village of Cavendish, Suffolk and he served as Chief Justice of the Kings Bench from 1372 to 1381, and was killed in the Peasants Revolt in 1381. Two of his great-grandsons were George Cavendish, Thomas Cardinal Wolseys biographer, Sir William gained great wealth from his position in the Exchequer and also from unfairly taking advantage of the dissolution of the Monasteries. He married as his wife the famous Bess of Hardwick. One of their sons, Sir Charles Cavendish, was the father of William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, while another son, yet another son, William Cavendish, was a politician and a supporter of the colonialization of Virginia. In 1605 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Cavendish, of Hardwicke in the County of Derby, both titles are in the Peerage of England. He was succeeded by his eldest son, William Cavendish, 2nd Earl of Devonshire, on his early death in 1628 the titles passed to his son, William Cavendish, 3rd Earl of Devonshire, who also served as Lord-Lieutenant of Derbyshire. He was succeeded by his son, the fourth Earl and he was a strong supporter of the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and later served under William III and Mary II as Lord Steward of the Household. In 1694 he was created Marquess of Hartington and Duke of Devonshire in the Peerage of England and he was succeeded by his eldest son, the second Duke, who held political office as Lord President of the Council and Lord Privy Seal and was also Lord-Lieutenant of Devonshire. His eldest son, the third Duke, served as Lord Privy Seal, as Lord Steward of the Household, on his death the titles passed to his eldest son, the fourth Duke, who was a prominent politician. Devonshire married Charlotte Boyle, 6th Baroness Clifford, daughter of the famous architect Richard Boyle and their third and youngest son Lord George Cavendish was created Earl of Burlington in 1831. Devonshire was succeeded by his eldest son, William Cavendish, who became the fifth Duke of Devonshire and he had already succeeded his mother as seventh Baron Clifford in 1754. He served as Lord-Lieutenant of Derbyshire from 1782 to 1811 but is best remembered for his first marriage to Lady Georgiana Spencer and their only son, the sixth Duke, served as Lord Chamberlain of the Household from 1827 to 1828 and from 1830 to 1834. Known as the Bachelor Duke, he never married and on his death in 1858 the barony of Clifford fell into abeyance between his sisters and he was succeeded in the other titles by his first cousin once removed, the second Earl of Burlington, who became the seventh Duke. He was the son of William Cavendish, eldest son of the aforementioned first Earl of Burlington and he was Lord-Lieutenant of Lancashire and Derbyshire and Chancellor of the University of London and of the University of Cambridge. He was succeeded by his second but eldest surviving son, the eighth Duke and he was a noted statesman and the most famous member of the Cavendish family
21.
Derbyshire
–
Derbyshire is a county in the East Midlands of England. A substantial portion of the Peak District National Park lies within Derbyshire, in 2003 the Ordnance Survey placed Church Flatts Farm at Coton in the Elms as the furthest point from the sea in Great Britain. The city of Derby is a unitary authority area, but remains part of the county of Derbyshire. The non-metropolitan county contains 30 towns with between 10,000 and 100,000 inhabitants, there is a large amount of sparsely populated agricultural upland, 75% of the population live in 25% of the area. Further occupation came with the Upper Paleolithic and Neolithic periods of the Stone Age when Mesolithic hunter gatherers roamed the hilly tundra, evidence of these nomadic tribes has been found in limestone caves located on the Nottinghamshire border. Deposits left in the date the occupancy at around 12,000 to 7,000 BCE. Burial mounds of Neolithic settlers are also situated throughout the county and these chambered tombs were designed for collective burial and are mostly located in the central Derbyshire region. There are tombs at Minninglow and Five Wells that date back to between 2000 and 2500 BCE, three miles west of Youlgreave lies the Neolithic henge monument of Arbor Low, which has been dated to 2500 BCE. It is not until the Bronze Age that real signs of agriculture, in the moors of the Peak District signs of clearance, arable fields and hut circles were discovered after archaeological investigation. However this area and another settlement at Swarkestone are all that have been found, during the Roman invasion the invaders were attracted to Derbyshire because of the lead ore in the limestone hills of the area. They settled throughout the county with forts built near Brough in the Hope Valley, later they settled around Buxton, famed for its warm springs, and set up a fort near modern-day Derby in an area now known as Little Chester. Several kings of Mercia are buried in the Repton area, following the Norman Conquest, much of the county was subject to the forest laws. To the northwest was the Forest of High Peak under the custodianship of William Peverel, the rest of the county was bestowed upon Henry de Ferrers, a part of it becoming Duffield Frith. In time the area was given to the Duchy of Lancaster. Meanwhile, the Forest of East Derbyshire covered the county to the east of the River Derwent from the reign of Henry II to that of Edward I. The main rivers in the county are the River Derwent and the River Dove which both join the River Trent in the south. The varied landscapes within Derbyshires have been formed mainly as a consequence of the underlying geology, the oldest rocks occur in the northern, more upland half of the county, and are mostly of Carboniferous age, comprising limestones, gritstones, sandstones and shales. In its north-east corner to the east of Bolsover there are also Magnesian Limestone rocks of Permian age, across both regions can be found drift deposits of Quaternary age – mainly terrace and river gravel deposits and boulder clays
22.
Earl of Devon
–
The title of Earl of Devon was created several times in the English peerage, and was possessed first by the de Redvers family, and later by the Courtenays. It was a re-invention, if not a continuation, of the pre-Conquest office of Ealdorman of Devon. During the Tudor period all but the last Earl were attainted, the last recreation was to the heirs male of the grantee, not to the heirs male of his body. During this period of dormancy the de jure Earls of Devon, unlike the Dukes of Devonshire, seated in Derbyshire, the Earls of Devon were strongly connected to the county of Devon. Their seat is Powderham Castle, near Starcross on the River Exe, the Earl of Devon has not inherited the ancient and original Barony of Courtenay or the Viscountcy of Courtenay of Powderham, nevertheless, his heir is styled Lord Courtenay by courtesy. Before the Norman Conquest of 1066 the highest sub-regal authority in Devon was the Ealdorman, of office the later Earldom of Devon was a re-invention. He founded Tavistock Abbey in 961 and his son was Ordwulf, who realised the founding. He seized Exeter Castle, and mounted naval raids from Carisbrooke, but was out of England to Anjou, France. She created him Earl of Devon after she established herself in England, William de Redvers, 5th Earl of Devon was the third son of Baldwin, the 1st Earl. He had only two children who left issue and his son Baldwin died 1 September 1216 at the age of sixteen, leaving his wife Margaret pregnant with Baldwin de Redvers, 6th Earl of Devon. King John forced her to marry Falkes de Breauté, but she was rescued at the fall of Bedford Castle in 1224 and divorced from him and she is thus called Countess of Devon in several records. The fifth Earls youngest daughter, Mary de Redvers, known as de Vernon, was sole heiress of the 1141 Earldom. She married firstly, Pierre de Preaux, and secondly, Robert de Courtenay, the 6th Earl was succeeded by his son, Baldwin de Redvers, 7th Earl of Devon, who died without progeny. His sister, Isabella de Forz, widow of William de Forz, 4th Earl of Albemarle and her children predeceased her and she had no grandchildren. Her lands were inherited by her second cousin once removed, Hugh de Courtenay, feudal baron of Okehampton and he was summoned by writ to Parliament in 1299 as Hugo de Curtenay, whereby he is held to have become Baron Courtenay. Although some sources consider this a new grant the wording of the grant arguably indicates a confirmation, historic sources thus variously refer to him as either 1st Earl or 9th Earl, and the position cannot be decided either way due to the uncertainty of the surviving evidence. The 1st/9th Earl was succeeded by his son, Hugh de Courtenay, Three of the eight sons of the 2nd/10th Earl had descendants a fourth, William Courtenay, was Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Chancellor. Sir Edward de Courtenay, the son, also predeceased his father, but left an eldest son, Edward de Courtenay, 3rd Earl of Devon, The Blind
23.
