1.
Dunblane
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Dunblane is a town in the Stirling council area of Scotland. The town is situated off the A9 road which has been bypassed since 1991 and its main landmark is Dunblane Cathedral and the Allan Water runs through the town centre, with the Cathedral and the High Street on the east side. Dunblane had a population of 8,114 at the 2001 census which grew to 8,811 at the 2011 census, the name Dunblane is sometimes said to mean fort of Blane, commemorating an early saint who flourished probably in the late 6th century. His main seat was originally Kingarth on the Isle of Bute and he or his followers may have founded a church at Dunblane - it is likely that the cult of Bláán came there with settlers from what is now Argyll in later centuries. The earliest spellings of the name Dunblane are of the form Dul Blaan, the earliest evidence for Christianity on the site are two cross-slabs of the 10th to 11th centuries which are preserved in the cathedral. Incorporated into the medieval building, but originally free-standing, is an 11th-century bell-tower. The nave and aisleless choir are 13th century, after the Reformation, the nave of the cathedral was abandoned and soon became roofless and used for burials. The choir was retained as the parish church, the nave was re-roofed and the cathedral provided with new furnishings by Robert Rowand Anderson between 1889 and 1893. During the boom years of the Hydropathy movement in the 19th century, Dunblane is split into two Church of Scotland parishes, the cathedral and St Blanes Church. Dunblane Cathedral is remarkable in having retained more of its late-medieval choir stalls than any other Scottish church building, further fragments of medieval woodwork from the cathedral are displayed in the towns museum, formerly the Cathedral Museum, situated nearby. Though still used as a church, the building is in the care of Historic Scotland. To the south of the cathedral are stone vaults of medieval origin. Adjacent to the cathedral, Scottish Churches House was a centre for ecumenical study, the town was a royal burgh and part of Perthshire until the 1975 abolition of Scottish counties. Dunblane refers to itself as a city, due to the presence of Dunblane Cathedral, however this status was never officially recognised. In September 2004 the Dunblane Centre opened and this purpose-built youth, family, arts, sports and meeting facility was built using money from a consolidation of several funds which were created in the aftermath of the 1996 tragedy. It is now entirely self funding and is run by the Dunblane Youth and Sports Centre Trust, the town is served by Dunblane railway station. Dunblane has three schools, one 5 -18 school and one secondary school. The remaining, Queen Victoria School, is a boarding school
2.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
3.
Greenwich Mean Time
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Greenwich Mean Time is the mean solar time at the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, London. GMT was formerly used as the civil time standard, now superseded in that function by Coordinated Universal Time. Today GMT is considered equivalent to UTC for UK civil purposes and for navigation is considered equivalent to UT1, consequently, the term GMT should not be used for precise purposes. Due to Earths uneven speed in its orbit and its axial tilt, noon GMT is rarely the exact moment the sun crosses the Greenwich meridian. This event may occur up to 16 minutes before or after noon GMT, noon GMT is the annual average moment of this event, which accounts for the word mean in Greenwich Mean Time. Originally, astronomers considered a GMT day to start at noon while for almost everyone else it started at midnight, to avoid confusion, the name Universal Time was introduced to denote GMT as counted from midnight. Astronomers preferred the old convention to simplify their observational data, so each night was logged under a single calendar date. Today Universal Time usually refers to UTC or UT1, in some countries Greenwich Mean Time is the legal time in the winter and the population uses the term. For an explanation of why this is, see GMT in legislation below, synchronisation of the chronometer on GMT did not affect shipboard time, which was still solar time. Most time zones were based upon GMT, as an offset of a number of hours ahead of GMT or behind GMT and it was gradually adopted for other purposes, but a legal case in 1858 held local mean time to be the official time. On 14 May 1880, a signed by Clerk to Justices appeared in The Times, stating that Greenwich time is now kept almost throughout England. For example, our polling booths were opened, say, at 813 and closed at 413 PM. This was changed later in 1880, GMT was adopted on the Isle of Man in 1883, Jersey in 1898 and Guernsey in 1913. Ireland adopted GMT in 1916, supplanting Dublin Mean Time, hourly time signals from Greenwich Observatory were first broadcast on 5 February 1924, rendering the time ball at the observatory redundant in the process. The daily rotation of the Earth is irregular and constantly slows, on 1 January 1972, GMT was superseded as the international civil time standard by Coordinated Universal Time, maintained by an ensemble of atomic clocks around the world. Indeed, even the Greenwich meridian itself is not quite what it used to be—defined by the centre of the instrument at the Observatory at Greenwich. Nevertheless, the line in the old observatorys courtyard today differs no more than a few metres from that line which is now the prime meridian of the world. Historically GMT has been used two different conventions for numbering hours. The long-standing astronomical convention dating from the work of Ptolemy, was to refer to noon as zero hours and this contrasted with the civil convention of referring to midnight as zero hours dating from the Romans
4.
School shooting
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A school shooting is a form of mass shooting involving a gun attack on an educational institution, such as a school or university. Secret Service defines them as shootings where schools are selected as the location for the attack. These shootings have sparked a debate over gun violence, zero tolerance policies. While educational institutions are subject to attacks by outside terrorist groups, the United States has the highest number of school-related shootings. From 2013 to October 2015 there were 142 school shootings in the United States, the perpetrators of school shootings are mostly young white men School shootings are a topic of regarding interest in the United States. Any profile would fit too many students to be useful and may not apply to a potential perpetrator, some lived with both parents in an ideal, All-American family. Some were children of divorce, or lived in foster homes, a few were loners, but most had close friends. Some experts such as Alan Lipman have warned against the dearth of empirical validity of profiling methods, while it may be simplistic to assume a straightforward profile, the study did find certain similarities among the perpetrators. The researchers found that killers do not snap and these children take a long, considered, public path toward violence. Many of the shooters told Secret Service investigators that alienation or persecution drove them to violence, according to the United States Secret Service, instead of looking for traits, the Secret Service urges adults to ask about behavior, What has this child said. Do they have access to weapons, bob Herbert addressed this in an October 2006 New York Times editorial. However, at least three female school shooting incidents have been documented, including Laurie Dann of Winnetka, Illinois, though the perpetrators of school shootings are often said to be almost exclusively white males, this is misleading. A study of 48 shooters found that white males constituted 79% of secondary school shooters, white males were actually a minority among college. There is significant racial, ethnic, and gender diversity among school shooters and these shootings have happened in suburban and rural school districts and many seem to be random with random targets. Most of these tend to come from two-parent households and have been found to appear on the honor roll at their schools. School shootings receive extensive media coverage and are frequent in the US and they have sometimes resulted in nationwide changes of schools policies concerning discipline and security. Some experts have described fears about school shootings as a type of moral panic, such incidents may also lead to nationwide discussion on gun laws. Bullying is common in schools and seemed to play a role in the lives of many of the school shooters, a typical bullying interaction consist of three parts, the offender/bully, a victim and one or more bystanders
5.
Mass murder
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Mass murder is the act of murdering a number of people, typically simultaneously or over a relatively short period of time and in close geographic proximity. The FBI defines mass murder as murdering four or more persons during an event with no cooling-off period between the murders, a mass murder typically occurs in a single location where one or more people kill several others. Many acts of mass murder end with the perpetrator dying by suicide or suicide by cop, a mass murder may be committed by individuals or organizations whereas a spree killing is committed by one or two individuals. Mass murder is the hypernym of genocide, which requires additional criteria, some of these mass murders have been found to be genocides and others to be crimes against humanity, but often such crimes have led to few or no convictions of any type. The concept of state-sponsored mass murder covers a range of potential killings and it is defined as the intentional and indiscriminate murder of a large number of people by government agents. Examples are shooting of unarmed protesters, lobbing of grenades into prison cells, actions in which the state caused the death of large numbers of people, which political scientist R. J. Many terrorist groups in recent times have used the tactic of killing many victims to fulfill their political aims, certain cults, especially religious cults, have committed a number of mass killings and mass murder-suicides. Mass murderers may fall into any of a number of categories, including killers of family, of coworkers, of students, a notable motivation for mass murder is revenge, but other motivations are possible, including the need for attention or fame. Average response time by law enforcement to a shooting is typically much longer than the time the shooter is engaged in killing. In many instances, immediate action by victims, bystanders, or law enforcement officers has saved lives, commentators have pointed out that there are a wide variety of ways that homicides with more than several victims might be classified. Such incidents can be, and have been even in recent decades, classified many different ways including as a shooting, as a school shooting, as mass murder. As a crime involving a rifle, as a case of a mentally ill person committing acts of violence. How such rarely occurring incidents of homicide are classified tends to change significantly with time and it was understood that the key feature of cases was a high body count. Place, Did the killings occur in a location, or in a variety of places. Method, How were the victims killed, in the late decades of the 20th century and early years of the 2000s, the most popular classifications moved to include method, time and place. Crimes against humanity List of mass murderers List of rampage killers Mass grave Massacre School shooting Suicide attack Terrorism War crime What makes a Mass Killer. Mass Murder, A Small Persons Way to Immortality Mass shootings interactive map Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence The real causes of mass murder by James Alan Fox
6.
Browning Hi-Power
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The Browning Hi Power is a single-action, semi-automatic handgun available in 9mm and.40 S&W calibers. It is based on a design by American firearms inventor John Browning, Browning died in 1926, several years before the design was finalized. The Hi-Power is one of the most widely used military pistols in history, the Hi Power name alludes to the 13-round magazine capacity, almost twice that of contemporary designs such as the Luger or Colt M1911. The pistol is often referred to as an HP or as a GP, the terms P-35 and HP-35 are also used, based on the introduction of the pistol in 1935. It is most often called the Hi Power, even in Belgium, other names include BAP, particularly in Irish Army service, or BHP. The Browning Hi-Power was designed in response to a French military requirement for a new service pistol and it was to accomplish all of this at a weight not exceeding 1 kg. FN commissioned John Browning to design a new military sidearm conforming to this specification, Browning built two different prototypes for the project in Utah and filed the patent for this pistol in the United States on June 28,1923, granted on February 22,1927. One was a blowback design, while the other was operated with a locked-breech recoil system. Both prototypes utilized the new staggered magazine design to increase capacity without increasing the pistols grip size or magazine length. The locked breech design was selected for development and testing. This model was striker-fired, and featured a magazine that held 16 rounds. The design was refined through several trials held by the Versailles Trial Commission and this version featured the removable barrel bushing and take down sequence of the Colt 1911. By 1931, the Browning Hi-Power design incorporated a shortened 13-round magazine, a curved rear grip strap, by 1934, the Hi-Power design was complete and ready to be produced. It was first adopted by Belgium for military service in 1935 as the Browning P-35, ultimately, France decided not to adopt the pistol, instead selecting the conceptually similar but lower-capacity Modèle 1935 pistol. The HP35 originally had a rounded, serrated hammer with a hole through it and this lighter hammer was harder to cock and had difficulty firing the harder Berdan-primed centerfire cartridges commonly used in Europe, often requiring a tightening of the hammer spring. This was replaced in 1972 by a hammer on both civilian and military models. However, the Browning Challenger and special variants of the Browning pistol still use the classic ring hammer, the Browning Hi-Power has undergone continuous refinement by FN since its introduction. The adjustable sights are available on commercial versions of the Hi-Power
7.
