1.
Pittsburgh
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Pittsburgh is a city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in the United States, and is the county seat of Allegheny County. The city proper has a population of 304,391. The metropolitan population of 2,353,045 is the largest in both the Ohio Valley and Appalachia, the second-largest in Pennsylvania, and the 26th-largest in the U. S. The city features 30 skyscrapers, two inclines, a fortification and the Point State Park at the confluence of the rivers. Aside from steel, Pittsburgh has led in manufacturing of aluminum, glass, shipbuilding, petroleum, foods, sports, transportation, computing, autos, and electronics. For part of the 20th century, Pittsburgh was behind only New York and Chicago in corporate headquarters employment, Americas 1980s deindustrialization laid off area blue-collar workers and thousands of downtown white-collar workers when the longtime Pittsburgh-based world headquarters moved out. The area has served also as the federal agency headquarters for cyber defense, software engineering, robotics, energy research. The area is home to 68 colleges and universities, including research and development leaders Carnegie Mellon University, the region is a hub for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, sustainable energy, and energy extraction. Pittsburgh was named in 1758 by General John Forbes, in honor of British statesman William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham. The current pronunciation, which is unusual in English speaking countries, is almost certainly a result of a printing error in some copies of the City Charter of March 18,1816. The error was repeated commonly enough throughout the rest of the 19th century that the pronunciation was lost. After a public campaign the original spelling was restored by the United States Board on Geographic Names in 1911. The area of the Ohio headwaters was long inhabited by the Shawnee, the first known European to enter the region was the French explorer/trader Robert de La Salle from Quebec during his 1669 expedition down the Ohio River. European pioneers, primarily Dutch, followed in the early 18th century, Michael Bezallion was the first to describe the forks of the Ohio in a 1717 manuscript, and later that year European fur traders established area posts and settlements. In 1749, French soldiers from Quebec launched an expedition to the forks to unite Canada with French Louisiana via the rivers, during 1753–54, the British hastily built Fort Prince George before a larger French force drove them off. The French built Fort Duquesne based on LaSalles 1669 claims, the French and Indian War, the North American front of the Seven Years War, began with the future Pittsburgh as its center. British General Edward Braddock was dispatched with Major George Washington as his aide to take Fort Duquesne, the British and colonial force were defeated at Braddocks Field. General John Forbes finally took the forks in 1758, Forbes began construction on Fort Pitt, named after William Pitt the Elder while the settlement was named Pittsborough
2.
Pennsylvania
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Pennsylvania /ˌpɛnsᵻlˈveɪnjə/, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle, Pennsylvania is the 33rd largest, the 5th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The states five most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, Erie, the state capital, and its ninth-largest city, is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 140 miles of shoreline along Lake Erie and the Delaware Estuary. The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States, it came into being in 1681 as a result of a land grant to William Penn. Part of Pennsylvania, together with the present State of Delaware, had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden and it was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution, on December 12,1787. Independence Hall, where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted, is located in the states largest city of Philadelphia, during the American Civil War, the Battle of Gettysburg, was fought in the south central region of the state. Valley Forge near Philadelphia was General Washingtons headquarters during the winter of 1777–78. Pennsylvania is 170 miles north to south and 283 miles east to west, of a total 46,055 square miles,44,817 square miles are land,490 square miles are inland waters, and 749 square miles are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States, Pennsylvania has 51 miles of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary. Cities include Philadelphia, Reading, Lebanon and Lancaster in the southeast, Pittsburgh in the southwest, the tri-cities of Allentown, Bethlehem, the northeast includes the former anthracite coal mining communities of Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Pittston City, and Hazleton. Erie is located in the northwest, the state has 5 regions, namely the Allegheny Plateau, Ridge and Valley, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and the Erie Plain. Straddling two major zones, the majority of the state, with the exception of the corner, has a humid continental climate. The largest city, Philadelphia, has characteristics of the humid subtropical climate that covers much of Delaware. Moving toward the interior of the state, the winter climate becomes colder, the number of cloudy days increase. Western areas of the state, particularly locations near Lake Erie, can receive over 100 inches of snowfall annually, the state may be subject to severe weather from spring through summer into fall. Tornadoes occur annually in the state, sometimes in large numbers, the Tuscarora Nation took up temporary residence in the central portion of Pennsylvania ca. Both the Dutch and the English claimed both sides of the Delaware River as part of their lands in America
3.
Seating capacity
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Seating capacity is the number of people who can be seated in a specific space, in terms of both the physical space available, and limitations set by law. Seating capacity can be used in the description of anything ranging from an automobile that seats two to a stadium that seats hundreds of thousands of people. The International Fire Code, portions of which have adopted by many jurisdictions, is directed more towards the use of a facility than the construction. It specifies, For areas having fixed seating without dividing arms and it also requires that every public venue submit a detailed site plan to the local fire code official, including details of the means of egress, seating capacity, arrangement of the seating. Once safety considerations have been satisfied, determinations of seating capacity turn on the size of the venue. For sports venues, the decision on maximum seating capacity is determined by several factors, chief among these are the primary sports program and the size of the market area. Seating capacity of venues also plays a role in what media they are able to provide, in contracting to permit performers to use a theatre or other performing space, the seating capacity of the performance facility must be disclosed. Seating capacity may influence the kind of contract to be used, the seating capacity must also be disclosed to the copyright owner in seeking a license for the copyrighted work to be performed in that venue. Venues that may be leased for private functions such as ballrooms and auditoriums generally advertise their seating capacity, seating capacity is also an important consideration in the construction and use of sports venues such as stadiums and arenas. The seating capacity for restaurants is reported as covers, a restaurant that can seat 99 is said to have 99 covers, seating capacity differs from total capacity, which describes the total number of people who can fit in a venue or in a vehicle either sitting or standing. Use of the term public capacity indicates that a venue is allowed to more people than it can actually seat. Again, the total number of people can refer to either the physical space available or limitations set by law
4.
Hockey
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Hockey is a family of sports in which two teams play against each other by trying to maneuver a ball or a puck into the opponents goal using a hockey stick. In many areas, one sport is referred to simply as hockey. The English historian and biographer John Strype did not use the word hockey when he translated the proclamation in 1720, the word hockey itself is of unknown origin. One supposition is that it is a derivative of hoquet, a Middle French word for a shepherds stave, the curved, or hooked ends of the sticks used for hockey would indeed have resembled these staves. Another supposition derives from the use of cork bungs, in place of wooden balls to play the game. The stoppers came from barrels containing hock ale, also called hocky, Games played with curved sticks and a ball can be found in the histories of many cultures. In Inner Mongolia, the Daur people have been playing beikou, most evidence of hockey-like games during the Middle Ages is found in legislation concerning sports and games. The Galway Statute enacted in Ireland in 1527 banned certain types of ball games, by the 19th century, the various forms and divisions of historic games began to differentiate and coalesce into the individual sports defined today. Organizations dedicated to the codification of rules and regulations began to form, Bandy is played with a ball on a football field-sized ice arena, typically outdoors, and with many rules similar to association football. It is played professionally in Russia and Sweden and is considered a sport in Russia. The sport is recognised by the IOC, its governing body is the Federation of International Bandy. Bandy World Championships have been played since 1957 and Womens Bandy World Championships since 2004, there are national club championships in many countries and the top clubs in the world play in the Bandy World Cup every year. Field hockey is played on gravel, natural grass, or sand-based or water-based artificial turf, with a small, hard ball approximately 73 mm in diameter. The game is popular among males and females in many parts of the world, particularly in Europe, Asia, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa. In most countries, the game is played between single-sex sides, although they can be mixed-sex, the governing body is the 126-member International Hockey Federation. Mens field hockey has played at each Summer Olympic Games since 1908 except for 1912 and 1924. All sticks are right-handed – left-handed sticks are not permitted, while field hockey in its current form appeared in mid-18th century England, primarily in schools, it was not until the first half of the 19th century that it became firmly established. The first club was created in 1849 at Blackheath in south-east London, field hockey is the national sport of Pakistan
5.
Ice
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Ice is water frozen into a solid state. Depending on the presence of such as particles of soil or bubbles of air. In the Solar System, ice is abundant and occurs naturally from as close to the Sun as Mercury to as far as away the Oort cloud objects, beyond the Solar System, it occurs as interstellar ice. It falls as snowflakes and hail or occurs as frost, icicles or ice spikes, Ice molecules can exhibit up to sixteen different phases that depend on temperature and pressure. When water is cooled rapidly, up to three different types of ice can form depending on the history of its pressure and temperature. When cooled slowly correlated proton tunneling occurs below 20 K giving rise to macroscopic quantum phenomena, virtually all the ice on Earths surface and in its atmosphere is of a hexagonal crystalline structure denoted as ice Ih with minute traces of cubic ice denoted as ice Ic. The most common phase transition to ice Ih occurs when water is cooled below 0°C at standard atmospheric pressure. It may also be deposited directly by water vapor, as happens in the formation of frost, the transition from ice to water is melting and from ice directly to water vapor is sublimation. Ice is used in a variety of ways, including cooling, winter sports, as a naturally occurring crystalline inorganic solid with an ordered structure, ice is considered a mineral. It possesses a regular crystalline structure based on the molecule of water, an unusual property of ice frozen at atmospheric pressure is that the solid is approximately 8. 3% less dense than liquid water. The density of ice is 0.9167 g/cm3 at 0 °C, liquid water is densest, essentially 1.00 g/cm³, at 4 °C and becomes less dense as the water molecules begin to form the hexagonal crystals of ice as the freezing point is reached. This is due to hydrogen bonding dominating the intermolecular forces, which results in a packing of molecules less compact in the solid, density of ice increases slightly with decreasing temperature and has a value of 0.9340 g/cm³ at −180 °C. When water freezes, it increases in volume and it is also a common cause of the flooding of houses when water pipes burst due to the pressure of expanding water when it freezes. The result of this process is that ice floats on liquid water, sufficiently thin ice sheets allow light to pass through while protecting the underside from short-term weather extremes such as wind chill. This creates an environment for bacterial and algal colonies. When ice melts, it absorbs as much energy as it would take to heat an equivalent mass of water by 80 °C, during the melting process, the temperature remains constant at 0 °C. While melting, any energy added breaks the bonds between ice molecules. Energy becomes available to increase the thermal energy only after enough hydrogen bonds are broken that the ice can be considered liquid water, the amount of energy consumed in breaking hydrogen bonds in the transition from ice to water is known as the heat of fusion
6.
United States dollar
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The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States and its insular territories per the United States Constitution. It is divided into 100 smaller cent units, the circulating paper money consists of Federal Reserve Notes that are denominated in United States dollars. The U. S. dollar was originally commodity money of silver as enacted by the Coinage Act of 1792 which determined the dollar to be 371 4/16 grain pure or 416 grain standard silver, the currency most used in international transactions, it is the worlds primary reserve currency. Several countries use it as their currency, and in many others it is the de facto currency. Besides the United States, it is used as the sole currency in two British Overseas Territories in the Caribbean, the British Virgin Islands and Turks and Caicos Islands. A few countries use the Federal Reserve Notes for paper money, while the country mints its own coins, or also accepts U. S. coins that can be used as payment in U. S. dollars. After Nixon shock of 1971, USD became fiat currency, Article I, Section 8 of the U. S. Constitution provides that the Congress has the power To coin money, laws implementing this power are currently codified at 31 U. S. C. Section 5112 prescribes the forms in which the United States dollars should be issued and these coins are both designated in Section 5112 as legal tender in payment of debts. The Sacagawea dollar is one example of the copper alloy dollar, the pure silver dollar is known as the American Silver Eagle. Section 5112 also provides for the minting and issuance of other coins and these other coins are more fully described in Coins of the United States dollar. The Constitution provides that a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and that provision of the Constitution is made specific by Section 331 of Title 31 of the United States Code. The sums of money reported in the Statements are currently being expressed in U. S. dollars, the U. S. dollar may therefore be described as the unit of account of the United States. The word dollar is one of the words in the first paragraph of Section 9 of Article I of the Constitution, there, dollars is a reference to the Spanish milled dollar, a coin that had a monetary value of 8 Spanish units of currency, or reales. In 1792 the U. S. Congress passed a Coinage Act, Section 20 of the act provided, That the money of account of the United States shall be expressed in dollars, or units. And that all accounts in the offices and all proceedings in the courts of the United States shall be kept and had in conformity to this regulation. In other words, this act designated the United States dollar as the unit of currency of the United States, unlike the Spanish milled dollar the U. S. dollar is based upon a decimal system of values. Both one-dollar coins and notes are produced today, although the form is significantly more common
7.