Order of the Garter
–
The Most Noble Order of the Garter, founded in 1348, is the highest order of chivalry and the third most prestigious honour in England and the United Kingdom. It is dedicated to the image and arms of Saint George and it is awarded at the Sovereigns pleasure as a personal gift on recipients from the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms. Membership of the Order is limited to the Sovereign, the Prince of Wales, the order also includes supernumerary knights and ladies. New appointments to the Order of the Garter are always announced on St Georges Day, the orders emblem is a garter with the motto Honi soit qui mal y pense in gold lettering. Members of the wear it on ceremonial occasions. King Edward III founded the Order of the Garter around the time of his claim to the French throne, the list includes Sir Sanchet DAbrichecourt, who died on 20 October 1345. Other dates from 1344 to 1351 have also been proposed, the Kings wardrobe account shows Garter habits first issued in the autumn of 1348. Also, its original statutes required that member of the Order already be a knight. The earliest written mention of the Order is found in Tirant lo Blanch and it was first published in 1490. This book devotes a chapter to the description of the origin of the Order of the Garter, at the time of its foundation, the Order consisted of King Edward III, together with 25 Founder Knights, listed in ascending order of stall number in St.1431. Various legends account for the origin of the Order, the most popular legend involves the Countess of Salisbury, whose garter is said to have slipped from her leg while she was dancing at a court ball at Calais. When the surrounding courtiers sniggered, the king picked it up and returned it to her, exclaiming, Honi soit qui mal y pense, King Edward supposedly recalled the event in the 14th century when he founded the Order. This story is recounted in a letter to the Annual Register in 1774, The motto in fact refers to Edwards claim to the French throne, the use of the garter as an emblem may have derived from straps used to fasten armour. Medieval scholars have pointed to a connection between the Order of the Garter and the Middle English poem, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, in Gawain, a girdle, very similar in its erotic undertones to the garter, plays a prominent role. A rough version of the Orders motto also appears in the text and it translates from Old French as Accursed be a cowardly and covetous heart. While the author of that poem remains disputed, there seems to be a connection between two of the top candidates and the Order of the Garter. Scholar J. P. Oakden has suggested that it is related to John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster, and, more importantly. Another competing theory is that the work was written for Enguerrand de Coucy, the Sire de Coucy was married to King Edward IIIs daughter, Isabella, and was given admittance to the Order of the Garter on their wedding day
24.
Cavendish, Suffolk
–
Cavendish is a village and parish in the Stour Valley in Suffolk, England. It is believed that Cavendish is called so because a man called Cafa once owned an eddish here, over time, Cafan Eddish became Cavendish. It was home to Sir John Cavendish, the ancestor of the Dukes of Devonshire, wat Tyler, the peasants leader, was arrested by William Walworth, the Mayor of London, for threatening King Richard II in 1381. As Tyler fought back, Cavendishs son, also called John, as a result, John Cavendish tried to flee from the pursuing peasants, and he hung on to the handle of the door of St Marys Church to plead sanctuary. A few days later, on 15 June 1381, the elder John Cavendish was seized at Bury St Edmunds and he is buried in Bury St Edmunds. St Marys Church had a bequest from Sir John, and its chancel was restored, the village has a United Reformed Church, where Catholic services are also held, and three pubs - the Five Bells, the George, and the Bull. Leonard Lord Cheshire and his wife Sue Ryder are buried in Cavendish, the museum at Cavendish is now closed but history of the Sue Ryder Foundation and life at the Cavendish home may be obtained from the Sue Ryder legacy and history team. As Cavendish was begun as a home for concentration camp survivors the charity holds some records of the people who were rescued by Sue Ryder, foxearth and District Local Historical Society - Articles on the history of Cavendish and the surrounding area Cavendish at Vision of Britain website
25.
Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales
–
The Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales is the head of the judiciary and President of the Courts of England and Wales. The Lord Chief Justice is also the nominal President of the Criminal Division of the Court of Appeal and Head of Criminal Justice, but can appoint another judge to these positions under the 2005 Act. The Lord Chief Justices equivalent in Scotland is the Lord President of the Court of Session, there is also a Lord Chief Justice of Northern Ireland, successor to the Lord Chief Justice of Ireland of the pre-Partition era. The current Lord Chief Justice is Lord Thomas of Cwmgiedd, who took over the role on 1 October 2013, although the Court of the Kings Bench had existed since 1234, the title of chief justice was not used until 1268. In the intermediary period, one of the justices would be considered the senior judge, the suffix and Wales, now found in statutes and elsewhere, was unilaterally appended by Lord Bingham of Cornhill between 1996 and 2000. The Constitutional Reform Act 2005 made the Lord Chief Justice the President of the Courts of England and Wales, vesting the office with many of the powers formerly held by the Lord Chancellor. While the Lord Chief Justice retains the role of President of the Criminal Division of the Court of Appeal, the first Lord Chief Justice to act as head of the judiciary under the provisions of the CRA was Lord Phillips of Worth Matravers. The CRA also provides that the Lord Chief Justice is chosen by a specially appointed committee convened by the Judicial Appointments Commission
26.
