1.
Rajahmundry
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Rajahmundry is one of the major cities in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is located on the banks of the Godavari River, in East Godavari district of the state, the city is the mandal headquarters to both Rajahmundry and Rajahmundry mandals. As of 2011 census, it is the sixth most populous city in the state, the city is most notable for its historic agricultural, economic and cultural backgrounds. Hence, the city is known as the Cultural Capital of Andhra Pradesh or The Grand city of Culture. One of the longest road cum rail bridges is on the Godavari River, connecting Kovvur, the Kotilingeswar Ghat temple on the banks of Godavari river is one of fifty five Shakti Peethas. In its earlier days, it was called Rajamahendravaram, but later, it was referred as Rajahmundry. On 10 October 2015, the government made the announcement to rename the city with its original name. The city can be traced back to the rule of the Eastern Chalukya king Raja Raja Narendra who reigned around 1022 AD, remains of 11th century palaces and forts still exist. However, new evidence suggests that the town may have existed much before the Chalukyas. Rajahmundry was established by Ammaraja Vishnuvardhana the First, some people believe in this theory as Vishnuvardhana had the title Rajamahendra. His predecessor Ammaraja Vijayaditya the Second also had the same title, ruler timeline, Raja Raja Narendra Kakatiya Rule Reddy and Gajapathi Vijayanagar Nizam Anglo – French In the Madras Presidency, the district of Rajahmundry was created in 1823. The Rajahmundry district was reorganised in 1859, bifurcated into the Godavari, during British rule, Rajahmundry was the headquarters of Godavari district. Godavari district was bifurcated into East and West Godavari districts in 1925. Rajamahendravaram was renamed Rajahmundry during the rule of the British, for whom the city was the headquarters of the Godavari district, when the district was split into East and West, Kakinada became the headquarters of East Godavari. Rajahmundry is acclaimed as the birthplace of the Telugu language — its grammar and script evolving from the pen of the city-born poet, also known as Adi Kavi of Telugu, Nannayya, along with Tikkana and Yerrana, translated the Sanskrit version of Mahabharata into Telugu. Kandukuri Veeresalingam — a social reformer and the author of Rajashekhara Charithra, Rajahmundry was one of the biggest cities in South India in the 19th century. It was the hotbed of several movements during Indias freedom struggle, when the Indian National Congress had its first meeting in Bombay, two leaders from Rajahmundry, Nyapathi Subba Rao and Kandukuri Veeresalingam participated in it. Subba Rao, founder of Hindu Samaj in Rajahmundry, was one of the six founders of Indias noted English daily
2.
India
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India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and it is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west, China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast, in the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Indias Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a border with Thailand. The Indian subcontinent was home to the urban Indus Valley Civilisation of the 3rd millennium BCE, in the following millennium, the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism began to be composed. Social stratification, based on caste, emerged in the first millennium BCE, early political consolidations took place under the Maurya and Gupta empires, the later peninsular Middle Kingdoms influenced cultures as far as southeast Asia. In the medieval era, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived, much of the north fell to the Delhi sultanate, the south was united under the Vijayanagara Empire. The economy expanded in the 17th century in the Mughal empire, in the mid-18th century, the subcontinent came under British East India Company rule, and in the mid-19th under British crown rule. A nationalist movement emerged in the late 19th century, which later, under Mahatma Gandhi, was noted for nonviolent resistance, in 2015, the Indian economy was the worlds seventh largest by nominal GDP and third largest by purchasing power parity. Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of the major economies and is considered a newly industrialised country. However, it continues to face the challenges of poverty, corruption, malnutrition, a nuclear weapons state and regional power, it has the third largest standing army in the world and ranks sixth in military expenditure among nations. India is a constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system. It is a pluralistic, multilingual and multi-ethnic society and is home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats. The name India is derived from Indus, which originates from the Old Persian word Hindu, the latter term stems from the Sanskrit word Sindhu, which was the historical local appellation for the Indus River. The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians as Indoi, which translates as The people of the Indus, the geographical term Bharat, which is recognised by the Constitution of India as an official name for the country, is used by many Indian languages in its variations. Scholars believe it to be named after the Vedic tribe of Bharatas in the second millennium B. C. E and it is also traditionally associated with the rule of the legendary emperor Bharata. Gaṇarājya is the Sanskrit/Hindi term for republic dating back to the ancient times, hindustan is a Persian name for India dating back to the 3rd century B. C. E. It was introduced into India by the Mughals and widely used since then and its meaning varied, referring to a region that encompassed northern India and Pakistan or India in its entirety
3.
