1.
National Register of Historic Places
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The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal governments official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 established the National Register, of the more than one million properties on the National Register,80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts, each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings. For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service and its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties, protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, the application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians. Occasionally, historic sites outside the proper, but associated with the United States are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, the Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties, district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties, some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks, National Historic Sites, National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, on October 15,1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices. Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Registers creation, approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior, hartzog, Jr. established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation. Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law, ernest Connally was the Offices first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register, the first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Registers earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U. S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two Assistant Directorates. Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation, from 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs, jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate
2.
National Historic Landmark
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A National Historic Landmark is a building, district, object, site, or structure that is officially recognized by the United States government for its outstanding historical significance. Of over 85,000 places listed on the countrys National Register of Historic Places, a National Historic Landmark District may include contributing properties that are buildings, structures, sites or objects, and it may include non-contributing properties. Contributing properties may or may not also be separately listed, prior to 1935, efforts to preserve cultural heritage of national importance were made by piecemeal efforts of the United States Congress. The first National Historic Site designation was made for the Salem Maritime National Historic Site on March 17,1938. In 1960, the National Park Service took on the administration of the data gathered under this legislation. Because listings often triggered local preservation laws, legislation in 1980 amended the procedures to require owner agreement to the designations. On October 9,1960,92 properties were announced as designated NHLs by Secretary of the Interior Fred A. Seaton, more than 2,500 NHLs have been designated. Most, but not all, are in the United States, there are NHLs in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Three states account for nearly 25 percent of the nations NHLs, three cities within these states all separately have more NHLs than 40 of the 50 states. In fact, New York City alone has more NHLs than all but five states, Virginia, California, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, there are 74 NHLs in the District of Columbia. Some NHLs are in U. S. commonwealths and territories, associated states, and foreign states. There are 15 in Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other U. S. commonwealths and territories,5 in U. S. -associated states such as Micronesia, over 100 ships or shipwrecks have been designated as NHLs. About half of the National Historic Landmarks are privately owned, the National Historic Landmarks Program relies on suggestions for new designations from the National Park Service, which also assists in maintaining the landmarks. A friends group of owners and managers, the National Historic Landmark Stewards Association, works to preserve, protect, if not already listed on the National Register of Historic Places, an NHL is automatically added to the Register upon designation. About three percent of Register listings are NHLs, american Water Landmark List of U. S
3.
Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument
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The Historic-Cultural Monument process has its origin in the Historic Buildings Committee formed in 1958 by the Los Angeles chapter of the American Institute of Architects. On April 30,1962, a historic preservation ordinance proposed by the AIA committee was passed. The original Cultural Heritage Board was formed in the summer of 1962, consisting of William Woollett, FAIA, Bonnie H. Riedel, Carl S. Dentzel, Senaida Sullivan and Edith Gibbs Vaughan. The board met for the first time in August 1962, at a time when the owner of the historic Leonis Adobe was attempting to demolish the structure, in its first day of official business, the board designated the Leonis Adobe and four other sites as Historic-Cultural Monuments. The designation of a property as a Historic-Cultural Monument does not prevent demolition or alteration, however, the designation requires permits for demolition or substantial alteration to be presented to the commission. The commission has the power to delay the demolition of a property for up to one year. In the commissions first decade of operation, it designated 101 properties as Historic-Cultural Monuments, by March 2010, there were 979 designated properties. A. Historic-Cultural Monuments website — with ever-updated LAHCM List via PDF link, official Los Angeles Office of Historic Resources website — Homepage Los Angeles Cultural Heritage Commission website Designated LAHCM Landmarks by Neighborhood — L. A. Bariscale. Bariscales Flickr Photostream — Big Orange Flickr Gallery of L. A. H. C. Monuments
4.
Pacific Palisades, Los Angeles
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The area currently has about 27,000 residents. It is primarily an area, with a mixture of large private homes, small houses, condominiums. The district also includes some large parklands and many hiking trails, in 1911, film director Thomas Ince created his Western film factory, Inceville, which at its peak employed nearly 600 people. Believers snapped up choice lots and lived in tents during construction, by 1925, the Palisades had 100 homes. In one subdivision, streets were named for Methodist missionaries, the tents eventually were replaced by cabins, then by bungalows, and ultimately by multimillion-dollar homes. The climate of the area was a big selling point, temperatures are much cooler than inland Los Angeles during summer, but usually sunnier and less foggy than areas south along the coast. Adorno, Vicki Baum, Oskar Homolka and Emil Ludwig, Villa Aurora on Paseo Miramar, the Spanish colonial home of Feuchtwanger and his wife, Marta, became the focal point of the expatriate community, which was nicknamed Weimar by the Sea. For many decades there was a ban on drinking alcohol in the district. The Methodist Church created a Chautauqua Conference Grounds in Temescal Canyon, the Village is the Pacific Palisades central business district, centered at Sunset Boulevard and Via de la Paz. The Via Mesa and The Huntington Palisades are the neighborhoods that border the village proper to the south of Sunset Boulevard, both of these neighborhoods are easy walking distance to The Village and sit upon high bluffs that look out over the Pacific Ocean. Many of the homes in neighborhoods are accordingly afforded beautiful ocean views. The El Medio Mesa is located south of Sunset Boulevard beginning about a mile west of The Village. The El Medio Mesa extends for a distance from Temescal Canyon all the way to where Sunset Boulevard meets the Pacific Coast Highway. Castellammare is located along the Pacific Coast Highway on small bluffs much closer to sea-level and this is the home of the Getty Villa and the narrow, winding streets in this neighborhood have Italian names and ocean breezes. Palisades Highlands is a community near the end of Sunset Blvd, bordering Topanga, about five minutes away from the center of Pacific Palisades. The Highlands could almost be considered its own separate community high up the hill overlooking the ocean, Rustic Canyon is the neighborhood east of Chautauqua Boulevard that dips into Santa Monica Canyon and includes the Will Rogers State Historic Park. The neighborhood features post-war homes located on the polo field of The Uplifters, the original site of The Uplifters clubhouse. This area is known as Uplifters Ranch
5.
Case Study Houses
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The program ran intermittently from 1945 until 1966. The first six houses were built by 1948 and attracted more than 350,000 visitors, while not all 36 designs were built, most of those that were constructed were built in Los Angeles, and one was built in Phoenix, Arizona. Of the unbuilt houses #19 was to have built in Atherton, in the San Francisco Bay Area, while #27 was to have been built on the east coast, in Smoke Rise. A number of the houses appeared in the magazine in iconic black-and-white photographs by architectural photographer Julius Shulman, entenza, John Announcement, The Case Study House Program. 1977, ISBN, Hennessey & Ingalls Smith, Elizabeth A. T, blueprints for Modern Living, History and Legacy of the Case Study Houses. Case Study Houses, The Complete CSH Program, Smith, Elizabeth A. T. Case Study Houses
6.
Modern architecture
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Modern architecture or modernist architecture is a term applied to a group of styles of architecture which emerged in the first half of the 20th century and became dominant after World War II. The revolution in materials came first, with the use of cast iron, plate glass, the cast plate glass process was invented in 1848, allowing the manufacture of very large windows. The Crystal Palace by Joseph Paxton at the Great Exhibition of 1851 was an example of iron and plate glass construction, followed in 1864 by the first glass. These developments together led to the first steel-framed skyscraper, the ten-story Home Insurance Building in Chicago, the iron frame construction of the Eiffel Tower, then the tallest structure in the world, captured the imagination of millions of visitors to the 1889 Paris Universal Exposition. French industrialist François Coignet was the first to use iron-reinforced concrete, in 1853 Coignet built the first iron reinforced concrete structure, a four story house in the suburbs of Paris. Another important technology for the new architecture was electric light, which reduced the inherent danger of fires caused by gas in the 19th century. This break with the past was particularly urged by the architectural theorist, for each function its material, for each material its form and its ornament. This book influenced a generation of architects, including Louis Sullivan, Victor Horta, Hector Guimard, at the end of the 19th century, a few architects began to challenge the traditional Beaux Arts and Neoclassical styles that dominated architecture in Europe and the United States. The Glasgow School of Art 1896-99) designed by Charles Rennie MacIntosh, had a facade dominated by large bays of windows. The Art Nouveau style was launched in the 1890s by Victor Horta in Belgium and Hector Guimard in France, it introduced new styles of decoration, based on vegetal and floral forms. In 1903-1904 in Paris Auguste Perret and Henri Sauvage began to use reinforced concrete, previously used for industrial structures. Between 1910 and 1913, Auguste Perret built the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées, because of the concrete construction, no columns blocked the spectators view of the stage. Otto Wagner, in Vienna, was another pioneer of the new style, in his book Moderne Arkchtekture he had called for a more rationalist style of architecture, based on modern life. Wagner declared his intention to express the function of the building in its exterior, the reinforced concrete exterior was covered with plaques of marble attached with bolts of polished aluminum. The interior was purely functional and spare, an open space of steel, glass. The Viennese architect Adolf Loos also began removing any ornament from his buildings and his Steiner House, in Vienna, was an example of what he called rationalist architecture, it had a simple stucco rectangual facade with square windows and no ornament. The fame of the new movement, which known as the Vienna Secession spread beyond Austria. Josef Hoffmann, a student of Wagner, constructed a landmark of early modernist architecture and this residence, built of brick covered with Norwegian marble, was composed of geometric blocks, wings and a tower
7.
Los Angeles
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Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
8.
