1.
Dupont Circle station
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Dupont Circle is a station on the Red Line of the Washington Metro in Washington, D. C. Located below the circle of the name, it is one of the busiest stations in the Metro system. The stations southernmost point is more than two-and-a-half blocks north of Farragut North. With service beginning on January 17,1977, Dupont Circle station was the first station to open after the stretch of the Red Line between Union Station and Farragut North. The station remained the terminus of the Red Line until December 5,1981. On February 1,2012, WMATA closed the entrance of the Metro station for at least 8 months to replace all three escalators that were deemed as some of the least reliable in the entire system. The south entrance reopened on October 21,2012, Dupont Circle station has two tracks with two side platforms, it is the last station heading west on the Red Line with this setup. Due to the depth, the stations north entrance escalators are 188 feet long. In 2007, a portion of Walt Whitmans 1865 poem The Wound Dresser was inscribed into the wall around the north entrance escalators
2.
National Register of Historic Places
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The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal governments official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 established the National Register, of the more than one million properties on the National Register,80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts, each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings. For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service and its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties, protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, the application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians. Occasionally, historic sites outside the proper, but associated with the United States are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, the Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties, district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties, some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks, National Historic Sites, National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, on October 15,1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices. Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Registers creation, approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior, hartzog, Jr. established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation. Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law, ernest Connally was the Offices first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register, the first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Registers earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U. S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two Assistant Directorates. Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation, from 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs, jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate
3.
Historic districts in the United States
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Buildings, structures, objects and sites within a historic district are normally divided into two categories, contributing and non-contributing. Districts greatly vary in size, some have hundreds of structures, the U. S. federal government designates historic districts through the United States Department of Interior under the auspices of the National Park Service. Federally designated historic districts are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, state-level historic districts may follow similar criteria or may require adherence to certain historic rehabilitation standards. Local historic district designation offers, by far, the most legal protection for historic properties because most land use decisions are made at the local level, local districts are generally administered by the county or municipal government. The first U. S. historic district was established in Charleston, South Carolina in 1931, Charleston city government designated an Old and Historic District by local ordinance and created a board of architectural review to oversee it. New Orleans followed in 1937, establishing the Vieux Carré Commission, other localities picked up on the concept, with the city of Philadelphia enacting its historic preservation ordinance in 1955. The Supreme Court case validated the protection of resources as an entirely permissible governmental goal. In 1966 the federal government created the National Register of Historic Places, conference of Mayors had stated Americans suffered from rootlessness. By the 1980s there were thousands of federally designated historic districts, Historic districts are generally two types of properties, contributing and non-contributing. In general, contributing properties are integral parts of the historic context, in addition to the two types of classification within historic districts, properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places are classified into five broad categories. They are, building, structure, site, district and object, all but the eponymous district category are also applied to historic districts listed on the National Register. A listing on the National Register of Historic Places is governmental acknowledgment of a historic district, however, the Register is an honorary status with some federal financial incentives. The National Register of Historic Places defines a historic district per U. S. federal law, a district may also comprise individual elements separated geographically but linked by association or history. Districts established under U. S. federal guidelines generally begin the process of designation through a nomination to the National Register of Historic Places, the National Register is the official recognition by the U. S. government of cultural resources worthy of preservation. While designation through the National Register does offer a district or property some protections, if the federal government is not involved, then the listing on the National Register provides the site, property or district no protections. If, however, company A was under federal contract the Smith House would be protected, a federal designation is little more than recognition by the government that the resource is worthy of preservation. Usually, the National Register does not list religious structures, moved structures, reconstructed structures, however, if a property falls into one of those categories and are integral parts of districts that do meet the criteria then an exception allowing their listing will be made. Historic district listings, like all National Register nominations, can be rejected on the basis of owner disapproval, in the case of historic districts, a majority of owners must object in order to nullify a nomination to the National Register of Historic Places
4.
Dupont Circle Fountain
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The Dupont Circle Fountain, formally known as the Rear Admiral Samuel Francis Dupont Memorial Fountain, is a fountain located in the center of Dupont Circle in Washington, D. C. It honors Rear Admiral Samuel Francis Du Pont, a prominent American naval officer and member of the Du Pont family, the fountain replaced a statue of Du Pont that was installed in 1884. Designed by Henry Bacon and sculpted by Daniel Chester French, the fountain was dedicated in 1921, prominent guests at the dedication ceremony included First Lady Florence Harding, Secretary of War John W. Weeks and Secretary of the Navy Edwin Denby. The fountain is one of eighteen Civil War monuments collectively listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978, the marble fountain, which is adorned with three allegorical sculptures, rests on a concrete base and is surrounded by an open plaza. The fountain and surrounding park are owned and maintained by the National Park Service, in 1871, the United States Army Corps of Engineers began constructing Dupont Circle, which at the time was called Pacific Circle since it was the western boundary of the citys residential areas. On February 25,1882, Congress renamed the circle and authorized a memorial to Samuel Francis Du Pont to honor his services during the Mexican–American War, the bronze statue was sculpted by Launt Thompson and dedicated on December 20,1884, at a cost of $20,500. Attendees at the ceremony included President Chester A. Arthur, Senator Thomas F. Bayard, Admiral David Dixon Porter, the circle was landscaped with exotic plants and hundreds of trees. In the early 20th century, members of the prominent Du Pont family wanted a memorial of greater artistic value and lobbied for a replacement. The family had always disliked the statue and by 1909, the base of the statue had begun to sink and tilt, resulting in jokes being made that Du Pont and sailors were alcoholics. Senator Willard Saulsbury, Jr. s wife, who was a niece of Du Pont, the family asked that no government funds be used for the new memorial and that the Commission of Fine Arts approve the design. On February 26,1917, Congress approved the replacement of the statue, Bacon is best known for designing the Lincoln Memorial while Frenchs best known work is the statue of Abraham Lincoln inside the memorial. Frenchs other works in Washington, D. C. include the Butt-Millet Memorial Fountain, the First Division Monument, the total cost of the commission was $77,521. The CFA approved the design in 1917 and work began on the fountain shortly thereafter, Congress wanted recognition for its earlier attempt to honor Du Pont, so the inscription on the fountain had to include the fact that a statue erected by Congress was replaced. An early model included plans for a fountain emitting water at the top, the fountain was carved by the Piccirilli Brothers, who also carved Frenchs statue of Abraham Lincoln at the Lincoln Memorial. The contractor was the George A. Fuller Company, whose projects include the Flatiron Building. In 1920, the statue was moved to Rockford Park in Wilmington, Delaware, later that year, the fountain was installed using pipes that were placed in 1877 for a potential fountain that had never been built. After the installation, mature trees and thick vegetation were planted in the surrounding park, the fountain was formally dedicated the afternoon of May 17,1921. The ceremony, which was supervised by Lieutenant Colonel Clarence O. Sherrill, was described as simple, yet impressive
5.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
6.
Traffic circle
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A traffic circle is a type of intersection that directs both turning and through traffic onto a one-way circular roadway, usually built for the purposes of traffic calming or aesthetics. Colloquially, however, roundabouts are sometimes referred to as circles, in the United States, traffic engineers typically use the term rotary for large scale circular junctions between expressways or controlled-access highways. Rotaries typically feature high speeds inside the circle and on the approaches, in New England, traffic circles are generally called rotaries and the traffic that is already driving in the rotary always has the right of way. For examples of where this is specified, in Massachusetts Any operator of a vehicle entering a rotary intersection shall yield the right-of-way to any vehicle already in the intersection, in Rhode Island entering vehicles Yield to vehicles in the roundabout. Distinct from roundabouts, traffic circles and rotaries may also have a lane that requires traffic on it to change lanes in order to exit the circle. Design criteria include, Right-of-way, Whether entering or circling vehicles have the right of way, the New Jersey Drivers Manual recommends that, in the absence of flow control signs, traffic yields based on historically established traffic flow patterns, and there are no set rules. In New England, Washington, D. C. and New York State, entering traffic yields, angle of entry, Angles range from glancing that allow full-speed entry to 90 degree angles. Traffic speed, High entry speeds require circulating vehicles to yield, often stopping, lane changes, Allowed or not Diameter, The greater the traffic, the larger the circle. Island function, Parking, parks, fountains, etc, french architect Eugène Hénard was designing one-way circular intersections as early as 1877. American architect William Phelps Eno favored small traffic circles and he designed New York Citys famous Columbus Circle, which was built in 1905. Other circular intersections were built in the United States, though many were large diameter rotaries that enabled high speed merge. These designs were doomed to failure for two reasons, It takes a large diameter circle to provide enough room for merging at speed. Although some of these circles were huge, they were not large enough for high-speed merging, giving priority to entering traffic means that more vehicles can enter the circulatory roadway than it can handle. The result is congestion within the circle which could not clear without police intervention, the experience with traffic circles and rotaries in the USA was almost entirely negative, characterized by high accident rates and congestion problems. By the mid 1950s, construction of circles and rotaries had ceased entirely. The experience with traffic circles in other countries was not much better until the development of the roundabout in the United Kingdom during the 1960s. Starting in the 1990s the USA saw a revival of mostly smaller traffic circles, the modern roundabout finally arrived in the United States in 1990 in Summerlin, a major Las Vegas residential subdivision. As of December,2015 there are about 4800 of these modern roundabouts in the United States, as an example, Washington State contains about 120 roundabouts as of October 2016, all having been built since 1997 with more planned
7.
Washington, D.C.
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Washington, D. C. formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D. C. is the capital of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July 16,1790, Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any state. The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district, named in honor of President George Washington, the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital. In 1846, Congress returned the land ceded by Virginia, in 1871. Washington had an population of 681,170 as of July 2016. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the population to more than one million during the workweek. The Washington metropolitan area, of which the District is a part, has a population of over 6 million, the centers of all three branches of the federal government of the United States are in the District, including the Congress, President, and Supreme Court. Washington is home to national monuments and museums, which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of international organizations, trade unions, non-profit organizations, lobbying groups. A locally elected mayor and a 13‑member council have governed the District since 1973, However, the Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws. D. C. residents elect a non-voting, at-large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives, the District receives three electoral votes in presidential elections as permitted by the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961. Various tribes of the Algonquian-speaking Piscataway people inhabited the lands around the Potomac River when Europeans first visited the area in the early 17th century, One group known as the Nacotchtank maintained settlements around the Anacostia River within the present-day District of Columbia. Conflicts with European colonists and neighboring tribes forced the relocation of the Piscataway people, some of whom established a new settlement in 1699 near Point of Rocks, Maryland. 43, published January 23,1788, James Madison argued that the new government would need authority over a national capital to provide for its own maintenance. Five years earlier, a band of unpaid soldiers besieged Congress while its members were meeting in Philadelphia, known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, the event emphasized the need for the national government not to rely on any state for its own security. However, the Constitution does not specify a location for the capital, on July 9,1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River. The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia, the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles on each side, totaling 100 square miles. Two pre-existing settlements were included in the territory, the port of Georgetown, Maryland, founded in 1751, many of the stones are still standing
8.
Massachusetts Avenue (Washington, D.C.)
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Massachusetts Avenue is a major diagonal transverse road in Washington, D. C. and the Massachusetts Avenue Historic District is a historic district that includes part of it. Appearing in Peter Charles LEnfants original plan, Massachusetts Avenue crosses three of Washingtons four quadrants and it intersects every major north–south street and passes numerous Washington landmarks. It is a landmark itself, long considered the boundary of the downtown as well as home of Washingtons Embassy Row. Massachusetts Avenue is tied with Pennsylvania Avenue as the widest road in the District, the two roads run in parallel through much of the city, Massachusetts about seven blocks north of Pennsylvania. Massachusetts Avenue was long Washingtons premier residential street, as Pennsylvania was once its most sought-after business address, both streets were named after states with prominent roles in the American Revolution. The historic district is an 81-acre area that includes 150 contributing buildings and 3 contributing structures and it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. It includes multiple properties that are listed on the National Register. The main section of Massachusetts Avenue begins at 19th Street Southeast, just to the west of the former District of Columbia General Hospital site, at elevation with respect to the hospital, Massachusetts Avenue commands a view of the Anacostia River. It proceeds in a northwesterly direction crosstown, at Lincoln Park the road enters Northeast D. C. and the neighborhood of Capitol Hill. In the tradition of the acronym SoHo, realtors sometimes give this area the moniker NoMa and it intersects with Interstate 395 at H Street NW, and passes over Mount Vernon Square in front of the Walter E. Washington Convention Center. Massachusetts Avenue passes through the ring of Dupont Circle and curves north at Sheridan Circle. After crossing Rock Creek over the Charles C, the Washington National Cathedral, located at the intersection of Mass and Wisconsin Avenues, is usually considered the end of Embassy Row. At Ward Circle, Massachusetts delineates the American University Park neighborhood from Spring Valley and it crosses the Washington-Montgomery County, Maryland border at Westmoreland Circle. In Maryland, the road signed as State Highway 396. Another section of Massachusetts Avenue, discontinuous from the one described above and that section extends from 30th Street SE near District of Columbia Route 295, to Southern Avenue SE at the border between D. C. and Prince Georges County. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, the Brookings Institution, the Peterson Institute, St. Nicholas Cathedral, numerous embassies and residences are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and the National Trust for Historic Preservation makes its home on Massachusetts Avenue. The track of the avenue was not paved until the administration of Alexander Robey Shepherd in the early 1870s and it was extended beyond Boundary Road in the 1880s, and beyond Rock Creek up to the District line after 1900. Residential development along Massachusetts Avenue accelerated in the 1870s, mostly around the circles located west of 9th Street NW and these brick and brownstone structures reflected the Queen Anne, Richardsonian Romanesque, and Château styles in vogue at the time
9.
