1.
Jimmy Carter
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James Earl Jimmy Carter Jr. is an American politician who served as the 39th President of the United States from 1977 to 1981. In 2002, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his work with the Carter Center, Carter was a Democrat who was raised in rural Georgia. He was a farmer who served two terms as a Georgia State Senator from 1963 to 1967, and one as the Governor of Georgia from 1971 to 1975. He was elected President in 1976, defeating incumbent President Gerald Ford in a close election. On his second day in office, Carter pardoned all evaders of the Vietnam War drafts, during Carters term as President, two new cabinet-level departments, the Department of Energy and the Department of Education, were established. He established an energy policy that included conservation, price control. In foreign affairs, Carter pursued the Camp David Accords, the Panama Canal Treaties, the round of Strategic Arms Limitation Talks. On the economic front he confronted persistent stagflation, a combination of inflation, high unemployment. The end of his tenure was marked by the 1979–1981 Iran hostage crisis, the 1979 energy crisis, the Three Mile Island nuclear accident. In response to the Soviet move he ended détente, escalated the Cold War, Carter won the 1980 primary with 51. 13% of the vote but lost the general election in an electoral landslide to Republican nominee Ronald Reagan, who won 44 of 50 states. His presidency has drawn medium-low responses from historians, with many considering him to have accomplished more with his post-presidency work and he set up the Carter Center in 1982 as his base for advancing human rights. He has also traveled extensively to conduct negotiations, observe elections. Additionally, Carter is a key figure in the Habitat for Humanity project, since surpassing Herbert Hoover in September 2012, he has been the longest-retired president in American history. He is also the first president to mark the 40th anniversary of his election and inauguration, in reference to current political views, he has criticized some of Israels actions and policies in regards to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict and has advocated for a two-state solution. James Earl Carter, Jr. was born on October 1,1924, at the Wise Sanitarium in Plains and he is a descendant of English immigrant Thomas Carter, who settled in Virginia in 1635. Numerous generations of Carters lived as farmers in Georgia. Carter is also a descendant of Thomas Cornell, an ancestor of Cornell Universitys founder and of Richard Nixon, Plains was a boomtown of 600 people at the time of Carters birth. His father, James Earl Carter, Sr. was a local businessman who ran a general store and had begun to invest in farmland
2.
The Washington Post
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The Washington Post is an American daily newspaper. It is the most widely circulated newspaper published in Washington, D. C. and was founded on December 6,1877 and its current slogan is Democracy Dies in Darkness. Located in the city of the United States, the newspaper has a particular emphasis on national politics. Daily editions are printed for the District of Columbia, Maryland, the newspaper is published as a broadsheet, with photographs printed both in color and in black and white. The newspaper has won 47 Pulitzer Prizes and this includes six separate Pulitzers awarded in 2008, the second-highest number ever awarded to a single newspaper in one year, second only to The New York Times seven awards in 2002. Post journalists have also received 18 Nieman Fellowships and 368 White House News Photographers Association awards, in years since, its investigations have led to increased review of the Walter Reed Army Medical Center. In 2013, its owners, the Graham family, sold the newspaper to billionaire entrepreneur. The newspaper is owned by Nash Holdings LLC, a holding company Bezos created for the acquisition, the Washington Post is generally regarded as one of the leading daily American newspapers, along with The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal. The Post has distinguished itself through its reporting on the workings of the White House, Congress. It is one of the two daily broadsheets published in Washington D. C. the other being its smaller rival The Washington Times, unlike The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal, The Washington Post does not print an edition for distribution away from the East Coast. In 2009, the newspaper ceased publication of its National Weekly Edition, the majority of its newsprint readership is in District of Columbia and its suburbs in Maryland and Northern Virginia. The Sunday Style section differs slightly from the weekday Style section, it is in a tabloid format, and it houses the reader-written humor contest The Style Invitational. Additional weekly sections appear on weekdays, Health & Science on Tuesday, Food on Wednesday, Local Living on Thursday, the latter two are in a tabloid format. In November 2009, it announced the closure of its U. S. regional bureaus—Chicago, Los Angeles and New York—as part of a focus on. political stories. The newspaper has bureaus in Maryland and Virginia. While its circulation has been slipping, it has one of the highest market-penetration rates of any metropolitan news daily, for many decades, the Post had its main office at 1150 15th Street NW. This real estate remained with Graham Holdings when the newspaper was sold to Jeff Bezos Nash Holdings in 2013, Graham Holdings sold 1150 15th Street for US$159 million in November 2013. The Washington Post continued to lease space at 1150 L Street NW, in May 2014, The Washington Post leased the west tower of One Franklin Square, a high-rise building at 1301 K Street NW in Washington, D. C
3.