Constituent Assembly of India
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An idea for a Constituent Assembly of India was proposed in 1934 by M. N. Roy, a pioneer of the Communist movement in India and an advocate of radical democracy. It became a demand of the Indian National Congress in 1935. On 8 August 1940, a statement was made by Viceroy Lord Linlithgow about the expansion of the Governor-Generals Executive Council and this offer, known as the August Offer, included giving full weight to minority opinions and allowing Indians to draft their own constitution. Under the Cabinet Mission Plan of 1946, elections were held for the first time for the Constituent Assembly, the Constitution of India was drafted by the Constituent Assembly, and it was implemented under the Cabinet Mission Plan on 16 May 1946. The members of the Constituent Assembly were elected by the assemblies by a single. The elections for the 296 seats assigned to the British Indian provinces were completed by August 1946, Congress won 208 seats, and the Muslim League 73. After this election, the Muslim League refused to cooperate with the Congress, hindu-Muslim riots began, and the Muslim League demanded a separate constituent assembly for Muslims in India. The Indian Independence Act was passed on 18 July 1947 and, although it was declared that India would become independent in June 1948. The Constituent Assembly met for the first time on 9 December 1946, reassembling on 14 August 1947 as a sovereign body, as a result of the partition, under the Mountbatten plan a separate constituent assembly was established in Pakistan on 3 June 1947. The representatives of the areas incorporated into Pakistan ceased to be members of the Constituent Assembly of India, New elections were held for the West Punjab and East Bengal, the membership of the Constituent Assembly was 299 after the reorganization, and it met on 31 December 1947. The Constituent Assembly, consisting of elected representatives, was established to draft a constitution for India. It existed for almost three years, the first parliament of India after independence in 1947, the Assembly was not elected on the basis of universal adult suffrage, and Muslims and Sikhs received special representation as minorities. The Muslim League boycotted the Assembly after failing to prevent its creation, the Assembly met for the first time in New Delhi on 9 December 1946, and its last session was held on 24 January 1950. During this period the Assembly held eleven sessions, sitting for a total of 166 days and this is certainly a great task. We, are sitting here and there in despair in many places, the atmosphere is surcharged with these quarrels and feuds which are called communal disturbances, and unfortunately we sometimes cannot avoid them. But at present the greatest and most important question in India is how to solve the problem of the poor, wherever we turn, we are confronted with this problem. If we cannot solve this problem soon, all our paper constitutions will become useless and purposeless, keeping this aspect in view, who could suggest to us to postpone and wait. The Constituent Assembly was established while India was under British rule, Provincial assembly elections were held early in 1946
4.
Reserve Bank of India
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The Reserve Bank of India is Indias central banking institution, which controls the monetary policy of the Indian rupee. It commenced its operations on 1 April 1935 during the British Rule in accordance with the provisions of the Reserve Bank of India Act,1934, the original share capital was divided into shares of 100 each fully paid, which were initially owned entirely by private shareholders. Following Indias independence on 15 August 1947, the RBI was nationalised on 1 January 1949, the RBI plays an important part in the Development Strategy of the Government of India. It is a bank of the Asian Clearing Union. Each of these local boards consists of 5 members who represent regional interests, a Central Bank is known by different names in different countries. The functions of a Central Bank vary from country to country and are autonomous or quasi-autonomous body, the bank is also active in promoting financial inclusion policy and is a leading member of the Alliance for Financial Inclusion. The bank is referred to by the name Mint Street. The Reserve Bank of India was founded on 1 April 1935 to respond to economic troubles after the First World War, the Reserve Bank of India was conceptualized based on the guidelines presented by the Central Legislative Assembly passed these guidelines as the RBI Act 1934. RBI was conceptualized as per the guidelines, working style and outlook presented by Dr B R Ambedkar in his book and it was titled “The Problem of the Rupee – Its origin and its solution” and presented to the Hilton Young Commission. The bank was set up based on the recommendations of the 1926 Royal Commission on Indian Currency and Finance, the original choice for the seal of RBI was The East India Company Double Mohur, with the sketch of the Lion and Palm Tree. However, it was decided to replace the lion with the tiger, the Central Office of the RBI was established in Calcutta but was moved to Bombay in 1937. The RBI also acted as Burmas central bank, except during the years of the Japanese occupation of a, until April 1947, even though Burma seceded from the Indian Union in 1937. After the Partition of India in 1947, the served as the central bank for Pakistan until June 1948 when the State Bank of Pakistan commenced operations. Though set up as a bank, the RBI has been fully owned by the Government of India since its nationalization in 1949. In the 1950s, the Indian government, under its first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, the administration nationalized commercial banks and established, based on the Banking Companies Act of 1949, a central bank regulation as part of the RBI. Furthermore, the bank was ordered to support economic plan with loans. As a result of crashes, the RBI was requested to establish. Meant to restore the trust in the bank system, it was initialized on 7 December 1961
5.