Connecticut Avenue
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Connecticut Avenue is a major thoroughfare in the Northwest quadrant of Washington, D. C. and suburban Montgomery County, Maryland. It is one of the avenues radiating from the White House. Connecticut Avenue begins just north of the White House at Lafayette Square and it is interrupted by Farragut Square. As Connecticut Avenue approaches the Dupont Circle neighborhood, it splits at N Street into a through roadway, the through roadway tunnels under Dupont Circle, while the service roadways intersect the outer roadway of the circle. Just north of the circle, the roadways are known for their many gay-oriented businesses. The through roadway and service roadways rejoin at R Street, originally, there was no tunnel, and all vehicular traffic on Connecticut Avenue went through the circle. The tunnel was built in 1949, after crossing Florida Avenue near the Hilton Washington hotel, Connecticut Avenue narrows and winds between the Kalorama neighborhoods. Between Woodley Park and Cleveland Park, Connecticut Avenue is carried over a valley on another bridge. Numerous older, Art Deco high-rise apartment buildings line the 3000 block, the National Zoological Park is located along Connecticut Avenue, halfway between the Woodley Park-Zoo/Adams Morgan and Cleveland Park Metro stations. Also located along this stretch of Connecticut Avenue is an operational center of Intelsat, as are the landmark Wardman Park Marriott Hotel, the citys largest. This section is also a commuter route and has reversible lanes along most of its length which operate during the morning and evening rush hours. It connects with the Rock Creek and Potomac Parkway via 24th Street, mid-century era high-rise apartments line the avenue, with elegant, older detached homes on shady side streets. Once entering Maryland, it gains the route designation Maryland State Highway 185 and goes through the Chevy Chase, the National 4-H Youth Conference Center is on this stretch of Connecticut Avenue, as is the Chevy Chase Club. After interchanging with the Capital Beltway at Exit 33, Connecticut Avenue enters Kensington, Connecticut Avenue used to end at University Boulevard. However, Concord Avenue was extended northward to form an extension of Connecticut Avenue and that extension of Connecticut Avenue passes through Wheaton and Aspen Hill. The state route ends at Georgia Avenue. Connecticut Avenue, now simply a street, continues past Georgia Avenue. Connecticut Avenue is a route in the National Highway System between K Street and Nebraska Avenue
10.
New Hampshire Avenue
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New Hampshire Avenue, however, is not contiguous. It stops at 15th and W Streets NW and resumes again on the side of Columbia Heights at Park Road NW. New Hampshire Avenue passes through several Washington neighborhoods including Foggy Bottom, Dupont Circle, Petworth, in Maryland, New Hampshire Avenue passes the neighborhoods and towns of Chillum, Takoma Park, Carole Highlands, Langley Park and Silver Spring. Eventually, it feeds into Damascus Road at Etchison, in 1907, the commissioners of the District of Columbia asked Congress to appropriate funds to extend New Hampshire Avenue northward to the Maryland state line. The northern portion was proposed in 1908, rock Creek Church requested that New Hampshire Avenue not be extended in a straight line in order to be more direct to the church. Thomas H. Carter of Montana and Jacob Harold Gallinger of New Hampshire submitted the bill to the Senate, the bill passed in late 1908. The House of Representatives passed the bill, and the Senate also passed the bill soon thereafter, while no single transit route follows New Hampshire Avenue for very long, it nonetheless runs in proximity of and briefly carries an assortment of transit services
11.
M Street (Washington, D.C.)
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The name M Street refers to two major roads in the United States capital of Washington, D. C. Thus, in all four quadrants of the city there are streets called M Street, which are disambiguated by quadrant designations, namely, M Street NW NE, SW, and SE. In Northwest Washington, M Street is a street downtown. M Street NW begins at the Key Bridge, which crosses the Potomac River at the 3500 block, to the west of 36th Street, M Street turns into Canal Road. M Street was originally called Bridge Street until the roads in Georgetown were renamed in 1895 to conform to the names used in Pierre Charles L’Enfants original plan for the federal city. Where 32nd Street would otherwise be, M Street intersects with Wisconsin Avenue, at 29th Street, it meets the western terminus of Pennsylvania Avenue. This is the last major intersection before the M Street Bridge over Rock Creek, the section in Georgetown carries heavy commuter traffic because it connects Pennsylvania Avenue with the Key Bridge and Canal Road. From Pennsylvania Avenue to Thomas Circle at 14th Street, M Street is designated for traffic with vehicles driving westbound-only. M Street once again becomes two-way in Georgetown and this stretch is highly developed, consisting mainly of apartments from 26th to 21st and businesses from 21st to Thomas Circle. From 14th Street to 5th Street NW, M Street is again two-way, between 9th and 7th Streets NW, it passes underneath the Walter E. Washington Convention Center. From 5th Street to North Capitol Street, it assumes a complex traffic pattern because of the intersections and near-intersections of several streets, M. Route 50, the terminus of Interstate 395, New Jersey Avenue. Traffic is west-to-east from 5th to 4th, east-to-west from New York to 4th, M Street NE runs west-to-east from North Capitol Street to Florida Avenue between 6th and 7th, where it terminates at the gates of Gallaudet University. Along the way, it uses an overpass to avoid the Union Station rail yard, because the intervening Trinidad neighborhood does not follow the grid pattern, M Street does not emerge again until Bladensburg Road. About a mile south of the U. S. Capitol, the Potomac River prevents M Street from extending farther west than 6th Street/Maine Avenue. Likewise, the Anacostia River limits M Street SE east of 11th to being a named on-ramp for I-295, Water Street SE, the most prominent intersection on M Street between those points is with South Capitol Street. M Street runs along the edge of the Washington Navy Yard and near Nationals Park. The Anacostia neighborhood, across the river, has its own M Street SE, beginning at the Anacostia Freeway, it runs diagonally two blocks, merges with Anacostia Road for one block, then straightens out for two blocks before terminating at 34th Street SE
12.
Florida Avenue
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Florida Avenue is a major street in Washington, D. C. It was originally named Boundary Street, because it formed the boundary of the Federal City under the 1791 LEnfant Plan. With the growth of the city beyond its borders, Boundary Street was renamed Florida Avenue in 1890. On July 9,1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, the exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, who chose a portion of the states of Maryland and Virginia on January 24,1791. Originally, government officials did not foresee that the city of Washington would expand to fill the boundaries of the entire District of Columbia. The Federal City, or City of Washington, originally lay within an area bounded by Boundary Street, 15th Street Northeast, East Capitol Street, the Anacostia River, the Potomac River, and Rock Creek. The first section of Boundary Street to be opened was between North Capitol Street and 2nd Street NE in 1818, by 1828, the street extended westward at least to 19th Street NW. Boundary Street was graded in late 1869 and early 1870, which dropped the street some 7 to 8 feet in places, Boundary Street was renamed Florida Avenue in 1890. The western terminus of Florida Avenue is at Massachusetts Avenue NW, 22nd Street NW, from that terminus to 9th Street NW, Florida Avenue follows a winding path due to the citys topography. Florida Avenue passes along the foot of the terrain of Northwest Washington. This hilly area is the Wicomico-Sunderland Escarpment, which is part of the Atlantic Seaboard fall line, the escarpment help marks the transition between the Appalachian Piedmont region north of the avenue and the flat Atlantic Coastal Plain terrain of the citys downtown area to the south. Gallaudet University, the American national university for the deaf, is located at 800 Florida Avenue NE, the campus consists of a unique collection of Victorian and Queen Anne style buildings on grounds with a landscape design by Frederick Law Olmstead. The Florida Avenue Grill, located at 1100 Florida Avenue NW, Florida Avenue helps to define several neighborhoods in the District of Columbia. Along with Columbia Road NW, it one of the borders of the Columbia Heights neighborhood. It also connects Adams Morgan and Dupont Circle with the Shaw neighborhood and U Street retail, former landmarks on Florida Avenue include Hendersons Castle, a massive red sandstone mansion built at the corner of Florida Avenue and 16th Street NW in 1888 for Senator John B. The mansion was razed in 1949, although the retaining wall, another former landmark was Holmeads Burying Ground, located on Florida Avenue between 19th and 20th Streets. Founded in 1796, it was the citys most prominent cemetery for the first 50 years of the 19th century and it was closed in 1874, and the bodies removed over the next decade. Griffith Stadium, also known as Boundary Stadium, was a major baseball stadium bounded by Florida Avenue NW, W Street NW, Georgia Avenue NW
13.
Advisory Neighborhood Commission
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Advisory Neighborhood Commissions are bodies of local government in Washington, D. C. Commissioners serve two-year terms and receive no salary, but commissions do receive funds for the purpose of improving their area. This policy has come under scrutiny because of the misuse of funds by commissioners, candidates can accept campaign donations up to $25 per person. The powers of the ANC system are enumerated by the DC Code § 1-207, the ANCs present their positions and recommendations on issues to various District government agencies, the Executive Branch, and the Council. They also present testimony to independent agencies, boards, and commissions, by law, the ANCs may present their positions to Federal agencies. Each ANC Commissioner is nominated and elected by the voters who reside in the same Single Member District as the candidate. The ANC Commissioner is an official representing his or her neighborhood community on the Advisory Neighborhood Commission, in order to hold the office of Advisory Neighborhood Commissioner, an individual must be a registered voter in the District, as defined by DC Code Section 1-1001. In order to enter the ballot, they must receive 25 signatures from registered voters in their district. The basic area of Advisory Neighborhood Commissions are Single Member Districts, there are 299 Single Member Districts, which in turn are subdivisions of 39 Commission Districts, which are in turn subdivisions of Wards. Each Commissioner represents about 2,000 residents in their Single Member District area, due to population growth and redistribution, these boundaries often change, causing shifts in power and election turnout. Single Member Districts are named according to Ward, Subdivision, for instance, 3B05 is Ward 3, subdivision B, and SMD05. Olivet Cemetery 5D - Carver Langston, Trinidad, Gallaudet University, Ivy City, Capital City Market 5E - Bloomingdale, Edgewood, Eckington, Truxton Circle, Advisory Neighborhood Commissions DC Board of Elections and Ethics Run for ANC ANC Finder
14.
Samuel Francis Du Pont
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Samuel Francis Du Pont was a Rear Admiral in the United States Navy, and a member of the prominent Du Pont family. In the Mexican–American War, Du Pont captured San Diego, and was commander of the California naval blockade. Through the 1850s, he promoted engineering studies at the United States Naval Academy, to more mobile. In the American Civil War, he played a role in making the Union blockade effective. Du Pont was born at Goodstay, his home at Bergen Point, New Jersey. His uncle was Eleuthère Irénée du Pont, the founder of E. I. du Pont de Nemours Company, which began as a gunpowder factory and today is a multinational chemical corporation. Du Pont spent his childhood at his fathers home, Louviers, across the Brandywine Creek from his uncles estate and gunpowder factory, Eleutherian Mills, just north of Wilmington and he was enrolled at Mount Airy Academy in Germantown, Pennsylvania, at age 9. However, his father was unable to fund his education because of his failing wool mill and he then served aboard the frigate Congress in the West Indies and off the coast of Brazil. After returning from the Ontario in June 1833, Du Pont married Sophie Madeleine du Pont, his first cousin as the daughter of his uncle, Eleuthère Irénée du Pont. As he never kept a journal, his voluminous correspondence with Sophie serves as the main documentation of his operations and observations throughout the rest of his naval career. From 1835 until 1838, he was the officer of the frigate Constellation. In 1838 he joined the ship Ohio in the Mediterranean until 1841, the following year he was promoted to Commander and set sail for China aboard the brig Perry, but was forced to return home and give up his command because of severe illness. Du Pont transported Major John Fremonts troops to San Diego, where they captured the city, Du Pont then continued operations along the Baja coast, including the capture of La Paz, and burnt two enemy gunboats in the harbor of Guaymas under heavy fire. He was given command of the California naval blockade in the last months of the war and, Du Pont served most of the next decade on shore assignment, and his efforts during this time are credited with helping to modernize the U. S. Navy. He studied the possibilities of steam power, and emphasized engineering and he was appointed superintendent of the Academy, but resigned after four months because he believed it was a post more appropriate for someone closer to retirement age. He was an advocate for a mobile and offensive Navy, rather than the harbor defense function that much of it was then relegated to. After being appointed to the board of the United States Lighthouse Service, in 1853, Du Pont was made general superintendent over what is typically considered the first Worlds Fair in the United States—the Exhibition of the Industry of All Nations, held in New York City. Despite international praise, low attendance caused the venture to go into heavy debt, Du Pont became an enthusiastic supporter of naval reform, writing in support of the 1855 congressional act to Promote the Efficiency of the Navy
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History of Washington, D.C.