Smith & Wesson Model 19
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The S&W Model 19 is a revolver produced by Smith & Wesson on its K-frame. The model 19 is chambered for.357 Magnum, the K-frame is somewhat smaller and lighter than the original N-frame.357, usually known as the S&W Model 27. The.357 Magnum is the oldest magnum handgun cartridge, Smith & Wesson played a major part in the development and success of the cartridge and revolver that went with it. Firearms writer and experimenter Philip Sharpe is credited for its development during the 1930s when police agencies were asking for a more powerful round. S&Ws Dan Wesson agreed to produce a new revolver that would handle high-intensity.38 Special loads, but only if Winchester would develop a new cartridge. Winchester introduced the.357 Magnum, which was identical to the.38 Special except for a.125 inch longer case. Retired Assistant Chief Patrol Inspector of the U. S, border Patrol, famous gunfighter, and noted firearms and shooting skills writer Bill Jordan consulted with Smith & Wesson on the design and characteristics of the Model 19. Jordans idea for a peace officers dream sidearm was a heavy-barreled four-inch K-Frame.357 Magnum with a shrouded barrel like the big N-frame.357 and adjustable sights. The.357 Magnum, four-inch barreled model was standard issue to uniformed officers of the former U. S. Immigration and Naturalization Service as well as Patrol Agents of the U. S, border Patrol until both agencies adopted.40 caliber semi-automatic pistols. The.357 Magnum,2. 5” barreled model was standard issue to Special Agents of the former U. S. Immigration and Naturalization Service as well as Patrol Agents of the U. S. Border Patrol working plain clothes assignments until both agencies adopted.40 caliber semi-automatic pistols.5,4, or 6-inch barrel lengths, the weights are 30.5 ounces,36 ounces, and 39 ounces, respectively. The 2. 5- and 3-inch barrel versions had round butts, the Model 19 was produced from 1957 to November 1999. The Model 66 was produced from 1970 until 2005, the Model 66 differed by its use of stainless steel and its smooth target-type trigger. The Model 19 and the Model 66 had the same trigger options, engineering changes were designated with a dash- number after the model number. The engineering changes are as follows,19, Stamping of model number, 19-1, Change extractor rod, right to left-hand thread. 19-2, Cylinder stop changed, deleted triggerguard screw,50 manufactured with 2.5 barrel, serial range K544672–K544721. 19-3, Relocation of rear sight leaf screw, 19-4, Change gas ring from yoke to cylinder. 19-5, Eliminate cylinder counterbore and pinned barrel, small change in length to 1.62
8.
.357 Magnum
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The.357 S&W Magnum, or simply.357 Magnum, is a revolver cartridge with a. 357-inch bullet diameter. It was created by Elmer Keith, Phillip B, Wesson of firearms manufacturers Smith & Wesson and Winchester. It is based upon Smith & Wessons earlier.38 Special cartridge, the.357 Magnum cartridge was introduced in 1934, and its use has since become widespread. This cartridge started the Magnum era of handgun ammunition, the.357 Magnum cartridge is notable for its stopping power. The.357 Magnum was collaboratively developed over a period in the early to mid-1930s by a group of individuals in a response to Colts.38 Super Automatic. Tests at the revealed that those vests defeated any handgun cartridge traveling at less than about 1,000 feet per second. Colts.38 Super Automatic just edged over that velocity and was able to penetrate car doors and vests that bootleggers and gangsters were employing as cover. Though.38 and.357 would seem to be different diameter chamberings, they are in fact identical, the.38 Special nomenclature relates to the previous use of heeled bullets, which were the same diameter as the case. Thus, the only difference in the two cartridges is a slight difference in length, solely for safety purposes. Much credit for the. 357s early development is given to hunter and experimenter Elmer Keith, the. 38-44 HV load used the. 38-Special cartridge loaded to a much higher velocity than standard. 38-Special ammunition. The. 38-44 revolvers were made by using a.44 Special size gun with the barrel bored to accept. 357-caliber bullets, since the frame, cylinder, and barrel were much stronger than the standard.38 Special components, it was capable of withstanding much higher pressures. The. 38-44 HV round, while no longer available, was in most cases the equal of the later.357 Magnum, which works at more than double the pressure of standard.38 Special. Elmer Keith also contributed the Keith-style bullet, which increased the mass of bullet located outside the cartridge, the Keith bullet also employed a large, flat meplat, thus enabling rapid energy transfer for greater wounding properties. At the same time, this design does not deform like a hollow point. These characteristics of the Keith bullet make it suitable for hunting applications as well as for target shooting. In order to reassert itself as the leading law-enforcement armament provider, Smith & Wesson developed the.357 Magnum, Wesson leading the effort within Smith & Wesson, along with considerable technical assistance from Phillip B. Sharpe, a member of the Technical Division staff of the National Rifle Association, the new round was developed from Smith & Wessons existing.38 Special round. It used a different powder load, and ultimately the case was extended by 1⁄8 inch, the case extension was more a matter of safety than of necessity
9.
Stirling
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Stirling is a city in central Scotland. The market town, surrounded by farmland, grew up connecting the royal citadel, the medieval old town with its merchants and tradesmen, the bridge. Located on the River Forth, Stirling is the centre for the Stirling council area. It is proverbially the strategically important Gateway to the Highlands and it has been said that Stirling, like a huge brooch clasps Highlands and Lowlands together. Similarly he who holds Stirling, holds Scotland is often quoted, stirlings key position as the lowest bridging point of the River Forth before it broadens towards the Firth of Forth, made it a focal point for travel north or south. This invited control for, military advantage in times of unrest, unsurprisingly an excise man was installed in a covered booth in the centre of the bridge to collect tax from any entering the royal burgh with goods. According to a 9th century legend, when Stirling was temporarily under Anglo-Saxon sway, however the sound of a wolf roused a sentry who alerted his garrison to force a Viking retreat. This led to the wolf being adopted as a symbol of the town, even today it appears with a goshawk on the coat of arms along with the recently chosen motto, Steadfast as the Rock. Once the capital of Scotland, Stirling is visually dominated by Stirling Castle, the poet King was educated by George Buchanan and grew up in Stirling. He was later also crowned King of England and Ireland on 25th July 1603, modern Stirling is a centre for local government, higher education, tourism, retail, and industry. The 2011 census recorded the population of the city as 45,750, One of the principal royal strongholds of the Kingdom of Scotland, Stirling was created a royal burgh by King David I in 1130. In 2002, as part of Queen Elizabeths Golden Jubilee, Stirling was granted city status, Stirling was originally a Stone Age settlement as shown by the Randolphfield standing stones and Kings Park prehistoric carvings that can still be found south of the city. The site has been significant since at least the Roman occupation of Britain, due to its naturally defensible crag and tail hill. Coupled to this it enjoys a position which is not far from the Ochil Hills on the border between the Lowlands and Highlands. Its other notable feature is its proximity to the lowest ancient ford of the River Forth. It remained the rivers lowest crossing point until the construction of the Alloa Swing Bridge between Throsk and Alloa in 1885. It is supposed that Stirling is the fortress of Iuddeu or Urbs Giudi where Oswiu of Northumbria was besieged by Penda of Mercia in 655, as recorded in Bede and contemporary annals. Stirling was chartered as a burgh by King David in the 12th century
10.
Stirlingshire
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Stirlingshire or the County of Stirling is a historic county and registration county of Scotland, based in Stirling, the county town. See Registers of Scotland, Land Register Counties and it borders Perthshire to the north, Clackmannanshire and West Lothian to the east, Lanarkshire to the south, and Dunbartonshire to the south-west. Stirling and Falkirk are still covered by the same lieutenancy area, until the 1890s the county had two small exclaves, part of the parish of Logie, which was surrounded by Perthshire, and the parish of Alva, locally in Clackmannanshire. The Perthshire part of Logie was added to Stirlingshire, while Alva was annexed by Clackmannanshire, the County Council of Stirling was granted a coat of arms by Lord Lyon King of Arms on 29 September 1890. The design of the arms commemorated the Scottish victory at the Battle of Bannockburn in the county, on the silver saltire on blue of St Andrew was placed the rampant red lion from the royal arms of Scotland. Around this were placed two caltraps and two spur-rowels recalling the use of the weapons against the English cavalry, on the abolition of the Local Government council in 1975, the arms were regranted to the Local Government Stirling District Council. They were regranted a second time in 1996 to the present Local Government Stirling Council, in 1130 Stirling, one of the principal royal strongholds of the Kingdom of Scotland, was created a Royal burgh by King David I. On 22 July 1298 the Battle of Falkirk saw the defeat of William Wallace by King Edward I of England, in 1314 the Battle of Bannockburn, Bannockburn, was a significant Scottish victory in the Wars of Scottish Independence. It was one of the battles of the First War of Scottish Independence. On 11 June 1488 the Battle of Sauchieburn was fought at the side of Sauchie Burn, on 17 January 1746 the Battle of Falkirk Muir saw the Jacobites under Charles Edward Stuart defeat a government army commanded by Lieutenant General Henry Hawley. In 2001, according to the website of the General Register Office for Scotland, list of civil parishes in Scotland Civil parishes are still used for some statistical purposes, and separate census figures are published for them. As their areas have been unchanged since the 19th century this allows for comparison of population figures over an extended period of time. The remaining four burghs became small burghs, with limited powers, some Stirlingshire towns listed in the Registers of Scotland, Land Register Counties. In 1894 parish Local Government councils were established for the civil parishes, the Local Government parish councils were in turn superseded by Local Government district councils in 1930. In 1930 the parishes ceased to be used for government purposes. These Local Government districts were abolished in 1975, the Royal Burgh of Stirling formed part of the Stirling burghs constituency along with burghs in Fife and Perthshire. The Burgh of Falkirk formed part of Falkirk Burghs, along with burghs in Lanarkshire and Linlithgowshire, the remainder of the county returned a single member as the parliamentary county of Stirlingshire. The detached parish of Alva was annexed to the constituency of Clackmannanshire, in 1918 seats in the House of Commons were redistributed
11.