Indian National Congress
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The Indian National Congress is one of two major political parties in India, the other being the Bharatiya Janata Party. Congress was founded in 1885 during the British Raj, its founders include Allan Octavian Hume, Dadabhai Naoroji, there have been seven Congress Prime Ministers, the first being Jawaharlal Nehru, and the most recent Manmohan Singh. The partys social liberal platform is considered to be on the centre-left of Indian politics. From 2004 to 2014, the Congress-led United Progressive Alliance, a coalition of regional parties. As of March 2017, the party is in power in five states, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Meghalaya, in Bihar, it is a part of the ruling coalition. The Congress has previously directly ruled Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, in the 2014 general election, the Congress had its poorest post-independence general election performance, winning only 44 seats of the 543-member house. The party primarily endorses social liberalism—seeking to balance individual liberty and social justice, the Congress was founded in 1885 by Indian and British members of the Theosophical Society movement, including Scotsman Allan Octavian Hume. It has been suggested that the idea was conceived in a meeting of 17 men after a Theosophical Convention held in Madras in December 1884. Hume took the initiative, and in March 1885 the first notice convening the first Indian National Union to meet in Poona the following December was issued. Its objective was to obtain a share in government for educated Indians and to create a platform for civic. The first meeting was scheduled to be held in Poona, Hume organised the first meeting in Bombay with the approval of the Viceroy Lord Dufferin. Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee was the first president of the Congress, the first session was held from 28–31 December 1885, representing each province of India, the Partys delegates comprised 54 Hindus and 2 Muslims, the rest were of Parsi and Jain backgrounds. It also included Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, Lala Lajpat Rai, Gopal Krishna Gokhale and Mohammed Ali Jinnah—later leader of the Muslim League and instrumental in the creation of Pakistan. The Congress was transformed into a movement by Surendranath Banerjea and Sir Henry Cotton during the partition of Bengal in 1905. Mahatma Gandhi returned from South Africa in 1915, in 1923 following the deaths of policemen at Chauri Chaura, Gandhi suspended the agitation. In protest, a number of leaders, Chittaranjan Das, Annie Besant, the Khilafat movement collapsed and the Congress was split. Although its members were predominantly Hindu, it had members from other religions, economic classes, at the Congress 1929 Lahore session under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru, Purna Swaraj was declared as the partys goal, declaring 26 January 1930 as Purna Swaraj Diwas, Independence Day. The same year, Srinivas Iyenger was expelled from the party for demanding full independence, the British government allowed provincial elections in India in the winter of 1936–37 under the Government of India Act 1935
6.