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The history of Washington, D. C. is tied to its role as the capital of the United States. Originally inhabited by an Algonquian-speaking people known as the Nacotchtank, the site of the District of Columbia along the Potomac River was first selected by President George Washington, the city came under attack during the War of 1812 in an episode known as the Burning of Washington. Upon the governments return to the capital, it had to manage reconstruction of public buildings, including the White House. The McMillan Plan of 1901 helped restore and beautify the downtown area, including establishing the National Mall, along with numerous monuments. Unique among cities with a percentage of African Americans, Washington has had a significant black population since the citys creation. As a result, Washington became both a center of African American culture and a center of Civil Rights Movement. Since the city government was run by the U. S. federal government, black and it was not until the administration of Woodrow Wilson, a southern Democrat who had numerous southerners in his cabinet, that federal offices and workplaces were segregated, starting in 1913. This situation persisted for decades, the city was segregated in certain facilities until the 1950s. Today, D. C. is marked by contrasts, neighborhoods on the eastern periphery of the central city, and east of the Anacostia River tend to be disproportionately lower-income. Following World War II, many whites moved out of the citys central and eastern sections to newer, affordable suburban housing. The assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. in 1968 sparked major riots in chiefly African American neighborhoods east of Rock Creek Park, large sections of the central city remained blighted for decades. During the early 20th century, the U Street Corridor served as an important center for African American culture in DC, the Washington Metro opened in 1976. A rising economy and gentrification in the late 1990s and early 2000s led to revitalization of many downtown neighborhoods, article One, Section 8, of the United States Constitution places the District under the exclusive legislation of Congress. Throughout its history, Washington, D. C. residents have therefore lacked voting representation in Congress, the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961, gave the District representation in the Electoral College. The 1973 District of Columbia Home Rule Act provided the government more control of affairs, including direct election of the city council. Archaeological evidence indicates Native Americans settled in the area at least 4,000 years ago, Early European exploration of the region took place early in the 17th century, including explorations by Captain John Smith in 1608. At the time, the Patawomeck and the Doeg lived on the Virginia side, as well as on Theodore Roosevelt Island, Native inhabitants within the present-day District of Columbia included the Nacotchtank, at Anacostia, who were affiliated with the Conoy. Another village was located between Little Falls and Georgetown, and English fur trader Henry Fleet documented a Nacotchtank village called Tohoga on the site of present-day Georgetown
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Pierre Charles L'Enfant
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Pierre Peter Charles LEnfant was a French-born American architect and civil engineer best known for designing the layout of the streets of Washington, D. C. the LEnfant Plan. In 1758, his brother Pierre Joseph died at the age of six and he studied art at the Royal Academy in the Louvre, as well as with his father at the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture. He left school in France to enlist in the American Revolutionary War on the side of the rebelling colonials, LEnfant was recruited by Pierre Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais to join in the American Revolutionary War in the American colonies. He arrived in 1777 at the age of 23, and served as an engineer in the Continental Army with Major General Lafayette. He was commissioned as a captain in the Corps of Engineers on April 3,1779 to rank from February 18,1778, despite his aristocratic origins, LEnfant closely identified with the United States, changing his first name from Pierre to Peter. LEnfant served on General George Washingtons staff at Valley Forge, while there, the Marquis de Lafayette commissioned LEnfant to paint a portrait of Washington. He was wounded at the Siege of Savannah on October 9,1779 and he recovered and became a prisoner of war at surrender of Charleston, South Carolina on May 12,1780. He was exchanged in November 1780 and served on General George Washingtons staff for the remainder of the Revolutionary War, LEnfant was promoted by brevet to Major of Engineers on May 2,1783, in recognition of his service to the cause of American liberty. He was discharged when the Continental Army was disbanded in December 1783, after the war, LEnfant designed the badge of the Society of the Cincinnati, an organization of former officers of the Continental Army, shaped as an eagle, at the request of Washington. He was sent to France to have made for members of the Society. Following the American Revolutionary War, LEnfant established a successful and highly profitable civil engineering firm in New York City and he achieved some fame as an architect by redesigning the City Hall in New York for the First Congress of the United States. He also designed furniture and houses for the wealthy as well as coins and medals and he was also a friend of Alexander Hamilton. While LEnfant was in New York City, he was initiated into Freemasonry and his initiation took place on April 17,1789, at Holland Lodge No. 8, F & A M, which the Grand Lodge of New York F & A M had chartered in 1787, LEnfant took only the first of three degrees offered by the Lodge and did not progress further in Freemasonry. Included in the new district were the port towns of Georgetown. LEnfant arrived in Georgetown on March 9,1791, and began his work, Washington arrived later on March 28, to meet with LEnfant and the Commissioners for several days. On June 22, LEnfant presented his first plan for the city to the President. On August 19, he appended a new map to a letter that he sent to the President, President Washington retained a copy of one of LEnfants plans, showed it to the Congress, and later gave it to the three Commissioners
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American Civil War
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The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
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Adams Morgan
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Adams Morgan is a culturally diverse neighborhood in Northwest Washington, D. C. centered at the intersection of 18th Street and Columbia Road. Much of the neighborhood is composed of 19th- and early 20th-century row houses, adjacent to Adams Morgan is Dupont Circle to the south, Kalorama-Sheridan to the southwest, Mount Pleasant to the north, and Columbia Heights to the east. The neighborhood is bounded by Connecticut Avenue to the southwest, Rock Creek Park to the west, Harvard Street to the north, 16th Street to the east, pursuant to the 1954 Bolling v. Sharpe Supreme Court ruling, District schools were desegregated in 1955. The Adams-Morgan Community Council, comprising both Adams and Morgan schools and the neighborhoods they served, was formed in 1958, throughout the 20th century, the Adams Morgan community has also stood on behalf of social justice, political activism, and inclusive, progressive values. The development was named the Marie H. Reed Learning Center after Bishop Reed and it featured a daycare center, tennis and basketball courts, a solar-heated swimming pool, health clinic, athletic field and outdoor chess tables. From 2010 to 2012, one of the main commercial corridors, 18th Street NW, was reconstructed with wider sidewalks, more crosswalks. As part of the all of the mature trees on the street were cut down. Along with its adjacent sister communities to the north and east, Mount Pleasant and Columbia Heights, since the 1960s, the predominant international presence in both communities has been Latino, with the majority of immigrants coming from El Salvador, Guatemala and other Central American countries. Since the early 1970s, like areas of the nation, Adams Morgan had seen a growing influx of immigrants from Africa, Asia. Adams Morgan also has become a spot for night life, with a number of bars. Over 90 establishments possess liquor licenses, putting it on level with other popular nightlife areas like Georgetown, the moratorium was renewed in 2004, but eased to allow new restaurant licenses. Adjacent Mt. Pleasant also hosts a number of enterprises, social service agencies. Another barometer of the pull of Adams Morgan for immigrants is the linguistic. Many of the families served live beyond the established for routine student enrollment, however, Adams, Reed. Cooke elementary schools all have populations, with children from well over 30 nations in attendance. Latino and African-American children comprise the majority of students in the public schools, the second Sunday of September, the neighborhood hosts the Adams Morgan Day Festival, a multicultural street celebration with live music and food and crafts booths. In the 1960s, the attractions included the Avignon Freres bakery and restaurant, the Café Don restaurant, the Ontario motion picture theater. In the 1980s, Hazels featured live blues and jazz and its soul food offerings made it a favorite of black jazz musicians such as Dizzy Gillespie when they came to town
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Kalorama, Washington, D.C.
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The Kalorama area within the Northwest Quadrant of Washington, D. C. includes the residential neighborhoods of Kalorama Triangle and Sheridan-Kalorama. The area is accessible from the Dupont Circle and Woodley Park Metro stations, Kalorama Triangle is bordered by Connecticut Avenue, Columbia Road, Calvert Street, and Rock Creek Park. Sheridan-Kalorama is immediately southwest, located between Connecticut Avenue, Rock Creek Park, Massachusetts Avenue, and Florida Avenue, the Kalorama area was primarily rural until the close of the 19th century, lying northwest of the original limits of Washington City from LEnfants original plan. In 1795, Gustavus Scott, a commissioner for the District of Columbia purchased the property and he constructed a large, classically styled house at 23rd and S Streets, which he named Rock Hill. In 1803 Margaret Scott the wife of Gustavus Scott sold the property to William Augustine Washington, in 1807, the noted poet Joel Barlow bought the property and renamed it Kalorama, which translates from Greek as fine view. Barlow lived in the home shortly before his death in 1812. Barlow commissioned Capitol architect Benjamin Latrobe to enlarge the house and elevate its design, Kalorama was destroyed by a fire during the American Civil War while it was used as a Union hospital. The residence was rebuilt and returned to a home until 1887. In 1893 Congress ordered LEnfants design of the city of Washington extended outward to include the rest of the District. Existing developments were exempted, which is why Kalorama is one of the few portions of D. C. that does not comply with the grid system for streets. The Westmoreland, located at 2122 California Street NW, was built in 1906, the building originally opened as a rental property in 1906 and was converted to a co-op in 1948. The building was designed by architects Edgar S. Kennedy and Harry Blake in 1905, the Kalorama Triangle is a residential enclave of Adams Morgan, located in Northwest Washington bounded by three major thoroughfares, Connecticut Avenue, Calvert Street, NW and Columbia Road. Kalorama Triangle is in the area of Advisory Neighborhood Commission 1C, the Adams Morgan Advisory Neighborhood Commission. It is accessible by Metrorail by the Woodley Park and Dupont Circle stops on the Red Line, Kalorama Heights is assigned to Washingtons Sheridan-Kalorama Advisory Neighborhood Commission and is designated as Single Member District 2D01 and 2D02. The Sheridan-Kalorama Historic District is located in southwestern Kalorama, District of Columbia Public Schools operates public schools. Kalorama Heights is zoned to Marie Reed Elementary School in Adams Morgan, students in high school are assigned to Woodrow Wilson High School. Following the death in 1961 of Wilsons widow, Edith, the Woodrow Wilson House was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1964, William Howard Taft lived in the large Colonial Revival house at 2215 Wyoming Avenue, from 1921 until his death in 1930. The house had been built by Alvan T. Fuller in 1908 on a design by local architect Appleton P. Clark, franklin D. Roosevelt lived at 2131 R Street from 1917 to 1920, while Assistant Secretary of the Navy
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Alexander Robey Shepherd