Pittsburgh Pirates (NHL)
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The Pittsburgh Pirates were an American professional ice hockey team in the National Hockey League, based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, from 1925–26 to 1929–30. The nickname comes from the team also based in the city. For the 1930–31 season, the moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The Pittsburgh Pirates are traced back to the Pittsburgh Yellow Jackets of the US Amateur Hockey Association, the Yellow Jackets owner was Roy Schooley, a former referee. Even though the team won the USAHA Championship in 1924 and 1925 and his team was then sold to attorney James F. Callahan. Pittsburgh was granted a franchise by the National Hockey League on November 7,1925, Callahan then renamed his team the Pittsburgh Pirates, after he received permission from Barney Dreyfuss, the owner of the Pittsburgh Pirates baseball team. The Pirates were assigned to what would later be called the NHLs American Division, with the Boston Bruins and these two franchises were the only other American teams in the NHL at the time. The Duquesne Gardens, located in the citys Oakland neighborhood, served as the home arena. The Pirates, dubbed the Mighty Steel City Sextet in the Pittsburgh Press, were leftovers from the former Pittsburgh Yellow Jackets. Ten former Yellow Jacket players would play for the Pirates, the Pirates began play during the 1925–26 NHL season. On November 26,1925, Thanksgiving night, the Pirates defeated the Boston Bruins, 2-1, on the road in their very first NHL game, defenceman and captain Lionel Conacher scored Pittsburghs first-ever NHL goal. Conacher beat Boston goaltender Charles Stewart at the 17,50 mark of the period to tie the game at 1-1. Two nights later, on November 28,1925, the Pirates stunned the Montreal Canadiens, the 1-0 loss to the Pirates marked the final game for legendary Habs goaltender Georges Vezina. Vezina started the game with severe chest pains and left the game during the first intermission with a high fever and he died four months later from tuberculosis. Meanwhile, the first NHL game ever played in Pittsburgh was on December 2,1925, the Pirates lost to the New York Americans in overtime, 2-1. Conacher scored the goal for Pittsburgh at 9,15 of the second period. In 36 games, the Pirates posted an impressive 19-16-1 record for third best in the league, with a 0.542 winning percentage, that first season would arguably be the teams best. They made the playoffs their inaugural year, during the playoffs, the Pirates faced the Montreal Maroons in a best-of-three, semi-final Stanley Cup playoff series
8.
National Hockey League
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Headquartered in New York City, the NHL is considered to be the premier professional ice hockey league in the world, and one of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada. The Stanley Cup, the oldest professional sports trophy in North America, is awarded annually to the playoff champion at the end of each season. At its inception, the NHL had four teams—all in Canada, the league expanded to the United States in 1924, when the Boston Bruins joined, and has since consisted of American and Canadian teams. After a labour-management dispute that led to the cancellation of the entire 2004–05 season, in 2009, the NHL enjoyed record highs in terms of sponsorships, attendance, and television audiences. The league draws many highly skilled players from all over the world, canadians have historically constituted the majority of the players in the league, with an increasing percentage of American and European players in recent seasons. The National Hockey League was established in 1917 as the successor to the National Hockey Association, founded in 1909, the NHA began play one year later with seven teams in Ontario and Quebec, and was one of the first major leagues in professional ice hockey. Realizing the NHA constitution left them unable to force Livingstone out, the four teams voted instead to suspend the NHA, frank Calder was chosen as its first president, serving until his death in 1943. The Bulldogs were unable to play, and the remaining owners created a new team in Toronto, the first games were played on December 19,1917. The Montreal Arena burned down in January 1918, causing the Wanderers to cease operations, the NHL replaced the NHA as one of the leagues that competed for the Stanley Cup, which was an interleague competition back then. Toronto won the first NHL title, and then defeated the Vancouver Millionaires of the Pacific Coast Hockey Association for the 1918 Stanley Cup. The Canadiens won the title in 1919, however their Stanley Cup Final against the PCHAs Seattle Metropolitans was abandoned as a result of the Spanish Flu epidemic. Montreal in 1924 won their first Stanley Cup as a member of the NHL, the Hamilton Tigers, won the regular season title in 1924–25 but refused to play in the championship series unless they were given a C$200 bonus. The league refused and declared the Canadiens the league champion after defeated the Toronto St. Patricks in the semi-final. Montreal was then defeated by the Victoria Cougars of the Western Canada Hockey League for the 1925 Stanley Cup and it was the last time a non-NHL team won the trophy, as the Stanley Cup became the de facto NHL championship in 1926 after the WCHL ceased operation. The National Hockey League embarked on rapid expansion in the 1920s, adding the Montreal Maroons, the Bruins were the first American team in the league. The New York Americans began play in 1925 after purchasing the assets of the Hamilton Tigers, the New York Rangers were added in 1926. The Chicago Black Hawks and Detroit Cougars were also added after the league purchased the assets of the defunct WCHL, a group purchased the Toronto St. Patricks in 1927 and immediately renamed them the Maple Leafs. The first NHL All-Star Game was held in 1934 to benefit Ace Bailey, the second was held in 1937 in support of Howie Morenzs family when he died of a coronary embolism after breaking his leg during a game
9.
Pittsburgh Hornets
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The Pittsburgh Hornets were a minor-league professional mens ice hockey team based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Contrary to popular belief, the Pittsburgh Hornets did not evolve from the International Hockey Leagues Pittsburgh Shamrocks, the franchise started play in 1927, playing their first nine seasons as the Detroit Olympics. Then on October 4,1936, after winning the IHL championship, Bill Anderson and Bill Hudson were the only two players from the Shamrocks to be on the Hornets roster at the start of the 1936–37 season. The Hornets wore wool jerseys that were recycled from the Olympics. The Hornets, which were still a team for the NHLs Detroit Red Wings. The league transformed into the American Hockey League in 1940, the Hornets disbanded after the 1955–56 season. The franchise was suspended because the archaic Duquesne Gardens was torn down, the Hornets reappeared in the new Civic Arena in 1961 and, after a poor start, they became AHL contenders again, this time as a farm club for the Detroit Red Wings. They won a title in 1964 and won the Calder Cup in 1967. Following the 1967 win, the Hornets were closed for good, the Pittsburgh Penguins have served the market since. The Hornets were three-time winners of the American Hockey Leagues Calder Cup, the team started as the Detroit Olympics in 1927 playing home games at the Detroit Olympia. The Olympics played two seasons in the Canadian Professional Hockey League and seven seasons in the International Hockey League after the IHL split from Canpro in 1929, the IHL would merge with the Canadian-American Hockey League in 1936 to form the International-American Hockey League. In October 1936, John Harris, a Pittsburgh theater chain owner, purchased the Olympics, the Hornets were led by former Olympics coach Don Hughes. The Hornets won their first two games against the Cleveland Falcons on November 7,1936, at the Duquesne Gardens. During the 1938–39 season, Larry Aurie replaced Don Hughes as the coach in team history. That year Don Deacon led the IAHL with 41 assists and 65 points, in 1940, the Hornets won 25 and made the playoffs and advance to the Calder Cup finals. The Hornets were originally the minor-league affiliate of the Red Wings who won the Stanley Cup in 1936. Larry Aurie, a member of team, was a player-coach. At the start of the 1940–41 season, the International-American Hockey League became the American Hockey League, during the early 1940s, the Hornets has mediocre finishes
10.
American Hockey League
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The American Hockey League is a 30-team professional ice hockey league based in the United States and Canada that serves as the primary developmental league for the National Hockey League. Twenty-seven AHL teams are located in the United States and the three are in Canada. The league offices are located in Springfield, Massachusetts, and its current president is David Andrews, the annual playoff champion is awarded the Calder Cup, named for Frank Calder, the first President of the NHL. The reigning champions are the Lake Erie Monsters, the AHL traces its origins directly to two predecessor professional leagues, the Canadian-American Hockey League, founded in 1926, and the first International Hockey League, established in 1929. With both leagues down to the minimum in membership, the governors of each recognized the need for action to assure their member clubs long-term survival. Their solution was to play an interlocking schedule, while the Can-Am was based in the Northeast and the IHL in the Great Lakes and Midwest, their footprints were close enough for this to be a viable option. The two older leagues eight surviving clubs began joint play in November 1936 as a new circuit of mutual convenience known as the International-American Hockey League. The four Can-Am teams became the I-AHL East Division, with the IHL quartet playing as the West Division. The IHL also contributed its former championship trophy, the F. G. Teddy Oke Trophy, the Oke Trophy is now awarded to the regular-season winners of the AHLs Northeast Division. A little more than a month into that first season, the balance, the makeshift new I-AHL played out the rest of its first season with just seven teams. At the end of the 1936–37 season, a modified playoff format was devised and a new championship trophy. The Syracuse Stars defeated the Philadelphia Ramblers in the final, three-games-to-one, the Calder Cup continues on today as the AHLs playoff championship trophy. After two seasons of interlocking play, the governors of the two leagues seven active teams met in New York City on June 28,1938, maurice Podoloff of New Haven, the former head of the Can-Am League, was elected the I-AHLs first president. The former IHL president, John Chick of Windsor, Ontario, the Bears remain the only one of these eight original I-AHL/AHL franchises to have been represented in the league without interruption since the 1938–39 season. The newly merged circuit also increased its schedule for each team by six games from 48 to 54. After the 1939–40 season the I-AHL renamed itself the American Hockey League and it generally enjoyed both consistent success on the ice and relative financial stability over its first three decades of operation. The number of teams competing for players rose from six to thirty in just seven years. Player salaries at all levels shot up dramatically with the increased demand and this did not seem to affect the AHL at first, as it expanded to 12 teams by 1970
11.
Calder Cup
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The Calder Cup is the trophy awarded annually to the champions of the American Hockey League. It is the second oldest actively awarded professional ice hockey playoff trophy after the NHLs Stanley Cup, the Calder Cup was first presented in 1937 to the Syracuse Stars. The trophy is named after Frank Calder, who was the first president of the National Hockey League, the Calder Memorial Trophy, which is awarded annually to the Rookie of the Year in the National Hockey League, was also named after Calder. The cup is made of sterling silver mounted on a base of Brazilian mahogany, in its current shape, the trophy has a two-tiered square base with commemorative plaques for each of the AHLs 20 most recent champions -12 on the bottom tier and 8 on the top tier. Each time a new plaque is added, the oldest plaque is retired. The Hershey Bears have won the Cup more times than any other team, the Cleveland Barons come in second with nine, the Springfield Indians/Kings are third with seven. Eight teams have won championships, the Springfield Indians of 1960-62 is the only team to have won three straight Calder Cup championships
12.
Pittsburgh Shamrocks
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The Pittsburgh Shamrocks were a professional ice hockey team, based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania that played in the International Hockey League in 1935–36. The team played all of its games at the Duquesne Gardens. During their lone season in existence, the Shamrocks finished in place in the West Division behind the Detroit Olympics, Cleveland Falcons. The Shamrocks scored 137 goals and allowed 170, the team folded after one season. It is estimated that the team lost $36,000 during 1935–36 season, on September 8,1935, Larry Welch, a longtime hockey promoter at the Duquesne Gardens, announced that Pittsburgh had secured a team in the International Hockey League, pending league approval. The club operated under the Pittsburgh Professional Hockey Club, Inc, the team was coached by Sprague Cleghorn, who won two Stanley Cups with the Ottawa Senators in 1920 and 1921 and another with the Montreal Canadiens in 1924. However, he was regarded as one of the dirtiest players in the National Hockey League. Prior to the formation of the Shamrocks, the Cleghorn family was known to Pittsburghs hockey fans. Spragues brother, Odie, was the coach of the Pittsburgh Pirates when they became the citys first NHL team for the 1924-25 season. On October 9,1935, the team was approved to play in the IHL. Meanwhile, a report in The Pittsburgh Press was the first to reference the team as the “Pittsburgh Shamrocks. ”Welch then announced that the Shamrocks would leave for Niagara Falls, Ontario, and conduct a training camp on October 21,1935. The Shamrocks choose to train there since the ice surface at the Duquesne Gardens would not be ready for use until early November, in forming their team, Pittsburgh first laid claim to any spare players from the Montreal Canadiens. It was believed that Ted Saunders, who played in the NHL with the Ottawa Senators, before playing in the Canadian-American league, however he spent the 1935-36 with the Springfield Indians. The Shamrocks then signed several players with NHL experience and they first purchased Joe Starke, a goaltender from the Chicago Black Hawks. Next, the Shamrocks signed three players from the Detroit Red Wings, Norm Walker and brothers Earl and Desse Roche, the Roche brothers became the first brothers ever to play together on any professional Pittsburgh hockey team. Rookies Jean and Conrad Bourcier also made history by becoming the second siblings to play professional hockey on the same Pittsburgh team when they joined the Shamrocks in late January. Meanwhile, Harold Darragh and Gordon Fraser, who played in the NHL with the Pirates, were added to the roster. The Shamrocks also signed Nick Wasnie, won two Stanley Cups with the Montreal Canadiens in 1930 and 1931, and was credited by Aurel Joliat as being the first player to use the slap shot
13.
