1.
American football
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The offense must advance at least ten yards in four downs, or plays, or else they turn over the football to the opposing team, if they succeed, they are given a new set of four downs. Points are primarily scored by advancing the ball into the teams end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the opponents goalposts for a field goal. The team with the most points at the end of a game wins, American football evolved in the United States, originating from the sports of association football and rugby football. The first game of American football was played on November 6,1869, during the latter half of the 1870s, colleges playing association football switched to the Rugby Union code, which allowed carrying the ball. American football as a whole is the most popular sport in the United States, Professional football and college football are the most popular forms of the game, with the other major levels being high school and youth football. As of 2012, nearly 1.1 million high school athletes and 70,000 college athletes play the sport in the United States annually, almost all of them men, in the United States, American football is referred to as football. The term football was established in the rulebook for the 1876 college football season. The terms gridiron or American football are favored in English-speaking countries where other codes of football are popular, such as the United Kingdom, Ireland, New Zealand, American football evolved from the sports of association football and rugby football. What is considered to be the first American football game was played on November 6,1869 between Rutgers and Princeton, two college teams, the game was played between two teams of 25 players each and used a round ball that could not be picked up or carried. It could, however, be kicked or batted with the feet, hands, head or sides, Rutgers won the game 6 goals to 4. Collegiate play continued for years in which matches were played using the rules of the host school. Representatives of Yale, Columbia, Princeton and Rutgers met on October 19,1873 to create a set of rules for all schools to adhere to. Teams were set at 20 players each, and fields of 400 by 250 feet were specified, Harvard abstained from the conference, as they favored a rugby-style game that allowed running with the ball. An 1875 Harvard-Yale game played under rugby-style rules was observed by two impressed Princeton athletes and these players introduced the sport to Princeton, a feat the Professional Football Researchers Association compared to selling refrigerators to Eskimos. Princeton, Harvard, Yale and Columbia then agreed to play using a form of rugby union rules with a modified scoring system. These schools formed the Intercollegiate Football Association, although Yale did not join until 1879, the introduction of the snap resulted in unexpected consequences. Prior to the snap, the strategy had been to punt if a scrum resulted in bad field position, however, a group of Princeton players realized that, as the snap was uncontested, they now could hold the ball indefinitely to prevent their opponent from scoring. In 1881, both teams in a game between Yale-Princeton used this strategy to maintain their undefeated records, each team held the ball, gaining no ground, for an entire half, resulting in a 0-0 tie
2.
Basketball
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Basketball is a non-contact team sport played on a rectangular court by two teams of five players each. The objective is to shoot a ball through a hoop 18 inches in diameter and 10 feet high that is mounted to a backboard at each end of the court. The game was invented in 1891 by Dr. James Naismith, a team can score a field goal by shooting the ball through the basket being defended by the opposition team during regular play. A field goal scores three points for the team if the player shoots from behind the three-point line. A team can also score via free throws, which are worth one point, the team with the most points at the end of the game wins, but additional time is mandated when the score is tied at the end of regulation. The ball can be advanced on the court by passing it to a teammate and it is a violation to lift, or drag, ones pivot foot without dribbling the ball, to carry it, or to hold the ball with both hands then resume dribbling. The game has many techniques for displaying skill—ball-handling, shooting, passing, dribbling, dunking, shot-blocking. The point guard directs the on court action of the team, implementing the coachs game plan, Basketball is one of the worlds most popular and widely viewed sports. Outside North America, the top clubs from national leagues qualify to continental championships such as the Euroleague, the FIBA Basketball World Cup attracts the top national teams from around the world. Each continent hosts regional competitions for teams, like EuroBasket. The FIBA Womens Basketball World Cup features the top womens basketball teams from continental championships. The main North American league is the WNBA, whereas the EuroLeague Women has been dominated by teams from the Russian Womens Basketball Premier League, in early December 1891, Canadian Dr. He sought a vigorous indoor game to keep his students occupied, after rejecting other ideas as either too rough or poorly suited to walled-in gymnasiums, he wrote the basic rules and nailed a peach basket onto a 10-foot elevated track. Basketball was originally played with a soccer ball and these laces could cause bounce passes and dribbling to be unpredictable. Eventually a lace-free ball construction method was invented, and this change to the game was endorsed by Naismith, dribbling was not part of the original game except for the bounce pass to teammates. Passing the ball was the means of ball movement. Dribbling was eventually introduced but limited by the shape of early balls. Dribbling only became a part of the game around the 1950s
3.
Ottumwa, Iowa
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Ottumwa is a city in and the county seat of Wapello County, Iowa, United States. The population was 25,023 at the 2010 census, located in southeastern Iowa, the city is split into northern and southern halves by the Des Moines River. The young town was damaged during the Flood of 1851. In 1857, coal was being mined from the McCready bank, in 1868, Brown and Godfrey opened a drift mine four miles northwest of town. By 1872, Brown and Godfrey employed 300 men and had a production of 77,000 tons. In 1880, the Phillips Coal and Mining Company opened a two miles northwest of town. In subsequent years, they opened 5 more shafts in the Phillips and Rutledge neighborhoods, the Phillips number 5 shaft was 140 feet deep, with a 375 horse power steam hoist. By 1889, the state mine inspector’s report listed 15 mine shafts in Ottumwa, in 1914, the Phillips Fuel Company produced over 100,000 tons of coal, ranking among the top 24 coal producers in the state. Coal mining was so important to the economy that, from 1890 to 1892. John Morrell & Company played a significant role in the development of the City of Ottumwa from 1877 to 1973, the complex typified meat packing as it developed in the midwest during the last quarter of the nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth century. Because of the Iowa caucuses, Ottumwa is no stranger to visits by presidential hopefuls. On five occasions a sitting U. S. President has visited the Bridge City, Benjamin Harrison was the first, in 1890, touring the Coal Palace, in 1903 President Theodore Roosevelt made a brief stop while on a train trip around America. President Harry Truman spent part of his 66th birthday, May 8,1950, in July 1971, President Richard Nixon arrived in Air Force One at the Ottumwa Industrial Airport on his way to dedicate the nearby Rathbun Lake dam and reservoir. It was a homecoming for Nixon of sorts, as he had stationed at the Ottumwa airport while serving in the U. S. Navy during World War II. On April 27,2010 President Barack Obama spoke to a crowd at the Hellyer Student Center on the campus of Indian Hills Community College. After the speech the president held a question and answer session, in September 2012 Vice President Joe Biden made a campaign stop in Ottumwa, where he spoke at the Bridgeview Center. Ottumwas longitude and latitude coordinates in decimal form are 41.012917, −92.414817. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 16.53 square miles
4.
Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Ann Arbor is a city in the U. S. state of Michigan and the county seat of Washtenaw County. The 2010 census recorded its population to be 113,934, the citys population was estimated at 117,070 as of July 2015 by the U. S. Census Bureau. The Ann Arbor Metropolitan Statistical Area includes all of Washtenaw County, the city is also part of the larger Detroit–Ann Arbor–Flint, MI Combined Statistical Area with a population of 5,318,744. Ann Arbor was founded in 1824, named for wives of the villages founders, the University of Michigan moved from Detroit to Ann Arbor in 1837, and the city grew at a rapid rate in the early to mid-20th century. During the 1960s and 1970s, the city gained a reputation as a center for left-wing politics, Ann Arbor became a focal point for political activism and anti-Vietnam War movement, as well as various student movements. Ann Arbor is home to the University of Michigan, one of the foremost research universities in the United States, the university shapes Ann Arbors economy significantly as it employs about 30,000 workers, including about 12,000 in the medical center. The citys economy is centered on high technology, with several companies drawn to the area by the universitys research and development infrastructure. In about 1774, the Potawatomi founded two villages in the area of what is now Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor was founded in 1824 by land speculators John Allen and Elisha Walker Rumsey. On 25 May 1824, the plat was registered with Wayne County as Annarbour. Allen and Rumsey decided to name it for their wives, both named Ann, and for the stands of Bur Oak in the 640 acres of land purchased for $800 from the federal government at $1.25 per acre. The local Ojibwa named the settlement kaw-goosh-kaw-nick, after the sound of Allens sawmill, Ann Arbor became the seat of Washtenaw County in 1827, and was incorporated as a village in 1833. The Ann Arbor Land Company, a group of speculators, set aside 40 acres of undeveloped land and offered it to the state of Michigan as the site of the state capital, but lost the bid to Lansing. In 1837, the property was accepted instead as the site of the University of Michigan, since the universitys establishment in the city in 1837, the histories of the University of Michigan and Ann Arbor have been closely linked. Throughout the 1840s and the 1850s settlers continued to come to Ann Arbor, while the earlier settlers were primarily of British ancestry, the newer settlers also consisted of Germans, Irish, and African-Americans. In 1851, Ann Arbor was chartered as a city, though the city showed a drop in population during the Depression of 1873. It was not until the early 1880s that Ann Arbor again saw robust growth, with new immigrants coming from Greece, Italy, Russia, Ann Arbor saw increased growth in manufacturing, particularly in milling. Ann Arbors Jewish community also grew after the turn of the 20th century, during the 1960s and 1970s, the city gained a reputation as an important center for liberal politics. Ann Arbor also became a locus for left-wing activism and anti-Vietnam War movement, during the ensuing 15 years, many countercultural and New Left enterprises sprang up and developed large constituencies within the city
5.