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He was head of the DC Board of Public Works from 1871 to 1873 and Governor of the District of Columbia from 1873 to 1874. He is known, particularly in Washington, as The Father of Modern Washington, born in southwest Washington on January 30,1835, Shepherd dropped out of school at 13 and took a job as a plumbers assistant. Eventually, he worked his way up to becoming the owner of the plumbing firm and he then invested the profits from that firm in real estate development, which made him a wealthy socialite and influential citizen of the city. Two days after the Battle of Fort Sumter that initiated the American Civil War, Shepherd, the term of enlistment at that time was only three months, after which Shepherd was honorably discharged. Approximately six months afterwards, he was married to Mary Grice Young, frederick Douglass would later say of him, I want to thank Governor Shepherd for the fair way in which he treated the colored race when he was in a position to help them. The Shepherd machine was able to sway popular support in favor of the notion. In the following year,1871, Shepherd was able to convince Congress to pass a bill that established the government he desired. Thus Grants inaugural appointment to the governorship was his friend, the financier Henry D. Cooke, a gentleman of unimpeachable integrity — and, secretly, Shepherd was appointed vice-chair of the citys five-man Board of Public Works. Cooke, however, rarely attended the Boards meetings, allowing Vice-Chair Shepherd to preside and he asserted himself as a leader to such an extent that he often did not bother to consult the other members of the Board before making decisions and taking sweeping action. His abilities as an operator, according to D. C. Louis — which would have led to ruin for the District of Columbia. Shepherd believed that if the government was to remain in Washington and he filled in the long-dormant Washington Canal and placed 157 miles of paved roads and sidewalks,123 miles of sewers,39 miles of gas mains, and 30 miles of water mains. In 1872, Boss Shepherd was responsible for the demolition of the Northern Liberties Market. Two individuals, a butcher who was still on the premises at the time of the demolition, Shepherd would be appointed his successor. Whether Governor Cooke retires before the end of his term or not, but despite the lack of finances, the massive public works project continued during Shepherds term as governor of the District of Columbia. However, the cost of the modifications was excessive, initially, Shepherd had estimated them at a $6.25 million budget, but by 1874, costs had ballooned to $9 million, despite a national panic that had befallen the nation the year before. Shepherd was investigated for financial misappropriation and mishandling, during time it was discovered that the project. Shepherd had raised taxes to such a degree that citizens had to sell their own property to pay them, in addition, Congress discovered that Shepherd had given preference to neighborhoods and areas of the District in which he or his political cronies held financial interests. Although President Grant nominated Shepherd to the first Board of Commissioners, the appointment of Shepherd became one of the many corruption scandals surrounding Grants administration
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United States Army Corps of Engineers
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The United States Army Corps of Engineers, also sometimes shortened to CoE is a U. S. Although generally associated with dams, canals and flood protection in the United States, the Corps of Engineers provides outdoor recreation opportunities to the public, and provides 24% of U. S. hydropower capacity. The corps mission is to Deliver vital public and military engineering services, partnering in peace and war to strengthen our Nations security, energize the economy and their most visible missions include, Planning, designing, building, and operating locks and dams. Other civil engineering projects include flood control, beach nourishment, design and construction of flood protection systems through various federal mandates. Design and construction management of military facilities for the Army, Air Force, Army Reserve and Air Force Reserve and other Defense and Federal agencies. The history of United States Army Corps of Engineers can be traced back to 16 June 1775, colonel Richard Gridley became General George Washingtons first chief engineer, however, it was not until 1779 that Congress created a separate Corps of Engineers. One of its first tasks was to build fortifications near Boston at Bunker Hill, the first Corps of Engineers was mostly composed of French subjects who had been hired by General Washington from the service of Louis XVI. that the said Corps. Shall be stationed at West Point in the State of New York, until 1866, the superintendent of the United States Military Academy was always an officer of engineer. During the first half of the 19th century, West Point was the major and, for a while, the General Survey Act of 1824 authorized the use of Army engineers to survey road and canal routes. Separately authorized on 4 July 1838, the U. S and it was merged with the Corps of Engineers on 31 March 1863, at which point the Corps of Engineers also assumed the Lakes Survey District mission for the Great Lakes. In 1841, Congress created the Lake Survey, the survey, based in Detroit, Mich. was charged with conducting a hydrographical survey of the Northern and Northwestern Lakes and preparing and publishing nautical charts and other navigation aids. The Lake Survey published its first charts in 1852, in the mid-19th century, Corps of Engineers officers ran Lighthouse Districts in tandem with U. S. Naval officers. The Army Corps of Engineers played a significant role in the American Civil War, many of the men who would serve in the top leadership in this institution were West Point graduates who rose to military fame and power during the Civil War. Some of these men were Union Generals George McClellan, Henry Halleck, George Meade, and Confederate generals Robert E. Lee, Joseph Johnston, the versatility of officers in the Army Corps of Engineers contributed to the success of numerous missions throughout the Civil War. They were responsible for building pontoon and railroad bridges, forts and batteries, the destruction of supply lines. The Army Corps of Engineers served as a function in making the war effort logistically feasible. This method of building trenches was known as the zigzag pattern, from the beginning, many politicians wanted the Corps of Engineers to contribute to both military construction and works of a civil nature. During World War II the mission grew to more than 27,000 military, included were aircraft, tank assembly, and ammunition plants, camps for 5.3 million soldiers, depots, ports, and hospitals, as well as the Manhattan Project, and the Pentagon
22.
L'Enfant Plan
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The LEnfant Plan for the city of Washington is the urban plan developed in 1791 by Major Pierre Charles LEnfant for George Washington, the first President of the United States. Major LEnfant was a French engineer who served in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, in 1789, when discussions were underway regarding a new federal capital city for the United States, LEnfant wrote to President Washington asking to be commissioned to plan the city. However, any decision on the capital was put on hold until July 1790 when Congress passed the Residence Act, included in the new district were the river port towns of Georgetown and Alexandria. LEnfant arrived in Georgetown on March 9,1791, and began his work, Washington arrived later on March 28, to meet with LEnfant and the Commissioners for several days. On June 22, LEnfant presented his first plan for the city to the President. On August 19, he appended a new map to a letter that he sent to the President, President Washington retained a copy of one of LEnfants plans, showed it to the Congress, and later gave it to the three Commissioners. In this, they had the support of Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, Ellicott, with the aid of his brother, Benjamin Ellicott, then revised the plan, despite LEnfants protests. Ellicotts revisions, which included the straightening of the longer avenues,15, created changes to the citys layout. Andrew Ellicott stated in his letters that, although he was refused the original plan and it is therefore possible that Ellicott recreated the plan. After LEnfant departed, Andrew Ellicott continued the city survey in accordance with the revised plan, as a result, Ellicotts revisions subsequently became the basis for the capital citys development. The work of André Le Nôtre, particularly his Gardens of Versailles, is said to have influenced LEnfant’s master plan for the capital, LEnfants Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of the United States. Encompassed an area bounded by the Potomac River, the Eastern Branch, the base of the escarpment of the Atlantic Seaboard Fall Line and his plan specified locations for two buildings, the Congress House and the Presidents House. The Congress House would be built on Jenkins Hill, which LEnfant described as a pedestal awaiting a monument, the Presidents House would be situated on a ridge parallel to the Potomac River north of the mouth of Tiber Creek, which LEnfant proposed to canalize. LEnfant envisioned the Presidents House to have gardens and monumental architecture. Emphasizing the importance of the new legislature, the Congress House would be located on a longitude designated as 0,0. The plan specified that most streets would be out in a grid. To form the grid, some streets would travel in an east-west direction, diagonal broader avenues, later named after the states of the Union, crossed the north/south-east/west grid. The diagonal avenues intersected with the north-south and east-west streets at circles and rectangular plazas that would later honor notable Americans, a prominent geometric feature of LEnfants plan was a large right triangle whose hypotenuse was a wide avenue connecting the Presidents Houseand the Congress House
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United States Congress
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The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States consisting of two chambers, the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Congress meets in the Capitol in Washington, D. C, both senators and representatives are chosen through direct election, though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a gubernatorial appointment. Members are usually affiliated to the Republican Party or to the Democratic Party, Congress has 535 voting members,435 Representatives and 100 Senators. The House of Representatives has six non-voting members in addition to its 435 voting members and these members can, however, sit on congressional committees and introduce legislation. Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, the members of the House of Representatives serve two-year terms representing the people of a single constituency, known as a district. Congressional districts are apportioned to states by using the United States Census results. Each state, regardless of population or size, has two senators, currently, there are 100 senators representing the 50 states. Each senator is elected at-large in their state for a term, with terms staggered. The House and Senate are equal partners in the legislative process—legislation cannot be enacted without the consent of both chambers, however, the Constitution grants each chamber some unique powers. The Senate ratifies treaties and approves presidential appointments while the House initiates revenue-raising bills, the House initiates impeachment cases, while the Senate decides impeachment cases. A two-thirds vote of the Senate is required before a person can be forcibly removed from office. The term Congress can also refer to a meeting of the legislature. A Congress covers two years, the current one, the 115th Congress, began on January 3,2017, the Congress starts and ends on the third day of January of every odd-numbered year. Members of the Senate are referred to as senators, members of the House of Representatives are referred to as representatives, congressmen, or congresswomen. One analyst argues that it is not a solely reactive institution but has played a role in shaping government policy and is extraordinarily sensitive to public pressure. Several academics described Congress, Congress reflects us in all our strengths, Congress is the governments most representative body. Congress is essentially charged with reconciling our many points of view on the public policy issues of the day. —Smith, Roberts, and Wielen Congress is constantly changing and is constantly in flux, most incumbents seek re-election, and their historical likelihood of winning subsequent elections exceeds 90 percent
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Rear admiral (United States)
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Rear admiral in the United States refers to two different ranks of commissioned officers — one-star flag officers and two-star flag officers. By contrast, in most nations, the rear admiral refers to an officer of two-star rank. The abbreviation for personnel from the USN, USCG, and NOAA is RDML, whereas for the USPHS, Rear admiral ranks above captain and below rear admiral. Rear admiral is equivalent to the rank of general in the other uniformed services. In the United States uniformed services, rear admiral replaced the rank of commodore in 1985, Rear admiral ranks above rear admiral and below vice admiral. Rear admiral is equivalent to the rank of general in the other uniformed services. It is the highest permanent rank during peacetime in the uniformed services, all higher ranks are temporary ranks and linked to their specific commands or office and expire with the expiration of their term of command or office. Before the American Civil War, the American Navy had resisted creating the rank of admiral, instead, they preferred the term flag officer, in order to distinguish the rank from the traditions of the European navies. During the American Civil War, The US Congress honored David Glasgow Farraguts successful assault on the city of New Orleans by creating the rank of admiral on July 16,1862. During World War II, the U. S. Navy, by the end of the war, all incumbents had been advanced to the rank of two-star rear admiral and the commodore rank was eliminated in both services. Lower-half rear admirals were promoted to full rear admirals, or upper half status. However, both categories of rear admiral wore two-star insignia, an issue that was a source of consternation to the other services. Although not flag officers, these officers were entitled to a blue and white command pennant containing the initials. 97–86 expanded commodore from a title to a permanent grade by creating the one-star rank of commodore admiral. After only 11 months, the rank was reverted to just commodore, however, this caused issues with the Navy due to the difficulty in discriminating those commodores who were flag officers from commodores who were senior captains in certain command positions. 99–145 renamed commodore to the current grade of rear admiral effective on November 8,1985, up until 1981, all rear admirals wore two stars on their shoulder bars and rank insignia. Since then, rear admirals wear one star while rear admirals wear two, verbal address remains rear admiral for both ranks, on correspondence, where the rear admirals rank is spelled out, the acronym and follows the rear admirals rank title to distinguish between one and two stars. The flags of restricted line officers and staff officers have blue stars on a white field
25.