Kakinada
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Kakinada pronunciation is a city in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is a corporation located in Kakinada mandal of Kakinada revenue division. It is the 4th most populous city of the state, Kakinada has been selected as one of the hundred Indian cities to be developed as a smart city under PM Narendra Modis flagship Smart Cities Mission. Further, it was listed in the 20 cities that are to be first developed under the same scheme by securing 14th place in the list. Kakinandivada, a village near the present Kakinada was a Dutch settlement and they also used to store and export Coconut products and, hence, the name Co–canada. The British East India Company also called it with the name when they established the first Canadian Baptist Mission. After Independence, it finally got the name Kakinada, some theories suggest Kakasuras losing his eye by an arrow of Lord Rama gave the name Kakinada or that Kakinandi vada is derived from Kaka, an Ikshvaku king, who built the town. Another theory says that it is Kakulavada, an abode of crows - for catching fish on the shore, Kakinada is located at 16. 93°N82. 22°E /16.93,82.22. The 82-degrees east longitude passes through the city and it has an average elevation of 2 metres, and many areas of the city are below sea level. The city has a rough north-south orientation in a long, narrow strip parallel to the coast, the average width of the city is about 6 kilometres, and it is about 15 kilometres long. The city consists of two regions, connected by bridges, the southern part, Jagannathapuram, is separated from the rest of the city by the Buckingham Canal. The canal and its branches form Medaline Island, which abuts the city in the southwest, during the colonisation of the Dutch Coromandel coast, the Dutch East India Company maintained a trading post known as Jaggernaikpoeram or Jaggernaickpuram to the English. The northern area of Kakinada is the modern part of the city. An industrial belt, running north–south the length of the city, Kakinada is bordered on the southeast by Kakinada Bay and a marshy wetland, home to Indias second largest mangrove forest and the Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary. A branch of the Godavari River, the Gouthami, flows into the Bay of Bengal at this point, Kakinada has a tropical savanna climate with hot, humid weather most of the year. The warmest time of the year is late May and early June, January is the coolest month, with minimum temperatures of 18–20 °C. The city gets most of its rainfall from the southwest monsoon. Cyclones in the Bay of Bengal frequently strike the city, Kakinadas prevailing winds are from the southwest for most of the year, except from October to January when they are from the northeast
7.
Jawaharlal Nehru
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Jawaharlal Nehru was the first Prime Minister of India and a central figure in Indian politics before and after independence. He is considered to be the architect of the modern Indian nation-state, a sovereign, socialist, secular and he was also known as Pandit Nehru due to his roots with the Kashmiri Pandit community while many Indian children knew him as Chacha Nehru. The son of Motilal Nehru, a prominent lawyer and nationalist statesman and Swaroop Rani, Nehru was a graduate of Trinity College, Cambridge and the Inner Temple, where he trained to be a barrister. Upon his return to India, he enrolled at the Allahabad High Court, and took an interest in national politics, a committed nationalist since his teenage years, he became a rising figure in Indian politics during the upheavals of the 1910s. He became the prominent leader of the factions of the Indian National Congress during the 1920s. As Congress President in 1929, Nehru called for independence from the British Raj. Nehru and the Congress dominated Indian politics during the 1930s as the country moved towards independence, but these achievements were seriously compromised in the aftermath of the Quit India Movement in 1942, which saw the British effectively crush the Congress as a political organisation. The Muslim League under his old Congress colleague and now bête noire, negotiations between Nehru and Jinnah for power sharing failed and gave way to the independence and bloody partition of India in 1947. As Prime Minister, he set out to realise his vision of India, the Constitution of India was enacted in 1950, after which he embarked on an ambitious program of economic, social and political reforms. Chiefly, he oversaw Indias transition from a colony to a republic, while nurturing a plural, in foreign policy, he took a leading role in Non-Alignment while projecting India as a regional hegemon in South Asia. Under Nehrus leadership, the Congress emerged as a party, dominating national and state-level politics and winning consecutive elections in 1951,1957. He remained popular with the people of India in spite of troubles in his final years. In India, his birthday is celebrated as Childrens Day, Jawaharlal Nehru was born on 14 November 1889 in Allahabad in British India. His father, Motilal Nehru, a barrister who belonged to the Kashmiri Pandit community. His mother, Swaruprani Thussu, who came from a well-known Kashmiri Brahmin family settled in Lahore, was Motilals second wife, Jawaharlal was the eldest of three children, two of whom were girls. The elder sister, Vijaya Lakshmi, later became the first female president of the United Nations General Assembly, the youngest sister, Krishna Hutheesing, became a noted writer and authored several books on her brother. Nehru described his childhood as a sheltered and uneventful one and he grew up in an atmosphere of privilege at wealthy homes including a palatial estate called the Anand Bhawan. His father had him educated at home by governesses and tutors
8.