Gun control
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Gun control is the set of laws or policies that regulate the manufacture, sale, transfer, possession, modification, or use of firearms by civilians. Most countries have a restrictive firearm guiding policy, with only a few legislations being categorized as permissive, Gun control refers to domestic regulation of firearm manufacture, trade, possession, use, and transport, specifically with regard to the class of weapons referred to as small arms. Usage of the gun control is sometimes politicized. Some of those in favor of legislation instead prefer to use such as gun-violence prevention, gun safety, firearms regulation, illegal guns. In 2007, it was estimated there were, globally, about 875 million small arms in the hands of civilians, law enforcement agencies. Of these firearms 650 million, or 75%, are held by civilians, U. S. civilians account for 270 million of this total. A further 200 million are controlled by military forces. Law enforcement agencies have some 26 million small arms, non-state armed groups have about 1.4 million firearms. Finally, gang members hold between 2 and 10 million small arms, together, the small arms arsenals of non-state armed groups and gangs account for, at most,1. 4% of the global total. Barring a few exceptions, most countries in the world allow civilians to purchase firearms subject to certain restrictions, in the remaining countries included in the sample, civilian firearm ownership is considered a privilege and the legislation governing possession of firearms is correspondingly more restrictive. During the mid-1990s, however, the United Nations Economic and Social Council adopted a series of resolutions relating to the ownership of small arms. These called for an exchange of data on national systems of firearm regulation, in 1997, the UN published a study based on member state survey data titled the United Nations International Study on Firearm Regulation which was updated in 1999. This study was meant to initiate the establishment of a database on civilian firearm regulations which would be run by the Centre for International Crime Prevention, who were to report on national systems of civilian firearm regulation every two years. These plans never reached fruition and further UN-led efforts to establish international norms for the regulation of firearms were stymied. Although the issue is no part of the UN policy debate. The Bamako Declaration, was adopted in Bamako, Mali, on 1 December 2000 by the representatives of the states of the Organisation of African Unity. High rates of gun mortality and injury are often cited as an impetus for gun control policies. A2004 National Research Council critical review found that some strong conclusions are warranted from current research
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Handgun
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A handgun is a firearm designed to be handheld, in either one or both hands. This characteristic differentiates handguns as a class of firearms from long guns such as rifles. Major handgun subtypes are the revolver and pistol, other subtypes include derringers, the words pistol and handgun have overlapping variations, in meaning. Although handgun use often includes bracing with a hand, the essential distinguishing characteristic of a handgun is its facility for one-handed operation. The word pistol is often synonymous with the word handgun, some handgun experts make a technical distinction that views pistols as a subset of handguns. But UK/Commonwealth usage often does not make this distinction, handheld firearms were first made in China where gunpowder was first developed. By the 14th century, they existed in Europe as well, the first handheld firearms that might better be called pistols were made as early as the 15th century, but their creator is unknown. By the 18th century, the term came to be used often to refer to handheld firearms, previously there had been no such differentiation, and in fact Samuel Colts original patent was for a revolving-breech pistol. There is no equivalent for handgun in the Romance languages. The general types of handguns are listed below in their order of historical appearance, each type can be classified into many sub-types. Some of these types can also be classified using the general distinction between muzzle-loading firearms and breech-loading firearms. Single-shot pistols are the simplest possible form of pistols and are known to have existed in AD1365, the earliest handguns were single-shot, muzzle-loading guns with ignition provided by inserting a smoldering match cord into a touch hole. As such, they were nothing more than miniature cannon. Improvements followed in subsequent centuries, as types of locks were invented. In the matchlock, the separate match cord was affixed to a pivot which could be tripped by a trigger. In the wheellock, an analogous to that used in todays cigarette lighters replaced the smoldering match cord. In the 17th century, the flintlock, which strikes a flint against steel, the flintlock remained the standard method of small arms ignition around two hundred years. In the 19th century, percussion caps were developed, followed shortly by modern integrated-primer cartridges, an example of a single-shot pistol is the flare gun
13.
Great Britain
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Great Britain, also known as Britain, is a large island in the north Atlantic Ocean off the northwest coast of continental Europe. With an area of 209,331 km2, Great Britain is the largest European island, in 2011 the island had a population of about 61 million people, making it the worlds third-most populous island after Java in Indonesia and Honshu in Japan. The island of Ireland is situated to the west of it, the island is dominated by a maritime climate with quite narrow temperature differences between seasons. Politically, the island is part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, most of England, Scotland, and Wales are on the island. The term Great Britain often extends to surrounding islands that form part of England, Scotland, and Wales. A single Kingdom of Great Britain resulted from the union of the Kingdom of England, the archipelago has been referred to by a single name for over 2000 years, the term British Isles derives from terms used by classical geographers to describe this island group. By 50 BC Greek geographers were using equivalents of Prettanikē as a name for the British Isles. However, with the Roman conquest of Britain the Latin term Britannia was used for the island of Great Britain, the oldest mention of terms related to Great Britain was by Aristotle, or possibly by Pseudo-Aristotle, in his text On the Universe, Vol. III. To quote his works, There are two large islands in it, called the British Isles, Albion and Ierne. The name Britain descends from the Latin name for Britain, Britannia or Brittānia, Old French Bretaigne and Middle English Bretayne, Breteyne. The French form replaced the Old English Breoton, Breoten, Bryten, Breten, Britannia was used by the Romans from the 1st century BC for the British Isles taken together. It is derived from the writings of the Pytheas around 320 BC. Marcian of Heraclea, in his Periplus maris exteri, described the group as αἱ Πρεττανικαὶ νῆσοι. The peoples of these islands of Prettanike were called the Πρεττανοί, Priteni is the source of the Welsh language term Prydain, Britain, which has the same source as the Goidelic term Cruithne used to refer to the early Brythonic-speaking inhabitants of Ireland. The latter were later called Picts or Caledonians by the Romans, the Greco-Egyptian scientist Ptolemy referred to the larger island as great Britain and to Ireland as little Britain in his work Almagest. The name Albion appears to have out of use sometime after the Roman conquest of Britain. After the Anglo-Saxon period, Britain was used as a term only. It was used again in 1604, when King James VI and I styled himself King of Great Brittaine, France, Great Britain refers geographically to the island of Great Britain, politically to England, Scotland and Wales in combination
14.
Utility pole
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It can be referred to as a transmission pole, telephone pole, telecommunication pole, power pole, hydro pole, telegraph pole, or telegraph post, depending on its application. A stobie pole is a pole made of two steel joists held apart by a slab of concrete in the middle, generally found in South Australia. Electrical wires and cables are routed overhead on utility poles as a way to keep them insulated from the ground and out of the way of people. Utility poles can be made of wood, metal, concrete, today, underground distribution lines are increasingly used as an alternative to utility poles in residential neighborhoods, due to poles perceived ugliness. Utility poles are used to carry two types of electric power lines, distribution lines and subtransmission lines. Distribution lines carry power from local substations to customers, a service drop carries this lower voltage to the customers premises. Subtransmission lines carry higher power from regional substations to local substations. They usually carry 46 kV,69 kV, or 115 kV for distances up to 60 miles,230 kV lines are often supported on H-shaped towers made with two or three poles. Transmission lines carrying voltages of above 230 kV are usually not supported by poles, telecommunication cables are usually carried on the same poles that support power lines, poles shared in this fashion are known as joint-use poles, but may have their own dedicated poles. The standard utility pole in the United States is about 40 ft long and is buried about 6 ft in the ground, however, poles can reach heights of 120 ft or more to satisfy clearance requirements. They are typically spaced about 125 ft apart in urban areas, or about 300 ft in rural areas, joint-use poles are usually owned by one utility, which leases space on it for other cables. Most utility poles are made of wood, pressure-treated with some type of preservative for protection against rot, fungi, woodpecker damage to wood poles is the most significant cause of pole deterioration in the U. S. Other common utility pole materials are steel and concrete, with composites also becoming more prevalent, one particular patented utility pole variant used in Australia is the Stobie pole, made up of two vertical steel posts with a slab of concrete between them. In southern Switzerland along various lakes, telephone poles are made of granite, starting in the early 1900s, these 18-foot poles were originally used for telegraph wires and later for telephone wires. Because they are made of granite, the poles last indefinitely, on poles carrying both, the electric power distribution lines and associated equipment are mounted at the top of the pole above the communication cables, for safety. The vertical space on the reserved for this equipment is called the supply space. The wires themselves are usually uninsulated, and supported by insulators, power is transmitted using the three-phase system, with three wires, or phases, labeled A, B, and C. Subtransmission lines comprise only these 3 wires, plus sometimes a ground wire, also called a static line or a neutral
15.
Pliers
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Pliers are a hand tool used to hold objects firmly, possibly developed from tongs used to handle hot metal in Bronze Age Europe. They are also useful for bending and compressing a wide range of materials and this arrangement creates a mechanical advantage, allowing the force of the hands grip to be amplified and focused on an object with precision. The jaws can also be used to manipulate objects too small or unwieldy to be manipulated with the fingers, pincers are a similar tool with a different type of head used for cutting and pulling, rather than squeezing. Tools designed for handling hot objects are usually called tongs. Special tools for making connections in electrical and electronic applications are often called crimping pliers. There are many kinds of pliers made for general and specific purposes. As pliers in the general sense are an ancient and simple invention, no point in history, or inventor. Early metal working processes from several millennia BCE would have required plier-like devices to handle hot materials in the process of smithing or casting, development from wooden to bronze pliers would have probably happened sometime prior to 3000 BCE. Among the oldest illustrations of pliers are those showing the Greek god Hephaestus in his forge. The number of different designs of pliers grew with the invention of the different objects which they were used to handle, horseshoes, fasteners, wire, pipes, electrical, and electronic components. The basic design of pliers has changed little since their origins, with the pair of handles, the pivot, the materials used to make pliers consist mainly of steel alloys with additives such as vanadium or chromium, to improve strength and prevent corrosion. The metal handles of pliers are often fitted with grips of other materials to ensure better handling, grips are usually insulated, the jaws vary very widely in shape and size, from delicate needle-nose pliers to heavy jaws capable of exerting much pressure. The surfaces are typically textured rather than smooth, to minimize slipping, a plier-like tool designed for cutting wires is often called diagonal pliers. Some pliers for electrical work are fitted with wire-cutter blades either built into the jaws or on the handles just below the pivot, much research has been undertaken to improve the design of pliers, to make them easier to use in often difficult circumstances. The handles can be bent, for example, so that the load applied by the hand is aligned with the arm, rather than at an angle and it is especially important for factory workers who use pliers continuously, and prevents carpal tunnel syndrome
16.