Charles and Ray Eames
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Among their most well-known designs is the Eames Lounge Chair. They also worked in the fields of industrial and graphic design, fine art, Charles Ormond Eames, Jr, was an American designer, architect and film maker. Along with his wife Ray Kaiser Eames he is responsible for groundbreaking contributions in the field of architecture, furniture design, industrial design, manufacturing and he briefly studied architecture at Washington University in St. Louis on an architecture scholarship. After two years of study, he left the university, many sources claim that he was dismissed for his advocacy of Frank Lloyd Wright and his interest in modern architects. The university reportedly dropped him because of his too modern views, other sources, less frequently cited, note that while a student, Charles Eames also was employed as an architect at the firm of Trueblood and Graf. The demands on his time from this employment and from his classes led to sleep-deprivation, while at Washington University, he met his first wife, Catherine Woermann, whom he married in 1929. A year later, they had a daughter, Lucia Jenkins, in 1930, Charles began his own architectural practice in St. Louis with partner Charles Gray. They were later joined by a partner, Walter Pauley. Charles Eames was greatly influenced by the Finnish architect Eliel Saarinen, in order to apply for the Architecture and Urban Planning Program, Eames defined an area of focus—the St. Louis waterfront. Together with Eero Saarinen he designed prize-winning furniture for New Yorks Museum of Modern Art Organic Design in Home Furnishings competition, in 1941, Charles and Catherine divorced, and he married his Cranbrook colleague Bernice Kaiser, who was born in Sacramento, California. He then moved with her to Los Angeles, California, where they worked and lived until their deaths. In the late 1940s, as part of the Arts & Architecture magazines Case Study program, Charles Eames died of a heart attack on August 21,1978 while on a consulting trip in his native Saint Louis, and was buried in the Calvary Cemetery there. He now has a star on the St. Louis Walk of Fame, in 1970 and 1971, Charles Eames gave the Charles Eliot Norton Lectures at Harvard University. He related the progression of design and its process where the leaf is transformed into something fantastically ornate. Ray-Bernice Alexandra Kaiser Eames was an American artist, designer, along with her husband Charles Eames she is responsible for groundbreaking contributions in the field of architecture, furniture design, industrial design, manufacturing and the photographic arts. She was born in Sacramento, California to Alexander and Edna Burr Kaiser and she spent her early childhood years with her parents in their apartment, and then moved to a bungalow outside of the town. Her parents taught her the quality of enjoyment which later led to inventions in furniture design and her parents also instilled the value of enjoyment of nature. She was a founder of the American Abstract Artists group in 1936, one of her paintings is in the permanent collection of The Whitney Museum of American Art
9.
Historic house museum
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A historic house museum is a house that has been transformed into a museum. Historic furnishings may be displayed in a way reflects their original placement. Historic house museums are held to a variety of standards, including those of the International Council of Museums, houses are transformed into museums for a number of different reasons. For example, the homes of writers are frequently turned into writers home museums to support literary tourism. Also known as a ‘memory museum’, which is a used to suggest that historic house museum contains a collection of the traces of memory of the people who once lived there. It is often made up of the belongings and objects – this approach is mostly concerned with authenticity. Some museums are organised around the person who lived there or the role the house had. Other historic house museums may be partially or completely reconstructed in order to tell the story of a particular area, the ‘narrative’ of the people who lived there guides this approach, and dictates the manner in which it is completed. In each kind of museum visitors learn about the previous inhabitants through an explanation and exploration of Social History, the idea of a historic house museum derives from a branch of history called Social History that is solely based on people and their way of living. It became very popular in the century among scholars who were interested in the history of people. Social history remains a branch of history. Philip J. Ethington is a Professor of history and political science, further adds to social history, the past is the set of places made by human action. History is a map of these places, following this historical movement, the concept of ‘Open Air Museums’ became prominent. These particular types of museums had interpreters in costume re-enact the lives of communities in earlier eras and they often occupied large wooden architecture buildings or outdoor sites and landscapes, that were true to the era adding to authenticity. Collective memory is used in the resurrection of historic house museums, however. The notion of Collective Memory originated from philosopher and sociologist Maurice Halbwachs and this extended thesis examines the role of people and place, and how collective memory is not only associated with the individual but is a shared experience. It also focused on the way individual memory is influenced by social structures, an example of a site that utilizes collective memory is the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park in Japan. It was restored and is based on the dialectics of memory, the ‘Hiroshima Traces’ text takes a look the importance of collective memory and how it is embedded in culture and place
10.
Will Rogers
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William Penn Adair Will Rogers was a stage and motion picture actor, vaudeville performer, American cowboy, humorist, newspaper columnist, and social commentator. Known as Oklahomas Favorite Son, Rogers was born to a prominent Cherokee Nation family in Indian Territory and he traveled around the world three times, made 71 movies, and wrote more than 4,000 nationally syndicated newspaper columns. By the mid-1930s, the American people adored Rogers and he was the leading political wit of his time, and was the highest paid Hollywood movie star. Rogers died in 1935 with aviator Wiley Post, when their airplane crashed in northern Alaska. Rogerss vaudeville rope act led to success in the Ziegfeld Follies and his 1920s syndicated newspaper column and his radio appearances increased his visibility and popularity. Rogers crusaded for aviation expansion, and provided Americans with first-hand accounts of his world travels and his aphorisms, couched in humorous terms, were widely quoted, I am not a member of an organized political party. Another widely quoted Will Rogers comment was I dont make jokes, I just watch the government and report the facts. I am so proud of that, I can hardly wait to die so it can be carved, Rogers was born on the Dog Iron Ranch in Indian Territory, near present-day Oologah, Oklahoma. The house he was born in had been built in 1875 and was known as the White House on the Verdigris River and his parents, Clement Vann Rogers and Mary America Schrimsher, were both of part Cherokee ancestry, making Rogers himself 9/32 Cherokee. Rogers quipped that his ancestors did not come over on the Mayflower and his mother was quarter-Cherokee and a hereditary member of the Paint Clan. She died when Will was 11, and his father remarried less than two years after her death, Rogers was the youngest of eight children. He was named for the Cherokee leader Col. William Penn Adair, only three of his siblings, sisters Sallie Clementine, Maude Ethel, and May, survived into adulthood. His father, Clement, was a leader within Cherokee society, a Cherokee judge, he was a Confederate veteran and served as a delegate to the Oklahoma Constitutional Convention. Rogers County, Oklahoma, is named in honor of Clement Rogers and he served several terms on the Cherokee Senate. Clement Rogers achieved financial success as a rancher and used his influence to help soften the effects of white acculturation on the tribe. Roach presents a sociological-psychological assessment of the relationship between Will and his father during the formative boyhood and teenage years, Clement had high expectations for his son and desired him to be more responsible and business-minded. Will was more easygoing and oriented toward the loving affection offered by his mother, Mary, the personality clash increased after his mothers death, and young Will went from one venture to another with little success. Only after Will won acclaim in vaudeville did the rift begin to heal, will Rogers attended school at the Willow Hassel School at Neosho, Missouri, and Kemper Military School at Boonville, Missouri
11.
Eero Saarinen
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Eero Saarinen was a 20th-century Finnish American architect and industrial designer noted for his neofuturistic style. Eero Saarinen was born on August 20,1910 to Finnish architect Eliel Saarinen and his wife, Louise. They immigrated to the United States in 1923, when Eero was thirteen and he grew up in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, where his father taught and was dean of the Cranbrook Academy of Art, and he took courses in sculpture and furniture design there. He had a relationship with fellow students Charles and Ray Eames. Saarinen began studies in sculpture at the Académie de la Grande Chaumière in Paris, France and he then went on to study at the Yale School of Architecture, completing his studies in 1934. Subsequently, he toured Europe and North Africa for a year, after his tour of Europe and North Africa, Saarinen returned to Cranbrook to work for his father and teach at the academy. The firm was Saarinen, Swansen and Associates, headed by Eliel Saarinen, the firm was located in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, until 1961 when the practice was moved to Hamden, Connecticut. The Tulip Chair, like all other Saarinen chairs, was taken into production by the Knoll furniture company, founded by Hans Knoll, the competition award was mistakenly sent to his father. All of these designs were successful except for the Grasshopper lounge chair. One of Saarinens earliest works to international acclaim is the Crow Island School in Winnetka. The GM Technical Center was constructed in 1956, with Saarinen using models, which allowed him to share his ideas with others, and gather input from other professionals. With the success of the scheme, Saarinen was then invited by other major American corporations such as John Deere, IBM, despite their rationality, however, the interiors usually contained more dramatic sweeping staircases, as well as furniture designed by Saarinen, such as the Pedestal Series. Saarinen served on the jury for the Sydney Opera House commission in 1957 and was crucial in the selection of the now internationally known design by Jørn Utzon, after his fathers death in July 1950, Saarinen founded his own architects office, Eero Saarinen and Associates. He was the partner from 1950 until his death in 1961. Many of these projects use catenary curves in their structural designs, one of the best-known thin-shell concrete structures in America is the Kresge Auditorium, which was designed by Saarinen. Another thin-shell structure that he created is Yales Ingalls Rink, which has suspension cables connected to a single backbone and is nicknamed the whale. The younger Saarinens leaded glass designs are a prominent feature of buildings throughout the campus. Saarinen was recruited by Donal McLaughlin, a school friend from his Yale days
12.
Retaining wall
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Retaining walls are structures designed to restrain soil to a slope that it would not naturally keep to. A retaining wall is a designed and constructed to resist the lateral pressure of soil. A basement wall is one kind of retaining wall. But the term refers to a cantilever retaining wall, which is a freestanding structure without lateral support at its top. These are cantilevered from a footing and rise above the grade on one side to retain a level grade on the opposite side. The walls must resist the pressures generated by loose soils or, in some cases. Every retaining wall supports a “wedge” of soil, the wedge is defined as the soil which extends beyond the failure plane of the soil type present at the wall site, and can be calculated once the soil friction angle is known. As the setback of the wall increases, the size of the wedge is reduced. This reduction lowers the pressure on the retaining wall, the most important consideration in proper design and installation of retaining walls is to recognize and counteract the tendency of the retained material to move downslope due to gravity. Lateral earth pressures are zero at the top of the wall, earth pressures will push the wall forward or overturn it if not properly addressed. Also, any groundwater behind the wall that is not dissipated by a system causes hydrostatic pressure on the wall. The total pressure or thrust may be assumed to act at one-third from the lowest depth for lengthwise stretches of uniform height. Unless the wall is designed to retain water, It is important to have proper drainage behind the wall in order to limit the pressure to the design value. Drainage materials will reduce or eliminate the pressure and improve the stability of the material behind the wall. Drystone retaining walls are normally self-draining.5 against lateral sliding and overturning, gravity walls depend on their mass to resist pressure from behind and may have a batter setback to improve stability by leaning back toward the retained soil. For short landscaping walls, they are made from mortarless stone or segmental concrete units. Dry-stacked gravity walls are somewhat flexible and do not require a rigid footing, earlier in the 20th century, taller retaining walls were often gravity walls made from large masses of concrete or stone. Cantilevered retaining walls are made from a stem of steel-reinforced
13.