Pittsburgh Yellow Jackets
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Pittsburgh Yellow Jackets was the name of two separate ice hockey teams based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The original team played from 1915–1925 and they evolved from being an amateur to a semi-pro team and are one of the earliest sports organizations in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The Yellow Jackets played primarily in the United States Amateur Hockey Association, after winning the USAHA Championship in 1924 and 1925, the Yellow Jackets were sold to attorney James Callahan and soon became the Pittsburgh Pirates of the National Hockey League. However, after the demise of the Pirates in 1930, a club, debuted in the IHL as a professional entity. The team would finish its run in the EAHL, before folding in 1937. After a career in politics, Roy Schooley, a former hockey referee in the Western Pennsylvania Hockey League. As with all American teams of this era, the Yellow Jackets fell under the jurisdiction of the International Skating Union, for 6 years, the club played in independent competitions. The Yellow Jackets played exhibition games against other USAHA clubs in its season before joining the league full-time in 1921. According to former sports reporter Paul Sullivan, who covered hockey for much of his life for the Pittsburgh Gazette-Times, Sullivan noted that even though the USAHA was called an amateur league, They didnt come down from Canada because they thought Pittsburgh was a nice place. This leads one to believe that money was paid out to top players in the league, the eastern teams of USAHA soon imported Canadian players, to add to their rosters of local players. In 1923, Schooley had invited Lionel Conacher, a future Hall of Famer, to come to Pittsburgh and officiate games in February 1923, to see if the crowd would take to him. Schooley then asked Conacher to play with the Pittsburgh Yellow Jackets in a series against his former team, the Toronto Aura Lee hockey team. Conacher impressed the Pittsburgh fans by scoring 11 of the Yellow Jackets 23 goals in the four games, Conachar then, under the guidance of Roy Schooley, transformed the Yellow Jackets line-up to an almost Canadian team. Schooley then used his connections in the Pittsburgh media to promote Conachar to the citys hockey fans, after seeing how well the fans took to Conacher, Schooley made him the team’s captain, and asked him to invite a number of his friends to play for the Yellow Jackets. These players included Harold Cotton, Hib Milks, Harold Darragh, Rodger Smith, Duke McCurry, Tex White and goalie Roy Worters. Dick Carroll, who had coached the Toronto Arenas to the Stanley Cup in 1918, was appointed the coach once Conacher. However the use of Canadian players drew criticism, with the Boston-based teams leading the charge, some circles also referred to the Yellow Jackets as Pittsburgh’s Canadians. These imported players joined current Yellow Jackets players Rennison Manners, and Herb Drury, in the Yellow Jackets opening game at the Duquesne Gardens, Conacher scored a hat trick
14.
Fort Pitt Hornets
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The Pittsburgh Fort Pitt, also simultaneously known as the Fort Pitt Hornets and the Fort Pitt Panthers, was a semi-professional ice hockey team based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The team played primarily in the United States Amateur Hockey Association, the Hornets were a spin-off of another USAHA club from Pittsburgh, the Yellow Jackets, and played in the leagues Eastern Division. During the 1924-25 season, the Hornets finished their season with a 17-7-0 record, however the club was defeated in the USAHA championship series by their cross-town rivials, the Yellow Jackets, four games to none. Former Yellow Jackets player-coach, and future member of the National Hockey Leagues Pittsburgh Pirates and Philadelphia Quakers, the USAHA teams were known, at this time, for known for their rough play. The Boston AA’s player was a fan favourite and the supporters protested the hit. Boston then threatened to quit the league because of the “Unnecessary and willful roughing. ”However, Pittsburghs manager, H. N. Forner, contended that injuries that were inflicted to his players, such as the case with the Hornets Lorne Armstrong, could have been just as serious. During the series, Armstrong was cut in the back of the neck by the skate of a Boston player, the following night, Armstrong received a cut between his eyes which could have taken one of his eyes, if the cut was an inch away in either direction. As for Joe Sills, he was reportedly kneed by a Boston player and unable to play for an entire week. After Leo Hughes had lost his eye against the Hornets, the USAHAs president stated that “Hockey, you know, is not a parlour game. ”The Hornets-Panthers team featured several players such as
15.
USA Hockey
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Founded on Oct.29,1937, in New York City, New York, the organization is based in Colorado Springs, Colorado, and has a total membership exceeding one million. Its mission is to promote the growth of hockey in America, USA Hockey programs support and develop players, coaches, officials, and facilities. In January 2009, the organization launched the American Development Model, USA Hockey also has junior and adult hockey programs that provide opportunities for players of all ability levels. In addition, the organization supports a disabled hockey program, USA Hockey provides certification programs for coaches and officials to ensure education standards are met that coincide with the level of play. A large focus is put on parent education with equipment needs, rules of the game, members of the organization receive a subscription to USA Hockey Magazine. At 412,892 subscribers, it is the most widely circulated publication in the world. Members also receive insurance coverage and access to participate in national championships, USA Hockey formerly used different division names in their youth levels and to indicate the age level of the players. Prior to the 2016–17 season, they removed the names in favor of simply referring to the age group. Apparently due to use of the midget. Many youth hockey organizations still use the names when advertising their programs. The programs goal is to prepare student-athletes under the age of 18 for participation on U. S. national teams, the NTDP consists of two teams, the U. S. National Under-18 Team, and the U. S. National Under-17 Team. The teams compete in the United States Hockey League in addition to playing NCAA colleges, until 2009, the NTDP competed in the North American Hockey League. Numerous NTDP alumni have gone on to play in the NHL, in the 2012-13 season,60 former NTDP players suited up for NHL teams. In the 2006 NHL Entry Draft, six first-round selections were members of the NTDP. In 2007, four NTDP members were selected in the first round, with Patrick Kane and James van Riemsdyk going 1st, through 2013, some 228 NTDP players had been selected in the NHL Entry Draft. The NTDP plays home games at USA Hockey Arena. S, Hockey Hall of Fame United States Hockey Hall of Fame Museum Patty Kazmaier Memorial Award USA Hockey official publication
16.
Pittsburgh Professionals
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The team was based in the Duquesne Gardens and was the first inter-city professional hockey team in the city of Pittsburgh. The club was made up of players from the teams of the Western Pennsylvania Hockey League. A four-game series was arranged with Portage Lakes and the Bankers, with Portage Lakes winning the four game series 2-1 with a game tied, despite being outscored bt the Bankers, 11-6. In the fall of 1903, James R. Dee of Houghton started discussions with WPHL representatives in Pittsburgh to initiate discussion on the formation of a national hockey association. The next season, Portage Lakes continued to play exhibition games. After the 1903–04 WPHL season, the Pittsburgh Victorias were defeated by Portage Lakes in a battel for the American Championship, a meeting was held on November 5,1904 which included prominent business leaders from Pittsburgh, Sault Ste. A number of cities were considered for new professional league, however the league accepted teams from Houghton, Pittsburgh. Marie, Michigan and Calumet & Laurium, Michigan, also at this meeting, the representatives of the Canadian Soo suggested a revenue sharing plan that would divide gate receipts in a 60–40 home-visitor split. This revenue sharing plan would make the journey to Pittsburgh possible. Although Pittsburgh much larger in size, to the other IPHL markets, however, like the other league markets, its population featured a large percentage of working-class citizens. While civic boosters helped drive the interest in the games in Michigan and Canada, Pittsburgh used its large population base, Pittsburghs local supporters adopted nickname, Coal Heavers, for their team. The Pros did not fare well in its first season, posting only an 8-15-1 record for fourth place in the league, the Pros inaugural season was also distracted by the actions and June 7,1905 death of Pros player William Peg Duval, due to alcoholism. He was permanently released by the team in February 1905 for being unable to stay in condition to play, however the following season, the team acquired Hod Stuart, who was considered the best player of his era, in certain hockey circles. He was reinstated by the league on December 30, and joined the Pittsburgh Professionals, during the 1905–06 season the Professionals were one of three teams vying with Portage Lakes and Michigan Soo Indians for first place. However the Pros would finish the season in third place, Stuart started the next season with Pittsburgh, but later left the team following a dispute. However the Pittsburgh line-up still included the recent addition of notable players such as, Tommy Smith, Jimmy Gardner. These players joined Pros alumni, goalie Jack Winchester and Lorne Campbell in the line-up, Campbell and Smith finished ahead of future Hall-Of-Famers, Didier Pitre, Newsy Lalonde and Bruce Stuart in scoring. However Pittsburghs play only earned the team another third-place finish in the standings, the team and the IPHL existed until after the 1906–07 season
17.
International Professional Hockey League
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The International Professional Hockey League was the first fully professional Ice hockey league, operating from 1904 to 1907. It was formed by Jack Doc Gibson, a dentist who played hockey throughout Ontario before settling in Houghton, the IPHL was a five team circuit which included Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, Calumet, Michigan and Houghton, the IPHL was instrumental in changing the nature of top-level senior mens ice hockey from amateur to professional. In the time period around 1900, leagues in Canada fought against the professionalization of athletics, any player who figures on any of these teams must be banished from Ontario Hockey. However, it wasnt until the Portage Lakes Hockey Club and the formation of the IPHL in 1904 that any hockey league achieved full-fledged professional status, in the early 20th century, the mining industry was making huge investments in Northern Michigan. In the fall of 1903, James R. Dee of Houghton started discussions with Western Pennsylvania Hockey League representatives in Pittsburgh regarding the establishment of a national hockey association, houghtons team had played against Pittsburghs for a de facto United States national championship in ice hockey. In 1903–04, the professional Houghton team, without a league of its own, marie, Ontario and Michigan prompting the OHA to ban both the American Soo Indians and Canadian Sault Hockey Club from competing against Canadian amateur teams. As a result, the two teams had nowhere to go but to the professional league. A meeting was held on November 5,1904 which included prominent business leaders from Pittsburgh, a number of cities were considered for this new professional league including Montreal, Detroit, Chicago, Minneapolis, St. Paul, Milwaukee, Grand Rapids, and Duluth. However, the league accepted teams from Houghton, Pittsburgh, the two Soos, and Calumet, the representatives of the Canadian Soo suggested a revenue sharing plan that would divide gate receipts in a 60–40 home-visitor split. This revenue sharing plan would make the journey to Pittsburgh possible, considering that team played at the 5. The WPHL, which had been paying players to play ice hockey since 1901, put its best professionals into one team, the Pittsburgh Pros, the Houghton Portage Lakes team played at what was a new facility at the time called the Amphidrome on Portage Lake. The Calumet-Laurium Miners, a rival of the Houghton team. Marie, Michigan made the Ridge Street Ice-A-Torium, the curling club. Marie, Ontario team or Canadian Soo as it was called also played at its local curling rink, the International Hockey League attracted some of the best players from established Canadian amateur leagues. Every player received a salary of at least $15 to $40 a week. Ottawas Hod Stuart, was paid $1,800 by the Calumet Miners to play for the team, cyclone Taylor was enticed into the league with a salary offer of more than $3,000. In many cases, this meant that IHL managers would have to completely new teams each season
18.