Mahatma Gandhi
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Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was the preeminent leader of the Indian independence movement in British-ruled India. Employing nonviolent civil disobedience, Gandhi led India to independence and inspired movements for civil rights, the honorific Mahatma —applied to him first in 1914 in South Africa—is now used worldwide. In India, he is also called Bapu and Gandhiji and he is unofficially called the Father of the Nation. After his return to India in 1915, he set about organising peasants, farmers, Gandhi famously led Indians in challenging the British-imposed salt tax with the 400 km Dandi Salt March in 1930, and later in calling for the British to Quit India in 1942. He was imprisoned for years, upon many occasions, in both South Africa and India. Gandhi attempted to practise nonviolence and truth in all situations, and he lived modestly in a self-sufficient residential community and wore the traditional Indian dhoti and shawl, woven with yarn hand-spun on a charkha. He ate simple food, and also undertook long fasts as a means of both self-purification and social protest. Eventually, in August 1947, Britain granted independence, but the British Indian Empire was partitioned into two dominions, a Hindu-majority India and Muslim-majority Pakistan. As many displaced Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs made their way to their new lands, religious violence broke out, especially in the Punjab, eschewing the official celebration of independence in Delhi, Gandhi visited the affected areas, attempting to provide solace. In the months following, he undertook several fasts unto death to promote religious harmony, the last of these, undertaken on 12 January 1948 when he was 78, also had the indirect goal of pressuring India to pay out some cash assets owed to Pakistan. Some Indians thought Gandhi was too accommodating, among them was Nathuram Godse, a Hindu nationalist, who assassinated Gandhi on 30 January 1948 by firing three bullets into his chest. Mahatma Gandhis birthday,2 October, is commemorated in India as Gandhi Jayanti, a national holiday and his father, Karamchand Uttamchand Gandhi, served as the diwan of Porbandar state. The Gandhi family originated from the village of Kutiana in what was then Junagadh State, in the late 17th or early 18th century, one Lalji Gandhi moved to Porbandar and entered the service of its ruler, the Rana. In 1831, Rana Khimojiraji died suddenly and was succeeded by his 12-year-old only son, as a result, Rana Khimojirajjis widow, Rani Rupaliba, became regent for her son. She soon fell out with Uttamchand and forced him to return to his village in Junagadh. While in Junagadh, Uttamchand appeared before its Nawab and saluted him with his hand instead of his right. In 1841, Vikmatji assumed the throne and reinstated Uttamchand as his diwan, in 1847, Rana Vikmatji appointed Uttamchands son, Karamchand, as diwan after disagreeing with Uttamchand over the states maintenance of a British garrison. Although he only had an education and had previously been a clerk in the state administration
9.
Salt March
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Gandhi led the Dandi March from his base, Sabarmati Ashram, near the city of Ahmedabad. 78 people began the march with Gandhi, who intended to walk 240 miles to the village of Dandi. As Gandhi and the continued on what would become a 24-day march to Dandi to produce salt without paying the tax. When Gandhi broke the laws at 6,30 am on 6 April 1930. The campaign had a significant effect on changing world and British attitudes towards Indian sovereignty and self-rule, after making salt at Dandi, Gandhi continued southward along the coast, producing salt and addressing meetings on the way. The Congress Party planned to stage a satyagraha at the Dharasana Salt Works,25 miles south of Dandi, however, Gandhi was arrested on the midnight of 4–5 May 1930, just days before the planned action at Dharasana. The Dandi March and the ensuing Dharasana Satyagraha drew worldwide attention to the Indian independence movement through extensive newspaper, the satyagraha against the salt tax continued for almost a year, ending with Gandhis release from jail and negotiations with Viceroy Lord Irwin at the Second Round Table Conference. Over 80,000 Indians were jailed as a result of the Salt Satyagraha, however, it failed to result in major concessions from the British. The Salt Satyagraha campaign was based upon Gandhis principles of nonviolent protest called satyagraha, literally, it is formed from the Sanskrit words satya, truth, and agraha, insistence. In early 1930 the Indian National Congress chose satyagraha as their main tactic for winning Indian sovereignty and self-rule from British rule, Gandhi chose the 1882 British Salt Act as the first target of satyagraha. At midnight on 31 December 1929, the Indian National Congress raised the flag of India on the banks of the Ravi at Lahore. The Indian National Congress, led by Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru, publicly issued the Declaration of sovereignty and self-rule, or Purna Swaraj, on 26 January 1930. We believe also that if any government deprives a people of these rights and we believe therefore, that India must sever the British connection and attain Purna Swaraji or complete sovereignty and self-rule. The Congress Working Committee gave Gandhi the responsibility for organising the first act of civil disobedience, Gandhis plan was to begin civil disobedience with a satyagraha aimed at the British salt tax. The 1882 Salt Act gave the British a monopoly on the collection and manufacture of salt, limiting its handling to government salt depots, violation of the Salt Act was a criminal offence. Even though salt was freely available to living on the coast. The Statesman, a prominent newspaper, wrote about the choice, It is difficult not to laugh, the British establishment too was not disturbed by these plans of resistance against the salt tax. The Viceroy himself, Lord Irwin, did not take the threat of a salt protest seriously, writing to London, however, Gandhi had sound reasons for his decision
10.