Lake Forest College
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Lake Forest College is a four-year coeducational private liberal arts college in Lake Forest, Illinois, on Chicagos North Shore. Founded in 1857 as Lind University by Presbyterian ministers, the college has been coeducational since 1876, Lake Forest enrolls approximately 1,600 students representing 47 states and 81 countries. The majority of live on the colleges wooded 107-acre campus. Lake Forest is affiliated with the Associated Colleges of the Midwest, the college has 19 varsity teams, which compete in the NCAA Division III Midwest Conference. Lake Forest College was founded in 1857 by Reverend Robert W. Patterson as a Presbyterian alternative to the Methodist Northwestern University in Evanston and it was originally named Lind University after Sylvester Lind, who had given $80,000 to launch the school. They hired St. Louis landscape architect Almerin Hotchkiss to design the town of Lake Forest with a university park at its center, Hotchkiss used the areas wooded ravines and forest as guidelines to plat a park-like, curvilinear layout for the town. Lake Forest Academy, a preparatory school and the first project of the university, began offering classes in 1858. By the mid-1860s, a small New England-style village had been established with an academy building, the school had a medical college from 1859–1863, which later split off and eventually became part of Northwestern University, now known as the Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine. In 1865, the name became Lake Forest University, in 1869 Ferry Hall, a girls preparatory school and junior college, opened as a division of the university. It later merged with Lake Forest Academy in 1974, in 1876 Mary Eveline Smith Farwell started Lake Forest College, a coeducational division of the university, under the leadership of the Reverend Patterson. In 1878, College Hall was built following a fire destroyed the former hotel being used for classes. The Reverend James Gore King McClure arrived in Lake Forest in 1881 as the pastor of the Presbyterian Church, during this time, the colleges theater group, the Garrick Players, the yearbook, and student newspaper, The Stentor, were all formed. In 1890 Lake Forest established a relationship with the Chicago College of Dental Surgery, Chicagos first dental school, the Lake Forest School of Music opened as a division of the university in 1916, incorporating and extending the courses in music hitherto given in other departments. A summer school of architecture was instituted in 1916. By 1925, Lake Forest College split from Lake Forest Academy, following World War II, the college experienced further growth, taking control of what is now South Campus and constructing the Alumni Memorial Fieldhouse. In 1960, William Graham Cole, from Williams College, took over as president and brought with him Eastern faculty and students, during his time as president, in 1965, the schools name was officially changed to Lake Forest College. In March 2010, the college received $7 million from alumna Grace Groner, the teaching faculty consists of 178 members. Lake Forest has a ratio of 13,1
6.
End (gridiron football)
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An end in American and Canadian football is a player who lines up at either end of the line of scrimmage, usually beside the tackles. Rules state that an offensive formation must always consist of seven players on the line of scrimmage. The position was used in this sense until roughly the 1960s, on offense, an end who lines up close to the other linemen is known as a tight end and is the only lineman who aside from blocking can run or catch passes. One who lines up some distance from the line is known as a split end. In recent years and the proliferation of the pass, the generic term wide receiver has come to define both split ends and flankers. The terms “split end” and “flanker” are often ditched today for terms like X and Z receivers, bill Carpenter was the first Lonesome end. On defense, there is a commonly used position called the defensive end and its primary role is to rush the passer, as well as to stop offensive runs to the outer edges of the line of scrimmage. However, as there are no rules regulating the formation of the defense, players at this position commonly take on, don Hutson of the Alabama Crimson Tide and the Green Bay Packers was one of the sports greatest. The self described other end opposite Hutson in college at Alabama was legendary coach Bear Bryant, gaynell Tinsley was another prominent of Hutsons time. Amos Alonzo Stagg of Yale and Arthur Cumnock of Harvard were ends on the first All-America team, Stagg went on to a hall of fame coaching career, some called Cumnock the greatest Harvard player of all time. Mike Ditka and Ron Sellers were some of the last to play the position in college, glossary of American football History of American football positions Tight end Defensive end Wide receiver
7.
Kalamazoo College
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Kalamazoo College, also known as K College or simply K, is a private liberal arts college in Kalamazoo, Michigan. Founded in 1833, the college is among the 100 oldest in the country, today, it produces more Peace Corps volunteers per capita than any other US academic institution. From 1997 to 2006 it ranked 21st among all institutions in the percentage of graduates who went on to earn doctorates. The school was founded by American Baptist ministers, but today maintains no religious affiliation, Kalamazoo College is a member of the Great Lakes Colleges Association. It is listed in Loren Popes Colleges That Change Lives, in 2012, Forbes rated it 65th of Americas Best Colleges, the highest ranked in Michigan as a private college. Kalamazoo College was founded in 1833 by a group of Baptist ministers as the Michigan and its charter was granted on April 22,1833, the first school chartered by the Legislative Council of the Territory of Michigan. Instruction at the Institute began in fall 1836, in 1837, the name of the fledgling college was changed to the Kalamazoo Literary Institute and school officials made their first attempt to secure recognition as a college from the state of Michigan. In 1838, however, the University of Michigan opened the Kalamazoo Branch of the University of Michigan, in 1840, the two schools merged, and from 1840 to 1850 the College operated as the Kalamazoo Branch of the University of Michigan. After receiving its charter, the school changed its name to Kalamazoo College. Shortly after becoming president, Stone proposed the addition of a seminary to increase the supply of ministers in the region. With the support of the Baptist church, classes at the Kalamazoo Theological Seminary began in 1848 with 11 students, at the same time, the Female Department continued to expand under the watchful eye of Lucinda Hinsdale Stone. In 1845-46, almost half of the 90 students enrolled in Kalamazoo were women, the Stones also played a role in the creation of the Republican Party. The first known student of African descent to attend Kalamazoo College was ex-slave Rufus Lewis Perry, Perry attended Kalamazoo Theological Seminary from 1860–1861, but left before he received a diploma. He was ordained a Baptist minister in Ann Arbor in 1861, jamaican-born brothers Solomon and John Williamson were the first black graduates from K, receiving their diplomas in 1911. Kalamazoo College also served as a pioneer in coed education, granting its first degree to a woman, Catherine V. Eldred, in 1877, Kalamazoo College students published the first edition of The Index, a student-run newspaper that continues to publish today. The college also publishes The Cauldron, an annual journal, and The Passage. Kalamazoo Colleges reputation as a powerhouse and a leader in international education was built during the presidency of Weimer Hicks. Hicks conceived of the K Plan program under which most Kalamazoo students spend at least one term abroad, as part of the original K Plan, Kalamazoo College students could attend school year-round
8.
Michigan Wolverines football
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The Michigan Wolverines football program represents the University of Michigan in college football at the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision level. Michigan has the most all-time wins and the highest winning percentage in college football history, Michigan began competing in intercollegiate football in 1879. The Wolverines joined the Big Ten Conference at its inception in 1896, Michigan has won or shared 42 league titles, and, since the inception of the AP Poll in 1936, has finished in the top 10 a total of 37 times. The Wolverines claim 11 national championships, most recently that of the 1997 squad voted atop the final AP Poll. From 1900 to 1989, Michigan was led by a series of nine head coaches, Fielding H. Fritz Crisler brought his winged helmet from Princeton University in 1938 and led the 1947 Wolverines to a national title and Michigans second Rose Bowl win. Bo Schembechler coached the team for 21 seasons in which he won 13 Big Ten titles and 194 games, a program record. Following Schembechlers retirement, the program was coached by two of his assistants, Gary Moeller and then Lloyd Carr, who maintained the programs overall success over the next 18 years. However, the programs fortunes declined under the two coaches, Rich Rodriguez and Brady Hoke, who were both fired after relatively short tenures. Following Hokes dismissal, Michigan hired Jim Harbaugh on December 30,2014, Harbaugh is a former quarterback of the team, having played for Michigan between 1982 and 1986 under Schembechler. The Michigan Wolverines have featured 78 players that have garnered consensus selection to the College Football All-America Team, Three Wolverines have won the Heisman Trophy, Tom Harmon in 1940, Desmond Howard in 1991, and Charles Woodson in 1997. Gerald Ford, who would become the 38th President of the United States. On May 30,1879, Michigan played its first intercollegiate game against Racine College at White Stocking Park in Chicago. The Chicago Tribune called it the first rugby-football game to be played west of the Alleghenies, midway through the first inning, Irving Kane Pond scored the first touchdown for Michigan. According to Will Perrys history of Michigan football, the crowd responded to Ponds plays with cheers of Pond Forever, in 1881, Michigan played against Harvard in Boston. The game that marked the birth of inter-sectional football, on their way to a game in Chicago in 1887, Michigan players stopped in South Bend, Indiana and introduced football to students at the University of Notre Dame. A November 23 contest marked the inception of the Notre Dame Fighting Irish football program, in 1894, Michigan defeated Cornell, which was the first time in collegiate football history that a western school defeated an established power from the east. By 1898 Amos Alonzo Stagg was fast at work at turning the University of Chicago football program into a powerhouse. Before the final game of the 1898 season, Chicago was 9–1–1 and Michigan was 9–0, Michigan won, 12–11, capturing the programs first conference championship in a game that inspired The Victors, which later became the schools fight song
9.