Western Pennsylvania Hockey League
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The Western Pennsylvania Hockey League, was a semi-professional ice hockey league founded in 1896 and existing through the 1910s. Based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the league was the pre-eminent ice hockey league at the time in the United States and it was the first league to openly hire and trade players. In 1895, Pittsburgh officials, constructed the Schenley Park Casino which featured the first artificial ice-making plant in North America, the 1895-96 winter season also saw the first introduction of hockey in the city. On December 30,1895, the Pittsburgh Press made mention of an international hockey. The paper noted that 2,500 to 3,000 fans showed up to watch the game, no score or records were reportedly kept but the paper did note that the team from Queens University outplayed the Pittsburghers, who had never played the game before. The city quickly realized that in order to make money they would need to have more events than just speed skating, family skates and they decided that since hockey was a relatively new game, it could catch on in Pittsburgh. The PAC was managed by Charles S. Miller, who became the leagues president, the league played at the Casino twice a week, on Tuesday and Friday nights. The first big league game was November 17,1896 between Duquesne and PAC, won by Duquesne 2–1. Play continued until December 16, when the Casino rink was destroyed by fire, the league dissolved without a championship. The league would remain dormant until 1899 and the erection of a rink at the Duquesne Gardens. The league was revived with three teams, the Pittsburgh Athletic Club, Pittsburgh Duquesne and Western University, the PAC won the leagues first championship. The following season the Pittsburgh Bankers, which was composed entirely of bankers, were admitted to the league, despite the fact that the league could be traced back to 1895, the WPHL wasnt officially started until the 1901-02 season. In 1901, Arthur Sixsmith, a member of the Ottawa Senators, traveled to Pittsburgh. The two men, along with the manager of the Duquesne Gardens, James Wallace Conant, then established the WPHL. By 1902, Sixsmith convinced several Canadian players, including his brother Garnet Sixsmith, to come to Pittsburgh, also in 1901, the Keystone Bicycle Club was admitted to the league, replacing Western University. The Keystones were instrumental in changing the league from amateur to professional, the Pittsburgh Athletic Club repeated as champions, although the Keystones were instantly competitive. In one memorable game occurred during this era, the WPHLs Garnet Sixsmith scored 11 goals in a game at the Duqesne Gardens. The 1901–02 season is considered the first season whereby the league was recognized as professional, the league had three teams in 1901-02, Pittsburgh Bankers, Pittsburgh Athletic Club and the Pittsburgh Keystones
19.
Pittsburgh Athletic Club
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The Pittsburgh Athletic Club or Pittsburgh PAC was one of the earliest professional ice hockey teams. It was based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania from around 1895 until 1904, the team was a member of the Pittsburgh Hockey League, which was formed in 1896 and became known as the Western Pennsylvania Hockey League by 1900. In 1895, Pittsburgh officials, constructed the Schenley Park Casino which featured the first artificial ice-making plant in North America, the 1895-96 winter season also saw the first introduction of hockey in the city. On December 30,1895, the Pittsburgh Press made mention of an international hockey. The paper noted that 2,500 to 3,000 fans showed up to watch the game, no score or records were reportedly kept but the paper did note that the team from Queens University outplayed the Pittsburghers, who had never played the game before. After seeing the excitement and fan appeal of the hockey game, the league was strictly amateur and was named the Western Pennsylvania League. The Pittsburgh Athletic Club team was managed by Charles S. Miller, the league played at the Casino twice a week, on Tuesday and Friday nights. The first big league game was November 17,1896 between Duquesne Country & Athletic Club and the Pittsburgh Athletic Club, won by Duquesne 2–1. However the leagues season was cut short on December 16, when the Casino rink was destroyed by fire, the Casino team, Pittsburgh Athletic Club and Western University teams all lost their hockey equipment in the fire. A fire at the Casino in December 1896 destroyed the ice hockey rink in Pittsburgh. The team and the league were revived by the construction of an ice rink at the Duquesne Gardens. The leagues second season began on January 24,1899, when the Gardens hosted its first hockey game in a match between the Pittsburgh Athletic Club and Western University of Pittsburgh, the Pittsburgh Athletic Club would then go on to claim the league’s first championship. The first professional ice hockey league, to fill their team the Pittsburgh Athletic Club lured players from Canada with promises of high-paid employment and small cash incentives, which was around $30 a week. Two of the players signed by the Pittsburgh Athletic Club were George Lamb, the WPHL, along with the Pittsburgh Athletic Club team was revived in for the 1907-08 season. The team now featured several of Canadas top talent such as Albert Kerr, Ken Mallen, Garnet Sixsmith, however the WPHL, could no longer rely on salaries as novelty to attract Canadian talent, since professionalism had spread into Canda. This jumping effected all of the leagues teams, the Pittsburgh Athletic Club itself saw the mid-season defections of stars like Cyclone Taylor and Con Corbeau to Canada. Finally, after the 1908-09 season the WPHL and the Pittsburgh Athletic Club team disbanded
20.
Pittsburgh Bankers
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The Pittsburgh Bankers were one of the earliest professional ice hockey clubs. The club was based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and was a member of the Western Pennsylvania Hockey League, the team played all of its games at the Duquesne Gardens, and was involved, in the first known trade of professional hockey players. The Bankers consisted of a group of men from Pittsburgh that were employed by local banks during the early 1900s. The team actually began as the amateur Pittsburgh Bankers League, an amateur hockey league. According to Stan Fischler, a author and commentator on hockey, In the early 1900s a local league also sprung up. Some of the started a hockey league as a promotional stunt and brought Canadians down. They were down here to play hockey but in order to qualify, I dont know what they gave them to do at the bank, but it wasnt much. This led to the Bankers laying partial claim to being one of the first teams to pay athletes, the league later merged into one team which became members of the Western Pennsylvania Hockey League, in 1900. In 1902, the Bankers signed Hod Stuart to a professional contract, eventually the Bankers won the dispute and kept Stuart, who was considered, in certain hockey circles, to be the “greatest hockey player in the world. Hod was offered a salary of US$15-20 per week, plus steady income from a day job in Pittsburgh, Stuart scored seven goals and had eight assists and was named the best cover-point in the league in 1903. The Bankers claimed their first WPHL title that season and faced off against the Portage Lakes Hockey Club, located in Houghton, Michigan for the title of top professional team in the United States. The winner of series is unclear since Portage Lakes would win two of the four games and tie a third and the Bankers claimed the edge in total goals. Another of the stars, Charlie Liffiton, joined the Bankers in 1902 to help the club win its first title. Over his two seasons with the club, Liffiton reportedly scored three goals in four playoff matches, the following season, the Bankers saw their star player, Hod Stuart, leave the team to join the Portage Lakes Hockey Club. In fact as Portage Lakes continued to play exhibition games. The Bankers, Charlie Liffiton, was offered 1350 to play for the Portage Lakes club for the remainder of the season, making him the eras highest paid player. The WPHL and the Bankers disappeared for the season so that the WPHL could consolidate into the Pittsburgh Professionals. The idea for the new league was the idea of James R. Dee, a Houghton businessman, several Bankers players, such as Lorne Campbell and Hod Stuart played for the Pittsburgh Professionals
21.
Pittsburgh Duquesne
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The team first played exhibition games of ice hockey in 1895. The league played twice a week, on Tuesday and Friday nights, the Duquesne and the WPHL continued play until December 16, when the Casino rink was destroyed by fire. The Duquesne finished the season of league play with a 2-3 record. The league and the Duquesne resumed play in 1898, with its games moved to the new ice rink at the Duquesne Gardens, with members the Pittsburgh Athletic Club. Many of the players came from Canada, with the Pittsburgh-based club owners luring players to the area with the promise of high paying jobs. The Duquesne did not play in the league in the following season, however, they returned to the league during its final season in 1908-09. Future Hall of Famer Alf Smith played for the Duquesne during their season in the league. The team returned and played in local hockey games after the fold of the WPHL. The team later played games inside the Winter Garden at Exposition Hall from 1916–1920, Duquesne Country and Athletic Club, an early American professional football team
22.
Pittsburgh Keystones (ice hockey)
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The team played all of its games at the Duquesne Gardens, and was involved in allowing Harry Peel become the first admitted professional hockey player in 1902. The Keystones history can be traced to the Keystone Bicycle Club, on December 30,1895, the Pittsburgh Press made mention of a “great international hockey and polo tournament” opening game at the Casino. The paper noted that 2,500 to 3,000 fans showed up to watch the game, no score or records were reportedly kept but the paper did note that the team from Queens University outplayed the Pittsburghers, who had never played the game before. Since the students from Western University participated in the game, it is possible that several of those players played for the Keystones. Afterwards, the Keystones, and every other team in Pittsburgh. The Gardens, because of its ice surface, lured many established hockey players to the Pittsburgh-area from Canada. In 1901 the team members of the Western Pennsylvania Hockey League, with the Pittsburgh Bankers. Aside from league play, the teams played exhibition games against some of the best amateur teams from North America. During the 1901-02 season, Riley Hern, a member of the Hockey Hall of Fame. In his first season, Hern led the league in victories, however, in the next season, Hern led the league in losses, losing 10 out of 11 games. Joining Hern on the team in 1901 was Arthur Sixsmith who moved to Pittsburgh, the Keystones would go on to win the 1901-02 WPHL championship title. S. According to Peel make no bones whatever about paying men, if they do not pay them, they give them fake positions. Peel was later suspended by the Ontario Hockey Association and his appeal was rejected on December 10,1903, however, by the 1902-03 season the WPHL, was known as a fully professional league. The next season, the Portage Lakes Hockey Club of Houghton, however the exposure given by playing Portage Lakes raised the profiles of some of the Pittsburgh players, who were lured away after the season for the promise of better pay in Michigan. The team soon raided Pittsburgh’s teams for top players like Riley Hern and this led the Keystones to withdraw from the league on January 17,1903. Their players were redistributed among the three other WPHL teams. Keystones players inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame, Riley Hern Trietley, oakland Once the Hockey Center of Pittsburgh. Pittsburgh can lay claim to at least a portion of the birth of professional hockey, first Pros Start League Play in 1902
23.
Pittsburgh Lyceum
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The Pittsburgh Lyceum Club, or Pittsburgh Lyceum, were a professional ice hockey team based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The team was a member of the Western Pennsylvania Hockey League from 1907 to 1908, after the WPHL was revived for the 1907–08 season, it was deteremined that two new teams would be needed so that the league could return to its four team format. That season, the Pittsburgh Pirates and the Lyceum entered the league, during their brief time in the WPHL, the Lyceum team included several notable players such as Jack Marks, Tommy Smith and Garnet Sixsmith. Marks however only played in three games for the Lyceum before he jumped to the Ontario Professional Hockey League, eventually playing in the Toronto Professional Hockey Clubs Stanley Cup challenge. Meanwhile, Sixsmith reportedly scored 11 goals in a game in Pittsburgh, finally Lyceum player Tommy Smith would later become inducted in the Hockey Hall of Fame. In their first year of play, the Lyceum posted an 11-5-1 record, however midway through their second season, the Lyceum folded on December 23,1908, because it was impossible for the team to count on a line-up with the leagues players constantly jumping contracts. It was decided to discontinue the WPHL after the season and stick with local hockey, the team returned and played in local hockey teams after the initial fold of the WPHL. The team later played games inside the Winter Garden at Exposition Hall from 1916 to 1920, members of the Hockey Hall of Fame who played for the Lyceum, Tommy Smith
24.
Pittsburgh Pirates (WPHL)
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The Pittsburgh Pirates were an early professional ice hockey club based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and were members of the Western Pennsylvania Hockey League for the 1908 WPHL season. The team, and the league, played all of their games at the Duquesne Gardens, the Pirates are best known for being involved in the first known trade of professional hockey players. Two new teams were needed to get the back to its original number of four teams. One of the teams to enter the league in 1907 was the Pittsburgh Lyceum, the Pirates entered the league loaded with professional players like Dunc Taylor, Ray Robinson, Ed Robitaille‚ Harry McRobie, Edgar Dey, Charles Masson and goaltender Jim MacKay. After the 1902 season, the WPHL became the first league to openly hire hockey players. Many of the athletes in the WPHL were Canadians who were drawn to Pittsburgh because of the Duquesne Gardens, to their credit, the Pirates might have been the first team to trade professional hockey players. According to the deal, the Pittsburgh Pirates sent Jim MacKay, Edgar Dey and Dunc Taylor to the Pittsburgh Bankers for Joseph Donnelly, Clint Bennest, the Pirates played only one year in the WPHL. They ended their season with a record of 5 wins,10 losses. Hockey trade put through The Pittsburgh Press, January 28,1908
25.
Pittsburgh Victorias
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The Pittsburgh Victorias were one of the earliest professional ice hockey teams. The club was based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and were members of the Western Pennsylvania Hockey League, the team folded in 1904, when the WPHL disbanded its teams to form the Pittsburgh Professionals and compete in the International Professional Hockey League. For the 1902-03 season, the Victorias were added to the WPHL making it a four team league, the team was made up of players from Ottawa, Canada, enticed to come to Pittsburgh. The Victorias were able to add Stanley Cup winner Bruce Stuart to their team and that season, Stuart led the WPHL with 16 goals in his first pro season and was named to the First All-Star team. William Duval, the 1902 captain of the Ottawa Silver Seven, also made the trip to Pittsburgh, ottawas Chic Henry, Charles Spittal and the Sixsmith brothers, Garnet and Arthur, also played for the Victorias. Arthur, the season, played on the Keystones championship team. While Garnet would one day score 11 goals in a game in Pittsburgh, in 1904 the Victorias won the WPHL title and played Houghton, Michigans Portage Lakes Hockey Club for the American Championship that year. The Victorias lost the three game series two games to one, the team disbanded later that year when the WPHL consolidated its players into the Pittsburgh Professionals and competed in the International Professional Hockey League. Several of the Victorias players went on to play with the Professionals, such as William Duval, Ed Roberts, Arthur and Garnet Sixsmith, Victorias members of Hockey Hall of Fame, Bruce Stuart Bruce Stuart Biography. Garnet Sixsmith – He Played Hockey When A Rival Said Ill Break Your Leg And Did It, is Pittsburgh the Birthplace of Professional Hockey
26.