University of Madras
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The University of Madras is a public state university in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. Established in 1857, it is one of the oldest and premier universities in India, the university was incorporated by an act of the Legislative Council of India. It is a research university and has six campuses in the city viz. Chepauk, Marina, Guindy, Taramani, Maduravoyal. This public petition, which was presented by the Advocate General Mr. George Norton on 11 November 1839, pursuant to this, Lord Elphinstone evolved a plan for the establishment of a central collegiate institution or a ‘university. The University Board was constituted in January 1840 with Mr. George Norton as its President and this was the precursor of the present Presidency College, Chennai. As a result, the University of Madras, organized on the model of the University of London, was incorporated on 5 September 1857 by an Act of the Legislative Council of India. Medical University, Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Periyar University, in 1912 endowments were made to the university to establish departments of Indian History, Archaeology, Comparative Philology and Indian Economics. In that year the university had 17 departments,30 teachers, between 1926 and 1939, the university published the comprehensive Tamil Lexicon dictionary, which is the first among the dictionaries published in any Indian language. The motto scroll is edged red, with black lettering, the English translation of the motto of the University of Madras is, Learning promotes natural talent. The university is spread over six campuses, viz. Chepauk, Marina, Guindy, Taramani, Chetput, the Chepauk campus of the university houses the VCs secretariat, central library, centenary auditorium and the historic Senate House. The oriental and Indian languages departments are located in the Marina Campus, the Guindy campus incorporates the natural sciences departments while the campus at Taramani houses the school of basic medical sciences. The sports union and the garden are based in Chetpet. The University of Madras has a historical monument – Senate House – which is one of the landmarks of the city of Chennai, the university renovated the Senate House in 2006. University of Madras has an alumni network with its alumni taking over many prestigious positions across the world. Abdul Kalam, politicians Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari, C Subramaniam, CN Annadurai and V. K. Krishna Menon, civil servants T. N. Seshan, Benegal Rama Rau and Y. Venugopal Reddy, pioneers Verghese Kurien, Raj Reddy, Rangaswamy Srinivasan and M. S. Swaminathan, economist C. K. Prahalad, K. N. Raj, Raja Chelliah, rangarajan, business persons Indra Nooyi, Ram Shriram and Prathap C. Reddy, cinema actors and directors M. G, ramachandran, Gemini Ganesan and Mani Ratnam, sports stars Viswanathan Anand, Vijay Amritraj, Sureshkumar Devarajulu and Ramanathan Krishnan among others. Madras University has been listed among top ranked universities for its academics
11.