Michigan Wolverines men's basketball
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The Michigan Wolverines mens basketball team is the intercollegiate mens basketball program representing the University of Michigan. The school competes in the Big Ten Conference in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association, the Wolverines play home basketball games at the Crisler Center in Ann Arbor, Michigan on the university campus. Michigan has won an NCAA Championship as well as two National Invitation Tournaments,14 Big Ten Conference championships and two Big Ten Tournament titles, in addition, it has won an NIT title and a Big Ten Tournament that were vacated due to NCAA sanctions. The team is coached by John Beilein. Michigan has had 31 All-Americans, selected 44 times, twelve All-Americans have been at least two-time honorees. Russell was the only three-time All-American, Michigan basketball players have been successful in professional basketball. Five players have gone on to become NBA champions for a total of nine times, rudy Tomjanovich coached both the 1994 and 1995 NBA Finals Champions. Not only has Glen Rice won both an NBA and NCAA championship, he is one of only nine basketball players to have won a state high school championship, NCAA title. Due to NCAA sanctions, records from the 1992 Final Four, the 1992–93 season, throughout this article asterisks denote awards, records and honors that have been vacated. As a result of public and alumni demand for a team, Michigan fielded a team of members of the then-current student body. However, after three years of demanding a program, the student body did not attend the games. Basketball returned in 1917 in what was considered the season of varsity basketball. The team was coached by Elmer Mitchell who instituted the intramural program at Michigan. The following year Mitchell led the team to a 16–8 record, E. J. Mather coached the team to three Big Ten titles in his nine seasons as coach. After inheriting Mitchells team, which he led to a 10–13 overall record during the 1919–20 season and this 1921 team won its first eight and last eight games to tie the Wisconsin Badgers and Purdue Boilermakers for the Big Ten title. The team won championships in 1925–26 and 1926–27. The 1926 squad, which was captained by Richard Doyle who became the teams first All-American, tied with Purdue, the 1927 team had a new All-American, Bennie Oosterbaan, and won the schools first back-to-back championships and first outright championship with a 14–3 overall record. Mather died after a battle with cancer in August 1928
10.
Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association
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The Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association is an athletic conference that competes in the NCAAs Division III. The nine teams in the conference are all located in the states of Michigan, the Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association was established on March 24,1888, making it the oldest college athletic conference in the United States. Olivet and Albion are the charter members remaining in the conference. Adrian, Albion, Alma, Calvin, Hope, Kalamazoo, Olivet, in 2002, the league accepted Wisconsin Lutheran College as an associate member for the purpose of competing only in football. Wisconsin Lutheran College left the MIAA for another conference in 2007, the newest member of the MIAA was accepted in the 2004–05 season, Tri-State University. Tri-State University changed their name to Trine University in 2008, the conference was established on March 24,1888. Being the oldest conference in America, the conference has made some drastic changes involving the types of sports that the conference competes in, the number of sports with competition is 18. These sports include cross country, football, golf, basketball, tennis, swimming, baseball, volleyball, softball track and field, some past sports that are no longer in competition include bicycle racing, Indian club juggling, wrestling, archery, and field hockey. The “Father of the MIAA, ” was James Heckman of Hillsdale, Heckman promoted the idea of a permanent league after several schools had sponsored successful track and field days from 1884 to 1887. The first delegates met in Jackson on March 17,1888 to organize the MIAA, a week after the meeting delegates from Albion, Hillsdale, Michigan State and Olivet drew up the MIAA’s first constitution. The schools that were to be a part of the MIAA in 1888 had diverse enrollment numbers, the largest enrollment belonged to Eastern with 714. Albion was listed as 451, Hillsdale 450, Michigan State 314, Olivet 277, Adrian 150, Hope 148, Kalamazoo 143, some of the enrollment figures included many students taking work on a high school level. This meant that teams of those years included both high school and college students. A five or six-year career of athletic participation was not unusual at that time, on May 31, June 1–2,1888 the first MIAA track and field meet was held at East Lansing, not even three months after the original meeting. The events that were included the 100- yard dash, 200-yard dash, 880- yard run, high jump, long jump, shot put, hammer throw. The teams that competed in this event were Hillsdale, Albion, Michigan State, Hillsdale was the first MIAA track champion. The following year in 1889, the second annual MIAA Field Day was done, at this Field Day Albion and Olivet participated in an exhibition “football match. ”It was not until 1891 when the first official intercollegiate football game in the MIAA was played with Albion defeating Hillsdale 36-4. Football was not recognized until 1894 as a league sport
11.
Big Ten Conference
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The Big Ten Conference, formerly Western Conference and Big Nine Conference, is the oldest Division I collegiate athletic conference in the United States. The conference includes the public university in each of 11 states stretching from New Jersey to Nebraska. The Big Ten Conference was established in 1895 when Purdue University president James H, in 1905, the conference was officially incorporated as the Intercollegiate Conference Athletic Association. Big Ten member institutions are predominantly major flagship research universities with large financial endowments, large student enrollment is also a hallmark of Big Ten universities, as 12 of the 14 members feature enrollments of 30,000 or more students. Northwestern University, one of just two members with a total enrollment of fewer than 30,000 students, is the lone private university among Big Ten membership. Collectively, Big Ten universities educate more than 520,000 total students and have 5.7 million living alumni, Big Ten universities engage in $9.3 billion in funded research each year. Big Ten universities are members of the Big Ten Academic Alliance. In 2014–2015, members generated more than $10 billion in research expenditures, Johns Hopkins University was invited in 2012 to join the Big Ten as an associate member participating in mens lacrosse only. In 2015, it was accepted as an associate member in womens lacrosse. Notre Dame is scheduled to join the Big Ten in 2017 as a member in mens ice hockey. Notes Notes Notes The University of Chicago was a co-founder of the conference, lake Forest College attended the original 1895 meeting that led to the formation of the conference, but did not join it. Full members Full members Sport Affiliate Other Conference Other Conference The Big Ten Conference sponsors championship competition in 14 mens and 14 womens NCAA sanctioned sports, Notes, * Notre Dame will join the Big Ten in the 2017–18 school year as an affiliate member in mens ice hockey. It continues to field its other sports in the ACC except in football where it will continue to compete as an independent, ° Johns Hopkins joined the Big Ten in 2014 as an affiliate member in mens lacrosse, with womens lacrosse to follow in 2016. Ohio State and Penn State, like most NCAA fencing schools, have coed teams,2, Mens rowing, whether heavyweight or lightweight, is not governed by the NCAA, but instead by the Intercollegiate Rowing Association. Rutgers Mens Rowing was downgraded to Club status in 2008,3, Unlike rifle, pistol is not an NCAA-governed sport. 4, Rifle is technically a mens sport, but mens, womens, Ohio State fields a coed team. The eligibility of student-athletes was one of the topics of discussion. The Intercollegiate Conference of Faculty Representatives was founded at a meeting on February 8,1896
12.
University of Michigan
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The University of Michigan, frequently referred to simply as Michigan, is a public research university in Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States. Founded in 1817 in Detroit as the Catholepistemiad, or University of Michigania,20 years before the Michigan Territory became a state, in 1821, the university was officially renamed the University of Michigan. It moved to Ann Arbor in 1837 onto 40 acres of what is now known as Central Campus, the University was a founding member of the Association of American Universities. Considered one of the foremost research universities in the United States, Michigans body of living alumni comprises more than 540,000 people, one of the largest alumni bases of any university in the world. Besides academic life, Michigans athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are known as the Wolverines. They are members of the Big Ten Conference, the University of Michigan was established in Detroit on August 26,1817 as the Catholepistemiad, or University of Michigania, by the governor and judges of Michigan Territory. Judge Augustus B. Woodward specifically invited The Rev. John Monteith and Father Gabriel Richard, Monteith became its first President and held seven of the professorships, and Richard was Vice President and held the other six professorships. Concurrently, Ann Arbor had set aside 40 acres in the hopes of being selected as the state capital, but when Lansing was chosen as the state capital, the city offered the land for a university. What would become the university moved to Ann Arbor in 1837 thanks to Governor Stevens T. Mason, the original 40 acres was the basis of the present Central Campus. The first classes in Ann Arbor were held in 1841, with six freshmen, eleven students graduated in the first commencement in 1845. By 1866, enrollment increased to 1,205 students, many of whom were Civil War veterans, Women were first admitted in 1870. U-M also became the first American university to use the method of study. Among the early students in the School of Medicine was Jose Celso Barbosa, who in 1880 graduated as valedictorian and he returned to Puerto Rico to practice medicine and also served in high-ranking posts in the government. In 1920 the university reorganized the College of Engineering and formed a committee of 100 industrialists to guide academic research initiatives. The university became a choice for bright Jewish students from New York in the 1920s and 1930s. Because of its standards, U-M gained the nickname Harvard of the West. During World War II, U-Ms research supported military efforts, such as U. S. Navy projects in proximity fuzes, PT boats, and radar jamming. After the war, enrollment expanded rapidly and by 1950, it reached 21,000, as the Cold War and the Space Race took hold, U-M received numerous government grants for strategic research and helped to develop peacetime uses for nuclear energy
13.