University of Pittsburgh
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The University of Pittsburgh is a state-related research university located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. In 1787 after the American Revolutionary War, it was founded on the edge of the American frontier as the Pittsburgh Academy and it developed and was renamed as Western University of Pennsylvania by a change to its charter in 1819. For most of its history, Pitt was a private institution, the university also includes four undergraduate schools located at campuses within Western Pennsylvania, Bradford, Greensburg, Johnstown, and Titusville. The 132-acre Pittsburgh campus has multiple contributing historic buildings of the Schenley Farms Historic District, most notably its 42-story Gothic revival centerpiece, the university has an annual operating budget of approximately $2 billion, which includes nearly $900 million in research and development expenditures. It is the second-largest non-government employer in the Pittsburgh region behind UPMC, Pitt is ranked among the top public universities in the United States in both domestic and international rankings, and has been listed as a best value in higher education by several publications. Pitt students have access to arts programs throughout the campus and city. Pitts varsity athletic teams, collectively known as the Pittsburgh Panthers, compete in Division I of the NCAA, primarily as members of the Atlantic Coast Conference. Founded by Hugh Henry Brackenridge as Pittsburgh Academy in 1787, the University of Pittsburgh is one of the few universities and colleges established in the 18th century in the United States. It is the oldest continuously chartered institution of learning in the U. S. west of the Allegheny Mountains, the school began as a preparatory school, presumably in a log cabin, possibly as early as 1770 in Western Pennsylvania, then a frontier. A brick building was erected in 1790 on the side of Third Street. The small two-story brick building, with a gable facing the alley, within a short period, more advanced education in the area was needed, so in 1819 the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania amended the schools 1787 charter to confer university status. The school took the name the Western University of Pennsylvania, or WUP, by the 1830s, the university faced severe financial pressure to abandon its traditional liberal education in favor of the state legislatures desire for it to provide more vocational training. The decision to remain committed to liberal education nearly killed the university and it was also during this era that the founder of Mellon Bank, Thomas Mellon, graduated and later taught at WUP. The universitys buildings, along with most of its records and files, were destroyed in the Great Fire of 1845 that wiped out 20 square blocks of Pittsburgh, classes were temporarily held in Trinity Church until a new building was constructed on Duquesne Way. Only four years later, in 1849, this also was destroyed by fire. Due to the nature of these fires, operations were suspended for a few years to allow the university time to regroup. By 1854, WUP had erected a new building on the corner of Ross and Diamond streets, langley was professor of astronomy and physics and remained at WUP until 1891, when he was succeeded by another prominent astronomer, James Keeler. Growing quickly during this period, WUP outgrew its downtown facilities, the university eventually found itself on a 10-acre site on the North Sides Observatory Hill at the location of its Allegheny Observatory
27.
Basketball Association of America
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The Basketball Association of America was a professional basketball league in North America, founded in 1946. Following its third season, 1948–49, the BAA and the National Basketball League merged to create the National Basketball Association, the Philadelphia Warriors won the inaugural BAA championship in 1947, followed by the Baltimore Bullets and the Minneapolis Lakers in 1948 and 1949, respectively. Six teams from the BAA remain in operation in the NBA as of the 2012–13 season, the inaugural BAA season began with 11 teams, of which four dropped before the second season. One ABL team joined to provide 8 teams for 1947–48 and four NBL teams joined to provide 12 for 1948–49, the NBA generally claims the BAAs history as its own. For example, at NBA History online its table of one-line NBA Season Recaps begins 1946–47 without comment and it celebrated NBA at 50 in 1996, with announcement of its 50 Greatest Players among other things. However, most of the ABL and NBL teams played in small arenas, to put this theory into practice, the BAA was founded in New York City on June 6,1946. Maurice Podoloff, who was serving as president of the American Hockey League, was appointed president of the BAA. The owners of the BAA, while experienced businessmen, had little practice at owning basketball teams, the league started with 11 teams, which played a 60-game regular season. This was followed by the playoffs and the series to determine the league winner. Similar to Major League Baseball, nobody expected signing or drafting black players, at its inception, the quality of play in the BAA was not significantly better than in competing leagues, or among leading independent clubs such as the Harlem Globetrotters. For instance, both the 1948 and 1949 titles were won by teams that had played in other leagues during the year, the Baltimore Bullets in 1948. The league started with 11 teams, which were divided into two divisions, the Eastern Division and the Western Division, each team played 60 or 61 regular season games. The best three teams from each advanced to the playoffs. The final series was played in a best-of-7 format. On November 1,1946, at Maple Leaf Gardens in Toronto, the Toronto Huskies hosted the New York Knickerbockers, in the opening game of the BAA, Ossie Schectman scored the opening basket for the Knickerbockers. The Eastern Division winner, the Washington Capitols, who had the best record with 49 wins, were defeated in the semifinal by the Western Division winner. The Stags advanced to the finals along with the Philadelphia Warriors who defeated the New York Knickerbockers in the other semifinal, the Warriors won the inaugural BAA championship by winning the series 4–1. The first year had many problems, in arenas shared with hockey teams, some arena owners simply put a wooden basketball floor over the ice
28.
Duquesne Dukes men's basketball
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The Duquesne Dukes represent Duquesne University in college basketball. The team, which started in 1914, has ever played in NCAA Division I and has had five appearances in the NCAA Tournament. The Dukes play in the Atlantic 10 Conference, of which they have been members since 1976, the Dukes mens basketball team has had great success over the years, playing twice in national championship games in the 1950s and winning the National Invitation Tournament championship in 1955. Duquesne also won the 1976–77 Eastern Collegiate Basketball League championship and 1979–80, the Associated Press ranked Duquesne as the No.1 college basketball team in the country for two consecutive weeks during the 1953-54 season. Duquesne is the school to have back-to-back first overall picks in the National Basketball Association Draft. The Dukes mens basketball program can claim the first African-American player selected in an NBA draft. The 1939–40 Dukes basketball team finished with a 20–3 record and appeared in the Final Four of both the NIT and NCAA Tournaments, Duquesne has had the most Atlantic 10 scoring champions in conference history. As of March 30,2017, the basketball coach is Keith Dambrot. The history of basketball at Duquesne University can be dated back to 1914, the first game, against Bethany College, was won in a gym under the college chapel on January 9,1914. The team was first coached by Alexander Hogarty, whose tenure lasted one season. Father McGuigan coached football, baseball, and basketball until he was transferred from Duquesne University in 1923, teams had previously refused to play the Bluffites on their home court. Coach Chick Davies initiated a new era in the program, filling the 1, 200-seat gymnasium. Bonaventure University, Seton Hall University, Manhattan College, and the City College of New York, Davies, immensely popular, coached Duquesne basketball until 1948. However, the sport was reinstated in the spring of 1946, during the 1946-1947 season Davies led the Dukes to 19 straight victories before a loss to Georgetown University. In that same season, Duquesne received its invitation to the NIT, losing by one point to the University of Utah, the eventual champion. The December 23,1946, game had been anticipated since Tennessee had two All-Americans and four other returning lettermen. As Davies refused to remove Cooper from the squad, Tennessee canceled at the last minute, in 1950, Cooper became the first African-American drafted to play professional basketball when he joined the Boston Celtics. Dukes Basketball continued to impress with a new coach in the 1949 season--Donald Dudey Moore, moores team achieved a 17–5 record in the 1949 season, and in 1950,23 wins and another bid to the NIT
29.
National Collegiate Athletic Association
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The National Collegiate Athletic Association is a non-profit association which regulates athletes of 1,281 institutions, conferences, organizations, and individuals. It also organizes the programs of many colleges and universities in the United States and Canada. The organization is headquartered in Indianapolis, Indiana, in 2014, the NCAA generated almost a billion dollars in revenue. 80 to 90% of this revenue was due to the Division I Mens Basketball Tournament and this revenue is then distributed back into various organizations and institutions across the United States. In August 1973, the current three-division setup of Division I, Division II, under NCAA rules, Division I and Division II schools can offer scholarships to athletes for playing a sport. Division III schools may not offer any athletic scholarships, generally, larger schools compete in Division I and smaller schools in II and III. Division I football was divided into I-A and I-AA in 1978. Subsequently, the term Division I-AAA was briefly added to delineate Division I schools which do not field a football program at all, in 2006, Divisions I-A and I-AA were respectively renamed the Football Bowl Subdivision and Football Championship Subdivision. Inter-collegiate sports began in the US in 1852 when crews from Harvard University, as other sports emerged, notably football and basketball, many of these same concepts and standards were adopted. Football, in particular, began to emerge as a marquee sport, the IAAUS was officially established on March 31,1906, and took its present name, the NCAA, in 1910. For several years, the NCAA was a group and rules-making body, but in 1921, the first NCAA national championship was conducted. Gradually, more rules committees were formed and more championships were created, a series of crises brought the NCAA to a crossroads after World War II. The Sanity Code – adopted to establish guidelines for recruiting and financial aid – failed to curb abuses, postseason football games were multiplying with little control, and member schools were increasingly concerned about how the new medium of television would affect football attendance. The complexity of problems and the growth in membership and championships demonstrated the need for full-time professional leadership. Walter Byers, previously an executive assistant, was named executive director in 1951. Byers wasted no time placing his stamp on the Association, as college athletics grew, the scope of the nations athletics programs diverged, forcing the NCAA to create a structure that recognized varying levels of emphasis. In 1973, the Associations membership was divided into three legislative and competitive divisions – I, II, and III, five years later in 1978, Division I members voted to create subdivisions I-A and I-AA in football. Until the 1980s, the association did not offer womens athletics, instead, the Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women, with nearly 1000 member schools, governed womens collegiate sports in the United States
30.
Pittsburgh Panthers men's basketball
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The Pittsburgh Panthers mens basketball is the NCAA Division I intercollegiate mens basketball program of the University of Pittsburgh, often referred to as Pitt, located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The Pitt mens basketball competes in the Atlantic Coast Conference. The Panthers were retroactively recognized as the pre-NCAA Tournament national champion twice by the Helms Athletic Foundation, on March 28,2016, the school announced the hiring of Kevin Stallings as coach after the departure of Jamie Dixon. The University of Pittsburgh began playing basketball in 1905–06 under coach Benjamin Printz. The University did not field a team during the 1909–10 and 1910–11 seasons, flint led the Panthers to eight winning seasons during his ten years at the helm and coached future Pitt coach H. C. Henry Clifford Doc Carlson, MD took over as coach in 1922 and those teams were led by National Player of the Year, 3-time All-American and Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame inductee Charlie Hyatt. Carlson was a coach who would be inducted into the Naismith. He also developed the widely emulated Figure Eight Offense and also experimented with various conditioning techniques, under Carlson, and led by two-time All-American Claire Cribbs, Pitt continued success through the 1930s winning four Eastern Intercollegiate Conference Championships. On February 28,1940, Pitt played in the first ever televised basketball game, Carlson also led Pitt to its first ever NCAA appearance en route to the 1941 NCAA Final Four. Carlsons tenure at Pitts helm lasted for 30 consecutive years before he retired following the 1952–53 season, Pitt moved their competition into the Fitzgerald Field House in 1951, leaving the Pitt Pavilion, housed inside of Pitt Stadium. Pitt would continue to play in the Fieldhouse until 2002, timmons also led Pitt to an NCAA appearance in 1963 and its first NIT appearance in 1964. Timmons was succeeded by head coach Charles Buzz Ridl who became famous for his amoebe defense, with All-American Billy Knight, Ridl led Pitt to the Elite Eight in 1974, with early round victories over St. Josephs and Furman. Pitt lost to national champion North Carolina State in the Eastern Regional Final played in Raleigh. Following the graduation of Knight and Martin, Pitt made an NIT appearance the following year, Pittsburgh native Tim Grgurich, who was an assistant coach under Ridl, became Pitts next head coach. He led Pitt into the inaugural 1976–77 season of the Eastern Collegiate Basketball League and that initial year, Larry Harris, a 66 forward with an impressive outside shot and an ability to score points in traffic, won the league scoring title. Grgurich also led Pitt to the 1980 NIT, Grgurich was succeeded by Lafayette coach Dr. Roy Chipman who began Pitts rollercoaster-like ride back to national significance. In his first season at the helm, the Panthers won the Eastern Eight Conference Tournament, in the 1981 NCAA Tournament, Pitt defeated Idaho in overtime in the first round, they lost to North Carolina in the second round. Chipmans Panthers enjoyed similar success the season, defeating archrival West Virginia for their last Eastern Eight Tournament Championship
31.