Mezzanine
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A mezzanine is an intermediate floor in a building which is partly open to the double-height ceilinged floor below. Mezzanines may serve a variety of functions. Industrial mezzanines, such as used in warehouses, may be temporary or semi-permanent structures. A mezzanine is a floor in a building which is open to the floor below. It is placed halfway up the wall on a floor which has a ceiling at least twice as high as a floor with minimum height, a mezzanine does not count as one of the floors in a building, and generally does not count in determining maximum floorspace. The International Building Code permits a mezzanine to have as much as one-third of the space of the floor below. Local building codes may vary somewhat from this standard, a space may have more than one mezzanine, as long as the sum total of floor space of all the mezzanines is not greater than one-third the floor space of the complete floor below. Mezzanines help to make a high-ceilinged space feel more personal and less vast, mezzanines, however, may have lower-than-normal ceilings due to their location. The term mezzanine does not imply a function, as mezzanines can be used for an array of purposes. Mezzanines are commonly used in Modern architecture, which places an emphasis on light. In industrial settings, mezzanines may be installed in high-ceilinged spaces such as warehouses and these semi-permanent structures are usually free-standing, can be dismantled and relocated, and are sold commercially. Industrial mezzanine structures can be supported by steel columns and elements. Depending on the span and the run of the mezzanine, different materials may be used for the mezzanines deck, some industrial mezzanines may also include enclosed, paneled office space on their upper levels. Reports suggest that the amount of steel required can be reduced by up to 35%, an architect is sometimes hired to help determine whether the floor of the building can support a mezzanine, and to design the appropriate mezzanine. Structural Wood Design, A Practice-Oriented Approach, the Architects Studio Companion, Rules of Thumb for Preliminary Design. Coates, Michael, Brooker, Graeme, Stone, Sally, the Visual Dictionary of Interior Architecture and Design. Buildings for Industrial Storage and Distribution, the Mingqi Pottery Buildings of Han Dynasty China,206 BC-AD220, Architectural Representations and Represented Architecture. Structure of the Ordinary, Form and Control in the Built Environment, harris, Cyril M. Illustrated Dictionary of Historic Architecture
14.
Courtyard
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A courtyard or court is an enclosed area, often surrounded by a building or complex, that is open to the sky. Such spaces in inns and public buildings were often the meeting places for some purposes. Both of the court and yard derive from the same root. See yard and garden for the relation of this set of words, courtyards—private open spaces surrounded by walls or buildings—have been in use in residential architecture for almost as long as people have lived in constructed dwellings. The courtyard house makes its first appearance ca, Courtyards have historically been used for many purposes including cooking, sleeping, working, playing, gardening, and even places to keep animals. Before courtyards, open fires were burning in a central place within a home. Over time, these openings were enlarged and eventually led to the development of the centralized open courtyard we know today. Courtyard homes have been designed and built throughout the world many variations. Courtyard homes are prevalent in temperate climates, as an open central court can be an important aid to cooling house in warm weather. However, courtyard houses have been found in harsher climates as well for centuries, the comforts offered by a courtyard—air, light, privacy, security, and tranquility—are properties nearly universally desired in human housing. Ur,2000 BC — two-storey houses constructed around a square were built of fired brick. Kitchen, working, and public spaces were located on the ground floor, the central uncovered area in a Roman domus was referred to as an atrium. Today, we use the term courtyard to refer to such an area. Roman atrium houses were built side by side along the street and they were one-storey homes without windows that took in light from the entrance and from the central atrium. The hearth, which used to inhabit the centre of the home, was relocated, and these homes frequently incorporated a second open-air area, the garden, which would be surrounded by Greek-style colonnades, forming a peristyle. This created a colonnaded walkway around the perimeter of the courtyard, Courtyard houses in the Middle East reflect the nomadic influences of the region. Often the flat rooftops of these structures were used for sleeping in warm weather, in some Islamic cultures, private courtyards provided the only outdoor space for women to relax unobserved. The traditional Chinese courtyard house, e. g. siheyuan, is an arrangement of individual houses around a square
15.
Studio
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A studio is an artists or workers workroom, or the catchall term for an artist and their employees who work within that studio. The term is used for the workroom of dancers, often specified to dance studio. The word studio is derived from the Italian, studio, from Latin, studium, from studere, the French term for studio, atelier, in addition to designating an artists studio is used to characterize the studio of a fashion designer. Atelier also has the connotation of being the home of an alchemist or wizard, the studio of a successful artist, especially from the 15th to the 19th centuries, characterized all the assistants, thus the designation of paintings as from the workshop of. An art studio is called an atelier, especially in earlier eras. In contemporary, English language use, atelier can also refer to the Atelier Method, the above-mentioned method calls upon that zeal for study to play a significant role in the production which occurs in a studio space. A studio is more or less artful to the degree that the artist who occupies it is committed to the education in his or her formal discipline. A versatile and creative mind will embrace the opportunity of such practice to innovate and experiment, thus the method raises and maintains an art studio space above the level of a mere production facility or workshop. Safety is or may be a concern in studios, with some painting materials required to be handled, stored, or used properly to prevent poisoning, chemical burns, or fire. Media related to atelier at Wikimedia Commons In educational studios, students learn to develop related to design. In specific, educational studios are studio settings where large numbers of students learn to draft, educational studios are colloquially referred to as studio by students, who are known for staying up late hours into the night doing projects and socializing. The studio environment is characterized by 2 types in education, The workspace where students do usually visually-centered work in an open environment and this time and space is beyond that of instructional time and faculty guidance is not available. It allows for students to each other, help each other. A type of class that takes the above-mentioned workshop space, and it differentiates itself based on a topic of instruction, isolated space, instructor led/included, and an added focus of directed criticism. A great take on this type of studio classroom is described by Carleton University. Studio pottery is made by an individual working on his own in his studio. Production studios are those studios which act as centres for the production in any of the arts, in radio and television production studio is the place where programs and radio commercial and television advertising are recorded for further emission. Animation studios, like movie studios, may be production facilities, animation studios are a fast rising entity and they include established firms such as Walt Disney and Pixar
16.
Piet Mondrian
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Pieter Cornelis Piet Mondriaan, after 1906 Mondrian, was a Dutch painter. Mondrian was a contributor to the De Stijl art movement and group and he evolved a non-representational form which he termed neoplasticism. This consisted of ground, upon which he painted a grid of vertical and horizontal black lines. Mondrians arrival in Paris from the Netherlands in 1911 marked the beginning of a period of profound change and he encountered experiments in Cubism and with the intent of integrating himself within the Parisian avant-garde removed an a from the Dutch spelling of his name. Mondrian was born in Amersfoort in the Netherlands, the second of his parents children and he was descended from Christian Dirkzoon Monderyan who lived in The Hague as early as 1670. The family moved to Winterswijk in the east of the country when his father, Pieter Cornelius Mondriaan, was appointed Head Teacher at a primary school. Mondrian was introduced to art from a early age. His father was a drawing teacher, and, with his uncle, Fritz Mondriaan. After a strictly Protestant upbringing, in 1892, Mondrian entered the Academy for Fine Art in Amsterdam and he already was qualified as a teacher. He began his career as a teacher in primary education, most of his work from this period is naturalistic or Impressionistic, consisting largely of landscapes. These paintings are most definitely representational, and they illustrate the influence that various artistic movements had on Mondrian, including pointillism, on display in the Gemeentemuseum Den Haag are a number of paintings from this period, including such Post-Impressionist works as The Red Mill and Trees in Moonrise. Another painting, Evening, depicting a tree in a field at dusk, even augurs future developments by using a palette consisting almost entirely of red, yellow, although Avond is only limitedly abstract, it is the earliest Mondrian painting to emphasize primary colors. Mondrians earliest paintings showing a degree of abstraction are a series of canvases from 1905 to 1908 that depict dim scenes of trees and houses reflected in still water. Mondrians art was related to his spiritual and philosophical studies. In 1908, he interested in the theosophical movement launched by Helena Petrovna Blavatsky in the late 19th century. The work of Blavatsky and a spiritual movement, Rudolf Steiners Anthroposophy. In 1918, he wrote I got everything from the Secret Doctrine, in 1921, in a letter to Steiner, Mondrian argued that his neoplasticism was the art of the foreseeable future for all true Anthroposophists and Theosophists. He remained a committed Theosophist in subsequent years, although he believed that his own artistic current, neoplasticism, would eventually become part of a larger
17.
Eucalyptus
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Eucalyptus /ˌjuːkəˈlɪptəs/ LHeritier 1789 is a diverse genus of flowering trees and shrubs in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae. Members of the genus dominate the flora of Australia. There are more than 700 species of eucalyptus and most are native to Australia, one species, Eucalyptus deglupta, ranges as far north as the Philippines. Of the 15 species found outside Australia, just nine are exclusively non-Australian, species of eucalyptus are cultivated widely in the tropical and temperate world, including the Americas, Europe, Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East, China, and the Indian subcontinent. However, the range over which many eucalypts can be planted in the zone is constrained by their limited cold tolerance. Australia is covered by 92,000,000 hectares of eucalypt forest, Eucalyptus is one of three similar genera that are commonly referred to as eucalypts, the others being Corymbia and Angophora. Many species, though by no means all, are known as gum trees because they exude copious kino from any break in the bark. The generic name is derived from the Greek words ευ well and καλύπτω to cover, Eucalyptus oil finds many uses like in aromatherapy, as a cure for joint pains. Eucalyptus trees show allelopathic effects, they release compounds which inhibit other plant species from growing nearby, on warm days, eucalyptus forests are sometimes shrouded in a smog-like mist of vaporised volatile organic compounds, the Australian Blue Mountains take their name from the haze. A mature eucalyptus may take the form of a low shrub or a large tree. The species can be divided into three main habits and four size categories, as a generalisation forest trees are single-stemmed and have a crown forming a minor proportion of the whole tree height. Woodland trees are single-stemmed, although they may branch at a distance above ground level. Many mallee trees may be so low-growing as to be considered a shrub, two other tree forms are notable in Western Australia and described using the native names mallet and marlock. The mallet is a small to medium-sized tree that does not produce lignotubers and has a long trunk. This is the habit of mature healthy specimens of Eucalyptus occidentalis, E. astringens, E. spathulata, E. gardneri, E. dielsii, E. forrestiana, E. salubris, E. clivicola. The smooth bark of mallets often has a satiny sheen and may be white, cream, grey, green, or copper. The term marlock has been used, in Forest Trees of Australia, it is defined as a small tree without lignotubers. They usually grow in more or less pure stands, clearly recognisable examples are stands of E. platypus, E. vesiculosa, and the unrelated E. stoatei
18.