Ottumwa High School
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Ottumwa High School is a public high school located in Ottumwa, Iowa. It is part of the Ottumwa Community School District, and it is the only high school. The school sports mascot is a Bulldog, for several years, students in Ottumwa attended private classes inside area homes. Later, some students studied inside a local Methodist Episcopal church, in 1865, the first public school in Ottumwa—Adams School—was completed at College Square, an area bounded by College, Fourth, Second, and Union Streets. The school, which utilized four classrooms on its top floor for the school, cost $28,818.57 to build. It was declared unsafe in 1883, the school board voted to tear down the condemned building and build a new one at the same site. With more citizens coming to Ottumwa, a high school was constructed about a mile west of the Adams School site in 1899. This building later served as a high school until it was closed in 1982. The Ottumwa High School football/track stadium, known as Schafer Stadium, was established in the early 1920s in memory of a past student of OHS, walter B. Schafer graduated from the Ottumwa High School in 1903 with amazing athletic records and many college football opportunities. He went to the University of Chicago to play football under the coaching of Amos Alonzo Stagg. Schafer was killed serving in 1918. He was considered one of the greatest athletes in Iowa and especially in football, to address the growing student population, the Ottumwa Community School District began construction on the current high school building at the same location as the Adams School in 1921. The new high school was completed in 1923, as part of the construction, the Adams School was lifted from its foundation and moved east—it would serve as a building for vocational classes at the new high school. Ottumwa High School as it today opened on August 29,1923 to grades 9,10,11. It reportedly cost just over one million dollars to complete, in the 1970s, an additional building was completed—the Vo-Tech building—for vocational and performing arts classes. The facility was connected to the building via a skywalk accessible from the second floor hallway. In the 1990s, a city property tax was levied to fund a multimillion-dollar renovation project. The project went over budget, and the gymnasium and auditorium phases were scratched, the cafeteria and library projects were successfully completed, along with the basement, classroom, and hallway renovations, by the end of the century
14.
World War I
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World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history and it was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. The war drew in all the worlds great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances, the Allies versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war, Italy, Japan, the trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia. Within weeks, the powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July, the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia, Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise, and when this was refused, declared war on Russia on 1 August. Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, after the German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that changed little until 1917. On the Eastern Front, the Russian army was successful against the Austro-Hungarians, in November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai. In 1915, Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers, Romania joined the Allies in 1916, after a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918, the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives. By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, national borders were redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created, and Germanys colonies were parceled out among the victors. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, the League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation eventually contributed to World War II. From the time of its start until the approach of World War II, at the time, it was also sometimes called the war to end war or the war to end all wars due to its then-unparalleled scale and devastation. In Canada, Macleans magazine in October 1914 wrote, Some wars name themselves, during the interwar period, the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English-speaking countries. Will become the first world war in the sense of the word. These began in 1815, with the Holy Alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria, when Germany was united in 1871, Prussia became part of the new German nation. Soon after, in October 1873, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors between the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany
15.
United States Army
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The United States Armed Forces are the federal armed forces of the United States. They consist of the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, from the time of its inception, the military played a decisive role in the history of the United States. A sense of unity and identity was forged as a result of victory in the First Barbary War. Even so, the Founders were suspicious of a permanent military force and it played an important role in the American Civil War, where leading generals on both sides were picked from members of the United States military. Not until the outbreak of World War II did a standing army become officially established. The National Security Act of 1947, adopted following World War II and during the Cold Wars onset, the U. S. military is one of the largest militaries in terms of number of personnel. It draws its personnel from a pool of paid volunteers. As of 2016, the United States spends about $580.3 billion annually to fund its military forces, put together, the United States constitutes roughly 40 percent of the worlds military expenditures. For the period 2010–14, the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute found that the United States was the worlds largest exporter of major arms, the United States was also the worlds eighth largest importer of major weapons for the same period. The history of the U. S. military dates to 1775 and these forces demobilized in 1784 after the Treaty of Paris ended the War for Independence. All three services trace their origins to the founding of the Continental Army, the Continental Navy, the United States President is the U. S. militarys commander-in-chief. Rising tensions at various times with Britain and France and the ensuing Quasi-War and War of 1812 quickened the development of the U. S. Navy, the reserve branches formed a military strategic reserve during the Cold War, to be called into service in case of war. Time magazines Mark Thompson has suggested that with the War on Terror, Command over the armed forces is established in the United States Constitution. The sole power of command is vested in the President by Article II as Commander-in-Chief, the Constitution also allows for the creation of executive Departments headed principal officers whose opinion the President can require. This allowance in the Constitution formed the basis for creation of the Department of Defense in 1947 by the National Security Act, the Defense Department is headed by the Secretary of Defense, who is a civilian and member of the Cabinet. The Defense Secretary is second in the chain of command, just below the President. Together, the President and the Secretary of Defense comprise the National Command Authority, to coordinate military strategy with political affairs, the President has a National Security Council headed by the National Security Advisor. The collective body has only power to the President
16.
University of Arkansas
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The University of Arkansas is a public, co-educational, land-grant, space-grant, research university in Fayetteville, in the U. S. state of Arkansas. More than 26,000 students are enrolled in over 188 undergraduate, graduate and it is classified by the Carnegie Foundation as a research university with highest research activity. Founded as Arkansas Industrial University in 1871, its present name was adopted in 1899 and it is noted for its strong architecture, agriculture, business, communication disorders, creative writing, history, law, and Middle Eastern studies programs. Enrollment for the semester of 2014 was 26,237. Academic programs are in excess of 200, the ratio of students to faculty is approximately 19,1. The University of Arkansas was founded in 1871 on the site of a farm that overlooked the Ozark Mountains. The university was established under the Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act of 1862, the universitys founding also satisfied the provision in the Arkansas Constitution of 1868 that the General Assembly was to establish and maintain a State University. Bids from state towns and counties determined the universitys location, the citizens of Fayetteville and Washington County. Pledged $130,000 toward securing the university, a sum that proved to be more than other offers, classes started on January 22,1872. Completed in 1875, Old Main, a brick building designed in the Second Empire style, was the primary instructional. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and its design was based on the plans for the main academic building at the University of Illinois, which has since been demolished. However, the clock and bell towers were switched at Arkansas, the northern taller tower is the bell tower, and the southern shorter tower is the clock tower. One legend for the switch is that the taller tower was put to the north as a reminder of the Union victory during the Civil War. A second legend is that the contractor accidentally swapped the tower drawings after having had too much to drink, although the southern tower was designed with clock faces, it never held a working clock until October 2005. The bell tower has always had some type of chime, initially a bell that was rung on the hour by student volunteers, electronic chimes were installed in 1959. In addition to the chimes of the clock, the universitys Alma Mater plays at 5 pm every day. Old Main housed many of the earliest classes at the university, the lawn at Old Main serves as an arboretum, with many of the trees native to the state of Arkansas found on the lawn. Sitting at the edge of the lawn is Spoofers Stone, a place for couples to meet, students play soccer, cricket and touch football on the lawns open green
17.
Fayetteville, Arkansas
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Fayetteville is the third-largest city in Arkansas and county seat of Washington County. The city is located within the county and has been home of the University of Arkansas since the institutions founding in 1871. Fayetteville is on the outskirts of the Boston Mountains, deep within the Ozarks, known as Washington until 1829, the city was named after Fayetteville, Tennessee, from which many of the settlers had come. It was incorporated on November 3,1836 and was rechartered in 1867, the four-county Northwest Arkansas Metropolitan Statistical Area is ranked 105th in terms of population in the United States with 463,204 in 2010 according to the United States Census Bureau. The city had a population of 73,580 at the 2010 Census, at 1,400 feet of elevation, it is also one of the highest major US cites between the western Great Plains and the Appalachian Mountains. Fayetteville is home to the University of Arkansas, the states largest university, when classes are in session, thousands of students on campus dramatically change the citys demographics. Thousands of Arkansas Razorbacks alumni and fans travel to Fayetteville to attend football, basketball, the Universitys mens track and field program has won 41 national championships to date. Forbes also ranked Fayetteville as the 24th-best city for business and careers in 2016, lonely Planet named Fayetteville among its top 20 places to visit in the South in 2016. Based in nearby Bentonville, the Walmart corporation has dominated Fayettevilles economy, the city hosts the Wal-Mart Shareholders Meetings each year at the Bud Walton Arena. In 1828, George McGarrah settled at Big Spring with his family on the modern day corner of Spring and Willow, founding the town of Washington, on October 17, Washington County was established, Washington chosen as the county seat. The Washington Courthouse was finished in 1829, and also contained the post office, later in the year Postmaster Larkin Newton changed the name to the Fayetteville Courthouse, to avoid confusing with Washington, Hempstead County. Two councilmen selected to name the city were from Fayetteville, Tennessee and that original Fayetteville was named for General Lafayette, a French general who helped the colonies gain independence in the American Revolutionary War. The first store in Fayetteville was opened by John Nye in a building constructed by James Holmsley. In 1832 David Walker, Chief Justice of the Arkansas supreme court, in 1822 Archibald Yell, the second Governor of Arkansas, built a house and called it Waxhaw after his home in North Carolina. This was on the outskirts of town then but now is a named after him that connects College. The first hotels were the Burnside House and the Onstott House, Fayetteville was incorporated as a town on November 3,1836. In 1859, a city charter was obtained from the Legislature, during the Civil War the municipal government was suspended and was not reinstated until 1867. Rhea was the president of the trustees in 1836, J. W. Walker was the first mayor under the charter of 1859
18.