Carrizozo, New Mexico
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Carrizozo is a town in Lincoln County, New Mexico and is the county seat with a population of 996 at the 2010 census. Founded in 1899, the town provided the railroad access for Lincoln County. However, with declining relevance of the railroad, the population of the town has gradually declined, the town is located at the intersection of U. S. Route 54 and U. S. Route 380. The name of the town is derived from the Spanish vernacular for reed grass, the additional zo at the end of the town name was added to indicate abundance of Carrizo grass. The town is now referred to as Zozo. Prior to 1899, the area was primarily a few ranches, lawrence Murphy, a merchant active in the Lincoln County War, owned a major ranch in the area. The location of Carrizozo was selected as the site for a station on the El Paso, Carrizozo was chosen over the nearby booming mine town of White Oaks, New Mexico, resulting in large-scale migration from White Oaks to Carrizozo. The railroad brought businesses, growing populations, and increased importance to the town of Carrizozo, as a result, a county referendum in 1909 moved the county seat of Lincoln County from the town of Lincoln to Carrizozo. This decision resulted in a legal battle that was eventually resolved in favor of Carrizozo by the United States Supreme Court in the case of Gray v. Taylor. The result was a period where railroad access and political importance combined to lead to significant population growth in Carrizozo. The population reached around 2,000 by 1920, during the same time, journalist Quentin Reynolds visited the town and wrote a piece on it for Colliers Weekly. Later, he wrote in The Wounded Dont Cry that I used to agree with Bugs that once you left New York, you were strictly on the horse, but of late years I’ve had to modify that. Since then I’ve discovered New Orleans, San Francisco and a place called Carrizozo, New Mexico. I want to go there and gang around the drug store, Carrizozo is about 50 miles from Trinity Site, where the first nuclear bomb was detonated on July 16,1945. Residents reported tremors like an earthquake and, as the first major downwind settlement, with the rise of the automobile, Carrizozos proximity to the railroad became less important starting in the 1950s, and the last passenger train passed through in 1968. The result was a decrease in economic opportunity in Carrizozo, recently, the town has seen increasing focus on tourism, and cherry cider produced in the town is known nationally. Carrizozo is located at the point of the Tularosa Basin which extends southward to the New Mexico-Texas border. The town itself is located in an area known prior to the founding of the town as the Corrizo flats
4.
University of California, Berkeley
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The University of California, Berkeley, is a public research university located in Berkeley, California. In 1960s, UC Berkeley was particularly noted for the Free Speech Movement as well as the Anti-Vietnam War Movement led by its students. S, Department of Energy, and is home to many world-renowned research institutes and organizations including Mathematical Sciences Research Institute and Space Sciences Laboratory. Faculty member J. R. Oppenheimer, the father of the atomic bomb, Lawrence Livermore Lab also discovered or co-discovered six chemical elements. The Academic Ranking of World Universities also ranks the University of California, Berkeley, third in the world overall, in 1866, the private College of California purchased the land comprising the current Berkeley campus. Ten faculty members and almost 40 students made up the new University of California when it opened in Oakland in 1869, billings was a trustee of the College of California and suggested that the college be named in honor of the Anglo-Irish philosopher George Berkeley. In 1870, Henry Durant, the founder of the College of California, with the completion of North and South Halls in 1873, the university relocated to its Berkeley location with 167 male and 22 female students and held its first classes. In 1905, the University Farm was established near Sacramento, ultimately becoming the University of California, by the 1920s, the number of campus buildings had grown substantially, and included twenty structures designed by architect John Galen Howard. Robert Gordon Sproul served as president from 1930 to 1958, by 1942, the American Council on Education ranked UC Berkeley second only to Harvard University in the number of distinguished departments. During World War II, following Glenn Seaborgs then-secret discovery of plutonium, UC Berkeley physics professor J. Robert Oppenheimer was named scientific head of the Manhattan