Gym
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A gym, short for gymnasium, is an open air or covered location for gymnastics, athletics, and gymnastic services. The word is derived from the ancient Greek gymnasium and they are commonly found in athletic and fitness centers, and as activity and learning spaces in educational institutions. Gym is also slang for fitness center, which is often an indoor facility, gymnasia apparatus such as bar-bells, parallel bars, jumping board, running path, tennis-balls, cricket field, fencing area, and so forth are used as exercises. In safe weather, outdoor locations are the most conducive to health, gyms were popular in ancient Greece. These gymnasia also had teachers of wisdom and philosophy, community gymnastic events were done as part of the celebrations during various village festivals. In ancient Greece there was a phrase of contempt, He can neither swim nor write, after a while, however, Olympic athletes began training in buildings just for them. Community sports never became as popular among ancient Romans as it had among the ancient Greeks, gyms were used more as a preparation for military service or spectator sports. During the Roman Empire, the art was forgotten. In the Dark Ages there were sword fighting tournaments and of chivalry, there were schools of dagger fighting and wrestling and boxing. Then in the 18th century, Salzmann, German clergyman, opened a gym in Thuringia teaching bodily exercises, clias and Volker established gyms in London, and in 1825, Doctor Beck, a German immigrant, established the first gymnasium in the United States. It was found that gym pupils lose interest in doing the same exercises, variety in exercises included skating, dancing, and swimming. Some gym activities can be done by 6 to 8 year olds while age 16 has been considered mature enough for boxing, in Ancient Greece the gymnasion was a locality for both physical and intellectual education of young men. For the Greeks, physical education was considered as important as cognitive learning, most Greek gymnasia had libraries that could be utilized after relaxing in the baths. The first gymnasiums in history can be dated to over 3000 years ago in ancient Persia, they were known as zurkhaneh, the larger Roman Baths often had attached fitness facilities, the baths themselves sometimes being decorated with mosaics of local champions of sport. The first indoor gymnasium in Germany was probably the one built in Hesse in 1852 by Adolph Spiess, through worldwide colonization Great Britain expanded their interest in sports and games to many countries. In the 1800s programs were added to schools and college curricula that emphasized health, sports drawn from European and British cultures thrived as college students and upper-class clubs financed competition. As a result, towns began building playgrounds that furthered interest in sports, in the United States, the Turner movement thrived in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The first Turners group was formed in London in 1848, the Turners built gymnasia in several cities like Cincinnati and St. Louis which had large German American populations
17.
Cartridge (weaponry)
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Military and commercial producers continue to pursue the goal of caseless ammunition. A cartridge without a bullet is called a blank, One that is completely inert is called a dummy. Some artillery ammunition uses the same concept as found in small arms. In other cases, the shell is separate from the propellant charge. In popular use, the bullet is often misused to refer to a complete cartridge. The cartridge case seals a firing chamber in all directions excepting the bore, a firing pin strikes the primer and ignites it. The primer compound deflagrates, it does not detonate, a jet of burning gas from the primer ignites the propellant. Gases from the burning powder pressurize and expand the case to seal it against the chamber wall and these propellant gases push on the bullet base. In response to pressure, the bullet will move in the path of least resistance which is down the bore of the barrel. After the bullet leaves the barrel, the pressure drops to atmospheric pressure. The case, which had been expanded by chamber pressure. This eases removal of the case from the chamber, brass is a commonly used case material because it is resistant to corrosion. A brass case head can be work-hardened to withstand the pressures of cartridges. The neck and body portion of a case is easily annealed to make the case ductile enough to allow reforming so that it can be reloaded many times. Steel is used in some plinking ammunition, as well as in military ammunition. Steel is less expensive than brass, but it is not feasible to reload, Military forces typically consider small arms cartridge cases to be disposable, one-time-use devices. However, case weight affects how much ammunition a soldier can carry, conversely, steel is more susceptible to contamination and damage so all such cases are varnished or otherwise sealed against the elements. One downside caused by the strength of steel in the neck of these cases is that propellant gas can blow back past the neck
18.
Primary education
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Primary education or elementary education is typically the first stage of compulsory education, coming between early childhood education and secondary education. Primary education usually takes place in a school or elementary school. In some countries, primary education is followed by school, an educational stage which exists in some countries. In order to achieve the goal by 2015, the United Nations estimated that all children at the entry age for primary school would have had to have been attending classes by 2009. This would depend on the duration of the level, as well as how well the schools retain students until the end of the cycle. As of 2010, the number of new teachers needed in sub-Saharan Africa alone, however, the gender gap for children not in education had also been narrowed. Between 1999 and 2008, the number of not in education worldwide had decreased from 57 percent to 53 percent, however it should also be noted that in some regions. According to the United Nations, there are things in the regions that have already been accomplished. The country doubled its enrollment ratio over the same period, other regions in Latin America such as Guatemala and Nicaragua as well as Zambia in Southern Africa broke through the 90 percent towards greater access to primary education. In Australia, students undertake preschool then 13 years of schooling before moving to vocational or higher education, Primary schooling for most children starts after they turn 5 years old. In most states, children can be enrolled earlier at the discretion of individual school principals on the basis of intellectual giftedness, in Victoria, New South Wales, Northern Territory, ACT and Tasmania students then move through Kindergarten/Preparatory School/Reception and Years 1 to 6 before starting high school. Pre-School/Kindergarten,4 to 5 years old Prep, currently, at the age of 6 children attend from the grade 1 to 4 what is called Ensino Primário, and afterwards from grade 5 to 9 the Ensino Fundamental. At the age of 15 the teenagers go to Ensino Médio, which is equivalent High School in other countries, Primary school is mandatory and consists in nine years called Ensino Fundamental, separated in Ensino Fundamental I and Ensino Fundamental II. Primary school is followed by the three years called Ensino Médio. 1st grade, 15- to 16-year-olds, 2nd grade, 16- to 17-year-olds, 3rd grade, in Canada, primary school usually begins at ages three or four, starting with either Kindergarten or Grade 1 and lasts until age 13 or 14. Many places in Canada have a split between primary and elementary schools, in Nova Scotia elementary school is the most common term. The provincial government of Nova Scotia uses the term Primary instead of Kindergarten, most children are pupils in the Danish Folkeskolen, which has the current grades, Kindergarten, 3–6 years https, //meta. wikimedia. The first three grades of school are called Algkool which can be translated as beginning school and can be confused with primary school
19.
Physical education
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Physical education, also known as Phys Ed. PE, Gym or Gym class, and known in many Commonwealth countries as physical training or PT, is a course related of maintaining the human body through physical exercises. It is taken during primary and secondary education and encourages psychomotor learning in a play or movement exploration setting to promote health, pupils are able to play games like football, badminton, captain ball, and basketball during most sessions. Unorthodox sports such as, fencing, and skateboarding are occasionally played, in more prestigious secondary schools and in junior colleges, sports such as golf, tennis, shooting, and squash are played. A compulsory fitness exam, NAPFA, is conducted in every school once every year to assess the fitness of the pupils. Pupils are given a series of fitness tests, students are graded by gold, silver, bronze or as fail. NAPFA for pre-enlistees serves as an indicator for an additional 2 months in the compulsory national service if they attain bronze or fail. In Malaysia, pupils from schools to secondary schools are expected to do 2 periods or 1 hour of PE throughout the year except a week before examination. In most secondary schools, games like badminton, sepak takraw, football, netball, basketball, pupils are allowed to bring their own sports equipment to the school with the authorization of the teacher. In the Philippines, PE is mandatory for all years, unless, the school gives the option for a student to do the Leaving Certificate Vocational Programme instead for fifth and sixth year. In the Philippines, some schools have integrated martial arts training into their physical education curriculum, in Indonesia, students ranging from Kindergarten to High School have PE integrated with their curriculum. Starting from Junior High School, several games such as basketball, volleyball, cricket, tennis, badminton, kho kho, kabaddi. Several drills and physical training are taught, in Australia, physical education was first made an important part of the curriculum in Government primary and secondary schools in 1981. The policy was outlined in a Ministerial Statement to the Victorian Legislative Assembly by the Minister for Educational Services, in British Columbia, Canada the government has stated in the grade one curriculum that students must participate in physical activity daily five times a week. Also the teacher is responsible for planning Daily Physical Activity which is thirty minutes of mild to moderate physical activity a day not including curriculum physical education classes, the curriculum also requires students in grade one to be knowledgeable about healthy living. For example, students must be able to describe benefits of exercise, identify healthy choices that require them to be more physically active. Ontario, Canada has a procedure in place. On October 6,2005 in Ontario, Canada the Ontario Ministry of Education implemented a Daily Physical Activity policy in Elementary Schools, Grades 1-8
20.
Point-blank range
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Point-blank range is any distance over which the trajectory of a given projectile fired from a given weapon remains sufficiently flat that one can strike a target by firing at it directly. Point-blank range will vary by a weapons external ballistics characteristics and target chosen, a weapon with a flatter trajectory will permit a longer maximum point-blank range for a given target size, while a larger target will allow a longer point-blank range for a given weapon. In popular usage, point-blank range has come to mean extremely close cant miss range with a firearm, today, point-blank range denotes the distance a marksman can expect to fire a specific weapon and hit a desired target without adjusting its sights. If a weapon is sighted correctly and ammunition reliable, the spot should be hit every time at point-blank range. The term originated with the used to aim muzzle-loading cannon. Their barrels tapered from breech to muzzle, so that when the top of the cannon was held horizontal its bore actually sat at an elevated angle, during firing, recoil caused the guns muzzle to elevate slightly, resulting in an upward movement of the shot. This caused the projectile to rise above the line of sight shortly after leaving the muzzle. By repeatedly firing a projectile with the same charge, the point where the shot fell below the bottom of the bore could be measured. Various cannon of the 19th century had point-blank ranges from 250 yards to nearly 1,075 yards, small arms are often sighted in so that their sight line and bullet path are within a certain acceptable margin out to the longest possible range, called the maximum point-blank range. Target size determines how far above and below the line of sight a projectiles trajectory may deviate, other considerations include sight height and acceptable drop before a shot is ineffective. A large target, like the area of a deer. Vermin such as prairie dogs require a much smaller deviation, less than an inch, the height of the sights has two effects on point blank range. Higher sights, up to the maximum allowable deviation, push the point blank range further from the gun. Known also as battle zero, maximum range is crucial in the military. Soldiers are instructed to fire at any target within this range by simply placing their weapons sights on the center of mass of the enemy target, any errors in range estimation are tactically irrelevant, as a well-aimed shot will hit the torso of the enemy soldier. Any height correction is not needed at the battle zero or less distance, however, if given, it can result either a headshot, or even a complete miss. The current trend for elevated sights and higher-velocity cartridges in rifles is in part due to a desire to extend the maximum point-blank range. Raising the sight line 48.5 to 63.5 mm over the bore axis, at closer ranges, the shooter must aim high in order to place shots where desired
21.
Mobile classroom
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A portable classroom, is a type of portable building installed at a school to temporarily and quickly provide additional classroom space where there is a shortage of capacity. Such buildings would be installed much like a home, with utilities often being attached to a main building to provide light. Portable classrooms may also be used if permanent classrooms are uninhabitable, sometimes, the portable classrooms are meant to be long-lasting and are built as portapacks. A portapack combines a series of portables and connects them with a hallway, portapacks are usually separated from the main building but can connect to the school. In most cases, portapacks are accompanied with a few separate portables, Portable classrooms are also colloquially known as bungalows, t-shacks, trailers, terrapins, huts, t-buildings, portables, or relocatables. In the UK those built during 1945-50 were known as HORSA huts after the name of the Governments post-war building programme, others in the UK are often known as prattens or Pratten huts after the former Prattens company that supplied many of them after World War II. Portable classrooms are frequently criticized for presenting mold, moisture, comfort, in the United States, there are approximately 300,000 portable classrooms in use. About half of those are school-owned and of unknown age, the other half are owned by modular leasing companies and are between 5 and 6 years old on average. If properly installed and maintained, a portable can have a life of approximately 10 years. Certain factors impact useful life, including capital improvements and the number of times a unit is relocated, a portable classroom can be any number of modular sections wide and typically has only a single level, but can be more than two stories high. Modular building Modular design OpenStructures Media related to Portable classrooms at Wikimedia Commons
22.
Ambulance
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The word is often associated with road going emergency ambulances which form part of an emergency medical service, administering emergency care to those with acute medical problems. The term ambulance does, however, extend to a range of vehicles other than those with flashing warning lights. The term ambulance comes from the Latin word ambulare as meaning to walk or move about which is a reference to medical care where patients were moved by lifting or wheeling. The word originally meant a hospital, which follows an army in its movements. Ambulances were first used for transport in 1487 by the Spanish forces during the siege of Málaga by the Catholic Monarchs against the Emirate of Granada. During the American Civil War vehicles for conveying the wounded off the field of battle were called ambulance wagons, there are other types of ambulance, with the most common being the patient transport ambulance. These vehicles are not usually equipped with equipment, and are usually crewed by staff with fewer qualifications than the crew of emergency ambulances. Their purpose is simply to transport patients to, from or between places of treatment, in most countries, these are not equipped with flashing lights or sirens. In some jurisdictions there is a form of the ambulance used, that only carries one member of ambulance crew to the scene to provide care. In these cases a patient who requires transportation to hospital will require an ambulance to attend in addition to the first responder. The history of the ambulance begins in ancient times, with the use of carts to transport incurable patients by force, Ambulances were first used for emergency transport in 1487 by the Spanish, and civilian variants were put into operation during the 1830s. Advances in technology throughout the 19th and 20th centuries led to the modern self-powered ambulances, Ambulances can be grouped into types depending on whether or not they transport patients, and under what conditions. In some cases, ambulances may fulfil more than one function, Emergency ambulance – The most common type of ambulance, which provide care to patients with an acute illness or injury. These can be road-going vans, boats, helicopters, fixed-wing aircraft or even converted vehicles such as golf carts. Patient transport ambulance – A vehicle, which has the job of transporting patients to and these can be vans, buses or other vehicles. Response units may be backed up by an ambulance which can transport the patient, or may deal with the problem on scene. These can be a variety of vehicles, from standard cars, to modified vans, motorcycles, pedal cycles. These units can function as a vehicle for officers or supervisors, Fire & Rescue services in North America often staff EMTs or Paramedics to their apparatuses to provide medical care without the need to wait for an ambulance
23.
Doune
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Doune is a burgh in the district of Stirling, Scotland. Dounes postal address places the town in Perthshire which is also its Registration County, Doune is assigned Falkirk postcodes starting FK. The village lies within the parish of Kilmadock and mainly within the area surrounded by the River Teith, in the 2001 Scottish census,2. 75% residents of Doune could speak Scottish Gaelic. Doune has a primary school with 163 pupils on the roll, drawn from a catchment area which extends outside the town. Gaelic is taught in Primary 1–5, the town is dominated by Doune Castle, built in the late 14th century. Architecturally it is a mixture of fortress and manor house, bonnie Prince Charlie passed through Doune in 1745. Doune was also famous for its manufacture of pistols, but this ceased due to the competition of manufacturers in, for example. Today, these pistols are collected and can be found in major museums, allegedly a Doune pistol fired the first shot of the American War of Independence. Throughout the parish the names most often met with are Campbell, Stewart, Ferguson, Morrison, McAlpine, McLaren, MacDonald, land east of Doune was owned by the Stirling of Keir family, and the current owner of the Keir Estates is the politician Archie Stirling. One member of the family, SAS founder David Stirling, is memorialised at a monument on the Keir land near Doune known as the Hill o Rou, the local amateur football team Doune Castle A. F. C. Play in the Caledonian Amateur Football League, the local cricket team play in the Strathmore & Perthshire Cricket Union. Doune is well known for its pistols and Roman remains, but the Doune area has been inhabited a lot longer and many burial mounds and standing stones supporting this are clearly evident and plentiful. To the rear of Doune where the Ponds and the Doune Riggs housing development now sits was known locally as Currachmore and this area contained the bluebell wood, an area popular with walkers, it was also part of the Doune Golf course. This area was quarried and the coming from here was used in the construction of Longannet. Also lost to the quarrying was a mound measuring 150 yards long,100 yards wide and 30 feet high, at the time of quarrying, a stone cist or coffin was uncovered and in it were remains of a small boy aged 6, with a small stone axe. He was identified as one of the Beaker people of the early Bronze Age 1800 BC, the remains of a Roman fort were excavated by Headland Archaeology. Three ditches and the base of a rampart were investigated comprising part of the defense works, set into the back of the rampart five circular stone bread ovens were located. Running behind the ovens a gravel track was interpreted as the intervallum way, the foundations of a building that it is thought served as the fort’s hospital were also uncovered
24.
Callander
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Callander is a small town in the council area of Stirling, Scotland, situated on the River Teith. The town is located in the county of Perthshire and is a popular tourist stop to. The town serves as the gateway to the Loch Lomond and the Trossachs National Park. Owing to its location it is referred to as the Gateway to the Highlands. The former St. Kessogs Church is now The Clanranald Trust for Scotland head office, dominating the town to the north are the Callander Crags, a visible part of the Highland Boundary Fault, rising to 343 m at the cairn. Ben Ledi lies north-west of Callander, local walks include Bracklinn Falls, The Meadows, Callander Crags and the Wood Walks. The town sits on the Trossachs Bird of Prey Trail, the River Teith is formed from the confluence of two smaller rivers, the Garbh Uisge and Eas Gobhain about half a mile west of the bridge at Callander. McLaren High School founded in 1892 educates pupils aged 11 to 18 from a catchment area extending as far as Killin, Tyndrum. Callander achieved prominence during the 1960s as the fictional setting Tannochbrae in the BBC television series Dr. Finlays Casebook, there is evidence of a neolithic site situated south of the river, which was excavated in 2001 finding evidence of a building and neolithic pottery. The Auchenlaich Cairn, a chambered cairn which at 322 m in length is the longest in Britain, is situated near Keltie Bridge just east of Callander. Nearby, the remains of Roman ramparts constructed during the campaigns of Agricola in the first century AD are visible at Bochastle Farm, saint Kessog, a disciple of Columba of Iona, preached and taught in this area in the early sixth century. A small mound by the River Teith is named in pseudo-Gaelic as Tom na Chessaig, in 1645, during the campaigns of Montrose, a battle was fought at Callander between the Campbells of Argyll and the Atholl men. The Campbells were harassing the McGregors and the McNabs for their allegiance to Montrose, while besieging Castle Ample the news came of the advance of 700 Atholl men under Inchbrakie. A retreat was made southwards, but, as the Campbells were crossing a ford to the east of the village of Callander, they were overtaken and compelled to give battle. Inchbrakie, advancing part of his force to attack the defenders, a crossing was soon effected, and the Campbells, being unexpectedly attacked on the rear, broke and fled, leaving eighty of their men dead on the field. As late as 1845 Scottish Gaelic was still spoken in Callander with two schools still teaching it, Callander was served by rail from 1 July 1858 as the terminus of a branch line from Dunblane. Sections of this former Callander and Oban Railway line, between Callander and Strathyre and between Balquhidder and Killin Junction, are now part of the National Cycle Network and the Rob Roy Way. Track from the dismantled Callander and Oban Railway was used in the construction of the system for the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City
25.
Falkirk
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Falkirk is a large town in the Central Lowlands of Scotland, historically within the county of Stirlingshire. It lies in the Forth Valley,23.3 miles north-west of Edinburgh and 20.5 miles north-east of Glasgow, Falkirk had a resident population of 32,422 at the 2001 census. The population of the town had risen to 34,570 according to a 2008 estimate, the town is at the junction of the Forth and Clyde and Union Canals, a location which proved key to its growth as a centre of heavy industry during the Industrial Revolution. In the 18th and 19th centuries Falkirk was at the centre of the iron and steel industry, the company was responsible for making carronades for the Royal Navy and later manufactured pillar boxes. In the last 50 years heavy industry has waned, and the economy relies increasingly on retail, despite this, Falkirk remains the home of many international companies like Alexander Dennis, the largest bus production company in the United Kingdom. Falkirk has an association with the publishing industry. The company now known as Johnston Press was established in the town in 1846, the company, now based in Edinburgh, produces the Falkirk Herald, the largest selling weekly newspaper in Scotland. Attractions in and around Falkirk include the Falkirk Wheel, The Helix, Callendar House and Park, in a 2011 poll conducted by STV, it was voted as Scotlands most beautiful town, ahead of Perth and Stirling in 2nd and 3rd place respectively. The Scottish Gaelic name was translated into Scots as Fawkirk, then amended to the modern English name of Falkirk. The Latin name Varia Capella also has the same meaning, Falkirk Old Parish Church stands on the site of the medieval church, which may have been founded as early as the 7th century. The Antonine Wall, which stretches across the centre of Scotland, passed through the town and remnants of it can be seen at Callendar Park. Much of the best evidence of Roman occupation in Scotland has been found in Falkirk, including a hoard of Roman coins. In the 18th century the area was the cradle of Scotlandss Industrial Revolution, james Watt cast some of the beams for his early steam engine designs at the Carron Iron Works in 1765. The area was at the forefront of construction when the Forth. The Union Canal provided a link to Edinburgh and early railway development followed in the 1830s and 1840s, the canals brought economic wealth to Falkirk and led to the towns growth. Through time, trunk roads and motorways followed the same canal corridors through the Falkirk area, many companies set up work in Falkirk due to its expansion. A large brickworks was set up at this time, owned by the Howie family. During the 19th century, Falkirk became the first town in Great Britain to have an automated system of street lighting, designed and implemented by a local firm
26.
Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow
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The Royal Hospital for Sick Children was an NHS Scotland hospital in Yorkhill, Glasgow, specialising in paediatric healthcare. It was commonly referred to simply as Yorkhill or Sick Kids, the hospital provided care for newborn babies right up to children around 13 years of age, including a specialist Accident and Emergency facility and the only Donor Milk Banking facility in Scotland. The hospital building at Yorkhill has since reopened as the West Glasgow Ambulatory Care Hospital, the hospital was originally completed at Garnethill in 1882 and opened on 20 December as the Hospital for Sick Children. It took almost 22 years to come to due to a dispute with the University of Glasgow regarding a suitable site. When opened, the hospital had 58 beds and it was funded by charitable donations. On 8 January 1883, the hospital admitted its first patient, a further 16 beds were added in 1887 when Thomas Carlyle converted a house next door into an annexe. The hospital was given Royal patronage in 1889 when the prefix was added to its title, the hospital was suffering from a chronic lack of space by the 1900s and as a result a new site at Yorkhill was chosen for the replacement hospital building. Designed by John James Burnet, the new building opened in July 1914, a public appeal had raised almost £140,000 in order for the Yorkhill site to be able to open. On 11 July 1964, the Queen Mothers Maternity Hospital opened on an adjacent to the Royal Hospital for Sick Children. A new operating theatre complex opened in 1998 and a new Intensive Care Unit opened in April 2005. By 2008 the Hospital had 266 inpatient beds,12 daycase beds, the hospital closed on 10 June 2015, with services transferring to the new Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow. The hospital building reopened on 4 December 2015, becoming West Glasgow Ambulatory Care Hospital, West Glasgow Ambulatory Care Hospital was created to house the remaining outpatient services and the minor injury unit previously housed at the Western Infirmary
27.
Glasgow
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Glasgow is the largest city in Scotland, and third largest in the United Kingdom. Historically part of Lanarkshire, it is now one of the 32 council areas of Scotland and it is situated on the River Clyde in the countrys West Central Lowlands. Inhabitants of the city are referred to as Glaswegians, Glasgow grew from a small rural settlement on the River Clyde to become the largest seaport in Britain. From the 18th century the city grew as one of Great Britains main hubs of transatlantic trade with North America. Glasgow was the Second City of the British Empire for much of the Victorian era and Edwardian period, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries Glasgow grew in population, reaching a peak of 1,128,473 in 1939. The entire region surrounding the conurbation covers about 2.3 million people, at the 2011 census, Glasgow had a population density of 8, 790/sq mi, the highest of any Scottish city. Glasgow hosted the 2014 Commonwealth Games and is well known in the sporting world for the football rivalry of the Old Firm between Celtic and Rangers. Glasgow is also known for Glasgow patter, a dialect that is noted for being difficult to understand by those from outside the city. Glasgow is the form of the ancient Cumbric name Glas Cau. Possibly referring to the area of Molendinar Burn where Glasgow Cathedral now stands, the later Gaelic name Baile Glas Chu, town of the grey dog, is purely a folk-etymology. The present site of Glasgow has been settled since prehistoric times, it is for settlement, being the furthest downstream fording point of the River Clyde, the origins of Glasgow as an established city derive ultimately from its medieval position as Scotlands second largest bishopric. Glasgow increased in importance during the 10th and 11th centuries as the site of this bishopric, reorganised by King David I of Scotland and John, there had been an earlier religious site established by Saint Mungo in the 6th century. The bishopric became one of the largest and wealthiest in the Kingdom of Scotland, bringing wealth, sometime between 1189 and 1195 this status was supplemented by an annual fair, which survives as the Glasgow Fair. Glasgow grew over the following centuries, the first bridge over the River Clyde at Glasgow was recorded from around 1285, giving its name to the Briggait area of the city, forming the main North-South route over the river via Glasgow Cross. The founding of the University of Glasgow in 1451 and elevation of the bishopric to become the Archdiocese of Glasgow in 1492 increased the towns religious and educational status and landed wealth. Its early trade was in agriculture, brewing and fishing, with cured salmon and herring being exported to Europe, Glasgow was subsequently raised to the status of Royal Burgh in 1611. The citys Tobacco Lords created a water port at Port Glasgow on the Firth of Clyde. By the late 18th century more than half of the British tobacco trade was concentrated on Glasgows River Clyde, at the time, Glasgow held a commercial importance as the city participated in the trade of sugar, tobacco and later cotton
28.
The Scout Association
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The Scout Association is the largest Scouting organisation in the United Kingdom and is the World Organization of the Scout Movements recognised member for the United Kingdom. Following the origin of Scouting in 1907, the Association was formed in 1910, the Association is the largest national scout organisation in Europe, representing 35% of the membership of the European Scout Region. The Association claims to provide activities to 452,000 young people in the UK with over 122,000 adult volunteers which is more than one adult for each 4 young people. Its programmes include Beaver Scouts, Cub Scouts, Scouts, Explorer Scouts up to adult Network members, the Associations president is The Duke of Kent and its Patron is Queen Elizabeth II. The Association is a member of the National Council for Voluntary Youth Services, from 1912 to 1967 the associations name was The Boy Scouts Association and until 1976 only boys were admitted to its programmes. In 1976, girls were allowed to join the Venture Scouts section for 16- to 20-year-olds and this expanded to all the Associations programme sections in 1991, although the admission of girls was optional and has only been compulsory since 2007. Girls now make up 25% of participants with a total of 94,366 female participants aged between 6 and 25 and a further 50,600 women involved in volunteer roles.2014 Annual Report. The Scout Associations activities and adult leadership positions are open to lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans-sexual, the Association is open to all faiths with variations to the Scout Promise available to accommodate to those of different religious obligations or national beliefs. For the origins of Boy Scouts and the Scout Movement before the formation of The Scout Association see Scouting, originally, Scouting was for boys aged between 11 and 18. However, many girls and younger boys wanted to join in, one group of Girl Scouts participated in the 1909 Crystal Palace Rally. The solution for younger boys was the creation of the younger Wolf Cubs Section, later, many of those who had grown out of Scouts still wanted to be a part of Scouting resulting in another section, the Rover Scouts, for those over 18 being created in 1918. Scouting spread throughout the British Empire and wider world, during the First World War, more than 50,000 Scouts participated in some form of war work on the home front. Scout buglers sounded the all clear after air raids, others helped in hospitals and made up aid parcels, Sea Scouts assisted the Coastguard in watching the vulnerable East coast. In 1929, the Boy Scouts Association hosted the 3rd World Scout Jamboree at Arrowe Park in Cheshire, some 56,000 Scouts from 35 countries attended, the first Gang Show, produced by Ralph Reader, opened at the Scala Theatre in London in October 1932. Following the outbreak of World War II, over 50,000 Scouts trained under the National War Service scheme, tasks undertaken included police messengers and stretcher bearers. The Air Scout branch was launched in January 1941, allowing Scout Troops to specialise in related to aircraft. Lord Baden-Powell died in 1941 and was succeeded as the Associations Chief Scout by Lord Somers, Scouts were prominent in their support of the 1948 Summer Olympics, playing leading roles in the open and closing ceremonies at Wembley Stadium and the sailing events at Torbay. The first Bob a Job Week took place in April 1949, in which Scouts did small tasks for the public in return for a bob to raise funds for the Association and for C. Arthur Pearsons fund for the blind
29.
Blacklist
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Blacklisting is the action of a group or authority, compiling a blacklist of people, countries or other entities to be avoided or distrusted as not being acceptable to those making the list. A blacklist can list people to be discriminated against, refused employment, as a verb, blacklist can mean to put an individual or entity on such a list. The English dramatist Philip Massinger used the black list in his 1639 tragedy The Unnaturall Combat. After the Restoration of the English monarchy brought Charles II of England to the throne in 1660, the first published reference to blacklisting of an employee dates from 1774. This became a significant employment issue in American mining towns and company towns, though the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 outlawed punitive blacklists against employees who supported trade unions or criticised their employers, the practice continued in common use. Since then, lawsuits for unfair dismissal have led to blacklisting being covert or informal, in the summer of 1940, the SS printed a secret list called Sonderfahndungsliste G. B. Blacklisting by multiple providers is an act by doctors to deny care to a certain patient or patients. It is done in ways for various reasons, blacklisting is not new. In 1907 the Transvaal Medical Union in South Africa blacklisted patients if they could not pay cash in advance, in this case, there was a physical list kept by the community of physicians. A physical list is not necessary to blacklist patients but the effect is the same, the United States Department of Health & Human Services found that reviewed hospitals did not generate incident reports for 93% of adverse events. The 7% of the time when they did generate reports, the information was inaccurate 63% of the time, problems causing harm to patients were reported accurately only 2% of the time. Those patients are further injured by not having the accurate record necessary for getting care for the injuries, in the US the list is called TMF/MATCH. In computing, a blacklist is a control system that denies entry to a specific list of users, programs. Many can expect to pay a price for a time to come. There has been controversy as to whether this is a response to the passage of Proposition 8 on the part of those opposed to it. The Suppression of Salt of the Earth, How Hollywood, Big Labor, and Politicians Blacklisted a Movie in Cold War America
30.
Clackmannanshire
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Clackmannanshire is a historic county and council area in Scotland, bordering the council areas of Stirling, Fife and Perth & Kinross. As Britains smallest historic county, it is often nicknamed The Wee County, when written, Clackmannanshire is commonly abbreviated to Clacks. Clackmannan, the old county town, is named after the ancient stone associated with the pre-Christian deity Manau or Mannan, the stone now rests on a larger stone beside the Tollbooth and Mercat Cross at the top of Main street, Clackmannan. Clackmannanshire became known for the weaving mills powered by the Hillfoots burns, other industries included brewing, glass manufacture, mining and ship building. Now capitalising on its position and transport links, Clackmannanshire attracts service industries. The County of Clackmannan is one of Scotlands 33 historic local government counties, bordering on Perthshire, Kinross-shire, Stirlingshire, the county town was originally Clackmannan, but by 1822 neighbouring Alloa had outgrown Clackmannan and replaced it as the county town. Some rationalisation of the county boundaries was undertaken in 1889-1890, and in 1971 the Muckhart and Glendevon areas, in 1975, under the Local Government Act 1973, the 33 historic counties lost their administrative status, and a new hierarchy of regions and districts was created. Clackmannanshire became part of the Central Region, under the name Clackmannan District, together with Stirling District, the historic name was restored in 1996, under the Local Government etc Act 1994. The area was to have the name Clackmannan, but following local pressure this was changed to Clackmannanshire by the council using its own powers. In terms of population, Clackmannanshire is the smallest council area in mainland Scotland, with a population of 51,400, around half of live in the main town and administrative centre. The motto of Clackmannanshire is Look Aboot Ye, in 2007 a re-branding exercise led to the area adopting the slogan More Than You Imagine. In the 18 September 2014 Scottish Independence Referendum, Clackmannanshire reported a turnout of 88. 6% and it became the first area to announce its result with 16,350 people voting in favour of independence and 19,036 voting against. The Ochil Hills lie in the part of the area. Strathdevon is immediately to the south of the escarpment formed by the Ochil Fault. Strathdevon mostly comprises a lowland plain a few hundred metres either side of the River Devon, there is also the Black Devon river that flows past the town of Clackmannan to join the Forth near Alloa. Clackmannanshires coat of arms is blazoned, Or, a saltire gules, upon a chief vert, the red saltire on gold is taken from the arms of the Clan Bruce. According to legend, Robert Bruce mislaid his gauntlets while visiting the county, the green chief represents the countys agriculture, while the black and white pale is taken from the arms of the Clan Erskine whose chief the Earl of Mar lives at Alloa Tower. The main industries are agriculture, brewing, and formerly coal mining, in 2006, permission was given for a waterfront development of the Docks area of Alloa, which has been in decline since the 1960s
31.
Scouting
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During the first half of the twentieth century, the movement grew to encompass three major age groups for boys and, in 1910, a new organization, Girl Guides, was created for girls. It is one of worldwide youth organizations. In 1906 and 1907 Robert Baden-Powell, a lieutenant general in the British Army, wrote a book for boys about reconnaissance, in the summer of 1907 Baden-Powell held a camp on Brownsea Island in England to test ideas for his book. This camp and the publication of Scouting for Boys are generally regarded as the start of the Scout movement. The movement employs the Scout method, a programme of education with an emphasis on practical outdoor activities, including camping, woodcraft, aquatics, hiking, backpacking. Distinctive uniform insignia include the fleur-de-lis and the trefoil, as well as badges, the year 2007 marked the centenary of Scouting worldwide, and member organizations planned events to celebrate the occasion. Scouting virtually started itself, but the trigger that set it going was the 1908 publication of Scouting for Boys written by Robert Baden-Powell, at Charterhouse, one of Englands most famous public schools, Baden-Powell had an interest in the outdoors. Later, as an officer, Baden-Powell was stationed in British India in the 1880s where he took an interest in military scouting and in 1884 he published Reconnaissance. These skills eventually formed the basis of what is now called scoutcraft, three years later, in South Africa during the Second Boer War, Baden-Powell was besieged in the small town of Mafeking by a much larger Boer army. The Mafeking Cadet Corps was a group of youths that supported the troops by carrying messages, the Cadet Corps performed well, helping in the defense of the town, and were one of the many factors that inspired Baden-Powell to form the Scouting movement. Each member received a badge that illustrated a combined compass point, the badges logo was similar to the fleur-de-lis shaped arrowhead that Scouting later adopted as its international symbol. In the United Kingdom, the public, through newspapers, followed Baden-Powells struggle to hold Mafeking, and he was urged to rewrite this book for boys, especially during an inspection of the Boys Brigade, a large youth movement drilled with military precision. Baden-Powell thought this would not be attractive and suggested that the Boys Brigade could grow much larger were Scouting to be used and he studied other schemes, parts of which he used for Scouting. In July 1906, Ernest Thompson Seton sent Baden-Powell a copy of his 1902 book The Birchbark Roll of the Woodcraft Indians, Seton, a British-born Canadian-American living in the United States, met Baden-Powell in October 1906, and they shared ideas about youth training programs. In 1907 Baden-Powell wrote a draft called Boy Patrols, in the same year, to test his ideas, he gathered 21 boys of mixed social backgrounds and held a week-long camp in August on Brownsea Island in Poole Harbour, Dorset, England. His organizational method, now known as the Patrol System and a key part of Scouting training, in the autumn of 1907, Baden-Powell went on an extensive speaking tour arranged by his publisher, Arthur Pearson, to promote his forthcoming book, Scouting for Boys. He had not simply rewritten his Aids to Scouting, he omitted the military aspects and transferred the techniques to non-military heroes, backwoodsmen and he also added innovative educational principles by which he extended the attractive game to a personal mental education. At the beginning of 1908, Baden-Powell published Scouting for Boys in six fortnightly parts, the reaction was phenomenal, and quite unexpected
32.
Elizabeth II
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Elizabeth II has been Queen of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand since 6 February 1952. Elizabeth was born in London as the eldest child of the Duke and Duchess of York, later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth and her father acceded to the throne on the abdication of his brother Edward VIII in 1936, from which time she was the heir presumptive. She began to undertake duties during the Second World War. Elizabeths many historic visits and meetings include a visit to the Republic of Ireland. She has seen major changes, such as devolution in the United Kingdom, Canadian patriation. She has reigned through various wars and conflicts involving many of her realms and she is the worlds oldest reigning monarch as well as Britains longest-lived. In October 2016, she became the longest currently reigning monarch, in 2017 she became the first British monarch to commemorate a Sapphire Jubilee. Elizabeth has occasionally faced republican sentiments and press criticism of the family, however, support for the monarchy remains high. Elizabeth was born at 02,40 on 21 April 1926, during the reign of her paternal grandfather and her father, Prince Albert, Duke of York, was the second son of the King. Her mother, Elizabeth, Duchess of York, was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and she was delivered by Caesarean section at her maternal grandfathers London house,17 Bruton Street, Mayfair. Elizabeths only sibling, Princess Margaret, was born in 1930, the two princesses were educated at home under the supervision of their mother and their governess, Marion Crawford, who was casually known as Crawfie. Lessons concentrated on history, language, literature and music, Crawford published a biography of Elizabeth and Margarets childhood years entitled The Little Princesses in 1950, much to the dismay of the royal family. The book describes Elizabeths love of horses and dogs, her orderliness, others echoed such observations, Winston Churchill described Elizabeth when she was two as a character. She has an air of authority and reflectiveness astonishing in an infant and her cousin Margaret Rhodes described her as a jolly little girl, but fundamentally sensible and well-behaved. During her grandfathers reign, Elizabeth was third in the line of succession to the throne, behind her uncle Edward, Prince of Wales, and her father, the Duke of York. Although her birth generated public interest, she was not expected to become queen, many people believed that he would marry and have children of his own. When her grandfather died in 1936 and her uncle succeeded as Edward VIII, she became second-in-line to the throne, later that year, Edward abdicated, after his proposed marriage to divorced socialite Wallis Simpson provoked a constitutional crisis. Consequently, Elizabeths father became king, and she became heir presumptive, if her parents had had a later son, she would have lost her position as first-in-line, as her brother would have been heir apparent and above her in the line of succession
33.
Michael Forsyth, Baron Forsyth of Drumlean
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He is a Director of J&J Denholm and Secure Trust Bank. He was a director and Chairman of Hyperion Insurance Group until its merger with RKH Group in 2015 and he is a former Deputy Chairman of JPMorgan UK and Evercore Partners International. He was knighted in 1997 and appointed to the House of Lords in 1999 and he is a member of the Privy Council and served on the Development Boards of the Royal Society and the National Portrait Gallery. He is currently President of the Royal Highland Agricultural Society of Scotland, Forsyth was born in Montrose, in Angus, Scotland. He was educated at Arbroath High School and the University of St Andrews and he was President of the Conservative Association at St Andrews University from 1973 to 76. At St Andrews Forsyth developed a passion for debating, history, science, after leaving university Forsyth was first elected to Westminster City Council from 1978 to 83. He was then elected at the 1983 General Election as the MP for the Stirling constituency and his first job in government was as Parliamentary Private Secretary to the then Foreign Secretary Geoffrey Howe from 1986 to 87. In 1987 he was appointed to the Scottish Office, first as an Under-Secretary of State, then as Minister of State with responsibility over health, education, social work and he was also the chair of the Scottish Conservative Party from 1989 to 1990. In 1996 he was named Parliamentarian of the Year and he was appointed Minister of State at the Department of Employment, then the Home Office, he became a member of John Majors cabinet in 1995 as Secretary of State for Scotland. In 1996, as Scottish Secretary, Forsyth was credited with transferring the Stone of Scone, also known as the Stone of Destiny, from Westminster Abbey to Edinburgh Castle. He also established the University of the Highlands, crofters rights to buy their land, promoted the Gaelic language, Forsyth was re-elected in 1987 and 1992 but lost his seat in United Kingdom general election,1997. Forsyth campaigned against the Scottish Parliament having the power to vary the rate of income tax by up to three pence in the pound, which he dubbed the Tartan Tax. Forsyth later declared his backing for a candidate, Ruth Davidson. Forsyth was nominated to the Privy Council in 1995, was knighted in 1997 and was raised to the peerage as Baron Forsyth of Drumlean, following his elevation to the Lords, he has held a number of positions. From October 2005 to October 2006, he was Chairman of the Conservative Partys Tax Reform Commission, established by then Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer and he served as a member of the House of Lords select committee on Economic Affairs from 2007–2011. He has also been a member of the joint committee on National Security Strategy and he was appointed for a second term to the House of Lords Economic Affairs Committee in 2015. After leaving the House of Commons Forsyth has become a prominent figure in the City of London and he joined Evercore Partners International LLP, a leading investment bank, in 2005 – leaving as Deputy chairman in March 2012. He is also a director of NBNK Investments PLC, and was a director
34.
George Robertson, Baron Robertson of Port Ellen
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He served as Defence Secretary for the United Kingdom from 1997 to 1999, before taking up his NATO position and becoming a life peer as Baron Robertson of Port Ellen, of Islay in Argyll and Bute. Born in Port Ellen, Isle of Islay, Scotland, the son of a policeman, he was educated at Dunoon Grammar School and studied economics at the Queens College, Dundee. When he was 15 years of age, he was involved with protests against US nuclear submarines docking in Britain, during his time at University he played a full part in student life. Notably he wrote a column for the student newspaper Annasach, launched in 1967, Robertson used his newspaper column to back the new University and encouraged his fellow students to take a University of Dundee degree. In 1968 Robertson was one of a number of Dundee students to invade the pitch during a match at St. Andrews involving a team from the Orange Free State to protest against apartheid. The same year he organised a 24-hour work-in by students in the university library in opposition to proposed cuts by the government in student grants, Lord Robertson married Sandra Wallace on 1 June 1970. They are the parents of three children, Robertson was wearing a seat belt at the time and attributes his survival to this factor. He was challenged for the seat by the SNP candidate, Margo MacDonald, Robertson retained the constituency with an increased majority and obtained 51% of the overall vote. He was re-elected to Parliament at the five subsequent general elections, was Chairman of the Labour Party in Scotland, in 1995, Robertson said that Devolution will kill Nationalism stone dead while he was Shadow Secretary of State for Scotland. This quote was designed to assuage fears that devolution would provide a platform for the Scottish National Party. Robertsons quote is frequently recalled, usually in a mocking fashion, robertsons three children are former pupils of the school in Dunblane where gunman Thomas Hamilton murdered 16 children and their teacher in 1996. After the massacre, Robertson, a resident of the town. He was also a key figure in the subsequent campaign that led to the ban on handguns in Great Britain, in 2003, the Sunday Herald newspaper ran an article entitled Should the Dunblane dossier be kept secret. A reference to documents relating to the Cullen Inquiry into the massacre which are to remain classified for 100 years. In a discussion board on the website, anonymous contributors claimed that Robertson had signed a recommendation for a gun licence for Thomas Hamilton in his capacity as Hamiltons MP. In fact, Robertson had never been the gunmans MP, Robertson sued the Sunday Herald and the paper settled by paying him a five-figure sum plus costs. A subsequent action by Robertson, related to the terms of the apology, was unsuccessful. The first case became an important test case as to whether publishers can be responsible for comments posted on their websites
35.