Launt Thompson
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Launt Thompson was an American sculptor. He was born in Abbeyleix, Ireland, due to the potato famine occurring in Ireland at the time, he emigrated to the United States in 1847 with his widowed mother, and they settled in Albany, New York. There, he work as a handyman. After studying anatomy in the office of a physician, Dr. James H. Armsby, he spent nine years as the boy of the sculptor. In 1858 he moved to New York City where he opened a studio, there he shared an apartment with James Pinchot. In 1862 he was elected academician at the National Academy due to his work Rocky Mountain Trapper and he visited Rome in 1868–1869, and married Maria Louisa Potter, daughter of Alonzo Potter, Episcopal Bishop of Pennsylvania. From 1875 to 1887 he was again in Italy, living for most of the time at Florence and he died at the State Mental Asylum at Middletown, New York. Napoleon the First, Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, D. C, Portrait bust of William Cullen Bryant, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City. General John Sedgwick Monument, United States Military Academy, West Point, Portrait bust of Charles Loring Elliott, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City. Portrait bust of Sanford Gifford, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City, civil War Memorial, Park Square, Pittsfield, Massachusetts. General Winfield Scott, Soldiers Home, Washington, D. C, abraham Pierson, First President of Yale College, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. A replica is in Clinton, Connecticut, United States Regulars Monument, Stones River National Battlefield, Murfreesboro, Tennessee. Admiral Samuel Francis Du Pont, Rockford Park, Wilmington, Delaware, originally installed at DuPont Circle in Washington D. C. moved to Wilmington,1920. Equestrian statue of General A. E. Burnside, Burnside Park, Providence and this was Thompsons only equestrian statue and last major work. Medallion portrait of General John A. Dix, Portrait bust of James Gordon Bennett. Portrait bust of Samuel F. B, morse, National Academy of Design, New York City. Portrait bust of Edwin Booth as Hamlet, Portrait bust of Stephen H. Tyng Portrait bust of Robert B. Attribution This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Thompson
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Rockford Park
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Rockford Park is a historic public park located in a residential area of Wilmington, New Castle County, Delaware. It is characterized by a large, grassy meadow which slopes upward to a large knoll overlooking the Brandywine River. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978, the park is a unit of Delawares Wilmington State Parks. Rockford is one of the oldest parks in the city of Wilmington and it was originally conceived by philanthropist and conservationist William Poole Bancroft, who played an instrumental role in the creation of other city, state, and federal parks in Delaware. Bancroft was one of the primary sponsors behind the Delaware legislatures creation of the Board of Park Commissioners in 1883 and he owned the land that houses Rockford Park today, and offered to donate it for park land at the very first meeting of the Board of Park Commissioners. At the recommendation of Frederick Law Olmsted, the Board instead focused first on establishing the nearby Brandywine Park, once that was done, Olmsted visited Bancrofts Rockford land in 1889 and issued a positive report to the Board recommending accepting the land and establishing the park. Later in 1889, Bancroft donated 59 acres of his property to form Rockford Park, in 1901, a 75 foot stone building named Rockford Tower was constructed to serve two purposes, as both a water tower and an observation tower. It contains a steel water tank, surrounded by a staircase which leads to the highest level of the tower. On the highest level, large arches allow for a view of the park. There are three memorials in Rockford Park. The first is Canby Seat, a bench and memorial to botanist William M. Canby. Canby was the first President of the Board of Park Commissioners, the stone bench was constructed in 1905 and provides a scenic view of the Brandywine in a spot which was one of Canbys favorites. The second memorial is a statue of Rear Admiral Samuel Francis Du Pont near the main entrance. The statue was commissioned by Congress in 1882 and sculpted by Launt Thompson in 1884 and it originally stood in Washington, D. C. The statue was moved to Rockford Park in 1917, the last memorial is to William Poole Bancroft. The Bancroft Memorial is a terrace with a semicircular stone outcropping. On the outcropping is a stone with a cast bronze plaque commemorating Bancrofts accomplishments. The memorial was constructed in 1937 and is located within the park
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Wilmington, Delaware
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Wilmington is the largest city in the state of Delaware, United States, built on the site of Fort Christina, the first Swedish settlement in North America. It is located at the confluence of the Christina River and Brandywine River and it is the county seat of New Castle County and one of the major cities in the Delaware Valley metropolitan area. Wilmington was named by Proprietor Thomas Penn after his friend Spencer Compton, Earl of Wilmington, as of the 2015 United States Census estimate, the population of the city is 71,948, reflecting an increase of 1. 5% from the 2010 Census. The Wilmington Metropolitan Division, comprising New Castle County, DE, Cecil County, MD and Salem County, Wilmington is built on the site of Fort Christina and the settlement Kristinehamn, the first Swedish settlement in North America. The area now known as Wilmington was settled by the Lenape band led by Sachem Mattahorn just before Henry Hudson sailed up the Len-api Hanna in 1609, the area was called Maax-waas Unk or Bear Place after the Maax-waas Hanna that flowed by. It was called the Bear River because it flowed west to the Bear People, the Dutch heard and spelled the river and the place as Minguannan. The area was known as The Rocks, and is located near the foot of present-day Seventh Street. Fort Christina served as the headquarters for the colony of New Sweden which consisted of, for the most part, the lower Delaware River region, dr. Timothy Stidham was a prominent citizen and doctor in Wilmington. He was born in 1610, probably in Hammel, Denmark and raised in Gothenburg and he arrived in New Sweden in 1654 and is recorded as the first physician in Delaware. The most important Swedish governor was Colonel Johan Printz, who ruled the colony under Swedish law from 1643 to 1653. He was succeeded by Johan Rising, who upon his arrival in 1654, seized the Dutch post Fort Casimir, located at the site of the present town of New Castle and this marked the end of Swedish rule in North America. Although during the American Revolutionary War only one small battle was fought in Delaware, the British remained in the town until they vacated Philadelphia in 1778. In 1800, Eleuthère Irénée du Pont, a French Huguenot, knowledgeable in the manufacture of gunpowder, by 1802 DuPont had begun making the explosive in a mill on the Brandywine River north of Brandywine Village and just outside the town of Wilmington. The DuPont company became a supplier to the U. S. military. Located on the banks of the Brandywine River, the village was annexed by Wilmington city. The greatest growth in the city occurred during the Civil War, Delaware, though officially remaining a member of the Union, was a border state and divided in its support of both the Confederate and the Union causes. The war created enormous demand for goods and materials supplied by Wilmington including ships, railroad cars, gunpowder, shoes, and other war-related goods. By 1868, Wilmington was producing more iron ships than the rest of the combined and it rated first in the production of gunpowder and second in carriages
28.
Henry Bacon
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Henry Bacon was an American Beaux-Arts architect who is best remembered for the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D. C. which was his final project. Henry Bacon was born in Watseka, Illinois. C, the Confederate Memorial in Wilmington, North Carolina, and many other distinguished public buildings and monuments. In Turkey, he met his wife, Laura Florence Calvert. He traveled with another student, Albert Kahn who would become a leading industrial architect. In 1897, Bacon left MMW to found, with James Brite, an architect from the firm. There Brite was in charge of financial, administrative, and contracting aspects of the partnership, while Bacon was in charge of the architectural design and construction. The La Fetra Mansion was designed and built by Bacon, and his design was published in the September 1901 issue of Architecture, the LeFetra Mansion fully exhibits Bacons preference for Beaux-Arts Neo-Greek and Roman architecture style. His simple and elegant lines and his skill in dimensions and proportions gave rise to a stately elegance, peaceful tranquility, and a sense of divine protection. In 1897, Bacon was also approached by a group which was organized with the intent to raise public and private funds to build a monument in Washington, DC to memorialize Abraham Lincoln. The Brite and Bacon Partnership dissolved in 1902 partly resulting from Brites disagreement over Bacons passion, after that, Bacon practiced under his own name with significant success, building a large number of famous public buildings and monuments, until his death in 1924. In 1913, Bacon was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate member, Bacon was very active as a designer of monuments and settings for public sculpture. He designed the Court of the Four Seasons, for the 1915 Panama-Pacific Exposition in San Francisco, olin Memorial Library, one of Bacons buildings at Wesleyan University, houses many of Bacons documents and blueprints of the Lincoln Memorial. Bacon rarely found time to design for private residences, there are three known residential projects that are clearly his work. The first is the La Fetra Mansion in Summit, New Jersey, designed, Bacon skillfully integrated into a residential setting many of his signature Greek Revival and Roman Renaissance elements and proportions. The resulting elegance was astoundingly masterful, the La Fetra Mansion was commissioned by industrialist Harold A. La Fetra of the Royal Baking Powder Company, which merged with RJR Nebisco. The second is a mountain resort Donald McRae House in Wilmington. Its exterior bears similarity the La Fetra Mansion Bacon served as a member of the U. S, commission of Fine Arts from 1921 until his death in 1924
29.
Daniel Chester French
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French was born in Exeter, New Hampshire, to Henry Flagg French, a lawyer, judge, Assistant US Treasury Secretary and author of a book that described the French drain, and his wife Anne Richardson. In 1867, French moved with his family to Concord, Massachusetts, where he was a neighbor and friend of Ralph Waldo Emerson, and his decision to pursue sculpting was influenced by Louisa May Alcotts sister May Alcott. Frenchs early education included training in anatomy with William Rimmer and in drawing with William Morris Hunt, French spent a year studying at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and also several years in Florence, Italy studying in the studio of Thomas Ball. French first earned acclaim for the Minute Man, commissioned by the town of Concord, Massachusetts and he soon established his own studio, first in Washington DC, moving later to Boston and then to New York City. Frenchs reputation grew with his Statue of the Republic for the Worlds Columbian Exposition of 1893, in addition to the Lincoln Memorial, French collaborated with architect Henry Bacon on numerous memorials around the country and on the Dupont Circle fountain in Washington DC. In 1893, French was a member of the National Sculpture Society. French also became a member of the National Academy of Design, the American Academy of Arts and Letters, the Architectural League, and he was a trustee of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City, and a co-founder of the American Academy in Rome. He was a member of the U. S. Commission of Fine Arts, serving from 1910 to 1915, including as chairman from 1912 to 1915, in 1917, French and a colleague, H. Augustus Lukeman, designed the Pulitzer Prize gold medal presented to laureates. French was one of many sculptors who frequently employed Audrey Munson as a model, together with Walter Leighton Clark and others, he was also one of the founders of the Berkshire Playhouse, which later became the Berkshire Theatre Festival. French also taught, among his pupils was the sculptor Edith Howland, French died in Stockbridge, Massachusetts in 1931 at age 81 and was buried in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, Concord, Massachusetts. Chesterwood, Frenchs summer home and studio – designed by his architect friend, in 1940, French was selected as one of five artists to be honored in the 35-stamp Famous Americans series. Chester French was an American indie band named for the artist. C and his 24-foot gilt-bronze reduced version made in 1918 survives in Chicago. S. The Spirit of Life, memorial to Spencer Trask, in Saratoga Springs, New York at Congress Park,1915 Abraham Lincoln in the Lincoln Memorial, samuel Francis du Pont Memorial Fountain, Dupont Circle, Washington, D. C. Alfred Tredway White Memorial, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Henry Bacon architect Russell Alger Memorial Fountain, Grand Circus Park, Detroit, gen. William Franklin Draper, Draper Memorial Park, Milford, Massachusetts. Peace and Vigilance US Customhouse & Post Office, St. Louis, Missouri, deWitt Clinton, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay. Three statues prepared in 1902 for the New York Chamber of Commerce, the building was declared a landmark in 1977. Greek Epic, Lyric Poetry, and Religion, sculptures for the 1908 Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences building on Eastern Parkway in Brooklyn, New York
30.
Lincoln Memorial
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The Lincoln Memorial is an American national monument built to honor the 16th President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln. It is located on the end of the National Mall in Washington. Dedicated in 1922, it is one of several built to honor an American president. It has always been a major tourist attraction and since the 1930s has been a symbolic center focused on race relations and it has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since October 15,1966. It is open to the public 24 hours a day, in 2007, it was ranked seventh on the List of Americas Favorite Architecture by the American Institute of Architects. Since 2010, approximately 6 million people visit the memorial annually, the first public memorial to Abraham Lincoln in Washington, D. C. was a statue by Lot Flannery erected in front of the District of Columbia City Hall in 1868, three years after Lincolns assassination. Demands for a national memorial had been voiced since the time of Lincolns death. In 1867, Congress passed the first of many bills incorporating a commission to erect a monument for the sixteenth president, an American sculptor, Clark Mills, was chosen to design the monument. Subscriptions for the project were insufficient, the first five bills, proposed in the years 1901,1902, and 1908, met with defeat because of opposition from Speaker Joe Cannon. The sixth bill, introduced on December 13,1910, passed, the Lincoln Memorial Commission had its first meeting the following year and U. S. President William H. Taft was chosen as the commissions president. Progress continued at a pace and by 1913 Congress had approved of the Commissions choice of design. There were questions regarding the commissions plan, many thought that architect Henry Bacons Greek temple design was far too ostentatious for a man of Lincolns humble character. Instead they proposed a simple log cabin shrine, the site too did not go unopposed. The recently reclaimed land in West Potomac Park was seen by many to be too swampy or too inaccessible. Other sites, such as Union Station, were put forth, furthermore, the Potomac Park site had already been designated in the McMillan Plan of 1901 to be the location of a future monument comparable to that of the Washington Monument. With Congressional approval and a $300,000 allocation, the project got underway, on February 12,1914, a dedication ceremony was conducted and the following month the actual construction began. Work progressed steadily according to schedule, some changes were made to the plan. The statue of Lincoln, originally designed to be 10 feet tall, was enlarged to 19 feet to prevent it from being overwhelmed by the huge chamber
31.
Philetus Sawyer
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Philetus Sawyer was an American politician of the Republican Party who represented Wisconsin in both houses of Congress. Sawyer County, Wisconsin, is named for him, philetus Sawyer was born in 1816 in Whiting, Vermont, and moved to Crown Point, New York, as an infant in 1817. He moved to Wisconsin in 1847 and worked in the lumber industry, sawyers early political career included serving in the Wisconsin State Assembly in 1857 and 1861, and as mayor of Oshkosh, Wisconsin, from 1863 to 1864. He ran for and was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1864, from 1865 till 1873 he was the representative of Wisconsins 5th congressional district. However, for the 43rd Congress he redistricted and represented Wisconsins 6th district and he did not run for reelection in 1874. Sawyer returned to Congress in 1881 as a U. S. Senator and he served two terms from 1881 to 1893 and did not seek a third. However, he became notorious for a charge made against him by Congressman Robert La Follette Sr. that he had attempted to bribe La Follette, Sawyer died in 1900 in Oshkosh at age 83. He was interred at a mausoleum at Riverside Cemetery in Oshkosh. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
32.