Project in 1942. Along with the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley is now a partner in managing two other labs, Los Alamos National Laboratory and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, originally, military training was compulsory for male undergraduates, and Berkeley housed an armory for that purpose. In 1917, Berkeleys ROTC program was established, and its School of Military Aeronautics trained future pilots, including Jimmy Doolittle, both Robert McNamara and Frederick C. Weyand graduated from UC Berkeleys ROTC program, earning B. A. degrees in 1937 and 1938, in 1926, future fleet admiral Chester W. Nimitz established the first Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps unit at Berkeley. The Board of Regents ended compulsory military training at Berkeley in 1962, during the McCarthy era in 1949, the Board of Regents adopted an anti-communist loyalty oath. A number of faculty members objected and were dismissed, ten years passed before they were reinstated with back pay, in 1952, the University of California became an entity separate from the Berkeley campus. Each campus was given autonomy and its own Chancellor. Then-president Sproul assumed presidency of the entire University of California system, Berkeley gained a reputation for student activism in the 1960s with the Free Speech Movement of 1964 and opposition to the Vietnam War. In the highly publicized Peoples Park protest in 1969, students and the school conflicted over use of a plot of land, then governor of California Ronald Reagan called the Berkeley campus a haven for communist sympathizers, protesters, and sex deviants. Modern students at Berkeley are less active, with a greater percentage of moderates and conservatives
5.
Frederic M. Richards
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He contributed many key experimental and theoretical results and developed new methods, garnering over 20,000 journal citations in several quite distinct research areas. He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences USA and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Richards was born on August 19,1925 in New York City to George H. Richards and Marianna Middlebrook Richards. Both parents were from old New England families who had settled in Fairfield and New London, the family usually spent summers in Connecticut, giving Richards an early affinity for the area which continued through his career at Yale University. He had two sisters, Marianna and Sarah. Marianna became a biochemist, and was a significant role model for Fred and this attitude played a strong role. In cementing our commitment to scientific careers and he learned glassblowing and electronics there, and tried to measure the universal gravitational constant using 100-pound cannonballs. With strong science interests, Richards thwarted his familys expectations by choosing MIT rather than Yale for college in 1943 and his undergraduate time was interrupted by two years in the army, which he described as uneventful. He then joined the Biochemistry department at Harvard Medical School and the lab of Barbara Low and she had worked with Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin to solve the x-ray crystal structure of penicillin, and was later active in protein crystallography. In 1954 he went to the Carlsberg Laboratory in Copenhagen to do research with Kaj Linderstrøm-Lang. In 1955 Richards joined the faculty at Yale University, where he stayed for the rest of his career, Richards was an avid and enthusiastic sailor. In addition to sailing on Long Island Sound, he voyaged north along the Canadian coast, south to Bermuda and he and his wife had sailboats and an outboard-motor utility boat known as Sallys Baage, which he had built himself. Chris Anfinsen, Richardss friend and his colleague as editors of Advances in Protein Chemistry and who recommended the Carlsberg Lab to him, was also an avid sailor and his sailing adventures included several transatlantic voyages. He was also an ice hockey player. Richards lived in Guilford, Connecticut, a town about 10 miles east of New Haven. Fred was married twice, to Heidi Clark Richards, daughter of biochemist Hans Clarke, and in 1959 to Sarah Wheatland Richards and he had three children – Sarah, Ruth, and George – and four grandchildren. His daughter Sarah described him as a lifelong scientist and sailor and his main loves were his scientific work which he finished at Yale University, sailing, working in his shop, and helping in the community. Fred and Sally were a presence in local land conservation efforts. He donated a 41-acre shoreline property to the Yale Peabody Museum Natural Areas, the property now has long-term protection for use in biological and geological research
6.