Peasants' Revolt
–
The Peasants Revolt, also called Wat Tylers Rebellion or the Great Rising, was a major uprising across large parts of England in 1381. The final trigger for the revolt was the intervention of an official, John Bampton. His attempts to collect unpaid taxes in Brentwood ended in a violent confrontation. A wide spectrum of society, including many local artisans and village officials, rose up in protest, burning court records. The rebels sought a reduction in taxation, an end to the system of unfree labour known as serfdom, inspired by the sermons of the radical cleric John Ball, and led by Wat Tyler, a contingent of Kentish rebels advanced on London. They were met at Blackheath by representatives of the royal government, King Richard II, then aged 14, retreated to the safety of the Tower of London, but most of the royal forces were abroad or in northern England. The following day, Richard met the rebels at Mile End and acceded to most of their demands, meanwhile, rebels entered the Tower of London, killing the Lord Chancellor and the Lord High Treasurer, whom they found inside. On 15 June, Richard left the city to meet with Tyler, violence broke out, and Richards party killed Tyler. Richard defused the situation long enough for Londons mayor, William Walworth, to gather a militia from the city. Richard immediately began to order in London and rescinded his previous grants to the rebels. The revolt had spread into East Anglia, where the University of Cambridge was attacked. Unrest continued until the intervention of Henry le Despenser, who defeated an army at the Battle of North Walsham on 25 or 26 June. Troubles extended north to York, Beverley and Scarborough, and as far west as Bridgwater in Somerset, Richard mobilised 4,000 soldiers to restore order. Most of the leaders were tracked down and executed, by November. The Peasants Revolt has been studied by academics. Interpretations of the revolt have shifted over the years and it was once seen as a defining moment in English history, but modern academics are less certain of its impact on subsequent social and economic history. The revolt heavily influenced the course of the Hundred Years War, the Peasants Revolt was fed by the economic and social upheaval of the 14th century. Across much of England, production was organised around manors, controlled by local lords – including the gentry, population growth led to pressure on the available agricultural land, increasing the power of local landowners
27.
George Cavendish (writer)
–
George Cavendish was an English writer, best known as the biographer of Cardinal Thomas Wolsey. He was the great-grandson of Sir John Cavendish from whom the Dukes of Devonshire, George was an English courtier and author and the brother of William Cavendish, the second husband of Bess of Hardwick. He was probably born at his fathers manor of Cavendish, in Suffolk, later the family resided in London, in the parish of St Albans, Wood Street, where Thomas Cavendish died in 1524. Around this time Cavendish married Margery Kemp, of Spains Hall, an heiress, probably aided by his fathers position at the exchequer, in about 1522 Cavendish entered the service of Cardinal Wolsey as gentleman-usher, and stayed in his service until Wolseys death in 1530. His position required him personally to attend the Cardinal at all times, during this time Cavendish was often separated from his wife, children and estates. Cavendish also knew Anne Boleyn when she was first a debutante at Henry VIIIs court in 1522 and he was adamant that she remained a virgin until her marriage, despite Catholic rumours to the contrary. However, although he attested to her morals, he never forgave her for her hatred of Cardinal Wolsey or her animosity towards the Pope. He was faithful to his master in disgrace, and showed the courage of the loyal servitor and he gave his evidence so clearly and with so much natural dignity, that he won the applause of the hostile council, and the praise of being a just and diligent servant. He was only thirty years of age, but his appetite for being acquainted with strange acts and persons was apparently sated and it is likely that Cavendish had taken down notes of Wolseys conversation and movements, for many years passed before his biography was composed. Between 1554 and 1558, he wrote it out in its final form and it was not, however, possible to publish it in the authors lifetime, but it was widely circulated in manuscript. Thomas Wolsey, Late Cardinall, his Lyffe and Deathe was first printed in 1641, in a garbled text, the genuine text, from contemporary manuscripts, was published in 1810. Singer published the first complete edition in 1825, The Life of Cardinal Wolsey, the metrical visions were his tragic poems, laments in the voice of ill-fated contemporary figures like Lady Jane Grey. Until the 19th century it was believed that the book was the composition of George Cavendishs younger brother William, the founder of Chatsworth House, joseph Hunter proved this to be impossible, and definitely asserted the claim of George. The latter is believed to have died at Glemsford before July 1562 and he writes with simplicity and vividness, rarely yielding to the rhetoric which governed the ordinary prose of his age. George Cavendish appears as a character in Hilary Mantels novel Wolf Hall. Cavendish is portrayed as a servant who genuinely admires Wolsey, in the novel. This article incorporates text from the public domain 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, the Life and Death of Cardinal Wolsey
28.
Thomas Wolsey
–
Thomas Wolsey was an English churchman, statesman and a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. When Henry VIII became King of England in 1509, Wolsey became the Kings almoner, the 1515 appointment of Wolsey as a cardinal by Pope Leo X gave him precedence even over the Archbishop of Canterbury. The highest political position Wolsey attained was Lord Chancellor, the Kings chief adviser, in that position, he enjoyed great freedom and was often depicted as an alter rex. After failing to negotiate an annulment of Henrys marriage to Catherine of Aragon and he retreated to York to fulfill his ecclesiastical duties as Archbishop of York, a position he nominally held, but had neglected during his years in government. He was recalled to London to answer to charges of treason — a common charge used by Henry against ministers who fell out of favour —, Thomas Wolsey was born about 1473, the son of Robert Wolsey of Ipswich and his wife Joan Daundy. Widespread traditions identify his father as a butcher and a cattle dealer, Wolsey attended Ipswich School and Magdalen College School before studying theology at Magdalen College, Oxford. On 10 March 1498 he was ordained as a priest in Marlborough, Wiltshire and remained in Oxford, first as the Master of Magdalen College School, between 1500 and 1509 he held the living of Church of Saint Mary, Limington, in Somerset. In 1502 he left and became a chaplain to Henry Deane, archbishop of Canterbury and he was then taken into the household of Sir Richard Nanfan, who made Wolsey executor of his estate. After Nanfans death in 1507, Wolsey entered the service of King Henry VII, Wolsey benefitted from Henry VIIs introduction of measures to curb the power of the nobility - the king was willing to favour those from more humble backgrounds. Henry VII appointed Wolsey royal chaplain, in this position Wolsey served as secretary to Richard Foxe, who recognized Wolseys innate ability and dedication and appreciated his industry and willingness to take on tedious tasks. Thomas Wolseys remarkable rise to power from humble origins testifies to his intelligence, administrative ability, industriousness, ambition for power, in April 1508, Wolsey was sent to Scotland to discuss with King James IV rumours of the renewal of the auld alliance. Wolseys rise coincided with the accession of the new English monarch, Henry VIII, whose character, policies and diplomatic mindset differed significantly from those of his father. In 1509 Henry appointed Wolsey to the post of Almoner, a position that gave him a seat on the Privy Council, providing an opportunity to raise his profile and to establish a rapport with the King. A factor in Wolseys rise was the young Henry VIIIs relative lack of interest in the details of governing during his early years, Henry soon appointed to his Privy Council individuals more sympathetic to his own views and inclinations. Warham and Foxe, who failed to share the Kings enthusiasm for the French war which started in 1512, fell from power, in 1515, Warham resigned as Lord Chancellor, probably under pressure from the King and from Wolsey, and Henry appointed Wolsey in his place. Wolsey carefully tried to destroy or neutralise the influence of other courtiers, Wolseys rise to a position of great secular power paralleled his increased responsibilities in the Church. He became a Canon of Windsor in 1511, the year that he became a member of the Privy Council. In 1514 he was made Bishop of Lincoln, and then Archbishop of York in the same year, Pope Leo X made him a cardinal in 1515, with the titular church S. Cæciliæ trans Tiberim
29.