Isamu Noguchi
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Isamu Noguchi was an American artist and landscape architect whose artistic career spanned six decades, from the 1920s onward. His work lives on around the world and at the Noguchi Museum in New York City, Yone had ended his relationship with Gilmour earlier that year and planned to marry The Washington Post reporter Ethel Armes. After proposing to Armes, Yone left for Japan in late August, settling in Tokyo and awaiting her arrival, their engagement fell through months later when she learned of Léonie, in 1906, Yone invited Léonie to come to Tokyo with their son. She at first refused, but growing anti-Japanese sentiment following the Russo-Japanese War eventually convinced her to take up Yones offer, the two departed from San Francisco in March 1907, arriving in Yokohama to meet Yone. Upon arrival, their son was given the name Isamu. However, Yone had married a Japanese woman by the time they arrived, after again separating from Yone, Léonie and Isamu moved several times throughout Japan. In 1912, while the two were living in Chigasaki, Isamus half-sister, pioneer of the American Modern Dance movement Ailes Gilmour, was born to Léonie, here, Léonie had a house built for the three of them, a project that she had the 8-year-old Isamu oversee. Nurturing her sons artistic ability, she put him in charge of their garden, however, they moved once again in December 1917 to an English-speaking community in Yokohama. In 1918, Noguchi was sent back to the U. S. for schooling in Rolling Prairie, after graduation, he left with Dr. Edward Rumely to LaPorte, where he found boarding with a Swedenborgian pastor, Samuel Mack. Noguchi began attending La Porte High School, graduating in 1922, during this period of his life, he was known by the name Sam Gilmour. As one of Borglums apprentices, Noguchi received little training as a sculptor, his tasks included arranging the horses and he did, however, pick up some skills in casting from Borglums Italian assistants, later fashioning a bust of Abraham Lincoln. At summers end, Borglum told Noguchi that he would never become a sculptor and he then traveled to New York City, reuniting with the Rumely family at their new residence, and with Dr. Rumelys financial aid enrolled in February 1922 as a premedical student at Columbia University. Another influence was his mother, who in 1923 moved from Japan to California, in 1924, while still enrolled at Columbia, Noguchi followed his mothers advice to take night classes at the Leonardo da Vinci Art School. The schools head, Onorio Ruotolo, was impressed by Noguchis work. Only three months later, Noguchi held his first exhibit, a selection of plaster and terracotta works and he soon dropped out of Columbia University to pursue sculpture full-time, changing his name from Gilmour to Noguchi. After moving into his own studio, Noguchi found work through commissions for portrait busts, during this time, he frequented avant garde shows at the galleries of such modernists as Alfred Stieglitz and J. B. Neuman, and took a particular interest in a show of the works of Romanian-born sculptor Constantin Brâncuși, in late 1926, Noguchi applied for a Guggenheim Fellowship. He was awarded the grant despite being three years short of the age requirement, Noguchi arrived in Paris in April 1927 and soon afterward met the American author Robert McAlmon, who brought him to Constantin Brâncușis studio for an introduction
19.
De Stijl
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De Stijl, Dutch for The Style, also known as neoplasticism, was a Dutch artistic movement founded in 1917 in Amsterdam. The De Stijl consisted of artists and architects In a narrower sense, De Stijl is also the name of a journal that was published by the Dutch painter, designer, writer, and critic Theo van Doesburg that served to propagate the groups theories. Next to van Doesburg, the principal members were the painters Piet Mondrian, Vilmos Huszár, and Bart van der Leck, and the architects Gerrit Rietveld, Robert van t Hoff. The artistic philosophy that formed a basis for the work is known as neoplasticism—the new plastic art. Mondrian sets forth the delimitations of neoplasticism in his essay Neo-Plasticism in Pictorial Art and he writes, this new plastic idea will ignore the particulars of appearance, that is to say, natural form and colour. On the contrary, it should find its expression in the abstraction of form and colour, that is to say, in the straight line and the clearly defined primary colour. With these constraints, his art allows only primary colours and non-colours, only squares and rectangles, only straight, in general, De Stijl proposed ultimate simplicity and abstraction, both in architecture and painting, by using only straight horizontal and vertical lines and rectangular forms. Furthermore, their vocabulary was limited to the primary colours, red, yellow, and blue. The works avoided symmetry and attained aesthetic balance by the use of opposition and this element of the movement embodies the second meaning of stijl, a post, jamb or support, this is best exemplified by the construction of crossing joints, most commonly seen in carpentry. This feature can be found in the Rietveld Schröder House and the Red, De Stijl was influenced by Cubist painting as well as by the mysticism and the ideas about ideal geometric forms in the neoplatonic philosophy of mathematician M. H. J. Schoenmaekers. The De Stijl movement was influenced by Neopositivism. The works of De Stijl would influence the Bauhaus style and the style of architecture as well as clothing. However, it did not follow the guidelines of an -ism, nor did it adhere to the principles of art schools like the Bauhaus, it was a collective project. In music, De Stijl was an only on the work of composer Jakob van Domselaer. Between 1913 and 1916, he composed his Proeven van Stijlkunst and this minimalistic—and, at the time, revolutionary—music defined horizontal and vertical musical elements and aimed at balancing those two principles. Van Domselaer was relatively unknown in his lifetime, and did not play a significant role within the De Stijl group. From the flurry of new art movements that followed the Impressionist revolutionary new perception of painting, Cubism arose in the early 20th century as an important, in the Netherlands, too, there was interest in this new art. During that period, painter Theo van Doesburg started looking for artists to set up a journal
20.
Los Angeles County Museum of Art
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The Los Angeles County Museum of Art is an art museum located on Wilshire Boulevard in the Miracle Mile vicinity of Los Angeles. LACMA is on Museum Row, adjacent to the La Brea Tar Pits, LACMA is the largest art museum in the western United States. It attracts nearly a million visitors annually and it holds more than 150,000 works spanning the history of art from ancient times to the present. In addition to art exhibits, the museum features film and concert series, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art was established as a museum in 1961. Prior to this, LACMA was part of the Los Angeles Museum of History, Science and Art, howard F. Ahmanson, Sr. Anna Bing Arnold and Bart Lytton were the first principal patrons of the museum. Ahmanson made the donation of $2 million, convincing the museum board that sufficient funds could be raised to establish the new museum. In 1965 the museum moved to a new Wilshire Boulevard complex as an independent, art-focused institution, the largest new museum to be built in the United States after the National Gallery of Art. The museum, built in a similar to Lincoln Center. The board selected LA architect William Pereira over the recommendation of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe for the buildings. According to a 1965 Los Angeles Times story, the total cost of the three buildings was $11.5 million, at the time, the Los Angeles Music Center and LACMA were concurrent large civic projects which vied for attention and donors in Los Angeles. When the museum opened, the buildings were surrounded by reflecting pools, in the far-reaching expansion, museum-goers henceforth entered through the new partially roofed central court, nearly an acre of space bounded by the museums four buildings. The museums Pavilion for Japanese Art, designed by maverick architect Bruce Goff, opened in 1988, gerald Cantor Sculpture Garden of Rodin bronzes. In 1999, the Hancock Park Improvement Project was complete, kohlhaas edged out French architect Jean Nouvel, who would have added a major building while renovating the older facilities. The list of candidates had narrowed to five in May 2001, Koolhaas, Nouvel, Steven Holl, Daniel Libeskind. However, the project stalled after the museum failed to secure funding. In 2004 LACMAs Board of Trustees unanimously approved plans to transform the museum, the planned transformation consisted of three phases. Phase I started in 2004 and was completed in February 2008, the renovations required demolishing the parking structure on Ogden Avenue and with it LACMA-commissioned graffiti art by street artists Margaret Kilgallen and Barry McGee. The entry pavilion is a key point in architect Renzo Pianos plan to unify LACMAs sprawling, the BP Grand Entrance and the adjacent Broad Contemporary Art Museum comprise the $191 million first phase of the three-part expansion and renovation campaign
21.
Herman Miller (manufacturer)
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Herman Miller, Inc. based in Zeeland, Michigan, is a major American manufacturer of office furniture, equipment and home furnishings. Among classic Herman Miller products are the Equa chair, Aeron chair, Noguchi table, Marshmallow sofa, Herman Miller is credited with the invention of the office cubicle in 1968 under then-director of research Robert Propst. Herman Miller was founded in 1905 as the Star Furniture Co. in Zeeland, initially the company produced high quality furniture, especially bedroom suites, in historic revival styles. It became Herman Miller, Inc. in 1960, until 1930, the company produced only traditional wood furniture. Rohde turned the company in a new direction and in 1933, Herman Miller debuted a line of modern furniture at the Century of Progress exposition in Chicago. In 1941, the opened a showroom in the Merchandise Mart in Chicago. Rohde died in 1944 and was replaced by architect George Nelson, dirk Jan De Pree continued to serve as Herman Miller CEO until 1961, when he was forced by illness to step-down. He was succeeded by his son, Hugh De Pree, Hugh served as company CEO until the mid-1980s, when he was succeeded by his brother Max De Pree, who held the position until 1990. In 1961, Herman Miller added the Herman Miller Research Division, based in Ann Arbor and this division developed the Action Office line in 1964 under the supervision of Robert Propst and with the design assistance of George Nelsons New York design studio. Though the initial line, known as Action Office I, was not a success, it led Propst to develop the Action Office II line, the impact of Action Office II on the workplace cannot be overstated, as it revolutionized the office environment. In 1978, Action Office II was renamed simply Action Office, Herman Millers line of Action Office products has generated sales of over $5 billion to date. Designer Tom Newhouse introduced the Newhouse group of free-standing furniture in 1987, Ray Wilkes designed the Modular Seating Group, popularly known as the Chicklet Chairs. Artist Stephen Frykholm is also noted for his contributions to Herman Miller. ”Herman Miller is consistently recognized as one of Fortune Magazines Most Admired Companies, having placed at the top of the list for Furniture companies for the past 18 consecutive years. According to CNN Money, as of March 2011, Herman Miller is ranked as the second most admired company in the Home Equipment and they also scored first in Innovation, People Management, Use of Corporate Assets, Social Responsibility, and Quality of Products/Services. In Quality of Management they scored second place, third in Long Term Investments, fourth in Financial Soundness, in March 2008, they settled an antitrust lawsuit with the states of New York, Michigan, and Illinois for $750,000. The lawsuit focused on Herman Millers use of a suggested retail pricing policy, today, many companies employ such policies to avoid price erosion in the internet channel. Herman Miller has engaged in a number of initiatives to promote sustainability, the company has developed a technique of mixing sawdust with chicken manure to produce topsoil. The company also uses a database to every chemical in each product used by the company
22.