Madras High Court
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The Madras High Court is the high court of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It consists of 74 judges and a justice who are in charge of the general policy adopted in the administration of justice. In September 2016, the centre government forwarded names of 15 new judges to the President for his signature on their warrants of appointment. Of the 15, nine are from among lawyers and six from the subordinate judiciary. The current Chief justice Of Madras High Court is Indira Banerjee. She was sworn in on 5th April 2017. From 1817 to 1862, the Supreme Court of Madras, the precursor to the present Madras High Court, was situated in a building opposite the Chennai Beach railway station, from 1862 to 1892, the High Court was also housed in that building. The present buildings were inaugurated on 12 July 1892, when the then Madras Governor, Beilby, Baron Wenlock. British Indias three presidency towns of Madras, Bombay, and Calcutta were each granted a High Court by letters patent dated 26 June 1862, the letters patent were issued by Queen Victoria under the authority of the British parliaments Indian High Courts Act 1861. However, the Constitution of India recognises the status of the older courts, the Madras High Court was formed by merging the Supreme Court of Judicature at Madras, and the Sudder Dewanny Adawlut. The Court was required to decide cases in accordance with justice, equity, the earliest judges of the High Court included Judges Holloway, Innes and Morgan. The first Indian to sit as a judge of the High Court was Justice T. Muthuswamy Iyer, other early Indian judges included Justices V. Krishnaswamy Iyer and P. R. Sundaram Iyer. The Madras High Court was a pioneer in Original Side jurisdiction reform in favour of Indian practitioners as early as the 1870s. Although the name of the city was changed from Madras to Chennai in 1996, the Court as an institution did not follow suit, the Bill called High Courts Bill has been introduced in the Lok Sabha on 19 July 2016. The Bill is yet to be passed by both Houses of Parliament, the High Court building was damaged in the shelling of Madras by S. M. S. Emden on 22 September 1914, at the beginning of the First World War and it remains one of the very few Indian buildings to have been damaged by a German attack. There are several matters of architectural interest in the High Court, the painted ceilings and the stained glass doors are masterpieces in themselves. The old lighthouse of the city is housed within the High Court campus, the Department of Posts has allotted a Postal Index Number code of 600104 to the zone occupied by the Madras High Court. The complex houses the largest number of courts in Asia, the Madurai Bench has been functioning since 2004. The vestiges of the colonial High Court continue to characterise the premises till date, in a rare tradition which is today a distinction, Judges of the Madras High Court are still led by orderlies who bear a ceremonial mace made of silver
12.
Andhra Pradesh
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Andhra Pradesh is one of the 29 states of India, situated on the southeastern coast of the country. The state is the eighth largest state in India covering an area of 162,968 km2, as per 2011 Census of India, the state is tenth largest by population with 49,386,799 inhabitants. On 2 June 2014, the portion of the state was bifurcated to form a new state of Telangana. In accordance with the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act,2014, Hyderabad will remain the de jure capital of both Andhra Pradesh and Telangana states for a period of not exceeding 10 years. The new riverfront proposed capital in Guntur district is Amaravati, which is under the jurisdiction of APCRDA, the Gross State Domestic Product of the state in the 2016–2017 financial year at current prices stood at ₹6,800.3 billion. The state has a coastline of 974 km with jurisdiction over nearly 15,000 km2 territorial waters, the second longest among all the states of India after Gujarat. It is bordered by Telangana in the north-west, Chhattisgarh in the north, Odisha in the north-east, Karnataka in the west, Tamil Nadu in the south and the water body of Bay of Bengal in the east. A small enclave of 30 km2 of Yanam, a district of Puducherry, Andhra Pradesh is composed of two regions, Coastal Andhra, located along the Bay of Bengal, and Rayalaseema, in the inland southwestern part of the state. These two regions comprise 13 districts, with 9 in Coastal Andhra and 4 in Rayalaseema, Andhra Pradesh hosted 121.8 million visitors in 2015, a 30% growth in tourist arrivals over the previous year. The Tirumala Venkateswara Temple in Tirupati is one of the worlds most visited religious sites, a tribe named Andhra has been mentioned in the Sanskrit texts such as Aitareya Brahmana. According to Aitareya Brahmana of the Rig Veda, the Andhras left north India, archaeological evidence from places such as Amaravati, Dharanikota and Vaddamanu suggests that the Andhra region was part of the Mauryan Empire. Amaravati might have been a centre for the Mauryan rule. After the death of emperor Ashoka, the Mauryan rule weakened around 200 BCE, the Satavahana dynasty dominated the Deccan region from the 1st century BCE to the 3rd century CE. The Satavahanas have been mentioned by the names Andhra, Andhrara-jatiya and Andhra-bhrtya in the Puranic literature, Dharanikota along with Amaravathi was the capital of the later Satavahanas. Amaravathi became a trade and pilgrimage centre during the Satavahana rule. According to the Buddhist tradition, Nagarjuna lived here, possibly in second, Andhra Ikshvakus were one of the earliest recorded ruling dynasties of the Guntur-Krishna regions of Andhra Pradesh. They ruled the eastern Andhra country along the Krishna river during the half of the second century CE. Puranas called Andhra Ikshvakus Shri Parvatiya Andhras, archaeological evidence has suggested that the Andhra Ikshvakus immediately succeeded the Satavahanas in the Krishna river valley