Arena
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An arena is an enclosed area, often circular or oval-shaped, designed to showcase theater, musical performances, or sporting events. The word derives from Latin harena, a particularly fine/smooth sand used to absorb blood in ancient arenas such as the Colosseum in Rome and it is composed of a large open space surrounded on most or all sides by tiered seating for spectators. The key feature of an arena is that the event space is the lowest point, arenas are usually designed to accommodate a large number of spectators. The term arena is used as a synonym for a very large venue such as Pasadenas Rose Bowl. The use of one term over the other has mostly to do with the type of event, the home of the Duke University mens and womens basketball teams would qualify as an arena, but the facility is called Cameron Indoor Stadium. Domed stadiums, which, like arenas, are enclosed but have the larger playing surfaces, such examples of these would be terms such as the arena of war or the arena of love or the political arena. In many fighting games, the stage that opponents are fought in is called an arena. Ice hockey arena Amphitheatre List of indoor arenas by capacity List of stadiums by capacity
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Tram
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A tram is a rail vehicle which runs on tracks along public urban streets, and also sometimes on a segregated right of way. The lines or networks operated by tramcars are called tramways, Tramways powered by electricity, the most common type historically, were once called electric street railways. However, trams were used in urban areas before the universal adoption of electrification. Tram lines may run between cities and/or towns, and/or partially grade-separated even in the cities. Very occasionally, trams also carry freight, Tram vehicles are usually lighter and shorter than conventional trains and rapid transit trains, but the size of trams is rapidly increasing. Some trams may also run on railway tracks, a tramway may be upgraded to a light rail or a rapid transit line. For all these reasons, the differences between the modes of rail transportation are often indistinct. In the United States, the tram has sometimes been used for rubber-tired trackless trains. Today, most trams use electrical power, usually fed by a pantograph, in some cases by a sliding shoe on a third rail. If necessary, they may have dual power systems — electricity in city streets, trams are now included in the wider term light rail, which also includes segregated systems. The English terms tram and tramway are derived from the Scots word tram, referring respectively to a type of truck used in coal mines and the tracks on which they ran. The word tram probably derived from Middle Flemish trame, a Romanesque word meaning the beam or shaft of a barrow or sledge, the identical word la trame with the meaning crossbeam is also used in the French language. The word Tram-car is attested from 1873, although the terms tram and tramway have been adopted by many languages, they are not used universally in English, North Americans prefer streetcar, trolley, or trolleycar. The term streetcar is first recorded in 1840, and originally referred to horsecars, when electrification came, Americans began to speak of trolleycars or later, trolleys. The troller design frequently fell off the wires, and was replaced by other more reliable devices. The terms trolley pole and trolley wheel both derive from the troller, Modern trams often have an overhead pantograph mechanical linkage to connect to power, abandoning the trolley pole altogether. Conventional diesel tourist buses decorated to look like streetcars are sometimes called trolleys in the US, the term may also apply to an aerial ropeway, e. g. the Roosevelt Island Tramway. Over time, the trolley has fallen into informal use
33.
Schenley Park Casino
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The Schenley Park Casino was Pittsburgh’s first multi-purpose arena. The facility was considered the envy of the sports and entertainment world during the early 1890s and it was built at the entrance to Schenley Park in Oakland near the Phipps Conservatory, the Schenley Bridge and the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh. The University of Pittsburgh’s Frick Fine Arts Building currently sits on the site of the Casino, the Casino was the first place in Pittsburgh where organized ice hockey was played. The arenas artificial ice surface was the first of its kind in North America, in the fall of 1893, The City of Pittsburgh pondered on the idea of multi-purpose facility that would be a place for theater, recreation and social gathering. The notion of indoor ice skating galvanized the Casino’s construction plan, as a result, investors were quick to agree to the $400,000 financing, and construction of the Casino was completed before opening to the public on May 29,1895. The Casino contained luxury boxes, as well as a theater. Each end of the ice rink featured 10 dressing rooms which were furnished with oil paintings, the rooms were owned by politicians and capitalists from the banking, steel, coal and railroad industries and were used for winter carnivals, skating expos and political rallies. The facility also contained a ladies’ reception room which was furnished with imported carpeting, lace curtains and it also featured a childcare and play area. However the primary attraction at the Casino was the elliptical-shaped,225 x 70-foot ice surface, the facility offered public skating sessions were held only on weekdays. The five cent admission included steel skate frames that were strapped over a person’s winter footwear, saturdays were reserved for private parties and the Pittsburgh hockey club that evolved into the Pittsburgh Keystones, a group of local men from the Western University and Carnegie Tech. In the summer, the Casino was used as a 3,500 seat theatre, on December 30,1895, the Pittsburgh Press made mention of a “great international hockey and polo tournament” opening game at the Casino. The paper noted that 2,500 to 3,000 fans showed up to watch the game, no score or records were reportedly kept but the paper did note that the team from Queens University outplayed the Pittsburghers, who had never played the game before. On December 17,1896, at approximately 1,45 am, an ammonia pipe in the icemaking department began leaking. Firefighters believed the gas mixed with grease and created an explosion resulting in a fire consumed the equipment room in the rear of the Casino. The amount of heat from the blaze was strong enough to melt the windows of nearby Phipps Conservatory. At first many investors were hopeful that the Casino could be rebuilt, however they later learned that the $400,000 building was only insured for a sum of $50, 000-$75,000. The only thing remained was the large brick smoke stack. Along with the facility, a brand-new merry-go-round, valued at $30,000, was destroyed in the blaze
34.
Ice hockey
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Ice hockey is a contact team sport played on ice, usually in a rink, in which two teams of skaters use their sticks to shoot a vulcanized rubber puck into their opponents net to score points. Ice hockey teams usually consist of six each, one goaltender. A fast-paced, physical sport, ice hockey is most popular in areas of North America, Ice hockey is the official national winter sport of Canada, where the game enjoys immense popularity. In North America, the National Hockey League is the highest level for mens hockey, the Kontinental Hockey League is the highest league in Russia and much of Eastern Europe. The International Ice Hockey Federation is the governing body for international ice hockey. The IIHF manages international tournaments and maintains the IIHF World Ranking, worldwide, there are ice hockey federations in 74 countries. Ice hockey is believed to have evolved from simple stick and ball games played in the 18th and 19th century United Kingdom and these games were brought to North America and several similar winter games using informal rules were developed, such as shinny and ice polo. The contemporary sport of ice hockey was developed in Canada, most notably in Montreal, some characteristics of that game, such as the length of the ice rink and the use of a puck, have been retained to this day. Amateur ice hockey began in the 1880s, and professional ice hockey originated around 1900. The Stanley Cup, emblematic of ice hockey club supremacy, was first awarded in 1893 to recognize the Canadian amateur champion, in international competitions, the national teams of six countries predominate, Canada, Czech Republic, Finland, Russia, Sweden and the United States. Of the 69 medals awarded all-time in mens competition at the Olympics, in the annual Ice Hockey World Championships,177 of 201 medals have been awarded to the six nations. In Russia and the Ukraine, where hockey can also refer to bandy, the name hockey has no clear origin. The English historian and biographer John Strype did not use the word hockey when he translated the proclamation in 1720, the 1573 Statute of Galway banned a sport called hokie—the hurling of a little ball with sticks or staves. A form of this word was thus being used in the 16th century, though much removed from its current usage. According to the Austin Hockey Association, the word derives from the Scots Gaelic puc or the Irish poc. The blow given by a hurler to the ball with his caman or hurley is always called a puck. Stick-and-ball games date back to pre-Christian times, in Europe, these games included the Irish game of hurling, the closely related Scottish game of shinty and versions of field hockey. IJscolf, a game resembling colf on a surface, was popular in the Low Countries between the Middle Ages and the Dutch Golden Age. It was played with a curved bat, a wooden or leather ball
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PPG Industries
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PPG Industries, Inc. is an American Fortune 500 company and global supplier of paints, coatings, specialty materials, and fiberglass. With headquarters in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, PPG operates in more than 70 countries around the globe, by revenue it is the largest coatings company in the world. It is headquartered in PPG Place, an office and retail complex in downtown Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company was founded in 1883 by Captain John Baptiste Ford and John Pitcairn, Jr. at Creighton, Pennsylvania. Based in Creighton, Pennsylvania, PPG soon became the United States first commercially successful producer of high-quality, PPG was also the worlds first plate glass plant to power its furnaces with locally produced natural gas, an innovation which rapidly stimulated widespread industrial use of the cleaner-burning fuel. By 1900, known as the Glass Trust, it included 10 plants, had a 65 percent share of the U. S. plate glass market, and had become the nations second largest producer of paint. Today, known as PPG Industries, the company is a multibillion-dollar and it now produces coatings, glass, fiberglass, and chemicals. Pitcairn served as a director of PPG from its start, its president from 1897 to 1905, on 19 December 1968 the company changed its name to PPG Industries, Inc. to show its diverse offerings. Ditzler Color Company, established in 1902 in Detroit as an automotive color concern, was purchased by Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company in 1928, in the mid-1980s, Cipisa, a Spanish paint company was acquired and renamed PPG Ibérica. The CEO of Cipisa, Pere Nadal Carres became CEO of PPG Ibérica, in 1990 PPG founded Transitions Optical as a joint venture with Essilor. In October 2000, PPG Industries announced it had agreed to buy Courtaulds Aerospace for $512.5 million, based in Glendale, California, the aerospace business has annual sales of approximately $US240 million, employs 1,200 people. The business also operates 14 application-support centres in North America, Europe, Africa, in 2007, the company was involved in a lawsuit on failing to disclose a purchase reduction of its two major auto glass customers. On 2 January 2008, PPG acquired the SigmaKalon Group of companies for $3.2 billion from private investment firm Bain Capital, strongly increasing its paint, in 2008, PPG renamed their automotive glass division PGW and sold a majority of it to Kohlberg & Company. 2013 revenue was US$15.1 billion, while assets were US$15.9 billion, chuck Bunch remains Executive Chairman, while Michael McGarry serves as President & CEO. In July 2016, PPG announced its sale of the glass business to Vitro. In October 2016, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette announced the acquisition of the rights to Consol Energy Center by PPG. Stringent standards were agreed to in a court settlement. PPG has been involved in sports for years, including being the primary. On October 4th,2016, it was announced that The Consol Energy Center would be giving up its naming rights, columbia-Southern Chemical Corporation Dimetcote Self-cleaning glass Transitions Lenses, a joint venture since 1990
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National Basketball Association
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The National Basketball Association is the major mens professional basketball league in North America, and is widely considered to be the premier mens professional basketball league in the world. It has 30 teams, and is a member of USA Basketball. The NBA is one of the four professional sports leagues in the United States. NBA players are the worlds best paid athletes by average annual salary per player, the league was founded in New York City on June 6,1946, as the Basketball Association of America. The league adopted the name National Basketball Association on August 3,1949, the leagues several international as well as individual team offices are directed out of its head offices located in the Olympic Tower at 645 Fifth Avenue in New York City. NBA Entertainment and NBA TV studios are directed out of offices located in Secaucus, the Basketball Association of America was founded in 1946 by owners of the major ice hockey arenas in the Northeastern and Midwestern United States and Canada. On November 1,1946, in Toronto, Canada, the Toronto Huskies hosted the New York Knickerbockers at Maple Leaf Gardens, the first basket was made by Ossie Schectman of the Knickerbockers. During its early years, the quality of play in the BAA was not significantly better than in competing leagues or among leading independent clubs such as the Harlem Globetrotters. For instance, the 1948 ABL finalist Baltimore Bullets moved to the BAA and won that leagues 1948 title, Following the 1948–49 season, the BAA took in the remainder of the NBL, Syracuse, Anderson, Tri-Cities, Sheboygan, Denver, and Waterloo. The new league had seventeen franchises located in a mix of large and small cities, as well as arenas and smaller gymnasiums. The process of contraction saw the leagues smaller-city franchises move to larger cities, the Hawks shifted from the Tri-Cities to Milwaukee in 1951, and then to St. Louis in 1955. The Rochester Royals moved from Rochester, New York, to Cincinnati in 1957, japanese-American Wataru Misaka broke the NBA color barrier in the 1947–48 season when he played for the New York Knicks. He remained the only player in league history prior to the first African-American, Harold Hunter. During this period, the Minneapolis Lakers, led by center George Mikan, won five NBA Championships, to encourage shooting and discourage stalling, the league introduced the 24-second shot clock in 1954. If a team does not attempt to score a goal within 24 seconds of obtaining the ball, play is stopped. In 1957, rookie center Bill Russell joined the Boston Celtics, who already featured guard Bob Cousy and coach Red Auerbach, and went on to lead the club to eleven NBA titles in thirteen seasons. Center Wilt Chamberlain entered the league with the Warriors in 1959 and became a dominant individual star of the 1960s, russells rivalry with Chamberlain became one of the greatest rivalries in the history of American team sports. The 1960s were dominated by the Celtics, led by Russell, Bob Cousy and coach Red Auerbach, Boston won eight straight championships in the NBA from 1959 to 1966
37.