Vitra (furniture)
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Vitra is a Swiss family-owned furniture company with headquarters in Birsfelden, Switzerland. It is the manufacturer of the works of internationally renowned furniture designers. Vitra is also known for the works of architects that make up its premises in Weil am Rhein, Germany. In 1967 the company introduced the Panton Chair by Verner Panton – the first cantilever chair out of plastic, in 1977 Rolf Fehlbaum took over the management of Vitra. In 1984 the partnership that had formed with Herman Miller was terminated by mutual consent. Subsequently, Vitra obtained the rights to designs by Charles and Ray Eames and George Nelson for Europe, today, Vitras product line consists of designer furniture for use in offices, homes and public areas. In 2002, the company took in the realm of domestic living, inspired by his acquaintance with Frank Gehry in the mid-1980s, however, Vitra departed from Grimshaw’s plan for a unified corporate project. Over the years, Vitra accumulated a collection of chairs. With the aim of making the collection accessible to the public, the Vitra Design Museum from 1989 by Frank Gehry was the first public building on the campus as well as the architects first building in Europe. Today the museum is based on the own broad collection of 20th century furniture as well as host of visiting exhibitions. The fire station by Zaha Hadid was the first completed building by the Iraqi architect, the building consists of a garage for fire engines, showers and locker rooms for the fire fighters and a conference room with kitchen facilities. The Fire Station is a sculpture of cast in-situ concrete that contrasts with the order of the adjacent factory buildings like the frozen image of an explosion in a photograph. Today the building functions as an exhibition space, in the same year, a conference pavilion of Japanese architect Tadao Ando was also constructed on the Vitra grounds. It was Andos first work outside Japan, the calm and restrained structure encompasses an assortment of conference rooms. It is characterized by a highly ordered spatial articulation with a part of its volume concealed below grade. A striking feature is the leading to the pavilion, which has a significant association with meditation paths in the gardens of Japanese monasteries. In the year 2000, the Campus was augmented with the addition of the Dome, a geodesic structure after Richard Buckminster Fuller. Howard at Charter Industries in 1975 and transplanted from its location in Detroit, USA
23.
Los Angeles Times
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The Los Angeles Times, commonly referred to as the Times or LA Times, is a paid daily newspaper published in Los Angeles, California, since 1881. It was the largest metropolitan newspaper in circulation in the United States in 2008, the Times is owned by tronc. The Times was first published on December 4,1881, as the Los Angeles Daily Times under the direction of Nathan Cole Jr. and it was first printed at the Mirror printing plant, owned by Jesse Yarnell and T. J. Unable to pay the bill, Cole and Gardiner turned the paper over to the Mirror Company. Mathes had joined the firm, and it was at his insistence that the Times continued publication, in July 1882, Harrison Gray Otis moved from Santa Barbara to become the papers editor. Otis made the Times a financial success, in an era where newspapers were driven by party politics, the Times was directed at Republican readers. As was typical of newspapers of the time, the Times would sit on stories for several days, historian Kevin Starr wrote that Otis was a businessman capable of manipulating the entire apparatus of politics and public opinion for his own enrichment. Otiss editorial policy was based on civic boosterism, extolling the virtues of Los Angeles, the efforts of the Times to fight local unions led to the October 1,1910 bombing of its headquarters, killing twenty-one people. Two union leaders, James and Joseph McNamara, were charged, the American Federation of Labor hired noted trial attorney Clarence Darrow to represent the brothers, who eventually pleaded guilty. Upon Otiss death in 1917, his son-in-law, Harry Chandler, Harry Chandler was succeeded in 1944 by his son, Norman Chandler, who ran the paper during the rapid growth of post-war Los Angeles. Family members are buried at the Hollywood Forever Cemetery near Paramount Studios, the site also includes a memorial to the Times Building bombing victims. The fourth generation of family publishers, Otis Chandler, held that position from 1960 to 1980, Otis Chandler sought legitimacy and recognition for his familys paper, often forgotten in the power centers of the Northeastern United States due to its geographic and cultural distance. He sought to remake the paper in the model of the nations most respected newspapers, notably The New York Times, believing that the newsroom was the heartbeat of the business, Otis Chandler increased the size and pay of the reporting staff and expanded its national and international reporting. In 1962, the paper joined with the Washington Post to form the Los Angeles Times-Washington Post News Service to syndicate articles from both papers for news organizations. During the 1960s, the paper won four Pulitzer Prizes, more than its previous nine decades combined, eventually the coupon-clipping branches realized that they could make more money investing in something other than newspapers. Under their pressure the companies went public, or split apart, thats the pattern followed over more than a century by the Los Angeles Times under the Chandler family. The papers early history and subsequent transformation was chronicled in an unauthorized history Thinking Big and it has also been the whole or partial subject of nearly thirty dissertations in communications or social science in the past four decades. In 2000, the Tribune Company acquired the Times, placing the paper in co-ownership with then-WB -affiliated KTLA, which Tribune acquired in 1985
24.
Wallpaper* (magazine)
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Wallpaper* is a Time Inc publication focusing on design and architecture, fashion, travel, art and lifestyle. The magazine was launched in 1996 by Canadian journalist Tyler Brûlé and Austrian journalist Alexander Geringer, in London, Brûlé sold the magazine to Time Warner in 1997. He stayed on as director until 2002, when he was replaced by Jeremy Langmead. in 2003 Langmead appointed Tony Chambers as Creative Director. Chambers, a visual journalist, succeeded Langmead as editor-in-chief in April 2007. Through his stewardship Wallpaper* has become the world’s most important design and lifestyle publication, apart from publishing the monthly magazine and website, the Wallpaper* brand also creates content, curates exhibitions and designs events for luxury clients. It offers a high-end interior design service, Wallpaper* Composed, and has published over 100 travel city guide books in partnership with Phaidon Press. 2015 saw the launch of the Wallpaper* STORE, a platform offering the Wallpaper* audience the opportunity to purchase a carefully curated selection of the products seen on the pages. The Telegraph Newspaper called it the Net-a-Porter of interiors Other notable names who have worked at Wallpaper* include Marcus Von Ackermann, Suzy Hoodless, wallpaper*s website was launched in 2004 as an arm of the magazine. Since then the website has grown exponentially in line with the rise of online media, rather than publishing reformatted material from the magazine, it covers breaking news across design, interior, art, architecture, fashion, travel, and technology. It also publishes exclusive online features, interviews, blogs from global events by Wallpaper editors, and it has on average over 635,000 unique users per month. Aside from producing the magazine and website, Wallpaper* also publishes global city guide books with Phaidon Press. There are over 100 different cities currently available, the city guides are published in English and there are also editions available in French, Italian, Spanish, German, Portuguese, and Japanese. In 2007, to celebrate its 100th issue and reflect its multi-platform status, in August 2008, Wallpaper* launched the Wallpaper* Selects website in collaboration with contemporary online art retailer Eyestorm. Wallpaper Selects sells a selection of photographs from the Wallpaper* archive. In July 2011 launched an edition of the magazine which is available via the iTunes store. In September 2015 launched the Wallpaper* STORE, a platform offering the Wallpaper* audience the opportunity to purchase a carefully curated selection of the products seen on the pages. An edited version of the edition, it is published quarterly. Wallpaper has an awards programme
25.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
26.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
27.
Life (magazine)
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Life was an American magazine that ran weekly from 1883 to 1936 as a humor magazine with limited circulation. Time owner Henry Luce bought the magazine in 1936, solely so that he could acquire the rights to its name, Life was published weekly until 1972, as an intermittent special until 1978, and as a monthly from 1978 to 2000. After 2000 Time Inc. continued to use the Life brand for special, Life returned to regularly scheduled issues when it became a weekly newspaper supplement from 2004 to 2007. The website life. com, originally one of the channels on Time Inc. s Pathfinder service, was for a time in the late 2000s managed as a joint venture with Getty Images under the name See Your World, LLC. On January 30,2012 the LIFE. com URL became a channel on Time. com. When Life was founded in 1883, it was developed as similar to the British magazine and it was published for 53 years as a general-interest light entertainment magazine, heavy on illustrations, jokes and social commentary. The Luce Life was the first all-photographic American news magazine, the magazines role in the history of photojournalism is considered its most important contribution to publishing. Life was wildly successful for two generations before its prestige was diminished by economics and changing tastes, Life was founded January 4,1883, in a New York City artists studio at 1155 Broadway, as a partnership between John Ames Mitchell and Andrew Miller. Mitchell held a 75 per cent interest in the magazine with the remainder by Miller, both men retained their holdings until their deaths. Miller served as secretary-treasurer of the magazine and was very successful managing the side of the operation. Mitchell, a 37-year-old illustrator who used a $10,000 inheritance to invest in the weekly magazine, Mitchell created the first Life name-plate with cupids as mascots, he later drew its masthead of a knight leveling his lance at the posterior of a fleeing devil. Mitchell took advantage of a new printing process using zinc-coated plates. This edge helped because Life faced stiff competition from the humor magazines Judge and Puck. Edward Sandford Martin was brought on as Lifes first literary editor, the motto of the first issue of Life was, While theres Life, theres hope. The new magazine set forth its principles and policies to its readers and we shall try to domesticate as much as possible of the casual cheerfulness that is drifting about in an unfriendly world. The magazine was a success and soon attracted the leading contributors. Among the most important was Charles Dana Gibson, three years after the magazine was founded, the Massachusetts native first sold Life a drawing for $4, a dog outside his kennel howling at the moon. Encouraged by a publisher who was also an artist, Gibson was joined in Life early days by such illustrators as Palmer Cox
28.
Mathematica: A World of Numbers... and Beyond
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Duplicates have since been made, and they have been moved to other institutions. In March,1961 a new wing at the California Museum of Science. The IBM Corporation had been asked by the Museum to make a contribution, IBM in turn asked the famous California designer team of Charles Eames and his wife Ray Eames to come up with a good proposal. The result was that the Eames Office was commissioned by IBM to design an exhibition called Mathematica, A World of Numbers. This was the first of many designed by the Eames Office. The 3, 000-square-foot exhibition stayed at the Museum until January 1998, furthermore, it is the only one of the dozens of exhibitions designed by the Office of Charles and Ray Eames that is still extant. This original Mathematica exhibition was reassembled for display at the Alyce de Roulet Williamson Gallery at Art Center College of Design in Pasadena, California and it is now owned by and on display at the New York Hall of Science. In November,1961 an exact duplicate was made for Chicagos Museum of Science and Industry, from there it was relocated to the Museum of Science in Boston, Massachusetts, where it is permanently on display. In January 2014, the temporarily closed to undergo a much-needed year-long refurbishment. Another copy was made for the IBM Pavilion at the 1964/1965 New York Worlds Fair, subsequently it was briefly on display in Manhattan, and was then installed in the Pacific Science Center in Seattle where it stayed until 1980. The exhibit was then shipped to Petaluma, California to the daughter of Charles Eames, as of 2015, the exhibit is in the hands of the Eames family, and some elements have been on display at the Eames office. Some of displays are interactive, in that they start to operate at the push of a button. Other displays are motorized and run continuously, or operate automatically on a cycle as long as power is supplied. The moving display elements combine with noise made by balls falling through the probability machine, in 1966, five years after the opening of the Mathematica Exhibit, IBM published a 2-by-12-foot timeline poster, titled Men of Modern Mathematics. It was based on the items displayed on the exhibits History Wall, the mathematical items in this chart were prepared by Professor Raymond Redheffer of UCLA. Long after the chart was distributed, mathematics departments around the world have proudly displayed this chart on their walls. In 2012, IBM Corporation released a free application, Minds of Modern Mathematics, based on the poster but updated to the present. The app was developed by IBM with the assistance of the Eames Office
29.
Toccata for Toy Trains
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Toccata for Toy Trains is a 1957 short film by Charles and Ray Eames, one of several films the husband-and-wife design team made during their career. Toccata for Toy Trains is also the title of the music composed for the film by Elmer Bernstein. The film features mostly antique toy trains moving within fanciful settings to a toccata, other antique toys, such as dolls, automobiles and horse-drawn carriages are featured. Most of the come from a mix of museum and private collections, including that of the Museum of the City of New York. A short opening narration by Charles Eames, set in a roundhouse, extols the design merits of toys, especially antique toys, with their direct and unembarrassed manner, versus scale models. Eames says the modern era has lost the art of toymaking in the attempt to have a perfect copy of the real thing. List of American films of 1957 Toccata for Toy Trains in The Films of Charles & Ray Eames, ASIN B0009S2K92 Toccata for Toy Trains at the Internet Movie Database Toccata for Toy Trains program note from the 1957 San Francisco International Film Festival
30.
Powers of Ten (film)
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The Powers of Ten films are two short American documentary films written and directed by Charles and Ray Eames. The Powers of Ten films were adaptations of the book Cosmic View by Dutch educator Kees Boeke. Both films, and a book based on the film, follow the form of the Boeke original, adding color and photography to the black. In 1998, Powers of Ten was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being culturally, historically and this version of the film has two clocks in the corner showing the comparison between the viewers time and that of earth time. As the viewers speed increases, earth time, relative to the viewer and it was installed in the Smithsonian Institutions National Air and Space Museums Life in the Universe gallery at the time of the museums opening in 1976, until the gallerys closure in 1978. There is also a 1968 National Film Board of Canada film entitled Cosmic Zoom which covers the subject using animation. It is wordless, using sped-up music during the trips to normal size. The man then sleeps, while the woman starts to read one of the books, the viewpoint, accompanied by expository voiceover by Philip Morrison, then slowly zooms out to a view ten meters across. Powers of Ten, A Book About the Relative Size of Things in the Universe, Cosmic Zoom, an eight-minute short from Canada. Cosmic Voyage, a remake of Powers of Ten in IMAX format for the National Air. Contact, whose computer-generated opening sequence pulls back from the Earth to the whole of the universe, is inspired by Powers of Ten. Cosmic Eye, complete remake of Powers of Ten based on data, also available as iPhone/iPad/iPod app Video on YouTube Cozmic Zoom. The music video for the Sara Bareilles song Gravity is an homage to Powers of Ten, tributed Powers of Ten in his music video for the Bigger Picture List of American films of 1968 Orders of magnitude Earths location in the universe Official website, Powers of Ten. Archived from the original on June 18,2014, exhibit at the California Academy of Sciences Powers of Ten on YouTube Powers of Ten at the Internet Movie Database The Scale of the Universe 2 - an interactive web site exploring the same concept
31.
Eames Lounge Chair Wood
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The Eames Lounge Chair Wood is a low seated easy chair designed by husband and wife team Charles and Ray Eames. The chair was designed using technology for molding plywood that the Eames developed before, Eames & Saarinen won the competition. However, production of the chairs was postponed due to production difficulties, Saarinen left the project due to frustration with production. Charles Eames and his wife Ray Kaiser Eames moved to Venice Beach, Charles took a job as a set painter for MGM Studios to support them. Ray, formally trained as a painter and sculptor, continued experiments with molded plywood designs in the room of their apartment. In 1942 Charles left MGM to begin making molded plywood splints for the U. S. Air Force, the splints used compound curves to mimic the shape of the human leg. The experience of shaping plywood into compound curves contributed greatly to the development of the LCW, the entries Charles Eames & Eero Saarinen submitted into the Organic Furniture competition were designed with the seat and backrest joined together in a single shell. The plywood, however, was prone to crack when bent into the curves the furniture demanded. The competition entries were covered with upholstery to hide these cracks, through extensive trial and error, Charles and Ray arrived at an alternate solution, create two separate pieces for the seat and backrest, joined by a plywood spine and supported by plywood legs. The result was a chair with a sleek and honest appearance, all of the connections were visible and the material was not hidden beneath upholstery. The seat was joined to the spine and legs with a series of four heavy rubber washers with nuts embedded in them, the shock mounts were glued to the underside of the seat, and screwed in through the bottom of the chair. The backrest was also attached using shock mounts, from the front and top the seat and back are uninterrupted by fasteners. The rubber mounts were pliable, allowing the backrest to flex and this unique technology is also one of the chairs greatest flaws. The shock mounts are glued to the wooden backrest, but may tear free for various reasons, a common response to this problem was to drill directly through the backrest and insert fasteners between the backrest and the lumbar support. This greatly devalues the chair, since it changes the original aesthetic of smooth, even though the plywood chair was a compromise of the Eames vision to create a single shell chair it constituted a successful design. In tandem with the LCW the Eames created a family of plywood chairs, tables, the all-plywood Dining Chair Wood was constructed in the same manner as the LCW, but with a narrower seat, and longer legs to bring the seat up to dining height. The Lounge Chair Metal and Dining Chair Metal were constructed of the same seats and backrests as the LCW & DCW set on a welded metal frame. The success of The Plywood Group caught the attention of George Nelson, Nelson convinced D. J. DePree, the owner of Herman Miller, to hire the Eames Office as designers and bring on production of the Eames plywood furniture
32.
Eames Lounge Chair
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The Eames Lounge Chair and ottoman are furnishings made of molded plywood and leather, designed by Charles and Ray Eames for the Herman Miller furniture company. They are officially titled Eames Lounge and Ottoman and were released in 1956 after years of development by designers and it was the first chair that the Eameses designed for a high-end market. Examples of these furnishings are part of the permanent collection of New Yorks Museum of Modern Art, Charles and Ray Eames aimed to develop furniture that could be mass-produced and affordable, with the exception of the Eames Lounge Chair. This luxury item was inspired by the traditional English Club Chair, the Eames Lounge Chair is an icon of Modern style design, although when it was first made, Ray Eames remarked in a letter to Charles that the chair looked comfortable and un-designy. Charless vision was for a chair with the warm, receptive look of a well-used first basemans mitt, the chair is composed of three curved plywood shells, the headrest, the backrest and the seat. In early production, beginning in 1956 and running through the very early 1990s, the layers are glued together and shaped under heat and pressure. In the earlier models, the zipper around the cushions may have brown or black as well. The shells and the cushions are essentially the same shape. The chair back and headrest are identical in proportion, as are the seat, early ottomans had removable rubber slide on feet with metal glides. Early labels are oblong foil type, the Eameses constantly made use of new materials. The pairs first plywood chair—the Eames Lounge Chair Wood —made use of a rubber washer glued to the backrest of the chair. These washers, which have come to be called shock mounts and this technology was brought back in the 670 Lounge chair. The backrest and headrest are screwed together by a pair of aluminum supports and this unit is suspended on the seat via two connection points in the armrests. The armrests are screwed to shock mounts which are connected only via glue to the interior of the backrest shell and this is part of the chairs unusual design, as well as its weakest link. The shock mounts have been known to tear free causing catastrophic collapse, other creative uses of materials include the seat cushions - which eschew standard stapled or nailed upholstery. Instead, the cushions are sewn with a zipper around the edge that connects them to a stiff plastic backing. The backing affixes to the shells with a series of hidden clips. This design, along with the hidden shock mounts in the armrest allow the outside veneer of the chair to be unmarred by screws or bolts, the chair has a low seat which is permanently fixed at a recline
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Eames Fiberglass Armchair
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The Eames Molded Plastic & Fiberglass Armchair is a fiberglass chair, designed by Charles and Ray Eames, that appeared on the market in 1950. The chair was offered in a variety of colors and bases, such as the “Eiffel Tower” metal base, a base. The plastic fiberglass armchair is one of the most famous designs of Charles and Ray Eames, “Getting the most of the best to the greatest number of people for the least”, with these words, Charles and Ray Eames described one of their main goals as furniture designers. Of all their designs, the Plastic Chairs come closest to achieving this ideal, the early production of the chair The material of the chair, Zenaloy, which is polyester reinforced with fiberglass, was first developed by the US Army during World War II. Using this material, Ray and Charles Eames designed a chair for the 1948 ‘International Competition of Low-Cost Furniture Design’ held by the Museum of Modern Art. The chairs were made using the latest machines, such as hydraulic press molds from shipbuilding, mass-producing the molded fiberglass chairs involved a tremendous amount of design and tooling effort, a long period of product development, and considerable investment. The basic technology involved shaping the fiberglass material with metal molds using a hydraulic press, the armchair was the first one-piece plastic chair whose surface was left uncovered and not upholstered. In 1950, Zenith began mass-producing the fiberglass shell armchairs for Herman Miller, the fiberglass armchair was included in the collection of the Museum of Modern Art in 1950. Production in Europe The Vitra company entered the market in 1957 with the licensed production of furniture from the Herman Miller Collection for the European market. In 1984, the partnership that had formed with Herman Miller was terminated by mutual consent. Subsequently, Vitra obtained the European and Middle Eastern rights to designs by Charles and Ray Eames, at first, the chair was available in three colors, greige, elephant-hide gray, and parchment. The palette of colors was later expanded, after that, a choice of several possible bases was offered. The early “H” metal base, “X” metal base, a model with metal rod base, a wooden base, a steel-wire base, a cast aluminium base with castors. All of the bases were attached to the seat using hard rubber disks to allow flexibility, the plastic shell became available in an upholstered version a year after the introduction of the chair. After the success of the arm chair, the chair was introduced. Over the years, the chair has undergone some modifications. The Eames plastic armchair immediately became a design and eventually the chair was used in schools, airports, restaurants. From 1954, the chairs were used as stadium seating with metal rods put together in rows, the chairs are still in production by Herman Miller and Vitra
34.
Eames Aluminum Group
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The Eames Aluminum Group series is a line of furniture designed by Charles and Ray Eames. The original design featured a woven suspension back and seat stretched between aluminum ribs, the chair has been in production by Herman Miller since its inception in 1958, although the seat material has changed over time. The original mesh was quickly discontinued, with the most iconic version being black leather, in 1969, the Eames added a Soft Pad version with cushions. In 2001, a version with Cygnus mesh was introduced
35.
Eames: The Architect and the Painter
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Eames, The Architect and the Painter is a 2011 documentary film about American designers Charles and Ray Eames and the Eames Office. It was produced and written by Jason Cohn, and coproduced by Bill Jersey, most of the period images are still photographs from the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s, but there are several film clips. Audio clips are interspersed with narration by James Franco, the film uses extensive interviews to frame the story. The New York Times reviewer A. O. Scott called it a new documentary and appropriately busy and abundant, full of objects, information, stories and people. He praised it for showing, in detail, how their work was an extension of themselves and how their distinct personalities melded into a unique. Los Angeles Times critic Kenneth Turan described the film as a thorough, the film won a Peabody Award in 2012. The film is available on YouTube from PBS as Cd1 and Cd2, the film is available on DVD. com
36.
The India Report
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The India Report was prepared by Charles Eames and Ray Eames in 1958. The Eameses toured throughout India, making a study of the many centres of design, handicrafts. They talked with many persons, official and non-official, in the field of small and large industry, in design and architecture, the report emerged as a result of their study and discussions. The India Report on the NID website
37.
Rustic Canyon, Los Angeles
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Rustic Canyon is a residential neighborhood and canyon in eastern Pacific Palisades, on the west side of Los Angeles, California. It is along Rustic Creek, in the Santa Monica Mountains, the neighborhood is between the main section of Pacific Palisades and the Brentwood neighborhoods of Los Angeles, and the Santa Monica Canyon neighborhood of Santa Monica. It is distinctly isolated by its geography and narrow streets. The canyon and creek, with development, run north of Sunset Boulevard past Will Rogers State Historic Park. Rustic Canyon and Santa Monica Canyon are the southernmost of a series of coast-facing canyons which cut into the Santa Monica Mountains from Pacific Palisades through Malibu. Rustic Creek is one of the few in developed Los Angeles not in a concrete storm channel, the area is heavily wooded and lush with vegetation, including coast live oaks, California sycamores, various species of Eucalyptus, and many ornamental trees. The narrow canyons geography gives it a different microclimate, cooler and more moist. Coastal fog is common year-round, winter lows rarely drop below 35°F, due to its moister climate, and being surrounded by more dense suburban development, the canyon is less threatened by wildfires than other Santa Monica Mountains adjacent communities. The properties in the canyon are within the 90272 zip code of Pacific Palisades or the 90402 of Santa Monica, the original inhabitants of the area were the indigenous Tongva people. The first Europeans to visit the area were members of the Portola expedition of 1769, the expedition sought to follow the coastline, but were stopped by the coastal cliffs of the Santa Monica Mountains. The next day they turned around and went inland, finding a way north through Sepulveda Canyon, under Mexican rule, the land between Topanga Canyon and present day Santa Monica was in the Rancho Boca de Santa Monica. It was used for grazing and firewood by the prominent Marquez, Reyes, during the latter 19th-century, the canyon was known as a camping area and rustic retreat near the beach hotels and resorts of nearby Santa Monica. In the late 19th century, the mouth of the canyon was considered as a site for the Port of Los Angeles, however San Pedro Bay was used. The Uplifters later developed a relationship with Will Rogers, whose ranch and estate lay on the side of Sunset. During the Prohibition era, the Uplifters was known as a drinking club, of which many prominent local politicians. To the present day, a sign reading Uplifters Ranch hangs over Latimer Road near the former Uplifters clubhouse, following the Depression the club began to sell off properties in the area, and disbanded in 1947. The clubhouse and adjacent recreational elements, including a pool, baseball diamond. They are now within the Rustic Canyon Recreation Center city park, Los Angeles Police Department operates the West Los Angeles Community Police Station at 1663 Butler Avenue,90025, which serves the neighborhood
38.
Los Angeles Unified School District
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Los Angeles Unified School District is the largest public school system in the U. S. state of California and the 2nd largest public school district in the United States. Only the New York City Department of Education has a student population. During the 2016–2017 school year, LAUSD served around 734,641 students, during the same school year, it had 26,556 teachers and 33,635 other employees. It is the second largest employer in Los Angeles County, after the county government, the total school district operating budget for 2016–2017 is $7.59 billion. The school district consists of Los Angeles and all or portions of several adjoining Southern California cities, LAUSD has its own police force, the Los Angeles School Police Department, which was established in 1948 to provide police services for LAUSD schools. The LAUSD enrolls a third of the preschoolers in Los Angeles County, the LAUSD school construction program rivals the Big Dig in terms of expenditures, and LAUSD cafeterias serve about 500,000 meals a day, rivaling the output of local McDonalds restaurants. In 2007, LAUSDs dropout rate was 26 percent for grades 9 through 12, but more recently, there are signs that the district is showing improvement, both in terms of dropout and graduation rates. An ambitious renovation program intended to ease the overcrowded conditions has been completed. As part of its project, LAUSD opened two high schools in 2005 and four high schools in 2006. Los Angeles Unified School District is governed by a seven-member Board of Education, which appoints a superintendent, members of the board are elected directly by voters from separate districts that encompass communities that the LAUSD serves. The districts former superintendent is Ramon Cortines, from 2001 until his retirement in October 2006, the district was led by former Governor of Colorado and Democratic Party chairman Roy Romer. The seven current members of Board of Education include George McKenna, Monica Garcia, Scott Schmerelson, Board President Steve Zimmer, Dr. Ref Rodriguez, Mónica Ratliff, and Richard Vladovic. Every LAUSD household or residential area is zoned to a school, a middle school. Each local school district is run by a superintendent and is headquartered within the district. The latter provided 9–12 educational services, while the former did so for K-8, on July 1,1961 the Los Angeles City School District and the Los Angeles City High School District merged, forming the Los Angeles Unified School District. Additionally, approximately seventy-eight students suffered injuries which ranged from minor to life-threatening, the annexation left the Topanga School District and the Las Virgenes Union School District as separate remnants of the high school district. The high school changed its name to the West County Union High School District. LAUSD annexed the Topanga district on July 1,1962, since the Las Virgenes Union School District had the same boundary as the remaining West County Union High School District, on July 1,1962 West County ceased to exist
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Palisades Charter High School
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Palisades Charter High School is a secondary school in Los Angeles, California, United States. The public high school serves the neighborhoods of Pacific Palisades, Palisades Highlands, Kenter Canyon, residents in Topanga, an unincorporated section of Los Angeles County, may attend Palisades or Taft High School. The school serves grades 9 through 12, formerly directly administered by the Los Angeles Unified School District school, the school is now an independent charter school. Its current enrollment numbers 2,903 students, many students travel long distances to attend Palisades Charter High which is one of the most highly ranked public high schools in the Los Angeles area. In 2005, Palisades was recognized as a California Distinguished School, in 2015, Palisades was named one of Americas Best High Schools by Newsweek and U. S. News & World Report. The school is located at 15777 Bowdoin Street, Pacific Palisades, paul Revere Charter Middle School students are allowed to attend as a feeder school to Pali High. The school was founded in 1961, the founding principal was Herbert L. Aigner. The Class of 2012 was the 50th graduating class, bushman — and their two sons, one of whom, Pat Conway became an actor as well. This property was rented to actress Debbie Reynolds and her husband. It was then taken, some later, by the State by eminent domain to build the high school. At age 94, Mrs. Gilbert was the oldest active teacher in the LAUSD, the success of the book later inspired a short-lived television dramatic anthology series of the same title, which ran from December 1977 to July 1978 on NBC. The character of Maz Kanata was based on her, in 1989 20/20 aired an episode about the students of Palisades High School. Howard Rosenberg of the Los Angeles Times wrote that Palisades High School is characterized here as both an institution of academic performance and high drug and alcohol use. What 20/20 doesnt ask tonight is how both are possible at the same school, circa 1992 there were so few students that LAUSD was considering closing the school. Pali High parents, principal Merle Price, and Pali High staff decided to advocate for making the school into a charter school, in 1993 the school, along with three feeder elementary schools, received approval from the Los Angeles Board of Education to become a charter school. This was the first time a group of schools in California became charter schools, the school asked students to abide by a behavior code and instituted new academic programs. By 1998 student enrollment recovered, it had 200 students previously attending private schools and this school was the focus of a false email chain letter started around 2002. The message falsely claimed that a message to parents about student truancies
40.
Los Angeles Community College District
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Its headquarters are in Downtown Los Angeles. Over the past seventy-seven years LACCD has served as educator to more than three million students, in addition to typical college aged students, the LACCD also serves adults of all ages. Indeed, over half of all LACCD students are older than 25 years of age, LACCD educates almost three times as many Latino students and nearly four times as many African-American students as all of the University of California campuses combined. Eighty percent of LACCD students are from underserved populations, the Los Angeles Community College District is the largest community college district in the United States and is one of the largest in the world. The nine colleges within the district offer educational opportunities to students in Los Angeles and it serves students located in the Alhambra, Beverly Hills, Burbank, Culver City, Garvey, Las Virgenes, Los Angeles, Montebello, Palos Verdes and San Gabriel school districts. The LACCD consists of nine colleges and covers an area of more than 882 square miles. As of May 2016, the members are Scott J. Svonkin, Mike Eng, Mike Fong, Andra Hoffman, Sydney K. Kamlager, Ernest H. Moreno, Board members are elected by voters in the district for terms of four years. Elections are held two years, with three members being chosen at one election and four members at the other. The President and Vice President of the Board of Trustees are elected by the Board for one-year terms at the organizational meeting. A Second Vice president is elected at the discretion of the Board, a student member is elected annually—the term is June 1 through May 31 of each year. The Board generally meets twice a month on Wednesday with the session commencing at 2 p. m. with closed session to follow. On certain occasions, special meetings of the Board are sometimes called to handle business that cannot be handled with completely at regular meetings, the District is modernizing all of its facilities, including all nine of its colleges, through a $6 billion Building Program. The program is funded primarily through bond measures approved by voters in 2001,2003, as of its most recent report, approximately $3.1 billion of the $6 billion has been spent or committed
41.