William Cavendish (courtier)
–
Sir William Cavendish was an English nobleman, politician, knight, and courtier. He was MP for Thirsk in 1547 and he was the younger son of Thomas Cavendish, who was a senior financial official, the clerk of the pipe, in the Court of Exchequer, and his wife, Alice Smith of Padbrook Hall. He was the great-grandson of Sir John Cavendish from whom the Dukes of Devonshire and he became one of Thomas Cromwells visitors of the monasteries when King Henry VIII annexed the property of the Catholic Church at the end of the 1530s, in the dissolution of the monasteries. This followed from his career as a financial expert holding public office in the Exchequer. He was accused of accumulating extra riches unfairly during the dissolution, after Cromwells fall, he was sent to Ireland to survey and value lands which had fallen to the English during the Fitzgerald Rebellion. He was connected to the Seymour brothers Edward and Thomas, and via them to the family of Jane Grey and he was appointed Treasurer of the Chamber from 1546 to 1553 but, after an audit, was accused of embezzling a significant amount of money. Only his death saved the family from disgrace, although for centuries Sir William was said to be its author, historians now attribute it to his older brother George Cavendish. William Cavendish had a total of 16 children by three wives and his first wife was Margaret Bostock, she had five children, but only two daughters survived - Mary and Ann who married Sir Henry Boynton in 1561. In 1542 he was married to Elizabeth Parker, she had three children, none of whom survived and she died after giving birth to a stillborn daughter in 1546. In 1547 he married Bess of Hardwick and he sold his property in Suffolk and moved to Besss native county of Derbyshire. He purchased the Chatsworth estate in 1549 and the couple began to build Chatsworth House in 1552. In the ten years before he died, they had eight children, six of whom survived infancy, one of these, Elizabeth and their daughter Frances Cavendish, married Henry Pierrepont. Another daughter, Mary Cavendish, married Gilbert Talbot, 7th Earl of Shrewsbury and their daughter Alethea Talbot Howard is an ancestor of the 5th and later Dukes of Norfolk. Other of William and Besss descendants became the Dukes of Devonshire and their granddaughter Arabella Stuart was a claimant to the throne of England in 1603. William is also an ancestor of the late Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother and he was succeeded by his eldest son Henry, who was a Knight of the Shire for Derbyshire for over 20 years. Pearson, John, The Serpent and the Stag, Holt, Rinehart, chisholm, Hugh, ed. Cavendish, Sir William
30.
Exchequer
–
It can be found used in various financial documents including the latest departmental and agency annual accounts. It also developed a role along with its accountancy responsibilities. Similar offices were created in Scotland around 1200 and in Ireland in 1210. The Exchequer was named after a table used to perform calculations for taxes, the name Exchequer referred to the resemblance of the table to a chess board as it was covered by a black cloth bearing green stripes of about the breadth of a human hand, in a chequer-pattern. The spaces represented pounds, shillings and pence, the term Exchequer then came to refer to the twice yearly meetings held at Easter and Michaelmas, at which government financial business was transacted and an audit held of sheriffs returns. By the time of the Dialogue, however, there was an exchequer in Normandy and it survived the Norman conquest of England as William the Conqueror consolidated control of his new Kingdom. The earliest surviving record of the Exchequer is from 1130, in the reign of King Henry I, in the first surviving Pipe Roll for that year, which also shows continuity from previous years. Pipe Rolls form a continuous record of royal revenues and taxation, however, not all revenue went into the Exchequer. The Chancellor of the Exchequer then questioned him concerning debts owed by private individuals, appeals were to the Court of Exchequer Chamber. Following the proclamation of Magna Carta, legislation was enacted whereby the Exchequer would maintain the realms prototypes for the yard and these nominal standards were, however, only infrequently enforced on the localities around the kingdom. From the late 1190s to the expulsion of the Jews in 1290, there was a division for taxation of Jews. Through most of the 1600s, goldsmiths would deposit their reserve of treasure with the Exchequer, charles II shut up the Exchequer in 1672, forbidding payments from it, in what Walter Bagehot described as one of those monstrous frauds. This ruined the goldsmiths and the credit of the Stuart Government, in 1694, the credit of William III of Englands government was so bad in London that it could not borrow, which led to the foundation of the Governor and Company of the Bank of England. The records of the Exchequer were kept in the Pell Office, adjacent to Westminster Hall, the office was named after the skins from which the rolls were made. In the 19th century, a number of reforms reduced the role of the Exchequer, the Exchequer became unnecessary as a revenue collecting department in 1834 with the reforms of Prime Minister William Pitt, who also served as Chancellor of the Exchequer. The government departments collecting revenue then paid it directly to the Bank of England, the name continued as the Exchequer and Audit Department from 1866 until 1983 when the new National Audit Office was created. In modern times, Exchequer has come to mean the Treasury and, colloquially, pecuniary possessions in general, the Scottish Exchequer dates to around 1200, with a similar role in auditing and royal revenues as in England. The Scottish Exchequer was slower to develop a separate judicial role, even then, the judicial and the administrative roles were never completely separated as with the English Exchequer
31.