Calvin Coolidge
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John Calvin Coolidge Jr. was the 30th President of the United States. A Republican lawyer from Vermont, Coolidge worked his way up the ladder of Massachusetts state politics and his response to the Boston Police Strike of 1919 thrust him into the national spotlight and gave him a reputation as a man of decisive action. Soon after, he was elected as the 29th vice president in 1920, elected in his own right in 1924, he gained a reputation as a small-government conservative, and also as a man who said very little, although having a rather dry sense of humor. Coolidge restored public confidence in the White House after the scandals of his predecessors administration, as a Coolidge biographer wrote, He embodied the spirit and hopes of the middle class, could interpret their longings and express their opinions. That he did represent the genius of the average is the most convincing proof of his strength, Coolidges retirement was relatively short, as he died at the age of 60 in January 1933, less than two months before his immediate successor, Herbert Hoover, left office. Though his reputation underwent a renaissance during the Ronald Reagan administration, John Calvin Coolidge Jr. was born in Plymouth Notch, Windsor County, Vermont, on July 4,1872, the only U. S. president to be born on Independence Day. He held various offices, including justice of the peace and tax collector. Coolidges mother was the daughter of a Plymouth Notch farmer and she was chronically ill and died, perhaps from tuberculosis, when Coolidge was twelve years old. His younger sister, Abigail Grace Coolidge, died at the age of fifteen, probably of appendicitis, Coolidges father remarried in 1891, to a schoolteacher, and lived to the age of eighty. Coolidges family had roots in New England, his earliest American ancestor, John Coolidge, emigrated from Cottenham, Cambridgeshire, England, around 1630 and settled in Watertown. Another ancestor, Edmund Rice, arrived at Watertown in 1638, Coolidges great-great-grandfather, also named John Coolidge, was an American military officer in the Revolutionary War and one of the first selectmen of the town of Plymouth Notch. His grandfather, Calvin Galusha Coolidge, served in the Vermont House of Representatives, many of Coolidges ancestors were farmers, and numerous distant cousins were prominent in politics. Coolidge attended Black River Academy and then Amherst College, where he distinguished himself in the class, as a senior joined the fraternity Phi Gamma Delta. While there, Coolidge was profoundly influenced by philosophy professor Charles Edward Garman, the only hope of perfecting human relationships is in accordance with the law of service under which men are not so solicitous about what they shall get as they are about what they shall give. Yet people are entitled to the rewards of their industry, what they earn is theirs, no matter how small or how great. But the possession of property carries the obligation to use it in a larger service, at his fathers urging after graduation, Coolidge moved to Northampton, Massachusetts to become a lawyer. To avoid the cost of law school, Coolidge followed the practice of apprenticing with a local law firm, Hammond & Field. John C. Hammond and Henry P. Field, both Amherst graduates, introduced Coolidge to law practice in the county seat of Hampshire County, in 1897, Coolidge was admitted to the bar, becoming a country lawyer
33.
National Park Service
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It was created on August 25,1916, by Congress through the National Park Service Organic Act and is an agency of the United States Department of the Interior. As of 2014, the NPS employs 21,651 employees who oversee 417 units, the National Park Service celebrated its centennial in 2016. National parks and national monuments in the United States were originally individually managed under the auspices of the Department of the Interior, the movement for an independent agency to oversee these federal lands was spearheaded by business magnate and conservationist Stephen Mather, as well as J. Horace McFarland. With the help of journalist Robert Sterling Yard, Mather ran a publicity campaign for the Department of the Interior and they wrote numerous articles that praised the scenic and historic qualities of the parks and their possibilities for educational, inspirational, and recreational benefits. This campaign resulted in the creation of a National Park Service, Mather became the first director of the newly formed NPS. On March 3,1933, President Herbert Hoover signed the Reorganization Act of 1933, the act would allow the President to reorganize the executive branch of the United States government. It wasnt until later that summer when the new President, Franklin D. Roosevelt, President Roosevelt agreed and issued two Executive orders to make it happen. In 1951, Conrad Wirth became director of the National Park Service, the demand for parks after the end of the World War II had left the parks overburdened with demands that could not be met. In 1952, with the support of President Dwight D. Eisenhower, he began Mission 66, New parks were added to preserve unique resources and existing park facilities were upgraded and expanded. In 1966, as the Park Service turned 50 years old, emphasis began to turn from just saving great and wonderful scenery, Director George Hartzog began the process with the creation of the National Lakeshores and then National Recreation Areas. Since its inception in 1916, the National Park Service has managed each of the United States national parks, Yellowstone National Park was the first national park in the United States. In 1872, there was no government to manage it. Yosemite National Park began as a park, the land for the park was donated by the federal government to the state of California in 1864 for perpetual conservation. Yosemite was later returned to federal ownership, at first, each national park was managed independently, with varying degrees of success. In Yellowstone, the staff was replaced by the U. S. Army in 1886. Due to the irregularities in managing these national treasures, Stephen Mather petitioned the government to improve the situation. In response, Secretary of the Interior Franklin K. Lane challenged him to lobby for creating a new agency, Mather was successful with the ratification of the National Park Service Organic Act in 1916. Later, the agency was given authority over other protected areas, the National Park System includes all properties managed by the National Park Service
34.
Tram
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A tram is a rail vehicle which runs on tracks along public urban streets, and also sometimes on a segregated right of way. The lines or networks operated by tramcars are called tramways, Tramways powered by electricity, the most common type historically, were once called electric street railways. However, trams were used in urban areas before the universal adoption of electrification. Tram lines may run between cities and/or towns, and/or partially grade-separated even in the cities. Very occasionally, trams also carry freight, Tram vehicles are usually lighter and shorter than conventional trains and rapid transit trains, but the size of trams is rapidly increasing. Some trams may also run on railway tracks, a tramway may be upgraded to a light rail or a rapid transit line. For all these reasons, the differences between the modes of rail transportation are often indistinct. In the United States, the tram has sometimes been used for rubber-tired trackless trains. Today, most trams use electrical power, usually fed by a pantograph, in some cases by a sliding shoe on a third rail. If necessary, they may have dual power systems — electricity in city streets, trams are now included in the wider term light rail, which also includes segregated systems. The English terms tram and tramway are derived from the Scots word tram, referring respectively to a type of truck used in coal mines and the tracks on which they ran. The word tram probably derived from Middle Flemish trame, a Romanesque word meaning the beam or shaft of a barrow or sledge, the identical word la trame with the meaning crossbeam is also used in the French language. The word Tram-car is attested from 1873, although the terms tram and tramway have been adopted by many languages, they are not used universally in English, North Americans prefer streetcar, trolley, or trolleycar. The term streetcar is first recorded in 1840, and originally referred to horsecars, when electrification came, Americans began to speak of trolleycars or later, trolleys. The troller design frequently fell off the wires, and was replaced by other more reliable devices. The terms trolley pole and trolley wheel both derive from the troller, Modern trams often have an overhead pantograph mechanical linkage to connect to power, abandoning the trolley pole altogether. Conventional diesel tourist buses decorated to look like streetcars are sometimes called trolleys in the US, the term may also apply to an aerial ropeway, e. g. the Roosevelt Island Tramway. Over time, the trolley has fallen into informal use
35.
Streetcars in Washington, D.C.
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For just under 100 years, between 1862 and 1962, streetcars in Washington, D. C. transported people across the city and region. The first streetcars in Washington, D. C, several of the Districts streetcar lines were extended into Maryland, and two Virginia lines crossed into the District. For a brief time, the city experimented with cable cars, but by the beginning of the 20th century, a bit later, the extensive mergers dubbed the Great Streetcar Consolidation gathered most local transit firms into two major companies. In 1933, all streetcars were brought under one company, Capital Transit, the streetcars began to scale back with the rising popularity of the automobile and pressure to switch to buses. After a strike in 1955, the company changed ownership and became DC Transit, the system was dismantled in the early 1960s and the last streetcar ran on January 28,1962. Today streetcars, car barns, trackage, stations and right-of-way of the system still exist in various states of usage, tracks are still visible on 3200 to 3400 blocks of O st NW and P st NW. Public transportation began in Washington, D. C. almost as soon as the city was founded, service ended soon after it began. The next attempt at public transit arrived in the spring of 1830, the company maintained stables on M Street, NW. These lines were extended down 11th Street SE to the waterfront. Vanderwerkens success attracted competitors, who added new lines, but by 1854, in 1860, these two merged under the control of Vanderwerken and continued to operate until they were run out of business by the next new technology, streetcars. The technology began to spread and on May 17,1862, the first Washington, D. C. streetcar company, the company ran the first streetcar in Washington D. C. from the Capitol to the State Department starting on July 29,1862. It expanded to full operations from the Navy Yard to Georgetown on October 2,1862, another line opened on November 15,1862. It was built along 7th Street NW from N Street NW to the Potomac River, a third line ran down 14th Street NW from Boundary Street NW to the Treasury Building. In 1863 the 7th Street line was extended north to Boundary Street NW, the Washington and Georgetowns monopoly didnt last long. On July 1,1864, a streetcar company, the Metropolitan Railroad, was incorporated. It opened lines from the Capitol to the War Department along H Street NW, in 1872, it built a line on 9th Street NW and purchased the Union Railroad. It used the Unions charter to expand into Georgetown, in 1873 it purchased the Boundary and Silver Spring Railway and used its charter to build north on what is now Georgia Avenue. In June 1874, it absorbed the Connecticut Avenue and Park Railway, by 1888, it had built additional lines down 4th Street NW/SW to P Street SW, and on East Capitol Street to 9th Street
36.
1968 Washington, D.C. riots
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Washington, D. C. riots of 1968 were six days of riots that erupted in Washington, D. C. following the assassination of civil rights activist Martin Luther King Jr. on April 4,1968. The King assassination riots affected at least 110 U. S. cities, Washington, along with Chicago, the ready availability of jobs in the growing federal government attracted many to Washington in the 1960s, and middle class African-American neighborhoods prospered. While the black middle-class community prospered, the class was plagued by poor living conditions. The anger exhibited in the Washington, D. C.1968 riots was not solely about the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King. There were pre-existing poor living conditions for blacks in the city, mostly all of the slums in the city were in the southern quarter of the city, and most of the inhabitants of these slums were black. The same federal council also stated that it was HUD’s segregationist zoning plot for the city that was to blame for housing inequality, HUD also came under fire from a group called ACCESS when they protested HUD for giving federal money to buildings that restricted blacks from living in. ACCESS pointed out the hypocrisy of a man, the head of HUD Robert C. Weaver, taking black taxpayer money and putting it towards segregated living spaces, blacks financial lives were unstable, without the proper knowledge of bank accounts and store credit policies, blacks fell into the hands of high credit loan sharks. All of this uncertainty in housing made it hard for black communities to flourish across multiple generations, due to Washington, D. C. s education system being built along neighborhood lines much of the segregation found in housing spills over into education. Inequity was so bad that although two thirds of D. C. s population was black, 92% of public school children were black. The federal government granted 5.5 million dollars under Title 1 of the American Secondary and Elementary Schools act but none of that money went to majority black schools. With 80 percent of the force being white and 67 percent of the city being black tension between police and citizens rose along with tension between whites and blacks before 1968. The militarization of the police which started in the south in the sixties to put a buffer on civil rights protests left inner city blacks nationwide more scared of police than ever. In the years leading up to 1968 there were incidents in which Washingtons black community held protests. This prompted majority black crowds to gather around police stations around the city throwing rocks and these small disorderly protests would happen multiple times before the end of 1965. There were three programs put in place after a string of controversial arrests of black people by white officers. In 1968, before the riots began, a popular black D. C. reverend said that black citizen, in June 1967, the national unemployment rate for whites was 4%, the rate for non-white Americans was 8. 4%. This national statistic is quite low compared to the unemployment rate in Washington being in the thirties for most of the sixties
37.