Wisconsin Badgers men's basketball
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The Wisconsin Badgers mens basketball team is a NCAA Division I college basketball team competing in the Big Ten Conference. The Badgers home games are played at the Kohl Center, located on the University of Wisconsin–Madison campus in Madison, Wisconsin Badger basketball began in December,1898 with the formation of its first team coached by Dr. James C. The Badgers played their first game on January 21,1899, losing to the Milwaukee Normal Alumni 25–15 in Milwaukee, in 1905, Christian Steinmetz became the first Wisconsin Badger basketball player to be named All-American. In the 1906–07 season, Wisconsin won its first share of the Big Ten Championship and they won it again the next year in 1908. Walter Meanwell began coaching the Badgers in 1911, in his first season, he led Wisconsin to an undefeated season, and then led them to another 15–0 season in 1913–14. Meanwells teams would win eight Big Ten Championships during his tenure, in 1912,1913,1914,1916,1921,1923,1924, and 1929. Between the 1917–18 and 1919–20 seasons, Guy Lowman coached the Badgers, Meanwell would also coach two All-Americans during his Wisconsin career, George Levis in 1916 and Harold Bud Foster in 1930. On December 18,1930, the first game was played in the new Wisconsin Field House, starting with the 1934–35 season, former UW basketball player Bud Foster began coaching the Wisconsin Badgers. In his first season as coach, he led the Badgers to their 12th Big Ten Conference Championship in 28 years. In 1941, Foster led the Badgers to their only NCAA Championship in history, with the help of tournament MOP John Kotz and All-American Gene Englund, the Badgers beat Washington State 39–34 in the final game of the NCAA Tournament. It was their first ever invitation to the NCAA Tournament, after winning the Big Ten Championship in that year, Foster coached three All-Americans during his tenure – Gene Englund in 1941, John Kotz in 1942 and Don Rehfeldt in 1950. The Badgers won one more Big Ten championship in 1947 and attended their second NCAA Tournament and it would be their last postseason appearance of any sort for 42 years, and their last NCAA appearance for 47 years. The mediocre records of the last decade of Fosters tenure would remain largely the norm for the Badgers for the four decades. From 1954 to 1995, the Badgers would only have eight winning seasons and they also only notched two winning records in Big Ten play, and only finished as high as fourth four times. In 1994, the Badgers returned to the NCAA tournament for the first time since 1947, the revival of Wisconsin basketball began in 1995, when Dick Bennett took over after leading Wisconsin-Green Bay to mid-major prominence. In 1997, he led the Badgers to their first winning Big Ten record in 23 years, in 2000, the Badgers entered the NCAA tournament seeded #8 in the West bracket. Beyond most expectations, they defeated #9 Fresno St, #1 Arizona, #4 LSU, however, the Badgers then lost to #1 and eventual national champion Michigan State, 53–41. After three games into the 2000–01 season, Bennett abruptly retired due to burnout and his final game was a 78–75 win over eventual Final Four participant Maryland
19.
Purdue Boilermakers men's basketball
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The Purdue Boilermakers basketball team is a college basketball program that competes in NCAA Division I and is a member of the Big Ten Conference. Purdue basketball has the most Big Ten Championships with 23, the Boilermakers have reached two NCAA Tournament Final Fours. The 1931–32 team was named the national champion by the Helms Athletic Foundation. Purdue has sent more than 30 players to the NBA, including two overall No.1 picks in the NBA draft, Purdue shares a traditional rivalry with in-state foe Indiana University, and holds a 117–89 all-time series lead. The history of Purdue basketball dates back to 1896 with their first game against the Lafayette YMCA, in the 1902–03 season, head coach C. I. Freeman, in his season, led them to an undefeated 8–0 record. Upon conclusion of the season, the university recognized the popularity of the sport, the Boilermakers began play in the Big Ten Conference three years later, with its first championship coming in 1911 under the direction of Ralph Jones. In 1917, Ward Piggy Lambert, a basketball player at Wabash College, was named head coach of the Boilermakers. What followed was one of the most dominant eras of Purdue Basketball on the conference, under Lambert, Purdue became a front-runner in the development of the fast-paced game as it is today. Lambert compiled a record of 371–152, a.709 winning percentage. His 228 wins in Big Ten play have been bested by only Indianas Bob Knight, Lambert won an unprecedented 11 Big Ten Championships, which Bobby Knight later tied for most in conference history. In 1943, the Helms Athletic Foundation retroactively recognized Purdue as its champion for 1932. The Premo-Porretta Power Poll later recognized the Boilermakers as the 1932 national champion as well, Ward Lambert announced his resignation on January 23,1946. That same year and the following under new head coach Mel Taube. Center Paul Hoffman became the only Boiler to be named a First Team-All Big Ten selection four times in 1947, after Mel Taubes four and a half seasons, Ray Eddy, a former player and teammate of John Wooden under Lambert, took over as head coach. In 1955, his team played one of the longest games in basketball history. Schaus led the Boilermakers to the 1974 NIT Championship, becoming the first Big Ten team to capture the NIT title, in the 1978–79 season, new head coach Lee Rose introduced Purdue basketball to a new approach with a slowed-down, controlled style of play. With All-American center Joe Barry Carroll, he led them to the 1979 NIT Finals, in 1980, Gene Keady, the head coach of Western Kentucky and former assistant to Eddie Sutton with the Arkansas Razorbacks, was named the new head coach of the Boilermakers
20.
Iowa Hawkeyes men's basketball
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The Iowa Hawkeyes mens basketball team represents the University of Iowa in Iowa City, Iowa, as a member of the Big Ten Conference and the National Collegiate Athletic Association. They currently play in 15, 400-seat Carver-Hawkeye Arena, along with the womens basketball, wrestling. Fran McCaffery was named the Hawkeyes newest coach on Monday, March 29,2010, the Hawkeyes have won eight Big Ten regular-season conference championships, the last coming in 1979. More recently, Iowa has won the Big Ten tournament twice, Iowa has also played in the Final Four on three occasions, reaching the semifinals in 1955 and 1980 and playing in the championship game against the University of San Francisco in 1956. The team was successful in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s under head coaches Lute Olson. Under Olson, the Hawkeyes won their last Big Ten regular season championship, prior to playing in Carver-Hawkeye Arena, which opened in 1983, the Hawkeyes played in the Iowa Fieldhouse, which is still used today by the schools gymnastics teams. In 2006, the Hawkeyes accumulated a school-record 21 consecutive wins at home before losing to in-state rival Northern Iowa, the roots of Iowa basketball lie in 1902, when Ed Rule coached the Hawkeyes to a 10–2 record in their very first season of basketball. Rule coached the Hawkeyes in four seasons from 1902–1908, leading Iowa to a 37–15 record under his watch. Even today, Rules winning percentage stands as the best among head coaches in Iowa basketball history, following Rules tenure, the Hawkeyes were coached by names such as John Griffith, Walter Stewart, Floyd Thomas, Maury Kent, Edwin Bannick, and James Ashmore. Yet in that stretch of time, the best Iowa had finished in the Big Ten was fifth on three separate occasions, but all that changed when Sam Barry was hired as the Iowas 10th head coach. In Barrys first season,1923, Iowa went 13–2 overall, the winning did not stop there, the Hawkeyes also tied for the Big Ten championship in 1926, along with Indiana, Michigan, and Purdue. Before Barry continued his Hall of Fame career at the USC in 1929, he authored a handbook on the sport, Basketball, Individual Play and Team Play, featuring Iowa players and facilities. Following Barry in the line of Hawkeye coaches was Rollie Williams, although Williams winning percentage stands at 51. 5%, his long tenure at Iowa allowed him to become the winningest coach in Iowa history until Lute Olson and Tom Davis both surpassed him. Perhaps the most interesting event during Williams tenure, however, occurred in 1929, fourteen players, including four on the basketball squad, were declared ineligible as a result of the Big Tens findings. Just as the country emerged from the depression, so did Iowas basketball fortunes, following a rocky 7–10 season in 1943, Pops Harrison led the Hawkeyes to their third overall Big Ten title in 1945. In the following decade, from 1946–1956, the Hawkeyes had but one non-winning season in 1949, Harrisons last full season as head coach. Following short tenures by both Frank Bucky OConnor in 1950 and Rollie Williams in 1951, OConnor once again became Iowas coach, under OConnor, Iowa would see unparalleled success in what some consider the most successful era in Iowa history. In 1953, Iowa finished second in the Big Ten behind the efforts of a starting lineup fully composed of sophomores, as juniors, the Fabulous Five won the Big Ten outright and eventually finished fourth in the nation
21.