Cremation
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Cremation is the combustion, vaporization and oxidation of cadavers to basic chemical compounds, such as gases, ashes and mineral fragments retaining the appearance of dry bone. Cremation may serve as a funeral or post-funeral rite as an alternative to the interment of a dead body in a coffin. Cremated remains, which do not constitute a risk, may be buried or interred in memorial sites or cemeteries, or they may be retained by relatives. Cremation is not an alternative to a funeral, but rather an alternative to burial or other forms of disposal, some families prefer to have the deceased present at the funeral with cremation to follow, others prefer that the cremation occur prior to the funeral or memorial service. In many countries, cremation is usually done in a crematorium, some countries, such as India and Nepal, prefer different methods, such as open-air cremation. Cremation dates from at least 20,000 years ago in the record, with the Mungo Lady. Alternative death rituals emphasizing one method of disposal of a body—inhumation, cremation, in the Middle East and Europe, both burial and cremation are evident in the archaeological record in the Neolithic era. Cultural groups had their own preferences and prohibitions, the ancient Egyptians developed an intricate transmigration of soul theology, which prohibited cremation. This was also widely adopted used by Semitic peoples, the Babylonians, according to Herodotus, embalmed their dead. Early Persians practiced cremation, but this became prohibited during the Zoroastrian Period, phoenicians practiced both cremation and burial. From the Cycladic civilisation in 3000 BCE until the Sub-Mycenaean era in 1200–1100 BCE, Cremation appeared around the 12th century BCE, constituting a new practice of burial, probably influenced by Anatolia. Until the Christian era, when inhumation again became the burial practice. Romans practiced both, with cremation generally associated with military honors, in Europe, there are traces of cremation dating to the Early Bronze Age in the Pannonian Plain and along the middle Danube. The custom became dominant throughout Bronze Age Europe with the Urnfield culture, in the Iron Age, inhumation again becomes more common, but cremation persisted in the Villanovan culture and elsewhere. Homers account of Patroclus burial describes cremation with subsequent burial in a tumulus, similar to Urnfield burials, criticism of burial rites is a common form of aspersion by competing religions and cultures, including the association of cremation with fire sacrifice or human sacrifice. Hinduism and Jainism are notable for not only allowing but prescribing cremation, Cremation in India is first attested in the Cemetery H culture, considered the formative stage of Vedic civilization. The Rigveda contains a reference to the practice, in RV10.15.14. Cremation remained common, but not universal, in both ancient Greece and ancient Rome, according to Cicero, in Rome, inhumation was considered the more archaic rite, while the most honoured citizens were most typically cremated—especially upper classes and members of imperial families
36.
Hungerford massacre
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The shootings, committed using a handgun and two semi-automatic rifles, occurred at several locations, including a school he had once attended. A police officer died in the incident, and many people were injured,15 other people were also shot but survived. A report was commissioned by the Home Secretary, Douglas Hurd, the Hungerford Massacre remains one of the worst firearms atrocities in British history. The perpetrator of the Hungerford massacre was 27-year-old Michael Robert Ryan and he was born at Savernake Hospital in Marlborough, near Hungerford, on 18 May 1960. His father, Alfred Henry Ryan, was 55 years old when Michael was born, Alfred Ryan died in Swindon in May 1985 at the age of 80. At the time of the shooting, Ryan lived with his mother, Dorothy, there was extensive press comment on this, suggesting the relationship was unhealthy and that Ryan was spoiled by his mother. A Guardian headline described Ryan as a mummys boy, Ryan was a bachelor and had no children. Ryans true motives are unknown and it is unlikely that they ever be known as Ryan killed himself and his mother. Dr John Hamilton of Broadmoor Hospital and Dr Jim Higgins, a consultant forensic psychiatrist for Mersey Regional Health Authority, Hamilton stated Ryan was most likely to be suffering from acute schizophrenia. He might have had a reason for doing what he did, the local vicar the Reverend David Salt said on the first anniversary of the massacre, No one has ever explained why Michael Ryan did what he did. And thats because, in my opinion, it is not something that can be explained, Ryans body was cremated at the Reading Crematorium on 3 September 1987,15 days after he took his own life. Ryan had been issued a certificate in 1978, and on 11 December 1986 he was granted a firearms certificate covering the ownership of two pistols. He later applied to have the certificate amended to cover a third pistol and this was approved on 30 April 1987. On 14 July, he applied for another variation, to cover two semi-automatic rifles, which was approved on 30 July, the CZ pistol was being repaired by a dealer at the time. The Type 56 was purchased from firearms dealer Mick Ranger, the first shooting occurred seven miles to the west of Hungerford in Savernake Forest in Wiltshire, at 12,30 in the afternoon of 19 August. Susan Godfrey,35, had come to the area with her two children, Hannah and James from Reading, Berkshire for a family picnic, Ryan approached them with his gun raised and forced Susan to place the children in her Nissan Micra. He then marched her into bushes at gunpoint and shot her 13 times in the back, Police were alerted to the scene after Godfreys two children approached a lone pensioner, Myra Rose. Hannah told Rose that a man in black has shot our mummy, authorities were still responding when Ryan continued his massacre
37.
Galanthus
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Galanthus is a small genus of about 20 species of bulbous perennial herbaceous plants in the family Amaryllidaceae. The plants have two leaves and a single small white drooping bell shaped flower with six petal-like tepals in two circles. The smaller inner petals have green markings, snowdrops have been known since the earliest times under various names but were named Galanthus in 1753. As the number of recognised species increased various attempts were made to divide the species into subgroups, new species continue to be discovered. Most species flower in winter, before the equinox, but some flower in early spring. Snowdrops are sometimes confused with the two related genera within the tribe Galantheae, snowflakes Leucojum and Acis, all species of Galanthus are perennial petaloid herbaceous bulbous monocot plants. The genus is characterised by the presence of two leaves, pendulous white flowers with six free perianth segments in two whorls, the inner whorl is smaller than the outer whorl and has green markings. Leaves These are basal, emerging from the bulb initially enclosed in a membranous sheath of cataphylls. These are generally two and linear, strap-shaped or oblanceolate, vernation, the arrangement of the emerging leaves relative to each other, varies between species. These may be applanate, supervolute or explicative, in the past, this feature has been used to distinguish between species and to determine the parentage of hybrids but has been shown to be homoplasious, and not useful in this regard. The scape is erect, leafless, terete or compressed, inflorescence The scape bears at the top a pair of bract-like spathe valves usually fused down one side and joined by a papery membrane, appearing monophyllous. From between them emerges a solitary, pendulous, nodding, bell-shaped white flower, held on a slender pedicel, the flower bears six free perianth segments rather than petals, arranged in two whorls of three, the outer whorl being larger and more convex than the inner series. The outer tepals are acute to more or less obtuse, spathulate or oblanceolate to obovate or linear, shortly clawed. The inner tepals are shorter, oblong, spathulate or oblanceolate, somewhat unguiculate and tapered to the base. These tepals also bear green markings at the base, apex or both that when at the apex are bridge-shaped over the small sinus at the tip of each tepal, occasionally the markings are either green-yellow, yellow or absent, and the shape and size varies by species. Gynoecium, Fruit and Seeds The inferior ovary is three-celled, the style is slender and longer than the anthers, the stigma are minutely capitate. The ovary ripens into a capsule fruit. The northern limit is uncertain because G. nivalis has been introduced and cultivated throughout Europe
38.
Conservative Party (UK)
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The Conservative Party, officially the Conservative and Unionist Party, is a political party in the United Kingdom. It is currently the party, having won a majority of seats in the House of Commons at the 2015 general election. The partys leader, Theresa May, is serving as Prime Minister. It is the largest party in government with 8,702 councillors. The Conservative Party is one of the two major political parties in the United Kingdom, the other being its modern rival. The Conservative Partys platform involves support for market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defence, deregulation. In the 1920s, the Liberal vote greatly diminished and the Labour Party became the Conservatives main rivals, Conservative Prime Ministers led governments for 57 years of the twentieth century, including Winston Churchill and Margaret Thatcher. Thatchers tenure led to wide-ranging economic liberalisation, the Conservative Partys domination of British politics throughout the twentieth century has led to them being referred to as one of the most successful political parties in the Western world. The Conservatives are the joint-second largest British party in the European Parliament, with twenty MEPs, the party is a member of the Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists in Europe Europarty and the International Democrat Union. The party is the second-largest in the Scottish Parliament and the second-largest in the Welsh Assembly, the party is also organised in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar. The Conservative Party traces its origins to a faction, rooted in the 18th century Whig Party and they were known as Independent Whigs, Friends of Mr Pitt, or Pittites. After Pitts death the term Tory came into use and this was an allusion to the Tories, a political grouping that had existed from 1678, but which had no organisational continuity with the Pittite party. From about 1812 on the name Tory was commonly used for the newer party, the term Conservative was suggested as a title for the party by a magazine article by J. Wilson Croker in the Quarterly Review in 1830. The name immediately caught on and was adopted under the aegis of Sir Robert Peel around 1834. Peel is acknowledged as the founder of the Conservative Party, which he created with the announcement of the Tamworth Manifesto, the term Conservative Party rather than Tory was the dominant usage by 1845. In 1912, the Liberal Unionists merged with the Conservative Party, in Ireland, the Irish Unionist Alliance had been formed in 1891 which merged anti-Home Rule Unionists into one political movement. Its MPs took the Conservative whip at Westminster, and in essence formed the Irish wing of the party until 1922. The Conservatives served with the Liberals in an all-party coalition government during World War I, keohane finds that the Conservatives were bitterly divided before 1914, especially on the issue of Irish Unionism and the experience of three consecutive election losses
39.
John Major
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Sir John Major, KG, CH, PC is a British politician who served as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Conservative Party from 1990 to 1997. A cabinet minister from 1987, he served Margaret Thatcher in the Treasury, Major was Member of Parliament for Huntingdon from 1979 to 2001. He is currently the oldest living former Prime Minister, following the death of Thatcher on 8 April 2013, at the beginning of his premiership, Major presided over British participation in the Gulf War in March 1991 and negotiated the Maastricht Treaty in December 1991. Shortly after this, even though a supporter of the ERM. This event led to a loss of confidence in Conservative economic policies, Major went on to lose the 1997 general election months later, in one of the largest electoral defeats since the Great Reform Act of 1832. After defeat, Major resigned as Prime Minister and was succeeded as Leader of the Conservative Party by William Hague and he went on to retire from active politics, leaving the House of Commons at the 2001 general election. Major was born in 1943 at St Helier Hospital in Sutton, Surrey and he was christened John Roy Major but only John was recorded on his birth certificate. He used his name until the early 1980s. He attended primary school at Cheam Common and from 1954 he attended Rutlish School, in 1955, with his fathers garden ornaments business in decline, the family moved to Brixton. He also credited a chance meeting with former Prime Minister Clement Attlee on the Kings Road shortly afterwards, Major left school at the age of 16 in 1959 with three O-levels in History, English Language and English Literature. He later gained three more O-levels by correspondence course, in the British Constitution, Mathematics and Economics, Majors first job was as a clerk in the insurance brokerage firm Pratt & Sons in 1959. Major joined the Young Conservatives in Brixton at this time, Major was almost 19 years old when his father died at the age of 82 on 27 March 1962. His mother died eight and a years later in September 1970 at the age of 65. After Major became Prime Minister it was misreported that his failure to get a job as a bus conductor resulted from his failing to pass a maths test and he had in fact passed all of the necessary tests but had been passed over owing to his height. After a period of unemployment, Major started working at the London Electricity Board in 1963 which is incidentally his successor as Prime Minister, Tony Blair. He later decided to undertake a course in banking. Major took up a post as an executive at the Standard Chartered Bank in May 1965 and he was sent to work in Jos, Nigeria, by the bank in 1967 and he nearly died in a car accident there. Major was interested in politics from an early age, encouraged by fellow Conservative Derek Stone, he started giving speeches on a soap-box in Brixton Market