National Academy of Sciences
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The National Academy of Sciences is a United States nonprofit, non-governmental organization. NAS is part of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, along with the National Academy of Engineering, as a national academy, new members of the organization are elected annually by current members, based on their distinguished and continuing achievements in original research. Election to the National Academies is one of the highest honors in the scientific field, members serve pro bono as advisers to the nation on science, engineering, and medicine. The group holds a congressional charter under Title 36 of the United States Code, … to provide scientific advice to the government whenever called upon by any government department. The Academy receives no compensation from the government for its services, as of 2016, the National Academy of Sciences includes about 2,350 members and 450 foreign associates. It employed about 1,100 staff in 2005, the current members annually elect new members for life. Approximately 200 members have won a Nobel Prize, the National Academy of Sciences is a member of the International Council for Science. Although there is no relationship with state and local academies of science. The National Academies is governed by a 17-member Council, made up of five officers and 12 Councilors, the National Academy of Sciences meets annually in Washington, D. C. which is documented in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, its scholarly journal. The National Academies Press is the publisher for the National Academies, since 2004, the National Academy of Sciences has administered the Marian Koshland Science Museum to provide public exhibits and programming related to its policy work. The museums current exhibits focus on change and infectious disease. The National Academy of Sciences maintains multiple buildings around the United States, the building has a neoclassical architectural style and was built by architect Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue. The building was dedicated in 1924 and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the building is used for lectures, symposia, exhibitions, and concerts, in addition to annual meetings of the NAS, NAE, and NAM. The 2012 Presidential Award for Math and Science Teaching ceremony was held here on March 5,2014, approximately 150 staff members work at the NAS Building. More than 1,000 National Academies staff members work at The Keck Center of the National Academies at 500 Fifth Street in northwest Washington, the Keck Center provides meeting space and houses the National Academies Press Bookstore. The NAS also maintains conference centers in California and Massachusetts, the J. Erik Jonsson Conference Center located at 314 Quissett Avenue in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, is another conference facility. The Act of Incorporation, signed by President Abraham Lincoln on March 3,1863, created the National Academy of Sciences, many of the original NAS members came from the so-called Scientific Lazzaroni, an informal network of mostly physical scientists working in the vicinity of Cambridge, Massachusetts. Senator Henry Wilson of Massachusetts was to name Agassiz to the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, Agassiz was to come to Washington at the governments expense to plan the organization with the others
7.
Marshall Warren Nirenberg
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Marshall Warren Nirenberg was an American biochemist and geneticist. He shared a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1968 with Har Gobind Khorana and Robert W. Holley for breaking the genetic code, in the same year, together with Har Gobind Khorana, he was awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University. It was not known, however, how DNA directed the expression of proteins, Nirenberg teamed up with Heinrich J. Matthaei at the National Institutes of Health to answer these questions. They produced RNA composed solely of uracil, a nucleotide that only occurs in RNA and they then added this synthetic poly-uracil RNA into a cell-free extract of Escherichia coli which contained the DNA, RNA, ribosomes and other cellular machinery for protein synthesis. They added DNase, which breaks apart the DNA, so no additional proteins would be produced other than that from their synthetic RNA. They then added 1 radioactively labeled amino acid, the blocks of proteins. Only in the containing the radioactively labeled phenylalanine, was the resulting protein also radioactive. This implied that the code for phenylalanine on RNA consisted of a repetition of uracil bases. Indeed, as we now, it is UUU. This was the first step in deciphering the codons of the genetic code, in August 1961, at the International Congress of Biochemistry in Moscow, Nirenberg presented a paper to a small group of scientists. Francis Crick convinced the leaders to invite Nirenberg to repeat his performance the next day. Speaking before the congress of more than a thousand people. He quickly received great attention for these experiments. Within a few years, his team had performed similar experiments and found that three-base repeats of adenosine produced the amino acid lysine. The next breakthrough came when Philip Leder, a researcher in Nirenbergs lab. This greatly sped up the assignment of three-base codons to amino acids so that 50 codons were identified in this way, khoranas experiments confirmed these results and completed the genetic code translation. Faced with the possibility of helping the first NIH scientist win a Nobel prize, dr. DeWitt Stetten, Jr. director of the National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases, called this period of collaboration NIHs finest hour. Nirenbergs later research focused on neuroscience, neural development, and the homeobox genes, Nirenberg was born in New York City, the son of Minerva and Harry Edward Nirenberg, a shirtmaker
8.