Bohemianism
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Bohemianism is the practice of an unconventional lifestyle, often in the company of like-minded people, with few permanent ties, involving musical, artistic, literary or spiritual pursuits. In this context, Bohemians may or may not be wanderers, adventurers, Bohemians were associated with unorthodox or anti-establishment political or social viewpoints, which often were expressed through free love, frugality, and—in some cases—voluntary poverty. A more economically privileged, wealthy, or even aristocratic bohemian circle is sometimes referred to as haute bohème, the term Bohemianism emerged in France in the early nineteenth century when artists and creators began to concentrate in the lower-rent, lower class, Romani neighborhoods. Literary Bohemians were associated in the French imagination with roving Romani people, outsiders apart from conventional society, the term carries a connotation of arcane enlightenment, and also carries a less frequently intended, pejorative connotation of carelessness about personal hygiene and marital fidelity. The title character in Carmen, a French opera set in the Spanish city of Seville, is referred to as a bohémienne in Meilhac and her signature aria declares love itself to be a gypsy child, going where it pleases and obeying no laws. Henri Murgers collection of short stories Scènes de la Vie de Bohème, published in 1845, was written to glorify, Murgers collection formed the basis of Giacomo Puccinis opera La bohème. In England, Bohemian in this sense initially was popularised in William Makepeace Thackerays novel, Vanity Fair, public perceptions of the alternative lifestyles supposedly led by artists were further molded by George du Mauriers highly romanticized best-selling novel of Bohemian culture Trilby. The novel outlines the fortunes of three expatriate English artists, their Irish model, and two very colorful Central European musicians, in the artist quarter of Paris. In Spanish literature, the Bohemian impulse can be seen in Ramón del Valle-Incláns play Luces de Bohemia, in his song La Bohème, Charles Aznavour described the Bohemian lifestyle in Montmartre. Also reflects the Bohemian lifestyle in Montmartre at the turn of the 20th century, in the 1850s, aesthetic bohemians began to arrive in the United States. In New York City in 1857, a group of some 15–20 young and this group gathered at a German bar on Broadway called Pffaffs beer cellar. Members included their leader Henry Clapp, Jr, walt Whitman, Fitz Hugh Ludlow, and actress Adah Isaacs Menken. Similar groups in cities were broken up as well by the Civil War. During the war, correspondents began to assume the title bohemian, Bohemian became synonymous with newspaper writer. Mark Twain included himself and Charles Warren Stoddard in the category in 1867. Club member and poet George Sterling responded to this redefinition, Any good mixer of convivial habits considers he has a right to be called a bohemian, but that is not a valid claim. There are two elements, at least, that are essential to Bohemianism, the first is devotion or addiction to one or more of the Seven Arts, the other is poverty. Despite his views, Sterling associated very closely with the Bohemian Club, canadian composer Oscar Ferdinand Telgmann and poet George Frederick Cameron wrote the song The Bohemian in the 1889 opera Leo, the Royal Cadet
38.
Gay village
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A gay village is a geographical area with generally recognized boundaries, inhabited or frequented by a large number of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people. Gay villages often contain a number of gay-oriented establishments, such as gay bars and pubs, nightclubs, bathhouses, restaurants, such areas may represent a LGBTQ-friendly oasis in an otherwise hostile city, or may simply have a high concentration of gay residents and businesses. However, todays manifestations of queer ghettos bear little resemblance to those of the 1970s, the term ghetto originally referred to those places in European cities where Jews were required to live according to local law. These areas, however, have higher concentrations of LGBT residents, some cities like Austin, Texas did not develop a defined gay village despite the city of Austin being home to many LGBT people with developed LGBT-friendly businesses and a counterculture present. The neighbourhood of Schöneberg in Berlin, close to Nollendorfplatz, is the first gay village in the world, from the 1920s. In New York, for example, the congregation of gay men had not been illegal since 1965, however, the Stonewall Rebellion managed to change not only the profile of the gay community but the dynamic within the community itself. This transition from the bars to the streets, from nightlife to daytime, national Monument dedicated to the LGBTQ-rights movement. Gay villages can vary widely from city to city and country to country, furthermore, some large cities also develop satellite gay villages that are essentially overflow areas. The professors also noted that the presence of gay men in the real estate industry of San Francisco was a major factor facilitating the urban renaissance of the city in the 1970s. However, the gentrification of gay villages may serve to reinforce stereotypes of gays, by pushing out gay people who do not conform to the prevailing gay, white, affluent. Such people are forced out of the village due to rising rents or constant harassment at the hands of an increased policing presence. Especially in San Franciscos Polk Gulch neighborhood, gentrification seems to have had this result, Gay men and women have a reputation for driving the revitalization of previously run-down enclaves. Making these neighborhoods more desirable places to live, businesses and other classes of people move to the area and, accordingly, Richard Florida, an influential American academic, claims that their mere presence lures investors and jobs, particularly of the high-technology kind. They are, he says, the canaries of the creative economy, Cities that have gay villages and are more tolerant towards gays, generally tend to have stronger, more robust, and creative economies, as compared to cities that are less tolerant towards gays. Florida says that cities as such have a creative class. The gentrification of once rundown inner-city areas, coupled with the staging of pride parades in these areas, has resulted in the visibility of gay communities. The growing recognition of the value of the gay community is not only associated with their wealth but also with the role that lesbians. Provincetown, MA was ranked by the US Census Bureau as the gayest city in America, also Provincetown, or Ptown, was voted Best Resort Town in 2011 by Gaycities. com
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Castro District, San Francisco
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The Castro District, commonly referenced as The Castro, is a neighborhood in Eureka Valley in San Francisco. The Castro was one of the first gay neighborhoods in the United States, San Franciscos gay village is mostly concentrated in the business district that is located on Castro Street from Market Street to 19th Street. It extends down Market Street toward Church Street and on sides of the Castro neighborhood from Church Street to Eureka Street. Some consider it to include Duboce Triangle and Dolores Heights, which both have a strong LGBT presence and it reappears in several discontinuous sections before ultimately terminating at Chenery Street, in the heart of Glen Park. Castro Street was named for José Castro, a Californian leader of Mexican opposition to U. S. rule in California in the 19th century, and alcalde of Alta California from 1835 to 1836. The neighborhood now known as the Castro was created in 1887 when the Market Street Railway Company built a line linking Eureka Valley to downtown. In 1891, Alfred E. Clarke built his mansion at the corner of Douglass and it survived the 1906 earthquake and fire which destroyed a large portion of San Francisco. Up to the 19th century, the possession of the Russian Empire in North America included the modern-day U. S. State of Alaska and settlements in the modern-day U. S. states of California. These Russian possessions were collectively and officially referred to by the name Russian America from 1733 to 1867, formal incorporation of the possessions by Russia did not take place until the establishment of the Russian-American Company in 1799. At the time, Russia was a young naval power. From the start, in 1840–1865, three consecutive Finnish pastors served this pastorate, Uno Cygnaeus, Gabriel Plathán and Georg Gustaf Winter, the Finns Aaron Sjöstrom and Otto Reinhold Rehn served as the parish organists/sextons during the same period. In 1841, under the governorship of Russian America by Finnish Arvid Adolf Etholén, during the final three decades of the existence of Russian America, Finnish Chief Managers of Russian America included Arvid Adolf Etholén in 1840–1845 and Johan Hampus Furuhjelm in 1859–1864. A third Finn, Johan Joachim von Bartram, declined the offer for the term between 1850 and 1855. All three were high ranking Imperial naval officers, in reference to San Francisco, researcher Maria J. Enckell states the following about the Finns in the Russian-American Company, Russia relied heavily on Finnish seamen. These seamen manned Russian naval ships as well as its deep-sea-going vessels, Company records show that in the early 1800s these ships were crewed predominantly by merchant seamen from Finland. From 1840 onward the Companys around-the-world ships were manned entirely by Finnish merchant skippers, Most Company ships stationed in Sitka and the Northern Pacific were likewise manned by Finnish skippers and Finnish crews. During the California Gold Rush and in its aftermath, a substantial Finnish population had settled in San Francisco, accordingly, Kalevalas visit in the city received a very warm welcome and created much attention. In addition to the Finnish-built corvette Kalevala now returning to the U. S, Finnish officers serving in the squadron included Theodor Kristian Avellan, who later became the Minister of Naval Affairs of the Russian Empire
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Hillcrest, San Diego
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Hillcrest is a small and affluent neighborhood in San Diego, California northwest of Balboa Park and south of Mission Valley. Hillcrest has a population density compared to many other neighborhoods in San Diego. Hillcrest is a neighborhood which has gone through gentrification. Many streets are lined with trees, there are Craftsman homes and Mid-Century modern apartment buildings. The neighborhood is bound by Mission Hills to the northwest, Bankers Hill and Balboa Park to the south, University Heights to the north, a large ridge overlooking San Diego Bay borders the neighborhood to the west. Hillcrest is part of the Uptown community planning area, which consists of the neighborhoods of Mission Hills, Hillcrest, Bankers Hill, Park West, initially, Hillcrest was a chaparral-covered mesa. Kumeyaay Indians inhabited numerous villages scattered throughout the San Diego region, spanish colonization brought the first of twenty-nine California missions with the founding of the nearby San Diego Mission. Presidio Park in Mission Hills and Old Town just down the hill are a part of San Diego history, in 1870, Mary Kearney obtained a deed from the city for the land that eventually became Hillcrest. In 1871 Arnold and D. Choate, two real estate developers, obtained that property, george Hill, a wealthy railroad tycoon, then purchased the land. Real estate development began in 1910 and the area was out by 1920. During the 1920s and 1930s Hillcrest was considered a suburban shopping area for downtown San Diego and these streetcars became a fixture of this neighborhood until their retirement in 1939. In 1940 the HILLCREST lighted sign at the intersection of University and Fifth Avenue was first erected, donated by the Hillcrest Womens Association, after falling into disrepair, it was taken down and rebuilt in 1984. After World War II, Hillcrest was left with an aging infrastructure, during the 1970s gays and lesbians began to establish residences, businesses, and organizations in Hillcrest. 1974, Protesting the city’s refusal of a permit,200 gays. 1975, The first city-permitted gay pride parade was held,1980, The Center for Social Services, founded in Golden Hill in 1973—now called the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Community Center, and generally known as the Center—moved to Hillcrest. 1984, The Hillcrest Business Association, an improvement district, was formed. 1985, The Hillcrest Business Association hosted the first CityFest,1994, A new Vermont Street pedestrian bridge was completed. The span, featuring art, cost $1.2 million
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San Diego
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San Diego is a major city in California, United States. It is in San Diego County, on the coast of the Pacific Ocean in Southern California, approximately 120 miles south of Los Angeles and immediately adjacent to the border with Mexico. With an estimated population of 1,394,928 as of July 1,2015, San Diego is the eighth-largest city in the United States and second-largest in California. It is part of the San Diego–Tijuana conurbation, the second-largest transborder agglomeration between the US and a country after Detroit–Windsor, with a population of 4,922,723 people. San Diego has been called the birthplace of California, historically home to the Kumeyaay people, San Diego was the first site visited by Europeans on what is now the West Coast of the United States. Upon landing in San Diego Bay in 1542, Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo claimed the area for Spain, the Presidio and Mission San Diego de Alcalá, founded in 1769, formed the first European settlement in what is now California. In 1821, San Diego became part of the newly independent Mexico, in 1850, California became part of the United States following the Mexican–American War and the admission of California to the union. The city is the seat of San Diego County and is the center of the region as well as the San Diego–Tijuana metropolitan area. San Diegos main economic engines are military and defense-related activities, tourism, international trade, the presence of the University of California, San Diego, with the affiliated UCSD Medical Center, has helped make the area a center of research in biotechnology. The original inhabitants of the region are now known as the San Dieguito, the area of San Diego has been inhabited by the Kumeyaay people. The first European to visit the region was Portuguese-born explorer Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo sailing under the flag of Castile, sailing his flagship San Salvador from Navidad, New Spain, Cabrillo claimed the bay for the Spanish Empire in 1542, and named the site San Miguel. In November 1602, Sebastián Vizcaíno was sent to map the California coast, in May 1769, Gaspar de Portolà established the Fort Presidio of San Diego on a hill near the San Diego River. It was the first settlement by Europeans in what is now the state of California, in July of the same year, Mission San Diego de Alcalá was founded by Franciscan friars under Junípero Serra. By 1797, the mission boasted the largest native population in Alta California, with over 1,400 neophytes living in, Mission San Diego was the southern anchor in California of the historic mission trail El Camino Real. Both the Presidio and the Mission are National Historic Landmarks, in 1821, Mexico won its independence from Spain, and San Diego became part of the Mexican territory of Alta California. In 1822, Mexico began attempting to extend its authority over the territory of Alta California. The fort on Presidio Hill was gradually abandoned, while the town of San Diego grew up on the land below Presidio Hill. The Mission was secularized by the Mexican government in 1833, the 432 residents of the town petitioned the governor to form a pueblo, and Juan María Osuna was elected the first alcalde, defeating Pío Pico in the vote