Indiana Hoosiers men's basketball
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The Indiana Hoosiers mens basketball team is the intercollegiate mens basketball program representing Indiana University. The school competes in the Big Ten Conference in NCAA Division I, the Hoosiers play on Branch McCracken Court at Simon Skjodt Assembly Hall in Bloomington, Indiana on the Indiana University Bloomington campus. Indiana has won five NCAA Championships in mens basketball — the first two under coach Branch McCracken and the three under Bob Knight. The Hoosiers five NCAA Championships are tied for fourth in history with Duke, trailing only UCLA, Kentucky, Indianas 1976 squad remains the last undefeated NCAA mens basketball champion. The Hoosiers are seventh in NCAA Tournament appearances, seventh in NCAA Tournament victories, ninth in Final Four appearances, the Hoosiers have won 22 Big Ten Conference Championships and have the best winning percentage in conference games at nearly 60 percent. No team has had more All-Big Ten selections than the Hoosiers with 53, the Hoosiers also rank seventh in all-time AP poll appearances and sixth in the number of weeks spent ranked No.1. Every four-year mens basketball letterman since 1973 has earned a trip to the NCAA basketball tournament, additionally, every four-year player since 1950 has played on a nationally ranked squad at Indiana. The Hoosiers are among the most storied programs in the history of college basketball, a 2012 study listed Indiana as the third most valuable collegiate basketball program in the country. Indiana has ranked in the top 15 nationally in basketball attendance every season since Assembly Hall opened in 1972. Indiana has three main rivalries including in-state, against the Purdue Boilermakers, and out-of-state, against the Kentucky Wildcats, Indiana players wear warm-up pants that are striped red and white, like the stripes of a candy cane. They were first worn by the team in the 1970s under head coach Bob Knight, at the time they were in keeping with the fashion trends of the 1970s, but despite changing styles they have since become an iconic part of playing for Indiana. IU star guard Steve Alford said, As you watch television and you watch the IU games, so when you finally got to put those on, those are pretty special. Rusty Stillions, Director of Indianas Equipment Operations, said the pants were originally only for team members. However, changes in licensing agreements permitted the public to buy them as well. They have since become a staple at games and other Indiana basketball events, beginning in 2014, during Hoosier Hysteria, former IU basketball players have presented to the new players their first pair of candy striped pants. This practice symbolizes a passing-of-the-torch and carrying on the rich tradition, the team is widely noted for their simple game jerseys. Unlike most schools, Indiana doesnt have players names on the back of jerseys that players wear on the court, the notion behind the nameless jerseys is that players play for the team name on the front, not the individuals name on the back. In keeping with Indianas longstanding principle of putting team over player, adidas is the current outfitter of Indiana athletics
22.
Bennie Oosterbaan
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He is widely regarded as one of the greatest football players in Michigan history. During his collegiate career he was a Big Ten batting champion in baseball, Big Ten scoring champion in basketball. He was the first University of Michigan athlete to become a first-team All-American in basketball, in high school, he had been an All-American basketball player, a state champion in track and field, and an All-state player in baseball and football. In addition to his All-American collegiate performances as an end, Oosterbaan threw three passes in the dedication game of Michigan Stadium. After his playing career ended, Oosterbaan spent several decades working for the University of Michigan Athletic Department until the 1970s, Oosterbaan served as the football, basketball, and baseball coach for the University. Oosterbaans 1948 Michigan Wolverines football team won an Associated Press national championship and he later served as the director of athletic alumni relations. Born in Muskegon, Michigan, Oosterbaan began his career at Muskegon High School where he was selected by the Detroit News as an All-State end. In his junior year, he led the Muskegon basketball team to a championship and was named a High School All-American in basketball. He was also an All-State baseball player and state champion discus thrower, according to a Michigan Today article, he probably could have made the 1928 Summer Olympics team in the discus. At Michigan, Bennie Oosterbaan earned nine letters—three apiece in football, basketball, Oosterbaan was both a scholar and an athlete. In 1928, he was awarded the Western Conference Medal of Honor for proficiency as a scholar-athlete, after a year on the freshmen football team, he was invited to varsity tryouts. A star receiver and defensive end in a time when the pass was still evolving. As a sophomore in 1925, Oosterbaan led the Big Ten with eight touchdowns and that year, the Wolverines outscored their opponents 227–3. The team shut out every team they faced, except a 3–2 defeat to Northwestern at Soldier Field late in the season. Oosterbaans defensive play was outstanding as well, and he was key in shutting out the Fighting Illini, five players from the 1925 team were named All-Americans, including Benny Friedman and Oosterbaan. He was briefly kicked off of the team during the year by an assistant coach for lining up incorrectly before coach Fielding H. Yost brought him back. In 1926, Friedman and Oosterbaan were both named All-Americans after leading the Wolverines to a 7–1 record and their second consecutive Big Ten Conference championship. That year, his 60-yard run with a recovered fumble helped Michigan to a 7–6 victory over Minnesota in the annual Little Brown Jug game
23.
Fielding H. Yost
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Fielding Harris Yost was an American football player and coach and college athletics administrator. During his 25 seasons as the football coach in Ann Arbor, Yosts Michigan Wolverines won six national championships, captured ten Big Ten Conference titles. From 1901 to 1905, his Point-a-Minute squads went 55–1–1, outscoring their opponents by a margin of 2,821 to 42, the 1901 team beat Stanford, 49–0, in the 1902 Rose Bowl, the first college football bowl game ever played. Under Yost, Michigan won four national championships from 1901 to 1904. In 1921, Yost became Michigans athletic director and served in capacity until 1940. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach in 1951, Yost was also a successful business person, lawyer, and author, but he is best known as a leading figure in pioneering the development of college football into a national phenomenon. Yost was born in Fairview, West Virginia, in April 1871, Yosts family had settled in West Virginia, in 1925. He was the oldest of four children of Parmenus Wesley Yost and Elzena Jane Yost and his father was a farmer and Confederate veteran. His family had been in Fairview since 1825 when his great, great grandfather, David Yost, settled there, Yost was educated in the local schools and became a deputy marshal in Fairview as a teenager. At seventeen, he got a teaching certificate. Yost began his education at Fairmont Normal School in Fairmont. He then taught school at Patterson Creek, West Virginia, during the 1889–90 school year, Yost next enrolled at Ohio Normal School. Yost played for the Ohio Normal baseball team, after three years at Ohio Normal, Yost returned to West Virginia to work in the oil fields. In 1895, Yost enrolled at West Virginia University where he studied law and he also played football for West Virginia University football team. A 6-foot,200 pounder, Yost was a standout at tackle at West Virginia into the 1896 season and he transferred in mid-season to join Coach Parke H. Daviss national championship team at Lafayette. Just a week playing against Davis in West Virginia, Yost was playing for Davis in Lafayettes historic 6–4 win over the Penn Quakers. The fortuitous timing of Yosts appearance on the Lafayette roster did not go unnoticed by Penn officials and they called it the Yost affair. The Philadelphia Ledger quoted Yost as saying that he came to Lafayette only to play football, the fact that Yost appeared in a Lafayette uniform only once, in the Penn game, and that he returned to West Virginia within two weeks of the contest did not help appearances
24.
Harry Kipke
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Harry George Kipke was an American football, basketball, and baseball player and coach. He was the football coach at Michigan State College in 1928 and at the University of Michigan from 1929 to 1937. During his nine-year tenure as coach at Michigan, Kipkes teams compiled a 46–26–4 record, won four conference titles. He is one of three coaches, along with Fielding H. Yost and Bo Schembechler, in Michigan football history to direct teams to four consecutive conference championships. Kipke was also the baseball coach at the University of Missouri for one season 1925 while he was an assistant football coach at the school. He was inducted into of the College Football Hall of Fame as a player in 1958, Kipke was born in Lansing, Michigan, in March 1899. His father, Charles W. Kipke, emigrated from Germany to the United States in 1872 and his mother, Minnie Kipke, emigrated from Germany in 1888. Kipke had two sisters, an older brother, and three younger brothers. At the time of the 1910 United States Census, the family was living in Lansing, by 1920, Kipkes father had died, and he was living with his mother and siblings in Lansing. Kipke attended the University of Michigan and he is one of the few individuals in Michigan Wolverines history to have been a letterman nine times, doing so in football, basketball, and baseball. Kipke played halfback and punter for the team under head coach Fielding H. Yost. He was named an All-American in 1922 and is regarded as one of the schools all-time greats as a punter and his ability to punt out of bounds near the oppositions goal line helped Michigan to a 19–1–2 record from 1921 through 1923. Kipke was also the captain of the 1923 Michigan team that went 8–0, Kipke wore number 6 and weighed 158 pounds. After serving as an assistant coach at the University of Missouri for four years, Michigan State had a 3–4–1 record in 1928. The following year, Kipke was hired to take over as football coach for the Michigan Wolverines. In his first year as coach in 1929, the Wolverines struggled. But Kipke quickly turned things around, leading the Wolverines to four conference championships. The 1932 and 1933 national championships teams did not lose any games, and featured All-Americans Harry Newman, Charles T. Bernard, Ted Petoskey, Kipke called his system a punt, a pass, and a prayer in a 1933 article for The Saturday Evening Post
25.