National Medal of Science
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The twelve member presidential Committee on the National Medal of Science is responsible for selecting award recipients and is administered by the National Science Foundation. The National Medal of Science was established on August 25,1959, the medal was originally to honor scientists in the fields of the physical, biological, mathematical, or engineering sciences. The Committee on the National Medal of Science was established on August 23,1961, on January 7,1979, the American Association for the Advancement of Science passed a resolution proposing that the medal be expanded to include the social and behavioral sciences. In response, Senator Ted Kennedy introduced the Science and Technology Equal Opportunities Act into the Senate on March 7,1979, President Jimmy Carters signature enacted this change as Public Law 96-516 on December 12,1980. The first National Medal of Science was awarded on February 18,1963, the first woman to receive a National Medal of Science was Barbara McClintock, who was awarded for her work on plant genetics in 1970. Although Public Law 86-209 provides for 20 recipients of the medal per year, it is typical for approximately 8–15 accomplished scientists, there have been a number of years where no National Medals of Science were awarded. Those years include,1985,1984,1980,1978,1977,1972 and 1971, the awards ceremony is organized by the Office of Science and Technology Policy. It takes place at the White House and is presided by the sitting United States president, each year the National Science Foundation sends out a call to the scientific community for the nomination of new candidates for the National Medal of Science. Individuals are nominated by their peers with each nomination requiring three letters of support from individuals in science and technology, the nomination of a candidate is effective for three years, at the end of three years, the candidates peers are allowed to renominate the candidate. The Committee makes their recommendations to the President for the final awarding decision, the National Medal of Science depicts Man, surrounded by earth, sea, and sky, contemplating and struggling to understand Nature. The crystal in his hand represents the order and also suggests the basic unit of living things. The formula being outlined in the sand symbolizes scientific abstraction
9.
Thomas Cech
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Thomas Robert Cech is an American chemist who shared the 1989 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Sidney Altman, for their discovery of the catalytic properties of RNA. Cech discovered that RNA could itself cut strands of RNA, which showed life could have started as RNA. He also studied telomeres, and his lab discovered an enzyme, TERT, as president of Howard Hughes Medical Institute, he promoted science education, and he teaches an undergraduate chemistry course at the University of Colorado. Cech was born to parents of Czech origin in Chicago, he grew up in Iowa City, in junior high school, he knocked on the doors of geology professors at the University of Iowa, and asked them to discuss crystal structures, meteorites and fossils. In 1966, he entered Grinnell College where he studied Homers Odyssey, Dantes Inferno and he married his organic chemistry lab partner, Carol Lynn Martinson, and graduated with a B. A. in 1970. In 2000, Cech succeeded Purnell Choppin as president of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Maryland and he also continues to head his biochemistry laboratory, the Colorado Initiative in Molecular Biotechnology, at the University of Colorado, Boulder. Cech continues to teach chemistry at CU-Boulder. On April 1,2008, Cech announced that he would step down as the president of HHMI, to return to teaching and research, Cechs main research area is that of the process of transcription in the nucleus of cells. He studies how the code of DNA is transcribed into RNA. In the 1970s, Cech had been studying the splicing of RNA in the unicellular organism Tetrahymena thermophila when he discovered that an unprocessed RNA molecule could splice itself, rNA-processing reactions and protein synthesis on ribosomes in particular are catalysed by RNA. RNA enzymes are known as ribozymes and have provided a new tool for gene technology and they also have the potential to provide new therapeutic agents – for example, they have the ability to destroy and cleave invading, viral RNAs. Cechs second area of research is on telomeres, the structure that protects the ends of chromosomes, telomeres are shortened with every duplication of DNA, and must be lengthened again. He studies telomerase, the enzyme that copies the telomeric sequences, the active site protein subunits of telomerase comprise a new class of reverse transcriptases, enzymes previously thought to be restricted to viruses and transposable elements. Telomerase is activated in 90% of human cancers, therefore, a drug that would inhibit its activity could be useful in treating cancer. In 1987, Cech was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences and in 1988 he was elected to the American Academy of Arts, in 2007, he received the Othmer Gold Medal for outstanding contributions to progress in chemistry and science. History of RNA biology List of RNA biologists Tom Cechs short talk, Discovering Ribozymes Chemical and Engineering News The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1989, Sidney Altman, Thomas R
10.