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Greenwich Village
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Greenwich Village, often referred to by locals as simply the Village, is a neighborhood on the west side of Lower Manhattan, New York City. Greenwich Village has been known as a haven, the Bohemian capital, the cradle of the modern LGBT movement. Groenwijck, one of the Dutch names for the village, was Anglicized to Greenwich, two of New Yorks private colleges, New York University and the New School, are located in Greenwich Village. The neighborhoods surrounding it are the East Village and NoHo to the east, SoHo to the south, the East Village was formerly considered part of the Lower East Side and never associated with Greenwich Village. The western part of Greenwich Village is known as the West Village, some believe it starts at Seventh Avenue and its southern extension, a border to the west of which the neighborhood changes substantially in character and becomes heavily residential. The Far West Village is another sub-neighborhood of Greenwich Village that is bordered on its west by the Hudson River and on its east by Hudson Street. Greenwich Village is located in New Yorks 10th congressional district, New Yorks 25th State Senate district, New Yorks 66th State Assembly district, encyclopaedia Britannicas 1956 article on New York states that the southern border of the Village is Spring Street, reflecting an earlier understanding. The newer district of SoHo has since encroached on the Villages historic border, many of the neighborhoods streets are narrow and some curve at odd angles. This is generally regarded as adding to both the character and charm of the neighborhood. In addition, as the meandering Greenwich Street used to be on the Hudson River shoreline, much of the neighborhood west of Greenwich Street is on landfill, but still follows the older street grid. When Sixth and Seventh Avenues were built in the early 20th century, they were built diagonally to the street plan. Unlike the streets of most of Manhattan above Houston Street, streets in the Village typically are named rather than numbered, while some of the formerly named streets are now numbered, they still do not always conform to the usual grid pattern when they enter the neighborhood. The Districts convoluted borders run no farther south than 4th Street or St. Lukes Place, redevelopment in that area is severely restricted, and developers must preserve the main façade and aesthetics of the buildings during renovation. In the 16th century, Native Americans referred to its farthest northwest corner, by the cove on the Hudson River at present-day Gansevoort Street, the land was cleared and turned into pasture by Dutch and freed African settlers in the 1630s, who named their settlement Noortwyck. In the 1630s, Governor Wouter van Twiller farmed tobacco on 200 acres here at his Farm in the Woods, sir Peter Warren began accumulating land in 1731 and built a frame house capacious enough to hold a sitting of the Assembly when smallpox rendered the city dangerous in 1739. The building was designed by Joseph-François Mangin, who would later co-design New York City Hall, by 1821, the prison, designed for 432 inmates, held 817 instead, a number made possible only by the frequent release of prisoners, sometimes as many as 50 a day. The oldest house remaining in Greenwich Village is the Isaacs-Hendricks House, when the Church of St. Luke in the Fields was founded in 1820 it stood in fields south of the road that led from Greenwich Lane down to a landing on the North River. In 1822, a fever epidemic in New York encouraged residents to flee to the healthier air of Greenwich Village
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Lake View, Chicago
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Lakeview, is one of the 77 community areas of Chicago, Illinois, located on the citys North Side. It is bordered by West Diversey Parkway on the south, West Irving Park Road on the north, North Ravenswood Avenue on the west, and the shore of Lake Michigan on the east. The Uptown community area is to Lakeviews north, Lincoln Square to its northwest, North Center to its west and Lincoln Park to its south. The 2014 population of Lakeview was 97,968 residents, making it the second largest of the Chicago community areas by population, Lakeview, though, has a higher population density than the larger-in-area Austin neighborhood. Lakeview unofficially includes smaller neighborhood enclaves, Sheridan Station Corridor, Boystown, Northhalsted, Southport Corridor, Wrigleyville, Boystown, famous for its large LGBT population, holds the pride parade held each June. Wrigleyville, another district, surrounds Wrigley Field, home of the Chicago Cubs. Lakeview is home to the Belmont Theater District showcasing over 30 theaters, in 2013 Money Magazine named Lakeview as number 3 of its top 10 Big-city neighborhoods for its selection of Best Places to Live. Lakeview was used as a camp and trail path for the Miami, Ottawa, in 1837, Conrad Sulzer of Winterthur, Zürich, Switzerland, became the first white settler to live in the area. It gained what was characterized as a resort atmosphere, the early settlement continued to grow, especially because of increased immigration of farming families from Germany, Luxembourg and Sweden. Lakeview experienced a boom as Chicago suffered a deadly and devastating cholera outbreak. The Hotel Lakeview served as refuge for many Chicagoans but became filled to capacity, homestead lands were sold and housing was built. Access to the new community was provided by a plank road connected to present-day West Fullerton Parkway. With infrastructure and growing population, residents realized it was time to organize formal governance to provide public services. Lakeviews first township election was held in 1857, the main building was Town Hall on the intersection of present-day West Addison and North Halsted streets. A building still bearing that name today as the former headquarters of the Chicago Police Departments 23rd District. During the Civil War, the bustling intersection of North Broadway, North Clark Street. When the camp opened in May 1864, it served as a facility for the volunteer 132nd. The few residents of the known as Lakeview Township often complained of rebel sing-alongs held in the camp from time to time
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Chicago
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Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage
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Oak Lawn, Dallas
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Oak Lawn is a neighborhood in Dallas, Texas, defined in Dallas City Ordinance 21859 as Planned Development District No. 193, the Oak Lawn Special Purpose District, the unofficial boundaries are Turtle Creek Boulevard, Central Expressway, the City of Highland Park, Inwood Road, and Harry Hines Boulevard. It is over 12 square miles in area, officially it is bounded by the City of Highland Park, the North Central Expressway, Stemmons Freeway, Woodall Rodgers Freeway, and other roads. The district is within the boundary defined by the City of Dallas law, Oak Lawn is one of the wealthier areas of metropolitan Dallas, with the population consisting mainly of urban professionals. The area is peppered with Upscale townhouses, condos, apartments, along the Uptown portion on McKinney Avenue and along Turtle Creek Boulevard, there are many new high-rise condominiums and apartments. It is also a diverse neighborhood with well established areas of older. For most of the 20th century the portion of the neighborhood near the intersection of Cedar Springs Road. St. Annes Catholic school served as the center for the community, with the redevelopment of the neighborhood beginning in the 1980s Little Mexico vanished. Only a few structures of this original community remain for most have been replaced by high rise buildings, luxury hotels. As of 2010, St Anns Catholic School, which had closed, is now an upscale restaurant, Oak Lawn became a magnet for the counterculture movement in the late 1960s due to its inexpensive apartments and its proximity to Lee Park. The Federal Bureau of Prisons South Central Region Office was previously in Oak Lawn and it has since moved to the U. S. Armed Forces Reserve Complex in Grand Prairie, Texas, the Consulate-General of the United Kingdom in Dallas was located in Suite 940 at 2911 Turtle Creek Boulevard. In April 2005 the British government announced that it was closing the Dallas consulate in the summer of 2005 and it was one of 19 British diplomatic missions shut down around that time period. The Foreign and Commonwealth Office of the United Kingdom said that the consulates and embassies closed as a way to decrease costs, the Consulate-General of Mexico in Dallas is also located in Oak Lawn. The consulate moved from 8855 North Stemmons Freeway to 1210 River Bend Drive in January 2009, J. Rusk Middle School The William B. Travis Academy/Vanguard for the Academically Talented and Gifted is located near McKinney Avenue, the current Sam Houston Elementary campus was scheduled to open in the northern hemisphere fall of 1999. In 2014-2015 its student body was 95% low income, despite that it exceeded its performance targets, due to gentrification, Sam Houstons enrollment declined to 201 students in the 2015-2016 school year while it had 302 students in the 2011-2012 school year. Irma Lerma Rangel Young Womens Leadership School was previously in Oak Lawn, holy Trinity Catholic School, age 3 through 8th grade
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Dallas
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Dallas is a major city in the U. S. state of Texas. It is the most populous city in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex, the citys population ranks ninth in the U. S. and third in Texas after Houston and San Antonio. The citys prominence arose from its importance as a center for the oil and cotton industries. The bulk of the city is in Dallas County, of which it is the county seat, however, sections of the city are located in Collin, Denton, Kaufman, and Rockwall counties. According to the 2010 United States Census, the city had a population of 1,197,816, the United States Census Bureaus estimate for the citys population increased to 1,300,092 as of July 1,2015. In 2016 DFW ascended to the one spot in the nation in year-over-year population growth. In 2014, the metropolitan economy surpassed Washington, D. C. to become the fifth largest in the U. S. with a 2014 real GDP over $504 billion, as such, the metropolitan areas economy is the 10th largest in the world. As of January 2017, the job count has increased to 3,558,200 jobs. The citys economy is based on banking, commerce, telecommunications, technology, energy, healthcare and medical research. The city is home to the third-largest concentration of Fortune 500 companies in the nation. Located in North Texas, Dallas is the core of the largest metropolitan area in the South. Dallas and nearby Fort Worth were developed due to the construction of railroad lines through the area allowing access to cotton, cattle. Later, France also claimed the area but never established much settlement, the area remained under Spanish rule until 1821, when Mexico declared independence from Spain, and the area was considered part of the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas. In 1836, the Republic of Texas, with majority Anglo-American settlers, in 1839, Warren Angus Ferris surveyed the area around present-day Dallas. John Neely Bryan established a permanent settlement near the Trinity River named Dallas in 1841, the origin of the name is uncertain. The Republic of Texas was annexed by the United States in 1845, Dallas was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1856. With construction of railroads, Dallas became a business and trading center and it became an industrial city, attracting workers from Texas, the South and the Midwest. The Praetorian Building of 15 stories, built in 1909, was the first skyscraper west of the Mississippi and it marked the prominence of Dallas as a city
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Montrose, Houston
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Montrose is a primarily residential neighborhood located in the Neartown area of Houston, Texas, United States. Established in 1911, the neighborhood is a diverse area with renovated mansions, bungalows with wide porches. Montrose has been called the Heart of Houston, the strangest neighborhood east of the Pecos, Montrose was originally envisioned as a planned community and streetcar suburb dating back to the early 20th century before the development of River Oaks. Developer J. W. Link and his Houston Land Corporation envisioned a great residential addition according to the original sales brochure. Links planning details for the area included four wide boulevards with the best curbing, Link built his own home in Montrose, known as the Link-Lee Mansion, which is now part of the University of St. Thomas campus. A streetcar, the Montrose Line, ran through the neighborhood, Link wrote, Houston has to grow. Montrose is going to lead the procession and it did, and the procession eventually continued far beyond the neighborhood. Montrose was first platted in 1911, in 1926, the Plaza Apartment Hotel, Houston’s first apartment hotel, opened on Montrose Boulevard. The hotel was home to many of Houston’s leaders, including Dr. Edgar Odell Lovett, modeled after the Ritz-Carlton in New York, the hotel cost over one million dollars to construct. The corner of Montrose and Westheimer was the site of demonstrations against the Vietnam War. And other underground newspapers throughout the area, kPFT’s transmitter was twice bombed by a local Ku Klux Klan group, making it the only radio station in the history of the United States to be blown off the air. The Bohemian flavor of the Montrose would spawn both the Westheimer Colony Art Festival in 1971 and the subsequent street fair in 1973, which would become known as the Westheimer Street Festival. Also starting around the 1970s the area known as the center for the gay. Folk music clubs like Anderson Fair and Sand Mountain catered to the scene in the neighborhood and other venues featured psychedelic rock. Later, punk and new wave clubs like The Paradise Rock Island, the Omni, Montrose has been a haven for Prohibition honkey-tonks, antique stores, wealthy socialites, motorcycle gangs, gays, harmless eccentrics and a broad array of exiles, writers, artists and musicians. It has been called a uniquely Houston kind of Bohemia, a mad mix made possible by the citys no-holds-barred, in 1991 Paul Broussard was murdered in the Montrose nightclub area. University of Houston professor Maria Gonzalez stated that With this murderpeople said, since the 1990s, Montrose has become increasingly gentrified with a trend towards remodeled and new homes, higher rents, upmarket boutiques and restaurants. On June 6,2006, a teenage MS-13 gang member named Gabriel Granillo was stabbed to death at Ervan Chew Park in the Montrose area, the 2011 novel The Knife and the Butterfly is based on this stabbing
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Travel guide from Wikivoyage
Data from Wikidata
Dupont Circle