Dance hall
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Dance hall in its general meaning is a hall for dancing. From the earliest years of the century until the early 1960s. One of the most famous dance hall musicians was Glenn Miller, other structural forms of dance halls include the dance pavilion which has a roof but no walls, and the open-air platform which has no roof or walls. The open air nature of the pavilion was both a feature and a drawback. The taxi dance hall is a hall with a specific arrangement. Starting in the early 1930s, The Savoy, a hall in Harlem was the first truly integrated building in the United States — for both the dancers and the musicians. We didnt care about the color of your skin, all we wanted to know was, Can you dance. The early days of rock n roll were briefly played out in dance halls until they were superseded by nightclubs, texas has a high concentration of community dance halls, the largest number of them built by German and Czech immigrants. In Sweden and Finland, open air dance pavilions have been used mostly in summer, especially formerly the dance pavilions were often built at sites with beautiful landscape, for example by the lakes. Ballroom Dance club, the successor of the dance hall Dance Halls at Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture
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Oakland (Pittsburgh)
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Oakland is the academic and healthcare center of Pittsburgh and one of the citys major cultural centers. The neighborhood is home to three universities, museums, and hospitals, as well as an abundance of shopping, restaurants and it is also home to the locally designated Oakland Square Historic District. The Pittsburgh Fire Bureau has Fire Station No.14 on McKee Place, Oakland is officially divided into four neighborhoods, North Oakland, West Oakland, Central Oakland, and South Oakland. Each section has an identity, and offers its own flavor of venues. Oakland is Pittsburghs second most populated neighborhood with 22,210 residents, North Oakland can be loosely defined as the area of Oakland between Neville and Bouquet Streets, encompassing all of Craig Street and running north to Polish Hill. The Cathedral of Learning, the engineering or midsection of the University of Pittsburgh campus, rANDs Pittsburgh center is located in North Oakland as well as the long time RIDC business incubator on Henry Street. North Oakland is also home to the Schenley Farms Historic District and many mid-rise condominium, Central Oakland is bordered by Schenley Park, the Boulevard of the Allies, Fifth Avenue, and Halket Street. Many students at the University of Pittsburgh who decide to live off-campus reside in this neighborhood, many of its homes are historic masonry structures dating from the turn of the century. The area is sometimes mistakenly called South Oakland and its Main Business District runs along Forbes and Fifth Avenue, and contains a diversity of restaurants, retailers, and financial services. These businesses are organized by the Oakland Business Improvement District, smaller business districts in Central Oakland provide additional dining options along Atwood Street and Semple Street. It is also the location of the isolated and historic neighborhood of Panther Hollow which runs along Boundary Street in Junction Hollow as well as the Oakland Square Historic District. South Oakland runs along the Monongahela River and forms a shape between the Monongahela River, the Boulevard of the Allies, and the western bank of Junction Hollow. Magee-Womens Hospital of UPMC and the Pittsburgh Technology Center are major landmarks of this neighborhood, the neighborhood is split between a riverfront flood plain to the southwest and a plateau to the northeast. The plateau is divided into two residential areas which are separated from one another by Bates Street, which runs up a valley from the flood plain to the plateau. The residents of the neighborhood on the side of Bates Avenue self-identify their neighborhood as Oakcliffe. It is important to note that some residents of Central Oakland misidentify that neighborhood as being part of South Oakland, in other words, the border between Central Oakland and South Oakland is much further south than is believed by some residents. The area between Forbes Avenue and Boulevard of the Allies is officially part of Central Oakland. South Oakland can be reputed to be a student neighborhood, but in fact, South Oakland was the childhood home of Andy Warhol, and later the residence of fellow pop artist Keith Haring
39.
Christopher Magee (politician)
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Christopher Lyman Magee was a powerful political boss in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. Along with William Flinn, his partner, the two ran the Republican Party machine that controlled the city for the last twenty years of the 19th century. He was born in Pittsburgh and was educated in the Pittsburgh Public Schools, when his father died, he became an office boy for the iron manufacturing firm of Park, McCurdy, and Company. By 1864 he took a job in the city controllers office, Magee came from a large family which was prominent in local politics. His uncle, Squire Thomas Steele, had been president of city council, through Steeles influence, Magee obtained his first jobs in government. At age 22 Magee ran on the Republican ticket for city treasurer and he then helped to pass a bill revising property assessments upward, and another bill to collect from tax delinquents. Magee cut city debt in half during his term, in 1879, in the citys Sixth Ward, one of Magees brothers ran for office against William Flinn, an upstart in local politics. However Magee and Flinn struck up a partnership, as Flinn eyed a seat in the Pennsylvania General Assembly, and Magee had an enemy at the state level. In 1887 the two succeeded in changing the city charter at the legislature that took the power of appointments away from city council. Magee and Flinn also consolidated Republican control within both the city and Allegheny County, finally, the two were successful in placing public monies into banks and financial markets associated with industrial Pittsburghs phenomenal growth after the American Civil War. This won them untold favors from big business, especially allowing them to grant jobs to thousands, Magee did win two terms to the state senate, but his political influence was largely limited to Pittsburgh. Magee made his early forturne in the street car industry. He began as president of Transverse Railway Company, secured franchises through his political maneuverings and he then merged the street car companies into the Consolidated Traction Company, of which he served as president. He also owned real estate in the city and he served on the boards of many banks. Magees chief business partner was Joshua Rhodes, chairman of the National Tube Company, Magee also served on the boards of nonprofit institutions such as hospitals and universities. In 1895 he donated $125,000 to established the Pittsburgh Zoo, however the Casino was destroyed in a fire, just 19 months after it opened. Magee then purchased a barn at the corner of Fifth Avenue and Craig Street in 1895, turned it into a 5, 000-seat arena. The building hosted its first hockey game in 1899, and became the home of the Western Pennsylvania Hockey League, when the Democratic minority party supported a sand filtration plant for Pittsburghs water supply, Magee, Edward Manning Bigelow, and his brother Thomas Bigelow contended over different plans
40.
Speed skating
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Speed skating is a competitive form of ice skating in which the competitors race each other in travelling a certain distance on skates. Types of speed skating are long track speed skating, short track speed skating, in the Olympic Games, long-track speed skating is usually referred to as just speed skating, while short-track speed skating is known as short track. The ISU, the body of both ice sports, refers to long track as speed skating and short track as short track skating. The standard rink for long track is 400 meters long, but tracks of 200,250 and it is one of two Olympic forms of the sport and the one with the longer history. An international federation was founded in 1892, the first for any winter sport, the sport enjoys large popularity in the Netherlands and Norway. There are top international rinks in a number of countries, including Canada. A World Cup circuit is held with events in those countries, International Skating Union rules allow some leeway in the size and radius of curves. Short track speed skating takes place on a rink, normally the size of an ice hockey rink. Distances are shorter than in long-track racing, with the longest Olympic individual race being 1500 meters, races are usually held as knockouts, with the best two in heats of four or five qualifying for the final race, where medals are awarded. Disqualifications and falls are not uncommon, there are variations on the mass-start races. In the regulations of roller sports, eight different types of mass starts are described, races usually have some rules about disqualification if an opponent is unfairly hindered, these rules vary between the disciplines. In mass-start races, skaters will usually be allowed some physical contact, relay races are also held in short track and inline competitions, but here, exchanges may take place at any time during the race, though exchanges may be banned during the last couple of laps. Most speed skating races are held on a course. Oval sizes vary, in track speed skating, the rink must be an oval of 111.12 metres. Inline skating rinks are between 125 and 400 metres, though banked tracks can only be 250 metres long, inline skating can also be held on closed road courses between 400 and 1,000 metres, as well as open-road competitions where starting and finishing lines do not coincide. This is also a feature of outdoor marathons and it was much later, in the 16th century, that people started seeing skating as fun and perhaps even a sporting activity. Later, in Norway, King Eystein Magnusson, later King Eystein I of Norway, however, skating and speed skating was not limited to the Netherlands and Scandinavia, in 1592, a Scotsman designed a skate with an iron blade. It was iron-bladed skates that led to the spread of skating and, in particular, while in the Netherlands, people began touring the waterways connecting the 11 cities of Friesland, a challenge which eventually led to the Elfstedentocht
41.
Roller skating
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Roller skating is the traveling on surfaces with roller skates. It is a form of activity as well as a sport. 1743, First recorded use of roller skates, in a London stage performance, the inventor of this skate is unknown. 1760, First recorded skate invention, by John Joseph Merlin,1818, Roller skates appeared on the ballet stage in Berlin. 1819, First patented roller skate design, in France by M. Petitbled and these early skates were similar to todays inline skates, but they were not very maneuverable. It was difficult with these skates to do anything but move in a straight line, rest of the 19th century, inventors continued to work on improving skate design. 1823, Robert John Tyers of London patented a skate called the Rolito and this skate had five wheels in a single row on the bottom of a shoe or boot. 1857, Finally, roller skating had gained momentum to warrant the opening of the first public skating rinks. The Strand, London and Floral Hall had these first roller rinks, the skate contained a pivoting action using a rubber cushion that allowed the skater to skate a curve just by pressing his weight to one side or the other, most commonly by leaning to one side. The design of the quad skate allowed easier turns and maneuverability,1876, William Brown in Birmingham, England, patented a design for the wheels of roller skates. Browns design embodied his effort to keep the two bearing surfaces of an axle, fixed and moving, apart, Brown worked closely with Joseph Henry Hughes, who drew up the patent for a ball or roller bearing race for bicycle and carriage wheels in 1877. Hughes patent included all the elements of an adjustable system and these two men are thus responsible for modern roller skate and skateboard wheels, as well as the ball bearing race inclusion in velocipedes—later to become motorbikes and automobiles. This was arguably the most important advance in the use of roller skates as a pleasurable pastime. 1876, The toe stop was first patented and this provided skaters with the ability to stop promptly upon tipping the skate onto the toe. Toe stops are used today on most quad skates and on some types of inline skates. 1877, The Royal Skating indoor skating ring building is erected rue Veydt, 1880s, Roller skates were being mass-produced in America from then. This was the sports first of several boom periods, henley of Richmond, Indiana produced thousands of skates every week during peak sales. Henley skates were the first skate with adjustable tension via a screw,1884, Levant M. Richardson received a patent for the use of steel ball bearings in skate wheels to reduce friction, allowing skaters to increase speed with minimum effort
42.
Roller derby
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Roller derby is a contact sport played by two teams of five members roller skating in the same direction around a track. Game play consists of a series of match ups in which both teams designate a jammer who scores points by lapping members of the opposing team. The teams attempt to hinder the opposing jammer while assisting their own jammer—in effect, Roller derby is played by approximately 1,250 amateur leagues worldwide, nearly half of them outside the United States. Professional roller derby quickly became popular, in 1940, more than five million spectators watched in about 50 American cities, in the ensuing decades, however, it predominantly became a form of sports entertainment where the theatrical elements overshadowed the athleticism. This gratuitous showmanship largely ended with the sports contemporary grassroots revival in the first decade of the 21st century, although some sports entertainment qualities such as player pseudonyms and colorful uniforms were retained, scripted bouts with predetermined winners were abandoned. Most modern leagues share a strong do it yourself ethic which combines athleticism, as of 2016, the Womens Flat Track Derby Association, had 397 full member leagues and 48 Apprentice Leagues. Contemporary roller derby has a set of rules, with variations reflecting the interests of a governing bodys member leagues. The summary below is based on a rule set developed by the Womens Flat Track Derby Association. In March 2010, Derby News Network claimed that more than 98% of roller derby competitions were conducted under WFTDA rules, thus, the rules described below are WFTDA rules. Roller derby is played by two teams of up to fourteen players, who both field up to five members for each two-minute jam, simultaneously skating counterclockwise on a circuit track, each team designates a scoring player, the other four members are blockers. One blocker can be designated as a pivot—a special blocker who is allowed to become a jammer in the course of play, the jammer wears a helmet cover bearing two stars, the pivot wears a striped cover, the remaining members helmets are uncovered. The bout is played in two periods of 30 minutes, point scoring occurs during jams, plays that last up to two minutes. During a jam, points are scored when a jammer on a scoring pass laps members of the opposing team, each teams blockers use body contact, changing positions, and other tactics to assist its jammer to score while hindering the opposing teams jammer. Certain types of blocks and other play are violations, referees call penalties, play begins by blockers lining up on the track anywhere between the rear jammer line and the front pivot line. The jammers start behind the line, a second starting line 30 feet behind the pivot line. Jams begin on a short whistle blast, upon which both jammers and blockers may begin engaging immediately. The pack is the largest single group of blockers containing members of both teams skating in proximity, arranged such that each are within 10 feet of the next. The first jammer to exit the front of the pack, having passed all blockers at least once
43.