Los Angeles Public Library
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The Los Angeles Public Library system serves the residents of the City of Los Angeles. With more than six million volumes, it serves the largest population of any publicly funded system in the United States. The system is overseen by a Board of Library Commissioners with five members appointed by the mayor of Los Angeles in staggered terms in accordance with the city charter, Library cards are free to California residents. Circulating books, periodicals, computer access and audiovisual materials are available to patrons, Library materials are loaned for 3 weeks. Fines are charged only if materials are returned late, there is a loan limit of 10 books,10 magazines, and 4 DVDs or videos at one time up to maximum of 30 items on the patron’s record. Items checked out from Los Angeles Public Library may be returned to any of its 72 branches or to the Central Library, most items may be renewed a maximum of two times. Entertainment DVDs and videos may be renewed one time, the Los Angeles Public Library has many community support organizations which work with the library to raise funds and sponsor programs to enhance library service throughout the community. The Librarys Rare Books Department is located in its downtown Los Angeles location, there is also an extensive selection of databases covering a wide variety of topics, many of which are available to remote users who hold an LAPL library card. Examples include full-text databases of periodicals, business directories, and language learning tools, the library also offers an online program that allows adult patrons who have not completed high school to earn their high school diploma. Aggressive expansion and growth of the began in the 1920s. Under Library Board of Commissioners Chairman Orra E. Monnette, the system was improved with a network of branch libraries with new buildings. Thelma Jackman founded the Business & Economics section of the library prior to 1970. The historic Central Library Goodhue building was constructed in 1926 and is a Downtown Los Angeles landmark, the Richard Riordan Central Library complex is the third largest public library in the United States in terms of book and periodical holdings. The new wing of Central Library, completed in 1993, was named in honor of former mayor Tom Bradley, the complex was subsequently renamed in 2001 for former Los Angeles Mayor Richard Riordan, as the Richard Riordan Central Library. The Los Angeles Public Library received the National Medal for Museum and Library Service, City Librarian John F. Szabo and community member Sergio Sanchez accepted the award on behalf of the library from First Lady Michelle Obama during a White House Ceremony on May 20,2015. Architect Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue designed the original Los Angeles Central Library with influences of ancient Egyptian and Mediterranean Revival architecture, the central tower is topped with a tiled mosaic pyramid with suns on the sides with a hand holding a torch representing the Light of Learning at the apex. Other elements include sphinxes, snakes, and celestial mosaics and it has sculptural elements by the preeminent American architectural sculptor Lee Lawrie, similar to the Nebraska State Capitol in Lincoln, Nebraska, also designed by Goodhue. The building is a designated Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument, and is on the National Register of Historic Places and it included an enormous, eight-story atrium wing dedicated to former mayor Tom Bradley
42.
Getty Villa
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The Getty Villa is one of two locations of the J. Paul Getty Museum. The collection has 44,000 Greek, Roman, and Etruscan antiquities dating from 6,500 BC to 400 AD, including the Lansdowne Heracles, the UCLA/Getty Master’s Program in Archaeological and Ethnographic Conservation is housed on this campus. The collection is documented and presented through the online GettyGuide as well as audio tours. In 1954, oil tycoon J. Paul Getty opened an adjacent to his home in Pacific Palisades. Quickly running out of room, he built a second museum, the villa design was inspired by the Villa of the Papyri at Herculaneum and incorporated additional details from several other ancient sites. It was designed by architects Robert E. Langdon, Jr. wilson, Jr. in consultation with archeologist Norman Neuerburg. It opened in 1974, but was never visited by Getty, following his death, the museum inherited $661 million and began planning a much larger campus, the Getty Center, in nearby Brentwood. The museum overcame neighborhood opposition to its new plan by agreeing to limit the total size of the development on the Getty Center site. To meet the total space needs, the museum decided to split between the two locations with the Getty Villa housing the Greek, Roman, and Etruscan antiquities. In 1993, the Getty Trust selected Rodolpho Machado and Jorge Silvetti to design the renovation of the Getty Villa and its campus. In 1997, portions of the collection of Greek, Roman and Etruscan antiquities were moved to the Getty Center for display. The collection was restored during the renovation, starting in 2004, the museum and the University of California, Los Angeles hold summer institutes in Turkey, studying the conservation of Middle Eastern Art. Reopened on January 28,2006, the Getty Villa shows Greek, Roman, the art is arranged by themes, e. g. Gods and Goddesses, Dionysos and the Theater, and Stories of the Trojan War. The new architectural plan surrounding the Villa – which was conceived by Boston architects Machado, architectural Record has praised their work on the Getty Villa as a near miracle – a museum that elicits no smirks from the art world. Crafting a sophisticated ensemble of buildings, plazas, and landscaping that finally provides a home for a relic of another time. There has been controversy surrounding the Greek and Italian governments claim that objects in the collection were looted, in 2006, the Getty returned or promised to return four looted objects to Greece, a stele, a marble relief, a gold funerary wreath, and a marble statue. In 2007, the Getty signed an agreement to return 40 looted items to Italy, admission to the Getty Villa is free, but timed tickets must be obtained in advance via phone or the museums website. As of June 2010, there is a $15.00 charge for parking during the day, the museum is open Wednesday to Monday,10 a. m. to 5 p. m
43.
Riviera Country Club
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It is in the Santa Monica Canyon, just below the Santa Monica Mountains and a block south of Sunset Boulevard. Designed by golf course architects George C, Thomas, Jr. and William P. Bell, it has been the primary host for the Genesis Open, an annual event on the PGA Tour in February, the 2017 edition was the 54th held at Riviera. Riviera has also hosted three major championships, the U. S. Open in 1948, and the PGA Championship in 1983 and 1995, in addition, it was site of the U. S. Senior Open, a major, in 1998, and is scheduled to host the U. S. Amateur in August 2017. When the country club and course opened 91 years ago in 1926, Bell helped Thomas in the design and planning of the course. They were in charge of assembling a force to build the course from scratch in the Santa Monica Canyon. In 1927 dollars, the country club and golf course cost $243,827.63 to build, at the time. Golf Course Histories posted on its website aerial comparisons dating back to 1927, notably, the course has been modified a few times, most notably in 1992 when Ben Crenshaw and Bill Coore redesigned the bunkers to look as they did when the course opened. The country club prospered in the 1930s and it hosted the dressage equestrian and the riding part of the modern pentathlon events for the 1932 Summer Olympics. The actor Conrad Veidt died suddenly of an attack in 1943 while playing golf at the Riviera Country Club. Willie Hunter, the 1921 British Amateur champion and six-time PGA Tour winner and his son Mac Hunter held the head pro job from 1964 to 1973. Willie Hunter helped save the course from severe flooding in 1939, Riviera hosted the Los Angeles Open in 1929 and 1930, then nine consecutive years from 1945 through 1953. It returned in 1973, where it has remained, with the exception of 1983 and 1998, the course is well known for Ben Hogan, and the course has been called Hogans Alley. In the 1940s, Hogan won the L. A. Open three times and finished second once, Hogan also won the 1948 U. S. Open at Riviera, and Irwin also won the 1998 U. S. Hal Sutton won the 1983 PGA, and Steve Elkington won the 1995 PGA, more recent winners at Riviera include Rory Sabbatini in 2006, and Charles Howell III, who won in 2007 in a sudden-death playoff against Phil Mickelson. In 2008, the first as the Northern Trust Open, Mickelson hung on for a win over Jeff Quinney to win for the first time at Riviera. This win gave Mickelson at least one win in every West Coast Swing event, notable exceptions to the list of winners are Jack Nicklaus and Tiger Woods. Nicklaus best finish was at age 38 in 1978, two strokes back as solo runner-up after an uncharacteristic stumble late in the final round
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Self-Realization Fellowship Lake Shrine
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The Self-Realization Fellowship Lake Shrine lies a few blocks from the Pacific Ocean, on Sunset Boulevard in Pacific Palisades, California. It was founded and dedicated by Paramahansa Yogananda, on August 20,1950 and is owned by the Self-Realization Fellowship, the entire property is a natural amphitheater. Many thousands of visitors each year to enjoy the scenic beauty and serenity of this spiritual sanctuary. The visitor center provides information about Lake Shrine and are there to answer any questions, there are waterfalls, fountains, flower beds, statues, white swans across the lake, lacy fern grottos, lily ponds, and a old Dutch windmill which is used as a chapel. Yogananda believed in a harmony of all faiths that unites us all. Along with a few statues of Krishna and other Hindu deities, there is also a statue of Jesus Christ, above the waterfall, as well as Francis of Assisi. One landmark here is the golden lotus archway, a towering, sleek, white arch trimmed with blue tile, and topped with gold lotus blossoms, which is visible from all parts of the grounds. The archway frames the Mahatma Gandhi World Peace Memorial, a shrine where an authentic 1. The gardens are filled with little brick paths and short stairways which lead from the trail to hidden alcoves where meditation or sitting and taking in the view is possible. There is a shop featuring arts and crafts from India which is adjacent to a museum focusing on Paramahansa Yogananda. There is a quaint Dutch windmill converted into a chapel, a houseboat, a bookstore, the Lake Shrine is home for the picturesque Mahatma Gandhi World Peace Memorial, the wall-less temple erected in honor of Mahatma Gandhi, architect of Indias freedom through nonviolent means. The focal point of the memorial is a stone sarcophagus from China, in which a portion of Gandhis ashes are encased in a brass. The sarcophagus is flanked by two statues of Guanyin, the ashes had been sent to Yogananda by an old friend, Dr. V. M. Nawle, a publisher and journalist from Pune, India, following the dedication of the memorial, Dr. You are the one in the whole world who received Gandhi ashes outside India. For some, enshrining Gandhis ashes at Lake Shrine is controversial since the Hindu cremation ritual ends with immersion of the ashes in water, one report states that Gandhis relatives want the ashes at Lake Shrine to be immersed in water. Another report states that the descendants of Mahatma Gandhi do not want to have the ashes removed because it would entail breaking the shrines, the previous owners, the McElroys, built an authentic reproduction of a 16th-century Dutch windmill. Though the mill was never put to use, its sails are functional, then came a boat dock and landing, whose peaked roof, carved figure-heads, and benches added yet another charming touch to the unusual setting