Dissolution of the Monasteries
–
Although the policy was originally envisaged as increasing the regular income of the Crown, much former monastic property was sold off to fund Henrys military campaigns in the 1540s. Professor George W. Bernard argues, The dissolution of the monasteries in the late 1530s was one of the most revolutionary events in English history. one adult man in fifty was in religious orders. Very few English houses had been founded later than the end of the 13th century, there was a Medieval proverb in England that said if the Abbot of Glastonbury married the Abbess of Shaftesbury, the heir would have more land than the King of England. The 200 houses of friars in England and Wales constituted a distinct wave of foundations almost all occurring in the 13th century. Friaries, for the most part, were concentrated in urban areas, however, the religious changes in England under Henry VIII and Edward VI were of a different nature from those taking place in Germany, Bohemia, France, Scotland and Geneva. Bernard says there was concern in the later fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries about the condition of the monasteries. Pastoral care was seen as more important and vital than the monastic focus on contemplation, prayer. English monasticism in the 1530s may have faced grave and urgent problems, Henry wanted to change this, and in November 1529 Parliament passed Acts reforming apparent abuses in the English Church. These Acts sought to demonstrate that establishing royal jurisdiction over the Church would ensure progress in religious reformation where papal authority had been insufficient, the monasteries were next in line. The stories of monastic impropriety, vice and excess that were to be collected by Thomas Cromwells visitors may have been biased and exaggerated. Levels of monastic debt were increasing, and average numbers of professed religious were falling, only a minority of houses could now support the twelve or thirteen professed religious usually regarded as the minimum necessary to maintain the full canonical hours of the Divine Office. Extensive monastic complexes dominated English towns of any size, but most were less than half full, renaissance princes throughout Europe were facing severe financial difficulties due to sharply rising expenditures, especially to pay for armies, fighting ships and fortifications. Most tended, sooner or later, to resort to plundering monastic wealth, protestant princes would justify this by claiming divine authority, Catholic princes would obtain the agreement and connivance of the Papacy. Monastic wealth, regarded everywhere as excessive and idle, offered a standing temptation for cash-strapped secular, in terms of popular esteem however, the balance tilted the other way. By the time Henry VIII turned his mind to the business of monastery reform, the first case was that of the so-called Alien Priories. As a result of the Norman Conquest some French religious orders held substantial property through their daughter monasteries in England, some of these were merely granges, agricultural estates with a single foreign monk in residence to supervise things, others were rich foundations in their own right. Such estates were a source of income for the Crown in its French wars. If the property with which a house had been endowed by its founder were to be confiscated or surrendered, then the house ceased to exist, whether its members continued in the religious life or not
32.
Bess of Hardwick
–
Elizabeth Talbot, Countess of Shrewsbury, known as Bess of Hardwick, was a notable figure of 16th century Elizabethan English society. By a series of marriages, she rose to the highest levels of English nobility. Bess was a business woman, increasing her assets with business interests including mines. An accomplished needlewoman, Bess joined her husbands captive charge at Chatsworth House for extended periods in 1569,1570, and 1571, during which time they worked together on the Oxburgh Hangings. Bess is also known for her building projects, the most famous of which are, Chatsworth, now the seat of the Dukes of Devonshire. Elizabeth Hardwick was the daughter of John Hardwick of Derbyshire by his wife Elizabeth Leeke, daughter of Thomas Leeke and it cannot be later than 1527 because of the date of her fathers death, given in his Inquisition Post Mortem. By the mid-fifteenth century the family had risen to gentleman-yeoman stock, the Hardwick coat of arms of Hardwick was probably granted c.1450 to William Hardwick. The blazon is, Argent, a saltier engrailed azure on a chief of the second three cinquefoils of the first. When giving evidence of his right to arms in 1569, Besss only brother, James Hardwick, provided the heralds with a pedigree of his family began with this William. James was the last surviving male member of the Hardwick family. The Hardwicks were members of the gentry of Scarsdale, no male member of the Hardwick family rose above the status of esquire or held any important local or county offices. Bess was born into this relatively minor gentry family and her fourth marriage to the earl of Shrewsbury in 1567 elevated her to the rank of countess, and following the earls death in November 1590, Bess became one of the richest women in the kingdom. She set about building her greatest monument, Hardwick New Hall, John Hardwick died aged about 40 leaving a widow, son, and four daughters. His widow, Elizabeth Leeke then remarried to the son of the neighbouring Leche family of Chatsworth. Little is known of Besss early life and she appears to have been espoused to her first husband during the 1530s, and probably married for the first time in 1543. Not surprisingly, this coincides with that Dugdale claimed Bess was in service to Anne Gainsford in London. However, there is no evidence to support the story, and she certainly married Sir William at Bradgate, but that in itself does not prove that Bess was in service at Bradgate. It remains possible that she met Sir William elsewhere, possibly at Codnor, in 1543, Bess married 13-year-old Robert Barley, heir to a neighbouring estate
33.
William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle
–
William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne KG KB PC was an English polymath and aristocrat, having been a poet, equestrian, playwright, swordsman, politician, architect, diplomat and soldier. At first a courtier of James I of England, Cavendish would later strike up friendships with Charles I of England and he was created Marquess of Newcastle-upon-Tyne and entrusted with the education of the royal couples son, the future Charles II of England. In 1645 he married the English poet, dramatist, philosopher, after the defeat at Marston Moor, Cavendish went into self-imposed exile, only returning with the English Restoration when he was created a duke. A descendant of the Cavendish family, William Cavendish was born at Handsworth Manor in the West Riding of Yorkshire to Sir Charles Cavendish, on the paternal side of his family, the grandparents of William were Bess of Hardwick and courtier William Cavendish. Shortly after the birth of William, his brother Charles was born, the brothers would maintain a close relationship throughout their lives. The family lived at Welbeck Abbey and he was the eldest surviving son of Sir Charles Cavendish and his wife Catherine, and the grandson of Sir William Cavendish and Bess of Hardwick. He was educated at St Johns College, Cambridge and he possessed an immense fortune, and several times he entertained King James I and King Charles I with great magnificence at Welbeck and Bolsover. The Duke died at Welbeck Abbey on Christmas Day 1676, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. The 1st Dukes daughters included Lady Elizabeth Cavendish, who married John Egerton, 2nd Earl of Bridgewater and had issue, and Lady Frances Cavendish, on 3 November 1620 Cavendish became Viscount Mansfield and on 7 March 1628 Earl of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. In 1629 he inherited his mothers barony of Ogle, together with an estate of £3,000 per annum, in 1638 he became governor of Charles, Prince of Wales, and in 1639 a Privy Counsellor. When the Scottish war broke out he assisted King Charles I with a loan of £10,000, in 1641 Newcastle became implicated in the Army Plot, and in consequence withdrew for a time from the court. On 11 January 1642 King Charles sent him to seize Hull, when the king declared open war, Newcastle received the command of the four northern counties, and had the power conferred on him of making knights. He maintained troops at his own expense, and having occupied Newcastle kept open communications with Queen consort Henrietta Maria of France, in November 1642 he advanced into Yorkshire, raised the siege of York, and compelled Lord Fairfax of Cameron to retire after attacking him at Tadcaster. Subsequently his plans were checked by Fairfaxs re-capture of Leeds in January 1643, in June he advanced again, defeated the Fairfaxes at Adwalton Moor on 30 June, and obtained possession of all Yorkshire except Hull and Wressle Castle. On 27 October 1643, he was created Marquess of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, the next year Newcastles position was further threatened by the advance of the Scots. Against larger numbers he could do little but harass and cut off supplies and he retreated to York, where the three armies of the Scots, as well as those of Lord Fairfax of Cameron and Lord Manchester, surrounded him. On 1 July 1644 Prince Rupert of the Rhine raised the siege, after this disaster, against the wishes of the king and of Rupert, Newcastle immediately announced his intention of abandoning the cause and of leaving England. There he met and married his second wife Margaret, daughter of Sir Thomas Lucas of St Johns, Colchester, the new Marchioness was a dramatist and romancer, and had been maid of honour to Queen Henrietta Maria
34.