Cycle sport
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Cycle sport is competitive physical activity using bicycles. There are several categories of racing including road bicycle racing, time trialling, cyclo-cross, mountain bike racing, track cycling, BMX. Non-racing cycling sports include cycling, cycle polo, freestyle BMX. The Union Cycliste Internationale is the governing body for cycling. The International Human Powered Vehicle Association is the body for human-powered vehicles that imposes far fewer restrictions on their design than does the UCI. The UltraMarathon Cycling Association is the body for many ultra-distance cycling races. Bicycle racing is recognised as an Olympic sport, bicycle races are popular all over the world, especially in Europe. The countries most devoted to bicycle racing include Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, other countries with international standing include Australia, Luxembourg, the United Kingdom and the United States. The first bicycle race is held to have been a 1,200 meter race on the 31 May 1868 at the Parc de Saint-Cloud. It was won by expatriate Englishman James Moore who rode a bicycle with iron tires. The machine is now on display at the museum in Ely, Cambridgeshire, road bicycle racing involve both team and individual competition, and races are contested in various ways. They range from the road race, criterium, and time trial to multi-stage events like the Tour de France. The races typically take place from spring through to autumn, many riders from the northern hemisphere spend the winter in countries such as Australia, to compete or train. The longest one-day road race sanctioned by USA Cycling is Lotoja which covers the 206 miles from Logan, Utah to Jackson, criteriums are races based on circuits typically less than a mile in length and sometimes run for a set time rather than a specific distance. Criteriums are the most popular form of racing in North America. In Belgium, kermesses are popular, single-day events of usually over 120 km, as well as road races in which all riders start simultaneously, individual time trial and team time trial events are also held on road-based courses. Track cycling encompasses races that take place on banked tracks or velodromes, events are quite diverse and can range from individual and team pursuits, two-man sprints, to various group and mass start races. Competitors use track bicycles which do not have brakes or freewheels, cyclo-cross originated as a sport for road racers during the off season, to vary their training during the cold months
44.
College basketball
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The history of basketball is traced back to a YMCA International Training School, known today as Springfield College, located in Springfield, Massachusetts. The date of the first formal basketball game played at the Springfield YMCA Training School under Naismiths rules is generally given as December 21,1891, Basketball began to spread to college campuses by 1893. Governing bodies in Canada include U Sports and the Canadian Collegiate Athletic Association, each of these various organizations are subdivided into from one to three divisions based on the number and level of scholarships that may be provided to the athletes. The first basketball games in the United States were played at YMCAs in 1891 and 1892, by 1893, the game was being played on college campuses. The original rules for basketball were very different from todays modern rules of the sport, in the beginning James Naismith established 13 original rules, The ball may be thrown in any direction with one or both hands. The ball may be batted in any direction with one or both hands, but never with the fist, a player cannot run with the ball. The player must throw it from the spot on which he catches it, the ball must be held by the hands. The arms or body must not be used for holding it, no shouldering, holding, pushing, striking, or tripping in any way of an opponent is allowed. A foul will be called when a player is seen striking at the ball with the fist, or when violations of rules 3 and 4, if either side makes three consecutive fouls it shall count as a goal for the opponents. A goal shall be made when the ball is thrown or batted from the grounds into the basket and stays there, if the ball rests on the edges, and the opponent moves the basket, it shall count as a goal. When the ball out of bounds, it shall be thrown into the field. In case of dispute the umpire shall throw it straight into the field, the thrower-in is allowed five seconds. If he holds it longer, it shall go to the opponent, if any side persists in delaying the game, the umpire shall call a foul on them. The umpire shall be the judge of the men and shall note the fouls and he shall have power to disqualify men according to rule 5. The referee shall be judge of the ball and shall decide when the ball is in play, in bounds, to side it belongs. He shall decide when a goal has been made and keep account of the goals, the time shall be two fifteen-minute halves, with five minutes rest between. The side making the most goals in that time shall be declared the winner, the following is a list of some of the major NCAA Basketball rule changes with the year they went into effect. The first known college to field a team against an outside opponent was Vanderbilt University
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Rodeo
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Rodeo is a competitive sport that arose out of the working practices of cattle herding in Spain, Mexico, and later Central America, the United States, Canada, South America, Australia and New Zealand. It was based on the skills required of the vaqueros and later, cowboys, in what today is the western United States, western Canada. Today it is an event that involves horses and other livestock, designed to test the skill and speed of the cowboys. American style professional rodeos generally comprise the events, tie-down roping, team roping, steer wrestling, saddle bronc riding, bareback bronc riding, bull riding. The events are divided into two categories, the rough stock events and the timed events. Depending on sanctioning organization and region, other such as breakaway roping, goat tying. American rodeo, particularly popular today within the Canadian province of Alberta and throughout the western United States, is the state sport of Wyoming, South Dakota. The iconic silhouette image of a Bucking Horse and Rider is a federal, the Legislative Assembly of Alberta has considered making American rodeo the official sport of that province. However, enabling legislation has yet to be passed, associations also exist for Native Americans and other minority groups. Rodeo has provoked opposition from animal rights and animal welfare advocates, the American rodeo industry has made progress in improving the welfare of rodeo animals, with specific requirements for veterinary care and other regulations that protect rodeo animals. However, rodeo is opposed by a number of animal welfare organizations in the United States, some local and state governments in North America have banned or restricted rodeos, certain rodeo events, or types of equipment. Internationally, rodeo is banned in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands, the American English word rodeo is taken directly from Spanish rodeo, which roughly translates into English as round up. The yearly rodeos for separating the cattle were overseen by the Juez del Campo, the term was also used to refer to exhibitions of skills used in the working rodeo. This evolved from these yearly gatherings where festivities were held and horsemen could demonstrate their equestrian skills and it was this latter usage which was adopted into the cowboy tradition of the United States and Canada. The term rodeo was first used in English in approximately 1834 to refer to a cattle round-up, today the word is used primarily to refer to a public exhibition of cowboy skills, usually in the form of a competitive event. Many rodeo events were based on the tasks required by cattle ranching, the working cowboy developed skills to fit the needs of the terrain and climate of the American west, and there were many regional variations. The skills required to manage cattle and horses back to the Spanish traditions of the vaquero. Early rodeo-like affairs of the 1820s and 1830s were informal events in the western United States and northern Mexico with cowboys, following the American Civil War, rodeo competitions emerged, with the first held in Cheyenne, Wyoming in 1872
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Circus
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The term circus also describes the performance which has followed various formats through its 250-year modern history. Philip Astley is credited with being the father of the circus when he opened the first circus in 1768 in England. Early circuses were almost exclusively demonstrations of equestrian skills with a few types of acts to link the horsemanship performances. Performances developed significantly through the next fifty years, with large scale theatrical battle reenactments becoming a significant feature, as styles of performance have changed since the time of Astley, so too have the types of venues where these circuses have performed. The earliest modern circuses were performed in open air structures with limited covered seating, from the late 18th to late 19th century custom-made circus buildings were built with various types of seating, a centre ring, and sometimes a stage. The traditional large tents, commonly known as Big Tops were introduced in the mid 19th century as touring circuses superseded static venues and these tents eventually became the most common venue and remain so to the present day. Contemporary circuses perform in a variety of venues including tents, theatres, many circus performances are still held in a ring usually 13 m in diameter. This dimension was adopted by Philip Astley in the late 18th century as the minimum diameter that enabled a horse rider to stand upright on a cantering horse to perform their tricks. In the book De Spectaculis early Christian writer Tertullian claimed that the first circus games were staged by the goddess Circe in honour of her father Helios, the modern and commonly held idea of a circus is of a Big Top with various acts providing entertainment therein. For many, circus history begins with Englishman Philip Astley, while for others its origins go back much further—to Roman times. In Ancient Rome, the circus was a building for the exhibition of horse and chariot races, equestrian shows, staged battles, gladiatorial combat, the Roman circus buildings were, however, not circular but rectangular with semi circular ends. The lower seats were reserved for persons of rank, There were also various state boxes for the giver of the games, the circus was the only public spectacle at which men and women were not separated. It was constructed during the monarchy and, at first, built completely from wood, after being rebuilt several times, the final version of the Circus Maximus could seat 250,000 people, it was built of stone and measured 400m in length and 90m in width. Next in importance were the Circus Flaminius and the Circus Neronis, a fourth circus was constructed by Maxentius, its ruins have helped archaeologists reconstruct the Roman circus. For some time after the fall of Rome, large buildings fell out of use as centres of mass entertainment. Instead, itinerant performers, animal trainers and showmen travelled between towns throughout Europe, performing at local fairs, Astley performed stunts in a 42 ft diameter ring, which is the standard size used by circuses ever since. Astley referred to the arena as a Circle and the building as an amphitheatre. Joseph Grimaldi, the first mainstream clown, had his first major role as Little Clown in the pantomime The Triumph of Mirth, or, the Royal Circus opened in London on 4 November 1782 by Charles Dibdin and his partner Charles Hughes
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Golden Gloves
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The Golden Gloves is the name given to annual competitions for amateur boxing in the United States, where a small pair of golden boxing gloves are awarded. In later years the idea was taken up by other cities, along with the New York Golden Gloves, the Chicago tournament was viewed as one of the two elite Golden Gloves Championships in the United States. The Intercity Golden Gloves tournament ran from 1928 to 1961, with the event being held at famed venues including the Chicago Coliseum, the National Golden Gloves contest began in 1962 and continues to be the most highly regarded amateur boxing tournament in the United States. It is sponsored and controlled by the Golden Gloves Association of America, winners from regional Golden Gloves competitions compete in the national competition, called the Golden Gloves Tournament of Champions. The Tournament of Champions is held once a year, and a new tournament site is selected annually, Golden Gloves program is currently organized on a territorial basis to give all sections of the country representation. All tournaments are planned, promoted and directed by the Golden Gloves Charities, many amateur Golden Gloves participants went on to become professional boxers, including Joe Louis, Muhammad Ali, Joe Frazier, and Barney Ross. The Golden Gloves are open to all non-professional pugilists age 16, there is also a Silver Gloves amateur tournament, which is for amateur pugilists aged 10 to 15 years old. Louis Golden Gloves Syracuse Golden Gloves Texas Golden Gloves Toledo Golden Gloves Tri-State Golden Gloves Upper Midwest Golden Gloves Washington, Golden Gloves Wisconsin Golden Gloves Other countries have similar amateur boxing awards, such as Mexicos Guantes De Oro. In the past, certain amateur tournaments would award the victor with a Diamond Belt as recognition of their amateur championship status and these tournaments were sponsored by various organizations and newspapers in the United States with the Philadelphia Inquirer being one of the more notable. Notable Diamond Belt winners include George Foreman, Bobby Chacon, Jimmy McCarter, Logan McElroy, four major Golden Gloves annual tournaments that have taken place include, BC Golden Gloves, Tacoma Golden Gloves, Seattle Golden Gloves and Oregon Golden Gloves. Some notable Canadian boxers to win championships in two or more of the four locations include Frank Albert Scott, Freddy Stephen Fuller, Earl McLeay, Dick Findlay, the annual Golden Gloves tournament in British Columbia, Canada has been a regular event since 1939. One that operated from 1954 to the early Sixties was the Vancouver Island Golden Gloves, the first Vancouver Island Golden Boy was Victorias Bert Wilkinson in 1954. Some of the history was documented in various issues of the Vancouver Island Boxing News in 1983, and the BC Amateur Boxing News between November 1983 and January 1986. Also, a poster of the 1954 tournament and a photo of Bert Wilkinson was recently used in a video for the ceremony of the Greater Victoria Hall of Fame held in November 2009. Oregon Golden Gloves Championships - Bend Oregon, state level held in January or February each year
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