1911 college football season
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The 1911 NCAA football season was the last one before major reforms were made to the American game in 1912. In 1911, touchdowns were worth five points, the field was 110 yards in length, although no team finished the season unbeaten and untied, the United States Naval Academy finished with a record of 6 wins and 3 ties. Two of the ties were 0-0 games with the other major teams, Penn State. Other teams that finished the season unbeaten were Minnesota and Florida, Vanderbilt beat visiting Centre College 45-0, in its first four games, Vandy had outscored its opposition 164-0. Carlisle beat Lafayette 19-0 At Philadelphia, Penn State beat Pennsylvania, army beat Lehigh 20-0 Georgetown beat St. Johns College of Maryland, 20-0. Princeton beat Holy Cross 20-0 Minnesota won at Iowa 24-6, Carlisle won its 8th game, 16-0 over Penn. Michigan and Syracuse played to a 6-6 tie, Georgia beat Clemson three days later at Augusta, 22-0 Florida beat visiting Columbia College 9-0 in a Friday game. Carlisle handed Harvard its second loss, winning 18-15 Navy beat West Virginia 32-0. Army was scored upon for the first time in six games, Chicago beat Cornell 6-0 Vanderbilt beat Ole Miss 21-0. Georgia beat Georgia Tech 5-0 Harvard beat Dartmouth 5-3, Minnesota beat Illinois 11-0 Chicago beat Wisconsin 5-0 Michigan and Nebraska 6-6 tie Carlisle won at Johns Hopkins, 29-6 Harvard and Yale played to 0-0 tie. Kansas travels to Missouri for a 3–3 tie in what is considered the first homecoming game. More than 1,000 people gathered in downtown Lawrence, Kansas, on Wednesday, November 29, in Savannah, Georgia and Auburn played to a 0-0 tie. Penn State won at Pittsburgh 3-0, to finish the season 8-0-1, Carlisle closed its season with a 12-6 win at Brown. The last five-point American football touchdown was scored on January 1,1912, in a game played in Havana, mississippi A&M College defeated the Club Atletico de Cuba, 12-0. The following is a incomplete list of conference standings, The consensus All-America team included, Rushing yards leader, Jim Thorpe, Carlisle,899 Rushing avg. leader
26.
1912 college football season
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On September 26, Cornell defeated Washington & Jefferson 3-0. Princeton beat Stevens 65-0 and three days later, beat Rutgers 41-6, dartmouths won 26-0 over Bates College. After opening with a 33-0 Wednesday win over Albright, Lehigh beat Delaware 45-0, Swarthmore won at Johns Hopkins 40-6. Carlisle beat Dickinson 35-0, and followed on Wednesday with a 65-0 win over Villanova at Harrisburg, Vanderbilt opened with a 105-0 win over visiting Bethel College. October 5 Harvard beat Holy Cross 19-0, Yale beat Syracuse, 21-0, Princeton defeated Lehigh 35-0, Carlisle and Washington & Jefferson played a scoreless tie. Penn State beat Carnegie Tech 41-0, wisconsin opened with a 13-0 win over Lawrence College, Michigan beat Case 34-0, and Chicago beat Indiana 13-0. Vanderbilt scored in triple digits again, but was scored upon, Georgia beat Chattanooga 33-0 and Auburn beat Mercer 56-0 in a game at Columbus, Georgia. October 12 Harvard defeated Williams 26-3, Yale beat Lafayette 16-0, Princeton beat Virginia Tech 31-0, Penn State beat Washington & Jefferson 30-0, Carlisle won at Syracuse 33-0, Lehigh won at Navy, 14-0 and Swarthmore won at Penn 6-3. Georgetown beat Washington & Lee, 20-0 Vanderbilt beat visiting Rose-Hulman Institute 54-0, wisconsin beat Northwestern 56-0 and Michigan defeated Michigan State 55-7. October 19 Yale won at Army, 16-0, Dartmouth won at Williams 21-0, Harvard beat Amherst 46-0, Penn State won at Cornell 29-6, Carlisle won at Pittsburgh 45-8, and Swarthmore won at Annapolis, defeating Navy 21-6, to stay unbeaten. Georgetown won at North Carolina State, 48-0, Vanderbilt and Georgia met in Atlanta. Vandy handed the Bulldogs their only loss in a 46-0 drubbing, Sewanee beat Chattanooga 27-0, and Auburn defeated Clemson 27-6. After warmup wins over Daniel Baker College and Trinity College, Texas A&M beat Arkansas 27-0 in a game at Dallas, in another game at Dallas, Texas lost to Oklahoma, 21-6. Wisconsin beat Purdue 41-0, Michigan won at Ohio State 14-0, october 26 Princeton hosted Dartmouth and won 22-7. Harvard defeated Brown 30-10 and Yale beat Washington & Jefferson, 13-3, Penn State beat visiting Gettysburg College 25-0 and Swarthmore beat Villanova 27-0. In an intersectional game, Michigan lost at Syracuse 18-7, Vanderbilt beat Ole Miss 24-0 in Nashville, and Sewanee beat Tennessee 33-6 at Chattanooga. In Birmingham, Auburn defeated Mississippi State, 7-0, Carlisle won at Georgetown, 34-20, followed two days later by a game in Toronto in a 49-7 win against the Toronto All-Stars. At Philadelphia, Penn State beat Pennsylvania, 22-6, in Columbus, Georgia, Georgia beat Alabama 13-9
27.
1917 college football season
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The 1917 NCAA football season had no clear-cut champion, with the Official NCAA Division I Football Records Book listing Georgia Tech as national champions, the Souths first. Pittsburgh, Ohio State, Texas A&M, Williams, and Washington State were also undefeated, the Golden Tornado was invited to play a 4–3 Oregon team in the Rose Bowl, but by then many players had joined the war effort. In the second week of play, Georgia Tech beat Penn 41–0, bernie McCarty called it Struppers finest hour, coming through against powerful Penn in the contest that shocked the East. By comparison, Pitt defeated Penn 14–6, one conference changed its name for the 1917 season, Michigan rejoined the Intercollegiate Conference of Faculty Representatives after a nine-year absence. As such, the league was first unofficially coined the Big Ten, september 29 In a doubleheader, Georgia Tech beat Furman and then Wake Forest, 25–0 and 33–0 respectively. October 6 Georgia Tech beat Penn at home 41 to 0, october 13 Georgia Tech beat Davidson 32–10, its closest game all season. October 20 Georgia Tech beat Washington & Lee 63–0, october 27 Undefeated Pittsburgh beat Penn on the road 14 to 6. November 3 Georgia Tech gave Vanderbilt its worst ever beating, 83–0, november 10 A freshman Buck Flowers at Davidson upset Auburn 21–7. All of Georgia Techs backs rushed for 100 yards in a 48–0 defeat of Tulane, november 17 Georgia Tech beat Carlisle 98–0. November 24 Auburn fought undefeated Ohio State to a scoreless tie, coach Heisman of Georgia Tech and his players were at the game, rooting for the Tigers. November 29 Georgia Tech beat Auburn 68 to 7, the Mare Island Marines would defeat Camp Lewis 19-7 in the 1918 Rose Bowl
28.
1918 college football season
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The 1918 NCAA football season had no clear-cut champion, with the Official NCAA Division I Football Records Book listing Michigan and Pittsburgh as national champions. Perhaps the highest profile game was a highly publicized War Charities benefit staged at Forbes Field in Pittsburgh in front of many of the top sports writers. The game pitted John Heismans undefeated, unscored upon, and defending national champion Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets against Pop Warners Pittsburgh Panthers who were sitting on a 30 game win streak. The Spanish flu pandemic of 1918 saw the implementation of quarantines that eliminated much of that college football season. Great Lakes Navy would defeat Mare Island Marines 17-7 in the 1919 Rose Bowl, the following is a potentially incomplete list of conference standings, The consensus All-America team included, Receptions leader, Bernard Kirk, Notre Dame,7
29.
Ironwood, Michigan
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Ironwood is a city in Gogebic County in the U. S. state of Michigan, about 18 miles south of Lake Superior. The population was 5,387 at the 2010 census, the city is on US2 and is situated opposite the Montreal River from Hurley, Wisconsin. It is the westernmost city in Michigan, situated on the line of longitude as Clinton, Iowa and St. Louis. Ironwood is home of the Worlds Tallest Indian, a 52 ft fiberglass statue of tribal leader Hiawatha, the city is at the south end of Ironwood Township, but is administratively autonomous. The town of Ironwood was settled in the spring of 1885, the town was incorporated as a village in 1887 and as a city on April 8,1889. The township area north of the city was incorporated as Ironwood Township on April 8,1889, in 1890 the population of Ironwood passed 7500 and in 1900 it reached 10000. Iron ore was found in the area in the 1870s but it wasnt until the mid-1880s when the arrival of the railroad to the area opened it for extensive exploration of the vast iron ore deposits. Soon several mines were discovered and opened such as the Norrie mine, Aurora mine, Ashland mine, Newport mine, and Pabst mine. The opening of the mines and the works in the area led to a rapid influx of immigrants both from other parts of the USA and directly from Europe. On September 17,1887, a fire swept over half of the business portion of the town. In 1926, the Pabst Mine Disaster took place, killing three miners and trapping 43 more for up to five days and its names origin is usually considered to be from the following, James Wood was a mining captain who worked for Fredrick Rhinelander. Arriving on the train to this camp, Mr. Rhinelander named the town in honor of his captain. Theres a small park at the corner of North Suffolk and Fredrick Streets in honor of James Wood, Fredrick Street was in turn named after Fredrick Rhinelander for whom Rhinelander, Wisconsin was named. It was used for high altitude and treetop level bomb runs. A monument is erected south of Hurley, Wisconsin to remember those crew members killed in two B-47 low level runs, the site was moved to Charlevoix, Mi. in the mid 60s. The religious life among the immigrants of different nationalities was very active, already in the early 1890s there were twelve different churches in Ironwood. Ironwood Dance Company produces shows throughout the year and sends dancers to compete at state, the Ironwood Carnegie Library is the oldest operating Carnegie library in the state of Michigan. Each summer the Pine Mountain Music Festival brings top performances to Ironwood, Ironwood and its famous pasties appear in Neil Gaimans novel American Gods
30.
Associated Press
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The Associated Press is an American multinational nonprofit news agency headquartered in New York City that operates as a cooperative, unincorporated association. The AP is owned by its contributing newspapers and radio and television stations in the United States, all of which stories to the AP. Most of the AP staff are members and are represented by the Newspaper Guild, which operates under the Communications Workers of America. As of 2007, news collected by the AP was published and republished by more than 1,700 newspapers, in addition to more than 5,000 television, the photograph library of the AP consists of over 10 million images. The AP operates 243 news bureaus in 120 countries and it also operates the AP Radio Network, which provides newscasts twice hourly for broadcast and satellite radio and television stations. Many newspapers and broadcasters outside the United States are AP subscribers, as part of their cooperative agreement with the AP, most member news organizations grant automatic permission for the AP to distribute their local news reports. The AP employs the inverted pyramid formula for writing that enables the news outlets to edit a story to fit its available publication area without losing the storys essentials. Cutbacks at rival United Press International in 1993 left the AP as the United States primary news service, although UPI still produces and distributes stories and photos daily. Other English-language news services, such as the BBC, Reuters, some historians believe that the Tribune joined at this time, documents show it was a member in 1849. The New York Times became a member shortly after its founding in September 1851, initially known as the New York Associated Press, the organization faced competition from the Western Associated Press, which criticized its monopolistic news gathering and price setting practices. The revelations led to the demise of the NYAP and in December 1892, when the AP was founded, news became a salable commodity. The invention of the press allowed the New York Tribune in the 1870s to print 18,000 papers per hour. During the Civil War and Spanish–American War, there was a new incentive to print vivid, Melville Stone, who had founded the Chicago Daily News in 1875, served as AP General Manager from 1893 to 1921. He embraced the standards of accuracy, impartiality, and integrity, the cooperative grew rapidly under the leadership of Kent Cooper, who built up bureau staff in South America, Europe and, the Middle East. He introduced the telegraph typewriter or teletypewriter into newsrooms in 1914, in 1935, AP launched the Wirephoto network, which allowed transmission of news photographs over leased private telephone lines on the day they were taken. This gave AP a major advantage over other media outlets. While the first network was only between New York, Chicago, and San Francisco, eventually AP had its network across the whole United States, in 1945, the Supreme Court of the United States held in Associated Press v. The decision facilitated the growth of its main rival United Press International, AP entered the broadcast field in 1941 when it began distributing news to radio stations, it created its own radio network in 1974
31.
Ancestry.com
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Ancestry. com LLC is a privately held Internet company based in Lehi, Utah, United States. The largest for-profit genealogy company in the world, it operates a network of genealogical and historical record websites focused on the United States, as of June 2014, the company provided access to approximately 16 billion historical records and had over 2 million paying subscribers. User-generated content tallies to more than 70 million family trees, and subscribers have added more than 200 million photographs, scanned documents, and written stories. Ancestrys brands include Ancestry, AncestryDNA, AncestryHealth, AncestryProGenealogists, Archives. com, Family Tree Maker, Find a Grave, Fold3, Newspapers. com, and Rootsweb. Under its subsidiaries, Ancestry. com operates foreign sites that provide access to services and these include Australia, Canada, China, Japan, Brazil, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and several other countries in Europe and Asia. In 1990, Paul B. Allen and Dan Taggart, two Brigham Young University graduates, founded Infobases and began offering Latter-day Saints publications on floppy disks, in 1988, Allen had worked at Folio Corporation, founded by his brother Curt and his brother-in-law Brad Pelo. Infobases chose to use the Folio infobase technology, which Allen was familiar with, Infobases first products were floppy disks and compact disks sold from the back seat of the founders car. In 1994, Infobases was named among Inc. magazines 500 fastest-growing companies and their first offering on CD was the LDS Collectors Edition, released in April 1995, selling for $299.95, which was offered in an online version in August 1995. Ancestry officially went online with the launched Ancestry. com in 1996, with its roots as a genealogy newsletter started in 1983 by John Sittner, and became an established publishing company in 1984. Ancestry was relaunched as a magazine in January 1994, and went online in 1996, on January 1,1997, Infobases parent company, Western Standard Publishing, purchased Ancestry, Inc. publisher of Ancestry magazine and genealogy books. Western Standard Publishings CEO was Joe Cannon, one of the owners of Geneva Steel. In July 1997, Allen and Taggart purchased Western Standards interest in Ancestry, at the time, Brad Pelo was president and CEO of Infobases, and president of Western Standard. Less than six months earlier, he had been president of Folio Corporation, in March 1997, Folio was sold to Open Market for $45 million. The first public evidence of the change in ownership of Ancestry Magazine came with the July/August 1997 issue and that issues masthead also included the first use of the Ancestry. com web address. More growth for Infobases occurred in July 1997, when Ancestry, Inc. purchased Bookcraft, Infobases had published many of Bookcrafts books as part of its LDS Collectors Library. Pelo also announced that Ancestrys product line would be expanded in both CDs and online. Alan Ashton, an investor in Infobases and founder of WordPerfect, was its chairman of the board. Allen and Taggart began running Ancestry, Inc. independently from Infobases in July 1997, included in the sale were the rights to Infobases LDS Collectors Library on CD
32.
Open access
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Open access refers to online research outputs that are free of all restrictions on access and free of many restrictions on use. These additional usage rights are granted through the use of various specific Creative Commons licenses. There are multiple ways authors can provide access to their work. One way is to publish it and then self-archive it in a repository where it can be accessed for free, such as their institutional repository and this is known as green open access. Some publishers require delays, or an embargo, on when an output in a repository may be made open access. Several initiatives provide an alternative to the American and English language dominance of existing publication indexing systems, including Index Copernicus, SciELO and Redalyc. A second way authors can make their work open access is by publishing it in such a way that makes their research output immediately available from the publisher. This is known as open access, and within the sciences this often takes the form of publishing an article in either an open access journal. Pure open access journals do not charge fees, and may have one of a variety of business models. Many, however, do charge an article processing fee, widespread public access to the World Wide Web in the late 1990s and early 2000s fueled the open access movement, and prompted both the green open access way and the creation of open access journals. Conventional non-open access journals cover publishing costs through access tolls such as subscriptions, some non-open access journals provide open access after an embargo period of 6–12 months or longer. The Budapest statement defined open access as follows, There are many degrees, despite these statements emerging in the 2000s, the idea and practise of providing free online access to journal articles began at least a decade before the term open access was formally coined. Computer scientists had been self-archiving in anonymous ftp archives since the 1970s, the Subversive Proposal to generalize the practice was posted in 1994. Gratis OA refers to online access, and libre OA refers to free online access plus some additional re-use rights. The Budapest, Bethesda, and Berlin definitions had corresponded only to libre OA, the re-use rights of libre OA are often specified by various specific Creative Commons licenses, these almost all require attribution of authorship to the original authors. Open access itself began to be sought and provided worldwide by researchers when the possibility itself was opened by the advent of Internet, the momentum was further increased by a growing movement for academic journal publishing reform, and with it gold and libre OA. Electronic publishing created new benefits as compared to paper publishing but beyond that, rather than applying traditional notions of copyright to academic publications, they could be libre or free to build upon. The intended audience of research articles is usually other researchers, Open access helps researchers as readers by opening up access to articles that their libraries do not subscribe to
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