Duke of Newcastle
–
Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne is a title which has been created three times in British history while the title of Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne has been created once. The title was created for the first time in the Peerage of England in 1665 when William Cavendish and he was a prominent Royalist commander in the Civil War. Cavendish was the son of Sir Charles Cavendish, third son of Sir William Cavendish, William Cavendish, 1st Earl of Devonshire, was his uncle. Sir Charles Cavendish married as his second wife Catherine Ogle, 8th Baroness Ogle, daughter of Cuthbert Ogle, in 1629 their son William Cavendish succeeded as ninth Baron Ogle. He was succeeded by his son, the second Duke, also a politician and his only son and heir apparent Henry Cavendish, Earl of Ogle, predeceased him. On the Dukes death in 1691 all the titles became extinct, another daughter, Lady Margaret Cavendish, married John Holles, 4th Earl of Clare. In 1694 the dukedom was revived when he was created Marquess of Clare, the Holles family descended from John Holles, 1st Baron Haughton. He was created Baron Haughton, of Haughton in the County of Nottingham, in 1616 and his second son was the politician Denzil Holles, 1st Baron Holles. Lord Clare was succeeded by his eldest son, the second Earl and he represented East Retford in the House of Commons and served as Lord Lieutenant of Nottinghamshire. His son, the third Earl, was briefly Member of Parliament for Nottinghamshire in 1660 and he was succeeded by his son, the aforementioned fourth Earl, who was raised to Duke in 1694. The Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne had one daughter but no sons, the Dukes sister, Lady Grace Holles, married Thomas Pelham, 1st Baron Pelham. On his uncles death in 1711 their eldest son succeeded to the substantial Holles estates and assumed by Royal Licence the additional surname and these titles were in the Peerage of Great Britain. In 1756 the Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne was additionally created Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne, in the County of Stafford, with remainder to his nephew Henry Clinton. On the Dukes death in 1768 he was succeeded in the dukedom of Newcastle-under-Lyne under this remainder by his nephew, all his other titles became extinct except for the Pelham baronetcy and the barony of Pelham, which devolved upon his first cousin once removed, Thomas Pelham. The title of the 1756 dukedom was of Newcastle-under-Lyne and not Newcastle under Lyme, extensive personal and estate papers of the Dukes of Newcastle are held in the Portland and Newcastle collections at Nottingham Universitys Department of Manuscripts and Special Collections. At this point his fathers baronetcy and barony of 1706, his own earldom and dukedom of 1715 became extinct, on his death in 1988 the dukedoms male heirs became exhausted and so the title became extinct. Www. medialens. org Kidd, Charles & Williamson, David, new York, St Martins Press,1990 Lundy, Darryl. Manuscripts and Special Collections, The Dukes of Newcastles of Clumber Park - a Brief History
35.
Baron Waterpark
–
Baron Waterpark is a title in the Peerage of Ireland. It was created in 1792 for Sarah, Lady Cavendish, in honour of her husband, Sir Henry Cavendish, Sir Henry Cavendish was a politician who represented Lismore and Killybegs in the Irish House of Commons and served as Vice-Treasurer of Ireland and as Receiver-General of Ireland. From 1768 to 1774 he sat in the British House of Commons for Lostwithiel, Cavendish and Lady Waterpark were both succeeded by their son Richard, the second Baron and third Baronet. This line of the family failed on the death of his grandson, the late Baron was succeeded by his second cousin, the sixth Baron. He was the grandson of a son of the second Baron. As of 2013 the titles are held by the latters great-nephew, the eighth Baron, the Cavendish Baronetcy, of Doveridge Hall, was created in the Baronetage of Great Britain in 1755 for Henry Cavendish. He notably represented Lismore in the Irish House of Commons and he was succeeded by his son, the aforementioned Sir Henry Cavendish, 2nd Baronet. The Cavendishes of Doveridge were descended from Henry Cavendish, illegitimate son of another Henry Cavendish and this Henry was the eldest son of Sir William Cavendish by his wife Bess of Hardwick, and thus elder brother of William Cavendish, 1st Earl of Devonshire. The family seat of Doveridge Hall was demolished about 1938, there were other illegitimate sons sired in Derbyshire by Henry Cavendish. One son Robert Cavendish was allegedly the result of a relationship with a mistress whom he kept at Ufton Manor in Oakerthorpe. Duke of Devonshire Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David, new York, St Martins Press,1990, Leigh Rayments Peerage Pages
36.
William Cavendish, 1st Earl of Devonshire
–
William Cavendish, 1st Earl of Devonshire was an English nobleman, politician, and courtier. The second son of Sir William Cavendish and Bess of Hardwick, he was educated with the children of George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury and she made him a rich allowance in his youth. He then entered Clare College, Cambridge and he was M. P. for Liverpool in 1586 and Newport in 1588. He was appointed High Sheriff of Derbyshire, where the estates of his lay, for 1595. He was created Baron Cavendish of Hardwick in 1605, thanks to the representations of his niece and he participated in the colonisation of the Bermudas, and Devonshire Parish was called after him, he also was a supporter of colonising Virginia. His mothers death in 1608, and his elder brother Henrys death in 1616 and he died on 3 March 1626, and was buried at St Peters Church, Edensor. The 1st Earl of Devonshire and his brother Henry are commemorated through the Cavendish Memorial inside the church and his first wife was Anne Kighley or Keighley, daughter of Henry Kighley of Keighley, Yorkshire, circa 21 March 1580. Sir John died on 18 January 1618, history of Parliament CAVENDISH, William II of Chatsworth and Hardwick, Derbys Attribution This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Cavendish, William
37.
Colony of Virginia
–
The Colony of Virginia was the first permanently settled English colony in North America. Newfoundland, with settlements, had been established as a colony by Royal Charter in 1583. American archaeologist William Kelso says Virginia is where the British Empire began and this was the first colony in the British Empire. The colony existed briefly during the 16th century, and then continuously from 1607 until the American Revolution, the name Virginia was first applied by Sir Walter Raleigh and Queen Elizabeth I in 1584. In 1607, members of a joint venture called the Virginia Company founded Jamestown, tobacco became Virginias first profitable export, the production of which had a significant impact on the society and settlement patterns. In 1624, the Virginia Companys charter was revoked by King James I, from 1619 to 1776, the legislature of the Virginia was the House of Burgesses, which governed in conjunction with a colonial governor. Jamestown remained the capital of the Virginia colony until 1699, from 1699 until its dissolution the capital was in Williamsburg and it experienced its first major political turmoil with Bacons Rebellion of 1676. The name Virginia is the oldest designation for English claims in North America, the latter word may have inspired the Queen to name the colony Virginia, noting her status as the Virgin Queen. in Carolina Algonquian, and was not the name of the country as previously misunderstood. Virginia was originally a term used to refer to North Americas entire eastern coast from the 34th parallel north to 48th parallel and this area included a large section of Canada and the shores of Acadia. In gratitude for Virginians loyalty to the crown during the English Civil War, Charles II gave it the title of Old Dominion, Virginia maintains Old Dominion as its state nickname. Accordingly, the University of Virginias athletic teams use Cavaliers as one of their nicknames, earlier attempts had been made by the Spanish in what is now Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina and Virginia, and by the French in South Carolina. Farther south, the Spanish colony of Spanish Florida, centered on St. Augustine, was established in 1565, while to the north, in 1584, Sir Walter Raleigh sent his first colonization mission to the island of Roanoke. This was the first English settlement, although it did not survive and it was a military research expedition with a very narrow focus. In 1587, Raleigh sent another group to attempt to establish a permanent settlement. The first English child born in the New World was named Virginia Dare, the expedition leader, John White returned to England for supplies that same year, but was unable to return to the colony due to war between England and Spain. When he finally did return in 1590, he found the colony abandoned, the houses were intact, but the colonists had completely disappeared. Although there are a number of theories about the fate of the colony, Dare County was named in honor of the baby Virginia Dare, who was among those whose fate is unknown. The word Croatoan was found carved into a tree, the name of a tribe on a nearby island, following the death of Queen Elizabeth I in 1603, King James I ascended to the throne
38.
William Cavendish, 2nd Earl of Devonshire
–
Cavendish was the second son of William Cavendish, 1st Earl of Devonshire, by his first wife Anne Keighley. He was educated by Thomas Hobbes, the philosopher, who lived at Chatsworth as his private tutor for many years and he was knighted at Whitehall in 1609. He was accompanied by Hobbes on the Grand Tour from about 1610 and he was a leader of court society, and an intimate friend of James I, and Hobbes praised his learning in the dedication of his translation of Thucydides. In 1614, Cavendish was elected Member of Parliament for Derbyshire and he became Lord Lieutenant of Derbyshire in 1619. In 1621 he was re-elected MP for Derbyshire, in April 1622 he introduced to audiences with the king Schwarzenburg, ambassador from the Emperor Ferdinand, Valerssio from Venice, and dArsennes and Joachimi from the United Provinces. He was re-elected MP for Derbyshire in 1624 and 1625, in 1625 he was present at Charles Is marriage with Henrietta Maria. He was high bailiff of Tutbury in 1626 and was re-elected MP for Derbyshire in 1626, in the Lords, he resisted George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckinghams attempt to find a treasonable meaning on a speech of Sir Dudley Digges. Cavendishs spending strained his resources, and he procured an act of parliament to enable him to sell some of the entailed estates in discharge of his debts in 1628. His London house was in Bishopsgate, on the site occupied by Devonshire Square. Cavendish died at his London house, from over-indulgence it was said, at the age of about 35 and was buried in Allhallows Church, Cavendish married Christian Bruce, daughter of Edward Bruce, 1st Lord Kinloss, on 10 April 1608. They had three children, Anne Cavendish, married Robert Rich, 3rd Earl of Warwick and had issue, William Cavendish, 3rd Earl of Devonshire Charles Cavendish Pearson, John, The Serpent and the Stag, Holt, Rinehart and Winston,1983. Attribution This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Cavendish
39.
Thomas Hobbes
–
Thomas Hobbes, in some older texts Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury, was an English philosopher who is considered one of the founders of modern political philosophy. Hobbes is best known for his 1651 book Leviathan, which established the social theory that has served as the foundation for most later Western political philosophy. Thomas Hobbes was born at Westport, now part of Malmesbury in Wiltshire, England, born prematurely when his mother heard of the coming invasion of the Spanish Armada, Hobbes later reported that my mother gave birth to twins, myself and fear. His childhood is almost completely unknown, and his mothers name is unknown and his father, Thomas Sr. was the vicar of Charlton and Westport. Thomas Hobbes, the younger, had a brother Edmund, about two years older, and a sister, Thomas Sr. was involved in a fight with the local clergy outside his church, forcing him to leave London and abandon the family. The family was left in the care of Thomas Sr. s older brother, Francis, Hobbes was a good pupil, and around 1603 he went up to Magdalen Hall, the predecessor college to Hertford College, Oxford. The principal John Wilkinson was a Puritan, and he had influence on Hobbes. At university, Hobbes appears to have followed his own curriculum and he did not complete his B. A. Hobbes became a companion to the younger William and they both took part in a grand tour of Europe in 1610. Hobbes was exposed to European scientific and critical methods during the tour and it has been argued that three of the discourses in the 1620 publication known as Horea Subsecivae, Observations and Discourses, also represent the work of Hobbes from this period. Although he associated with figures like Ben Jonson and briefly worked as Francis Bacons amanuensis. His employer Cavendish, then the Earl of Devonshire, died of the plague in June 1628, the widowed countess dismissed Hobbes but he soon found work, again as a tutor, this time to Gervase Clifton, the son of Sir Gervase Clifton, 1st Baronet. This task, chiefly spent in Paris, ended in 1631 when he found work with the Cavendish family, tutoring William. Over the next seven years, as well as tutoring, he expanded his own knowledge of philosophy and he visited Florence in 1636 and was later a regular debater in philosophic groups in Paris, held together by Marin Mersenne. Hobbess first area of study was an interest in the doctrine of motion. Despite his interest in this phenomenon, he disdained experimental work as in physics and he went on to conceive the system of thought to the elaboration of which he would devote his life. He then singled out Man from the realm of Nature and plants, finally he considered, in his crowning treatise, how Men were moved to enter into society, and argued how this must be regulated if Men were not to fall back into brutishness and misery. Thus he proposed to unite the separate phenomena of Body, Man, Hobbes came home, in 1637, to a country riven with discontent which disrupted him from the orderly execution of his philosophic plan. However, by the end of the Short Parliament in 1640, he had written a treatise called The Elements of Law, Natural
40.
William Cavendish, 3rd Earl of Devonshire
–
William Cavendish, 3rd Earl of Devonshire was an English nobleman and politician, known as a royalist supporter. The eldest son of William Cavendish, 2nd Earl of Devonshire and his wife Christiana, hobbess translation of Thucydides is dedicated to Cavendish, and from 1634 to 1637 he travelled abroad with the philosopher. Cavendish was created a Knight of the Bath at Charles Is coronation in 1625 and he was lord-lieutenant of Derbyshire from 13 November 1638 to 22 March 1642, was high steward of Ampthill 4 February 1640, and joint-commissioner of array for Leicestershire 12 January 1642. He left England, and his estates were sequestrated, Charles I stayed a night with him there on 13 October 1645. At the Restoration all his disabilities were removed, he was reappointed lord-lieutenant of Derbyshire, became steward of Tutbury, and of the High Peak. Cavendish, a virtuoso, was close to John Evelyn, and was one of the fellows of the Royal Society, He was a commissioner of trade 5 March 1668 –1669. He died on 23 November 1684, at his house at Roehampton, Surrey and his wife Elizabeth died five years later, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. The Countess of Leicester was anxious for him to marry Lady Dorothy Sidney, her daughter and Edmund Wallers Sacharissa, Elizabeth, second daughter of William Cecil, 2nd Earl of Salisbury, became Cavendishs wife, on 4 March 1639. Their children were, William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Devonshire Charles, Lady Anne Cavendish, married Charles, Lord Rich, son of the Earl of Warwick, and then John Cecil, 5th Earl of Exeter on 2 May 1670 and had issue. New York, St Martins Press,1990, Leigh Rayments Peerage Pages Lundy, attribution This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Cavendish, William
41.
Glorious Revolution
–
The crisis facing the king came to a head in 1688, with the birth of the kings son, James Francis Edward Stuart, on 10 June. This changed the line of succession by displacing the heiress presumptive with young James Francis Edward as heir apparent. The establishment of a Roman Catholic dynasty in the kingdoms now seemed likely, stadtholder William, the de facto head of state of the Dutch United Provinces, feared a Catholic Anglo–French alliance and had already been planning a military intervention in England. After consolidating political and financial support, William crossed the North Sea and English Channel with an invasion fleet in November 1688. After only two minor clashes between the two opposing armies in England, and anti-Catholic riots in several towns, Jamess regime collapsed, however, this was followed by the protracted Williamite War in Ireland and Dundees rising in Scotland. In Englands distant American colonies, the led to the collapse of the Dominion of New England. By threatening to withdraw his troops, William in February 1689 convinced a newly chosen Convention Parliament to make him, the Revolution permanently ended any chance of Catholicism becoming re-established in England. The Revolution led to limited tolerance for Nonconformist Protestants, although it would be some time before they had political rights. Internationally, the Revolution was related to the War of the Grand Alliance on mainland Europe and it has been seen as the last successful invasion of England. It ended all attempts by England in the Anglo-Dutch Wars of the 17th century to subdue the Dutch Republic by military force, the expression Glorious Revolution was first used by John Hampden in late 1689, and is an expression that is still used by the British Parliament. The Glorious Revolution is also termed the Bloodless Revolution, albeit inaccurately. Jamess greatest political problem was his Catholicism, which left him alienated from both parties in England. The low church Whigs had failed in their attempt to pass the Exclusion Bill to exclude James from the throne between 1679 and 1681, and Jamess supporters were the high church Anglican Tories. In Scotland, his supporters in the Parliament of Scotland stepped up attempts to force the Covenanters to renounce their faith, when James inherited the English throne in 1685, he had much support in the Loyal Parliament, which was composed mostly of Tories. His Catholicism was of concern to many, but the fact that he had no son, Jamess attempt to relax the Penal Laws alienated his natural supporters, however, because the Tories viewed this as tantamount to disestablishment of the Church of England. The majority of Irish people backed James II for this reason, by allying himself with the Catholics, Dissenters, and Nonconformists, James hoped to build a coalition that would advance Catholic emancipation. In May 1686, James decided to obtain from the English courts of the law a ruling that affirmed his power to dispense with Acts of Parliament. He dismissed judges who disagreed with him on this matter as well as the Solicitor General Heneage Finch, eleven out of the twelve judges ruled in favour of dispensing power
42.
Lord Steward
–
The Lord Steward or Lord Steward of the Household, in England, is an important official of the Royal Household. Until 1924, he was always a member of the Government, until 1782, the office was one of considerable political importance and carried Cabinet rank. The Lord Steward receives his appointment from the Sovereign in person and bears a white staff as the emblem and he is the first dignitary of the court. In an Act of passed in 1539 for placing of the lords and he presided at the Board of Green Cloth, until the Board of Green Cloth disappeared in the reform of local government licensing in 2004, brought about by the Licensing Act 2003. In his department are the Treasurer of the Household and Comptroller of the Household and these officials were usually peers or the sons of peers and Privy Councillors. They also sat at the Board of Green Cloth, carry white staves, the offices are now held by Government whips in the House of Commons. However, by the Coroners Act 1988, the Lord Steward still appoints the Coroner of the Queens Household. He is not named in the Black Book of Edward IV or in the Statutes of Henry VIII and is entered as master of the household and clerk of the green cloth in the Household Book of Queen Elizabeth. But he has superseded the lord steward of the household, as the steward of the household at one time superseded the Lord High Steward of England. In the Lord Stewards department were the officials of the Board of Green Cloth, the Coroner, and Paymaster of the Household, and the officers of the Royal Almonry. The Lord Steward had formerly three courts besides the Board of Green Cloth under him—the Lord Stewards Court, superseded in 1541 by the Marshalsea Court, the Lord Steward or his deputies formerly administered the oaths to the members of the House of Commons. In certain cases the lords with white staves are the persons to bear communications between the Sovereign and the Houses of Parliament.1485 The Lord FitzWalter 1485–aft. 1486 The Lord Willoughby de Broke 1488–1502 The Earl of Shrewsbury 1502–1538 The Earl of Sussex 1538–1540