Enzyme
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Enzymes /ˈɛnzaɪmz/ are macromolecular biological catalysts. Enzymes accelerate, or catalyze, chemical reactions, the molecules at the beginning of the process upon which enzymes may act are called substrates and the enzyme converts these into different molecules, called products. Almost all metabolic processes in the cell need enzymes in order to occur at rates fast enough to sustain life, the set of enzymes made in a cell determines which metabolic pathways occur in that cell. The study of enzymes is called enzymology, enzymes are known to catalyze more than 5,000 biochemical reaction types. Most enzymes are proteins, although a few are catalytic RNA molecules, enzymes specificity comes from their unique three-dimensional structures. Like all catalysts, enzymes increase the rate of a reaction by lowering its activation energy, some enzymes can make their conversion of substrate to product occur many millions of times faster. An extreme example is orotidine 5-phosphate decarboxylase, which allows a reaction that would take millions of years to occur in milliseconds. Chemically, enzymes are like any catalyst and are not consumed in chemical reactions, enzymes differ from most other catalysts by being much more specific. Enzyme activity can be affected by other molecules, inhibitors are molecules that decrease enzyme activity, many drugs and poisons are enzyme inhibitors. An enzymes activity decreases markedly outside its optimal temperature and pH, some enzymes are used commercially, for example, in the synthesis of antibiotics. French chemist Anselme Payen was the first to discover an enzyme, diastase and he wrote that alcoholic fermentation is an act correlated with the life and organization of the yeast cells, not with the death or putrefaction of the cells. In 1877, German physiologist Wilhelm Kühne first used the term enzyme, the word enzyme was used later to refer to nonliving substances such as pepsin, and the word ferment was used to refer to chemical activity produced by living organisms. Eduard Buchner submitted his first paper on the study of yeast extracts in 1897, in a series of experiments at the University of Berlin, he found that sugar was fermented by yeast extracts even when there were no living yeast cells in the mixture. He named the enzyme that brought about the fermentation of sucrose zymase, in 1907, he received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his discovery of cell-free fermentation. Following Buchners example, enzymes are usually named according to the reaction they carry out, the biochemical identity of enzymes was still unknown in the early 1900s. Sumner showed that the enzyme urease was a protein and crystallized it. These three scientists were awarded the 1946 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, the discovery that enzymes could be crystallized eventually allowed their structures to be solved by x-ray crystallography. This high-resolution structure of lysozyme marked the beginning of the field of structural biology, an enzymes name is often derived from its substrate or the chemical reaction it catalyzes, with the word ending in -ase
11.
Thressa Stadtman
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Thressa Campbell Stadtman was an American biochemist, notable for her discovery of selenocysteine, and her research on selenoproteins and bioenergetics. In addition she made significant advances in amino acid metabolism, enzymes dependent on vitamin B12, in 1920, she was born in Sterling, New York. In 1940, she graduated from Cornell University, with a B. S. in Microbiology, in 1949, she graduated from University of California, Berkeley, with a Ph. D. in Microbial Biochemistry. Her thesis was titled Studies on Methane Fermentations and she was the wife of Earl Reece Stadtman whom she met when they were both graduate students at the University of California, Berkeley. The both were hired by what was then the National Heart Institute in 1950 becoming the first husband-and-wife team at the National Institutes of Health and they both oversaw their own biochemistry labs and collaborated closely. In 2005, they were honored by the NIH with an exhibit titled The Stadtman Way, A Tale of Two Biochemists at NIH. Over a 60-year period, starting in 1943, she published 212, Stadtman was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1981. Stadtman died in December 2016 at the age of 96, Stadtman by Buhm Soon Park, January 2001
12.
David E. Green
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David Ezra Green was an American biochemist who made significant contributions to the study of enzymes, particularly the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation. Green was born in Brooklyn, New York, the son of Jennie and Hyman Levy Green and his parents were Jewish immigrants from Russia and Germany. He was awarded a degree in biology from New York University and he then moved to England and worked for eight years at the University of Cambridge under the supervision of Malcolm Dixon, on redox reactions in biological systems. He received his PhD under Dixon in 1934 with a thesis entitled The Application of Oxidation-Reduction Potentials to Biological Systems, at the outbreak of the Second World War, Green moved back to America and established himself in a laboratory at Columbia University. Here he studied the metabolism of amino acids and the citric acid cycle and he was married to English-born Doris Cribb. He is the father of biochemist Rowena Green Matthews and grandfather of Wisconsin Senator Tammy Baldwin, national Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir
