1.
Prince William, Duke of Cambridge
–
Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, KG, KT, PC, ADC is the elder son of Charles, Prince of Wales, and Diana, Princess of Wales. He is second in line to succeed his grandmother, Queen Elizabeth II, William was educated at four schools in the United Kingdom and obtained a degree from the University of St Andrews. He spent parts of a gap year in Chile, Belize, in December 2006, he completed 44 weeks of training as an officer cadet and was commissioned in the Blues and Royals regiment. In April 2008, he qualified as a pilot by completing training at Royal Air Force College Cranwell. He then underwent helicopter flying training in order to become a pilot with the RAF Search. His service with the British Armed Forces ended in September 2013, William married Catherine Middleton, on 29 April 2011 at Westminster Abbey. Hours before the wedding, he was created Duke of Cambridge, Earl of Strathearn, the couples first child, Prince George, was born on 22 July 2013, and their second, Princess Charlotte, was born on 2 May 2015. William, the first child of the Prince and Princess of Wales, was born at St Marys Hospital and his names, William Arthur Philip Louis, were announced by Buckingham Palace a week later on 28 June. He was baptised in the Music Room of Buckingham Palace on 4 August by the Archbishop of Canterbury and he was the first child born to a Prince and Princess of Wales since Prince John in 1905. William was affectionately called Wombat by his parents or Wills, Williams first public appearance was on 1 March 1991, during an official visit of his parents to Cardiff, Wales. After arriving by aeroplane, William was taken to Llandaff Cathedral where he signed the visitors book, on 3 June 1991, William was admitted to Royal Berkshire Hospital after being accidentally hit on the side of the forehead by a fellow student wielding a golf club. He did not lose consciousness, but suffered a fracture of the skull and was operated on at Great Ormond Street Hospital. In a 2009 interview, he dubbed this scar a Harry Potter scar and he was reported to have said, I call it that because it glows sometimes and some people notice it—other times they dont notice it at all. His mother wanted him and his younger brother Harry to have wider experiences than are usual for royal children and she took them to Walt Disney World and McDonalds as well as AIDS clinics and shelters for the homeless. She bought them typical teenage items, such as video games, Diana, who was by then divorced from the Prince of Wales, died in a car accident in the early hours of 31 August 1997. William, then aged 15, along with his brother who was 12, the Prince of Wales waited until his sons woke the following morning to tell them about their mothers death. At his mothers funeral, William accompanied his father, brother, paternal grandfather, William began to accompany his parents on official visits at an early age. William was educated at independent schools, starting at Jane Mynors nursery school, following this, he attended Ludgrove School near Wokingham, Berkshire, and was privately tutored during summers by Rory Stewart
2.
Prince George of Cambridge
–
Prince George of Cambridge is the elder child and only son of Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, and Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge. He is third in line to succeed his paternal great-grandmother, Queen Elizabeth II, after his grandfather, Charles, Prince of Wales. On 3 December 2012, Clarence House announced that the Duke, at less than twelve weeks, the announcement was made earlier in the pregnancy than is traditional because of the Duchesss admission to hospital with hyperemesis gravidarum. During this time, a couple of Australian radio jockeys attempted to ring up the Hospital and they tried to put on fake British accents and mimicked the Queen and Prince Charles. The nurse who answered their call later committed suicide, before the birth, there was speculation the event would boost the British national economy and provide a focus for national pride. Welsh composer Paul Mealor, who composed Ubi Caritas et Amor for the wedding of the Duke and Duchess, composed a lullaby entitled Sleep On, a recording was made of it by New Zealand soprano Hayley Westenra as a gift for the baby. Commemorative coins were issued by the Royal Mint, Royal Canadian Mint, and Royal Australian Mint, the Duchess was admitted to St Marys Hospital, London, in the early stages of labour on 22 July 2013. She gave birth to a boy weighing 8 pounds 6 ounces at 16,24 BST later the same day, Queen Elizabeth IIs former gynaecologist, Marcus Setchell, delivered the baby assisted by Guy Thorpe-Beeston, Sunit Godambe and Physician to the Queen John Cunningham. The midwifery team accompanying the gynaecologists was led by Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trusts director of midwifery Professor Jackie Dunkley-Bent, William was by his wifes side when she gave birth. The Duchess and her baby, accompanied by the Duke, left hospital on 23 July, William took the full two weeks paternity leave from his job allowed by the Ministry of Defence. Julia Samuel, William van Cutsem and Zara Tindall serving as godparents, the ceremony used a font that was made for Queen Victorias first child and water from the River Jordan. The Royal Mint issued a set of coins to celebrate the christening. George, with his parents, embarked on his first royal tour in April 2014 and his first public engagement of the tour was on 9 April at a playdate at Government House, Wellington, organised by the New Zealand parenting organisation, Plunket. On 20 April, Easter Sunday, he met a bilby named after him at Taronga Zoo in Sydney, the BBC said at the end of the tour theres no doubt Prince George stole the limelight. Georges first birthday party was themed around childrens author Beatrix Potter, on 2 May 2015, George visited the hospital of his birth after the birth of his sister Charlotte, his first public appearance in the United Kingdom. In January 2016, George started his education at the Westacre Montessori School Nursery and that April, he was photographed for postage stamps to mark his great-grandmothers 90th birthday, alongside his father and grandfather. On 22 April of that year, he met President of the United States Barack Obama and he was photographed with a rocking horse that Obama had given him when he was born. The encounter later prompted Obama to joke that Prince George showed up to our meeting in his bathrobe, in March 2017, it was announced that George would begin primary school in September at the private Thomass School in Battersea
3.
Perthshire
–
Perthshire, officially the County of Perth, is a registration county in central Scotland. It extends from Strathmore in the east, to the Pass of Drumochter in the north, Rannoch Moor and Ben Lui in the west and it was a local government county from 1890 to 1930. Perthshire is known as the big county and has a variety of landscapes, from the rich agricultural straths in the east. Perthshire was an administrative county between 1890 and 1975, governed by a county council and this Local Government council was superseded in 1930, when a joint Local Government council was formed with the neighbouring small county of Kinross-shire, linking the two. The parish of Muckhart and Glendevon was made part of Clackmannan District Council, longforgan was included in the City of Dundee District, in Tayside Region Council. The remainder of the council was combined with the council of Kinross, the two-tier system introduced in 1975 was superseded by a system of unitary authorities in 1996. The area of the council is now divided between the Local Government council areas of Clackmannanshire, Perth and Kinross and Stirling. The area included in Dundee in 1975 was transferred to Perth, the coat of arms of the County of Perth appears to have been granted for use on the colours and standards of the volunteer and militia units of the county raised at the end of the eighteenth century. The grant document was discovered in the Lyon Office in 1890, the shield is very similar to the Scottish royal arms, reflecting that Perthshire was the home county of the House of Dunkeld and contains the former royal capital, Scone. Further royal references are made on the canton, which shows Scone Palace surmounted by the Crown of Scotland, the crest is a Highland soldier, reflecting that the famous Black Watch were formed in the county. The supporters are an eagle and a warhorse, the former from the arms of the city of Perth, of the twelve burghs in Perthshire, only Perth was made a large burgh. There were ten small burghs, Blairgowrie and Rattray being united into a single burgh, in 1947 Pitlochry was created a small burgh. In 1894 parish councils were established for the parishes, replacing the previous parochial boards. The parish councils were in turn replaced by district councils in 1930, the Royal Burgh of Perth originally formed part of the Perth burghs constituency along with burghs in Fife and Forfarshire. The Representation of the People Act 1832 made Perth a separate burgh constituency, the remainder of the county returned a single member as the parliamentary county of Perthshire. The parishes of Tulliallan, Culross, Muckhart, and the Perthshire portions of the parishes of Logie and Fossaway were annexed to constituency of Clackmannanshire, in 1885 seats in the House of Commons were redistributed, Perthshire received three seats. Perthshire Eastern Perthshire Western In 1918 there was a further redistribution, in 1950 it was renamed Perth and East Perthshire. These boundaries continued in use until 1983, when new constituencies were formed based on the Local Government regions and districts created in 1975
4.
Mormaer
–
In early medieval Scotland, a mormaer was the Gaelic name for a regional or provincial ruler, theoretically second only to the King of Scots, and the senior of a toisech. Mormaers were equivalent to English earls or Continental counts, and the term is translated into English as earl. The etymology is debated as Great Steward, or Sea Lord. Historians do not know whether the institution was Gaelic or Pictish, however, since mormaer occurs only in the post-Pictish period, it is difficult to argue for Pictish origins. There is also debate whether mormaer was simply the east-coast equivalent of kinglet, for the earliest periods, there is uncertainty about the difference between a mormaer and a toisech. The earliest Scottish Latin sources use thanus for toisech, this word was adopted from the Anglo-Saxon lands to the south and it is possible that thanus, comes, mormaer and toisech all originally meant similar things, or at least were not elements of a stratified hierarchy. The office of mormaer is first mentioned in the context of the Battle of Corbridge, the first individual named mormaer was Dubacan of Angus, one of the companions of Amlaib, the son of King Causantín II. His death at the Battle of Brunanburh is recorded in the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba and he is mentioned as Mormaer of Angus. Another three mormaers are named, though without provinces, in the Annals of Tigernach, s. a. However, the earliest mormaers of each province are generally only hazily, if at all, known until the 12th century, from the 12th century, eight old mormaer dynasties are known to be hereditary, continuous and no longer fragmentary, and also additionally the dynasties of Charraig. Dunbarra, Cataidh, and Moireabh had yet older dynasties, in fact, Comes is just a Franco-Latin word used on the British Isles to render either Mormaer or Earl into Latin. For instance, several Irish sources call King Robert Bruce Mormaer in the 14th century, as this is not an Irish word, it is clear that the word is being used by the Scots for the office. Moreover, the term is recorded as being used for the Earl of Lennox a century later. On the other hand, the West Germanic word Earl is not recorded as being in use in Scotland until the mid-14th century, as a result, scholars now recognise that Mormaer was the vernacular word used by the Gaels. Earl on the hand is an English or Scots translation. A mormaerdom was not simply a regional lordship, it was a lordship with official comital rank. This is why other lordships, many of more powerful, such as those of lords of Galloway, Argyll and Innse Gall, are not. This list does not include Orkney, which was a Norwegian Earldom, Mormaerdom of Mearns Mormaerdom of Menteith Mormaerdom of Ross Anderson, Alan Orr, Early Sources of Scottish History, AD 500–1286,2 Vols, Barrow, G. W. S
5.
Aelred of Rievaulx
–
Aelred, also Ailred, Ælred, Æthelred, etc. was an English writer, abbot of Rievaulx, and saint. Aelred was born in Hexham, Northumbria, in 1110, one of three sons of Eilaf, priest of St Andrews at Hexham and himself a son of another Eilaf and he may have been partially educated by Lawrence of Durham, who sent him a hagiography of Saint Brigid. From 1142–3, Aelred was novice master at Rievaulx, in 1143, he became the first abbot of a new daughter house of Rievaulx at Revesby in Lincolnshire. In 1147, he was elected abbot of Rievaulx itself, a position he was to hold until his death, under his administration, the abbey is said to have grown to some 140 monks and 500 conversi and laymen. His role also required an amount of travel, Cistercian abbots were expected to make annual visitations to daughter-houses, and Rievaulx had five in England and Scotland by the time Aelred held office. Moreover, Aelred had to make the sea journey to the annual general chapter of the Order at Cîteaux. Alongside his role as a monk and later abbot, Aelred was involved throughout his life in political affairs, Aelred wrote several influential books on spirituality, among them Speculum caritatis and De spiritali amicitia. He also wrote seven works of history, addressing three of them to Henry II of England, advising him how to be a king and declaring him to be the true descendant of Anglo-Saxon kings. In his later years, he is thought to have suffered from the kidney stones, Walter reports that in 1157 the Cistercian General Council allowed him to sleep and eat in Rievaulxs infirmary, later he lived in a nearby hut. Aelred died in the winter of 1166–7, probably on 12 January 1167, for his efforts in writing and administration Aelred was called by David Knowles the St. Bernard of the North. Knowles, a historian of monasticism in England, also described him as an attractive figure. All of Aelreds works have appeared in translation, most in English, extant works by Aelred include, Histories and biographies Vita Davidis Scotorum regis, written c.1153. Relatio de Standardo, also De bello standardii, 1153–54, Vita S. Eduardi, regis et confessoris, 1161–63. De quodam miraculo miraculi, c.1160 Spiritual treatises Speculum caritatis, Sermons These sermons mainly relate to the seventeen liturgical days on which Cistercian abbots were required to preach to their community. In 1163-4 he also wrote a 31-sermon commentary on Isaiah 13–16, Homeliae de oneribus propheticis Isaiae, dedicating the work to Gilbert Foliot, who became Bishop of London in 1163. Aelred was never canonised, but became the centre of a cult in the north of England which was recognised officially by the Cistercians in 1476. As such, he was venerated as a saint, with his body kept at Rievaulx, in the sixteenth century, before the dissolution of the monastery, John Leland saw Aelreds shrine at Rievaulx containing Aelreds body glittering with gold and silver. Today, he is listed for 12 January, the date of his death, in the Roman Martyrology
6.
David I of Scotland
–
David I or Dauíd mac Maíl Choluim was a 12th-century ruler who was Prince of the Cumbrians and later King of the Scots. The youngest son of Máel Coluim III and Margaret of Wessex, David spent most of his childhood in Scotland, perhaps after 1100, he became a dependent at the court of King Henry I. There he was influenced by the Norman and Anglo-French culture of the court, when Davids brother Alexander I of Scotland died in 1124, David chose, with the backing of Henry I, to take the Kingdom of Scotland for himself. He was forced to engage in warfare against his rival and nephew, subduing the latter seems to have taken David ten years, a struggle that involved the destruction of Óengus, Mormaer of Moray. Davids victory allowed expansion of control over more distant regions theoretically part of his Kingdom, after the death of his former patron Henry I, David supported the claims of Henrys daughter and his own niece, the former Empress-consort, Matilda, to the throne of England. In the process, he came into conflict with King Stephen and was able to expand his power in northern England, the term Davidian Revolution is used by many scholars to summarise the changes which took place in Scotland during his reign. The early years of David I are the most obscure of his life, because there is little documented evidence, historians can only guess at most of Davids activities in this period. David was born on an unknown in 1084 in Scotland. He was probably the son of King Máel Coluim mac Donnchada. He was the grandson of the ill-fated King Duncan I, in 1093 King Máel Coluim and Davids brother Edward were killed at the River Aln during an invasion of Northumberland. David and his two brothers Alexander and Edgar, both kings of Scotland, were probably present when their mother died shortly afterwards. According to later tradition, the three brothers were in Edinburgh when they were besieged by their uncle, Domnall Bán. It is not certain what happened next, but an insertion in the Chronicle of Melrose states that Domnall forced his three nephews into exile, although he was allied with another of his nephews, Edmund. John of Fordun wrote, centuries later, that an escort into England was arranged for them by their maternal uncle Edgar Ætheling, William Rufus, King of England, opposed Domnalls accession to the northerly kingdom. He sent the eldest son of Máel Coluim, Davids half-brother Donnchad, Donnchad was killed within the year, and so in 1097 William sent Donnchads half-brother Edgar into Scotland. The latter was successful, and was crowned King by the end of 1097. During the power struggle of 1093–97, David was in England, in 1093, he may have been about nine years old. From 1093 until 1103 Davids presence cannot be accounted for in detail, when William Rufus was killed, his brother Henry Beauclerc seized power and married Davids sister, Matilda
7.
Battle of the Standard
–
The Battle of the Standard, sometimes called the Battle of Northallerton, in which English forces repelled a Scottish army, took place on 22 August 1138 on Cowton Moor near Northallerton in Yorkshire. The Scottish forces were led by King David I of Scotland, the English were commanded by William of Aumale. King Stephen of England had sent a force, but the English army was mainly local militia and baronial retinues from Yorkshire. Archbishop Thurstan of York had exerted himself greatly to raise the army and this cart-mounted standard was a very northerly example of a type of standard common in contemporary Italy, where it was known as a carroccio. David had entered England for two declared reasons, To support his niece Matildas claim to the English throne against that of King Stephen To enlarge his kingdom beyond his previous gains, David’s forces had already taken much of Northumberland apart from castles at Wark and Bamburgh. Advancing beyond the Tees towards York, early on 22 August 1138 the Scots found the English army drawn up on open fields 2 miles north of Northallerton, the first attack, by unarmoured spearmen against armoured men supported by telling fire from archers failed. Within three hours, the Scots army disintegrated, apart from small bodies of knights and men-at-arms around David, at this point, Henry led a spirited attack with mounted knights, he and David then withdrew separately with their immediate companions in relatively good order. Heavy Scots losses are claimed, in battle and in flight, the English did not pursue far, David fell back to Carlisle and reassembled an army. Within a month, a truce was negotiated which left the Scots free to continue the siege of Wark castle, despite losing the battle, David was subsequently given most of the territorial concessions he had been seeking. David held these throughout the Anarchy, but on the death of David, David had gained the Scottish throne largely because of the support of his brother-in-law Henry I of England, and he had attempted to remodel Scotland to be more like Henrys England. The death of Henry I in 1135, weakening England, made David more reliant on his native subjects, Henry I had wished his inheritance to pass to his daughter Matilda, and in 1127 made his notables swear an oath to uphold the succession of Matilda. Many of the English and Norman magnates and barons were against Matilda because she was married to Geoffrey V, on Henrys death, Stephen, younger brother of Theobald, count of Blois, seized the throne instead. When Stephen was crowned on 22 December, David went to war, after two months of campaigning in northern England, a peace treaty ceding Cumberland to David was agreed. Additionally, David’s son Henry was made Earl of Huntingdon, David declining to swear the oath of loyalty to Stephen. In spring 1137, David again invaded England, a truce was quickly agreed, in November, the truce expired, David demanded to be made earl of the whole of the old earldom of Northumberland. Stephen refused and in January 1138 David invaded for a third time, David first moved against English castles on the Tweed frontier. Norham Castle belonged to the Bishop of Durham and its garrison was under-strength, in the contemporary Celtic world this was regarded as a useful source of revenue, like cattle-raiding. Then they carried off, like so much booty, the noble matrons and chaste virgins and these naked, fettered, herded together, by whips and thongs they drove before them, goading them with their spears and other weapons
8.
Earl of Caithness
–
The Earl of Caithness is a title that has been created several times in the Peerage of Scotland, and has a very complex history. The next year, however, all of his titles were declared forfeit for treason, the next grant after Maol Íosa was to David Stewart, a younger son of Robert II of Scotland. His heiress, Euphemia, resigned the title in 1390 in favour of her uncle Walter, Walter himself resigned the title in 1428, in favour of his son Allan, but he retained the earldom of Atholl for himself. Upon Allans death, Walter again came to hold both earldoms, however, both were lost when he was executed for high treason in 1437, his titles being forfeit. The third creation of the title was for Sir George Crichton in 1452, the final creation of the earldom was made in 1455 for William Sinclair, 3rd Earl of Orkney. He surrendered the Orkney title and all associated lands to James III in 1470, in return for the Castle of Ravenscraig, James III had in 1469 received the rights of the king of Norway to Orkney territories as pledge of dowry of his wife Margaret of Denmark. In this way, the Scottish crown tightened its grip to Orkney and Shetland, six years later, Earl William wished to disinherit his eldest son, who was known as The Waster. Therefore, so that his earldom would not pass to him, he resigned the title in favour of his younger son, general Arthur St. Clair was reportedly descended from the 4th Earl of Caithness. George, sixth earl of the Sinclair line, was the last earl to cause a disturbance in the succession of the title. In 1672, he agreed that, at his death, all of his lands and titles would pass to Sir John Campbell, in 1677, the sixth earl died, and King Charles II granted him a patent creating him Earl of Caithness. Later, however, the earls heir, also named George, was confirmed in his titles by the law. Therefore, in order to compensate for the loss of the earldom, Charles II created Campbell Earl of Breadalbane, thereafter, the earldom of Caithness has passed solely within the Sinclair family, without any further resignations or other irregularities. The Earl of Caithness also holds the title of Lord Berriedale and that title is used as a courtesy title for the earls eldest son and heir
9.
Earl of Orkney
–
The Earl of Orkney was originally a Norse jarl ruling Orkney, Shetland and parts of Caithness and Sutherland. The Earls were periodically subject to the kings of Norway for the Northern Isles, the Earls status as a Norwegian vassal was formalised in 1195. In 1232, a Scottish dynasty descended from the Mormaers of Angus replaced the family descended from the Mormaers of Atholl. This family was in turn replaced by the descendants of the Mormaers of Strathearn and later still by the Sinclair family, rognvald Eysteinsson, Earl of Møre fl. 865–890 is sometimes credited with being the founder of the earldom, by implication the Orkneyinga saga identifies him as such for he is given dominion over Orkney and Shetland by King Harald Finehair, although there is no concrete suggestion he ever held the title. The Heimskringla states that his brother Sigurd was the first to hold the title. Sigurds son Guthorm ruled for a year and died childless, rognvalds son Hallad then inherited the title. However, unable to constrain Danish raids on Orkney, he gave up the earldom and returned to Norway, Torf-Einarr then succeeded in defeating the Danes and founded a dynasty which retained control of the islands for centuries after his death. Smyth concludes that the role of the brothers Eysteinsson lacks historical credibility, dates are largely conjectural, at least until his death recorded in 1014. One of the sources for the lives and times of these earls is the Orkneyinga saga. One of the key events of the saga is the martyrdom of Earl Magnus Erlendsson, later Saint Magnus, c. The last quarter of the saga is taken up with a tale of Earl Rögnvald Kali Kolsson. After the murder of Earl Jon Haraldsson some sixty years later, Magnus and he may have been a descendent of Earl Rögnvald Kali Kolsson, although this has never been corroborated, and was a descendent of Earl Harald Maddadson on his mothers side. However, the line of specifically Norse earls is said to have come to an end when Earl Magnus II was granted his title by Haakon IV of Norway c. In 1236, Magnus, son of Gille Brigte, Mormaer of Angus, was granted the Earldom of Orkney by King Haakon Haakonsson, Magnus, son of Gille Brigte, c. 1236–1239 Gille Brigte, son of Magnus, 1239–, Gille Brigte, son of Gille Brigte, perhaps the same as the previous Gille Brigte. –1256 Magnus, son of Gille Brigte, 1256–1273 Magnus Magnusson, 1273–1284 Jón Magnússon, 1284–c. 1300–1321 Some time after Magnus Jonssons death, around 1331, the Earldom was granted to Maol Íosa, Mormaer of Strathearn, Maol Íosa ruled Orkney and Caithness from 1331 to 1350. He left several daughters, but no sons, Orkney passed to his son-in-law, the Swedish councillor Erengisle Suneson
10.
Edward Balliol
–
Edward Balliol was a claimant to the Scottish throne. With English help, he ruled parts of the country in three periods between 1332 and 1336. He was the eldest son of John Balliol, erstwhile King of the Scots, and Isabella de Warenne, daughter of John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey, Alice was daughter of Hugh X de Lusignan and Isabella of Angoulême, widow of John, King of England. Taking advantage of this, Edward Balliol, backed by Edward III of England, defeated the Regent, the Earl of Mar, at the Battle of Dupplin Moor in Perthshire. He was crowned at Scone in September 1332, but three months later he was forced to flee half-naked back to England, following an attack by nobles loyal to David II at the Battle of Annan. On his retreat from Scotland, Balliol sought refuge with the Clifford family, land owners in Westmorland, and stayed in their castles at Appleby, Brougham, Brough and he was restored by the English in 1333, following the Battle of Halidon Hill. Balliol then ceded the whole of the formerly known as Lothian to Edward. With no serious support in Scotland, he was deposed again in 1334, and restored again in 1335, all realistic hopes of Edwards restoration were lost when David II returned from France in June 1341. He returned to Scotland after the defeat of David II at Battle of Nevilles Cross in 1346, raising an insurrection in Galloway, however, he gained no permanent footing. On 20 January 1356, Balliol surrendered his claim to the Scottish throne to Edward III in exchange for an English pension and he spent the rest of his life living in obscurity. He died in 1367, at Wheatley, Doncaster, Yorkshire, the location of his grave is believed to be under a Doncaster Post Office. Ashley, W. J. Edward III and His Wars, calendar of Documents Relating to Scotland. The Book of the Illustrious Henries, london, Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, & Roberts. The Anonimalle Chronicle,1333 to 1381, scalacronica, The Reigns of Edward I, Edward II and Edward III. Skene, William F. John of Forduns Chronicle of the Scottish Nation, balfour-Melville, E. M. W. Edward III and David II. England, Scotland and the Hundred Years War in the fourteenth century, in in J. R. Hale, J. R. L. Highfield, B. Europe in the Late Middle Ages, annals of Scotland, From the Accession of Malcolm III Surnamed Canmore to the Accession of Robert I. Edward III and the Scots, The Formative Years of a Military Career, paterson, R. C. Edward Balliol, in Military History, April,2003
11.
David II of Scotland
–
David II was King of Scots from 1329 until his death, and the last male of the House of Bruce. Although David spent long periods in exile or captivity, he managed to resist English attempts to annex his kingdom, David II was the elder and only surviving son of Robert I of Scotland and his second wife, Elizabeth de Burgh. He was born on 5 March 1324 at Dunfermline Abbey, Fife, in accordance with the Treaty of Northamptons terms, David was married on 17 July 1328 to Joan of the Tower, daughter of Edward II of England and Isabella of France, at Berwick-upon-Tweed. David became King of Scots upon the death of his father on 7 June 1329, aged 5 years,3 months, David and his wife were crowned at Scone on 24 November 1331. During Davids minority, Sir Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray was appointed Guardian of Scotland by the Act of Settlement of 1318. After Morays death, on 20 July 1332, he was replaced by Donald, Earl of Mar, only ten days later Mar fell at the Battle of Dupplin Moor. Sir Andrew Murray of Bothwell, who was married to Christian and he was taken prisoner by the English at Roxburgh in April 1333 and was thence replaced as Guardian by Archibald Douglas, who fell at Halidon Hill that July. By December, however, Balliol was forced to flee to England, following the victory of this force at the Battle of Halidon Hill in July 1333, David and his wife were sent for safety into France, reaching Boulogne on 14 May 1334. They were received graciously by King Philip VI. In 1346, under the terms of the Auld Alliance, David invaded England in the interests of the French, after initial success at Hexham, David was wounded, and his army soundly defeated at the Battle of Nevilles Cross on 17 October 1346. David was captured and taken prisoner by Sir John de Coupland, David was transferred to Windsor Castle in Berkshire upon the return of Edward III from France. The depiction of David being presented to King Edward III in the play The Reign of King Edward the Third is fictitious, David and his household were later moved to Odiham Castle in Hampshire. His imprisonment was not reputed a rigorous one, although he remained in England for eleven years and this was ratified by the Scottish Parliament at Scone on 6 November 1357. David returned at once to Scotland, but, after a few years, owing to the poverty of the kingdom, it was found impossible to raise the ransom installment of 1363. David then made for London and sought to get rid of the liability by offering to bequeath Scotland to Edward III or one of his sons in return for a cancellation of the ransom, David did this with the full awareness that the Scots would never accept such an arrangement. He remarried about 20 February 1364, Margaret Drummond, widow of Sir John Logie and he divorced her about 20 March 1370. Margaret, however, travelled to Avignon and made an appeal to the Pope to reverse the sentence of divorce which had been pronounced against her in Scotland. She was still alive in January 1375, from 1364, David governed with vigour, dealing firmly with recalcitrant nobles and wider baronial revolt, and continued to pursue the goal of final peace with England
12.
James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray
–
Moray was born in about 1531, the most notable of the many illegitimate children of King James V of Scotland. His mother was the Kings favourite mistress, Lady Margaret Erskine, daughter of John Erskine, 5th Lord Erskine, on 31 August 1536 he had a charter of the lands of Tantallon and others. James was appointed Prior of St Andrews, Fife, in his youth in 1538. As early as May 1553, the ambassador to England, Jean Scheyfve, heard that Mary of Guise planned to make him Regent of Scotland in place of James Hamilton. James attended the wedding of his legitimate half-sister, Mary, Queen of Scots, to fund this trip his mother obtained credit from Timothy Cagnioli, an Italian banker in Edinburgh. James became a supporter of the Scottish Reformation, at Perth in June 1559 he plucked down the images in various churches. An English commentator praised James for his virtue, manhood, valour, despite their religious differences, Moray became the chief advisor to his sister, Mary, Queen of Scots, in 1561 after her return from France. She was the surviving child of his fathers marriage to Mary of Guise. Although James disturbed her priests celebrating mass at Holyroodhouse in September 1561, she made him Earl of Moray, with the earldom came Darnaway Castle with its medieval hall, notable even then as verie fayer and large builded. Moray also had a house called Pitlethie near Leuchars in Fife. In October 1562, he defeated a rebellion by George Gordon, 4th Earl of Huntly, at the Battle of Corrichie near Aberdeen. Moray opposed the marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots, to Lord Darnley in 1565 and he was subsequently declared an outlaw and took refuge in England. Returning to Scotland after the murder of David Rizzio, he was pardoned by the Queen and he contrived, however, to be away at the time of Darnleys assassination, and avoided the tangles of the marriage with Bothwell by going to France. Mary abdicated at Loch Leven Castle on 24 July 1567, Moray returned to Edinburgh from France on 11 August 1567, escorted from Berwick-upon-Tweed by James Melville of Halhill, with a French ambassador, De Lignerolles. William Cecil, the English secretary of State had arranged his transport from Dieppe in an English ship and he was appointed Regent of Scotland on 22 August. The appointment was confirmed by Parliament in December, Mary was compelled to flee to England. For this and the subsequent management of the kingdom he secured both civil and ecclesiastical peace, and earned the title of The Gude Regent, in September 1568, Moray chose commissioners and went to York to discuss a treaty with England. During this conference he produced the casket letters, which were supposed to incriminate Queen Mary and it was later said that a plan to assassinate him at North Allerton on his way back had been called off
13.
James V of Scotland
–
James V was King of Scots from 9 September 1513 until his death, which followed the Scottish defeat at the Battle of Solway Moss. His only surviving child, Mary, succeeded him when she was just six days old. James was son of King James IV of Scotland and his wife Margaret Tudor, a daughter of Henry VII of England, and was the only legitimate child of James IV to survive infancy. He was born on 10 April 1512 at Linlithgow Palace, Linlithgowshire and baptized the day, receiving the titles Duke of Rothesay and Prince. He became king at just seventeen months old when his father was killed at the Battle of Flodden Field on 9 September 1513, James was crowned in the Chapel Royal at Stirling Castle on 21 September 1513. Other regents included Robert Maxwell, 5th Lord Maxwell, a member of the Council of Regency who was bestowed as Regent of Arran. In February 1517 James came from Stirling to Holyroodhouse, Edinburgh, at Stirling, the 10-year-old James had a guard of 20 footmen dressed in his colours, red and yellow. When he went to the park below the Castle, by secret and in fair and soft wedder. Poets wrote their own nursery rhymes for James and advised him on royal behavior, as a youth, his education was in the care of University of St Andrews poets such as Sir David Lyndsay. In the autumn of 1524 James dismissed his Regents and was proclaimed an adult ruler by his mother, several new court servants were appointed including a trumpeter, Henry Rudeman. Thomas Magnus, the English diplomat, gave an impression of the new Scottish court at Holyroodhouse on All Saints Day 1524, trumpets and shamulles did sounde and blewe up mooste pleasauntely. Magnus saw the young king singing, playing with a spear at Leith, and with his horses, and he was given the impression that the king preferred English manners over French fashions. In 1525 Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus, the young kings stepfather, took custody of James, another attempt later that year, on 4 September at the battle of Linlithgow Bridge, failed again to relieve the King from the clutches of Angus. When James and his came to Edinburgh on 20 November 1526, she stayed in the chambers at Holyroodhouse. In February 1527 Henry Fitzroy, Duke of Richmond, gave James twenty hunting hounds, Magnus thought the Scottish servant sent to Sheriff Hutton Castle for the dogs was intended to note the form and fashion of the Dukes household, for emulation in Scotland. James finally escaped from Anguss care in 1528 and assumed the reins of government himself, the first action James took as king was to remove Angus from the scene. The Douglas family were forced into exile and James besieged their castle at Tantallon and he then subdued the Border rebels and the chiefs of the Western Isles. Even his pursemaster and yeoman of the wardrobe, John Tennent of Listonschiels, was sent on an errand to England, James increased his income by tightening control over royal estates and from the profits of justice, customs and feudal rights
14.
Earl of Moray
–
The title Earl of Moray has been created several times in the Peerage of Scotland. Prior to the establishment of the peerage, Earl of Moray. The province of Morays importance as part of the kingdom of Scotland was demonstrated during the years of warfare between 1296 and 1340. The province was forced to submit to Edward I of England in 1303, in 1312 Robert I re-established the Earldom of Moray for his nephew, Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray. The new earldom included all of the old province and the lands of the Laich or coastal area of Moray. With the absence of noble leaders, power fell to lesser figures who functioned in kin-based groups such as the Clan Donnachaidh of Atholl and this drew in lords and men from outside of the province, from further south such as the Dunbars and Stewarts who staked their claims. The division of Moray led to conflict which was exacerbated by the activities of local kindreds and the eastward spread of the Gaelic superpower. Scotlands rulers were slow to react to the problems in the earldom of Moray and their response was largely indirect and the governor, Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany, campaigned in the region in 1405 and 1411. James I of Scotland did the same in 1428 and 1429 and they preferred to rely on a Lieutenant, Alexander Stewart, Earl of Mar, the son of the Wolf of Badenoch. When the Earl of Mar died in 1435, a power vacuum allowed the Lords of the Isles to dominate Moray from the 1430s to the 1450s, the crowns earldom was restricted to the coastal areas of Moray and was held by lords whose resources lay elsewhere. The last of these lords were the Clan Douglas, Earls of Douglas who were forfeited in 1455, after the Battle of Arkinholm against the king. The Clan Gordon, Earls of Huntly secured Badenoch in 1452, the earldom eventually descended to Elizabeth Stewart, 7th Countess of Moray, whose husband was also recognised as earl. However, when her husband, James, was killed in battle against the Sovereign in 1455, the next grant was made to James Stewart, the son of King James IV. He, however, died without children, and the title became extinct, the title was next given to George Gordon, 4th Earl of Huntly. Gordon fell out of favour, and in 1462, he was killed. The most recent creation was in favour of another James Stewart, other Scottish titles associated with this creation are, Lord Abernethy and Strathearn, Lord Doune and Lord St Colme. He was also a direct descendant of King Robert II. The family seats are Doune Lodge, near Doune, Stirling and Darnaway Castle, near Forres, findláech mac Ruaidrí Máel Coluim mac Maíl Brigti Gille Coemgáin mac Maíl Brigti Mac Bethad mac Findláich, Lulach mac Gille Coemgáin Máel Snechtai mac Lulaich
15.
William Graham, 7th Earl of Menteith
–
William Graham, 7th Earl of Menteith, 1st Earl of Airth, was a 17th-century Scottish nobleman. A supporter of King Charles I, he held offices including Lord President of the Court of Session and was a Privy Counsellor. Although he fell from favour, he continued to support the Royal cause during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms and he devoted much of his early life to consolidating and adding to his estates. In 1621, Graham had a Commission of Justiciary over the activity in his lands. Appointed a member of the Privy Council of Scotland in 1626, he was Lord President of the Court of Session from 1628 and he was held in great favour by Charles I, who appointed him a member of the English Privy Council. This earldom had been lost by his ancestor Malise Graham, 1st Earl of Menteith and he proceeded on the idea that the earldom of Strathearn only followed along male lines of descent, and therefore reverted to him, and he was not hindered in his efforts. He was created Earl of Strathearn in 1631, and took action to secure his authority over all of Strathearn, Graham met with some opposition which dealt with his claims to the Earldom of Menteith and his bloodline. It is said that in front of witnesses he boasted that he had the reddest blood in Scotland and that the King was obliged to him for his crown, a charge which Earl William denied. Because the lineage of Robert II was of then a matter of some controversy and he subsequently lost the favor of Charles I. Airth is a location which is well south-west of Aberfoyle. He was ordered to confine himself to Airth for four years, until he was restored to favour in 1637, during this time, Airth Castle was made a garrison by Cromwells invading troops, and the Earl was ordered to cut down the woods in Aberfoyle parish. The crops were wasted and burned by the Cromwells general, George Monck, the losses sustained by the Earl of Airth were never recouped, and overwhelmed, he was forced to part with nearly all of his lands to gain enough money to recover his estate. The Earl of Airth died, likely after the month of April and he had seven sons and four daughters. His son John Graham married Lady Mary Keith, and died leaving a son, William Graham, who succeeded to his grandfathers titles
16.
Duke of Kent and Strathearn
–
Duke of Kent and Strathearn is a title that was created once in the Peerage of Great Britain. Several Earls of Kent had previously created in the Peerage of England. Henry Grey, 12th Earl of Kent was created Duke of Kent in 1710, on 23 April 1799, the double dukedom of Kent and Strathearn was given, along with the earldom of Dublin, to King George IIIs fourth son, Prince Edward Augustus. Edward had only one child, a daughter, Princess Alexandrina Victoria, upon Edwards death in 1820, the dukedom of Kent and Strathearn became extinct, as he had no legitimate male heir
17.
Duke of Connaught and Strathearn
–
The title of Duke of Connaught and Strathearn was granted by Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland to her third son, Prince Arthur, on 24 May 1874. At the same time, he was granted the subsidiary title of Earl of Sussex. The Dukedom of Connaught and Strathearn was named one of the four provinces of Ireland. It was seen as the title that, if available, would henceforth be awarded to the British monarchs third son, since the exit of the Irish Free State from the United Kingdom in 1922, titles related to locations in the Free State have not been awarded. However, territorial titles relating to Northern Ireland have continued to be awarded, after Prince Arthurs death in 1942, the title was inherited by his grandson, Alastair. In the absence of any heirs, the dukedom became extinct when Alastair died,15 months after his grandfather. A Canadian military regiment, The British Columbia Regiment, is a Canadian armoured regiment in the 1st Dukes name, a British Indian Army cavalry regiment, the 6th Duke of Connaughts Own Lancers, was also named for the 1st Duke. Connaught Place, New Delhi, the centre of Indias capital. Connaught Place, London, on the end of Edgeware Road, very close to the Marble Arch
18.
Elizabeth II
–
Elizabeth II has been Queen of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand since 6 February 1952. Elizabeth was born in London as the eldest child of the Duke and Duchess of York, later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth and her father acceded to the throne on the abdication of his brother Edward VIII in 1936, from which time she was the heir presumptive. She began to undertake duties during the Second World War. Elizabeths many historic visits and meetings include a visit to the Republic of Ireland. She has seen major changes, such as devolution in the United Kingdom, Canadian patriation. She has reigned through various wars and conflicts involving many of her realms and she is the worlds oldest reigning monarch as well as Britains longest-lived. In October 2016, she became the longest currently reigning monarch, in 2017 she became the first British monarch to commemorate a Sapphire Jubilee. Elizabeth has occasionally faced republican sentiments and press criticism of the family, however, support for the monarchy remains high. Elizabeth was born at 02,40 on 21 April 1926, during the reign of her paternal grandfather and her father, Prince Albert, Duke of York, was the second son of the King. Her mother, Elizabeth, Duchess of York, was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and she was delivered by Caesarean section at her maternal grandfathers London house,17 Bruton Street, Mayfair. Elizabeths only sibling, Princess Margaret, was born in 1930, the two princesses were educated at home under the supervision of their mother and their governess, Marion Crawford, who was casually known as Crawfie. Lessons concentrated on history, language, literature and music, Crawford published a biography of Elizabeth and Margarets childhood years entitled The Little Princesses in 1950, much to the dismay of the royal family. The book describes Elizabeths love of horses and dogs, her orderliness, others echoed such observations, Winston Churchill described Elizabeth when she was two as a character. She has an air of authority and reflectiveness astonishing in an infant and her cousin Margaret Rhodes described her as a jolly little girl, but fundamentally sensible and well-behaved. During her grandfathers reign, Elizabeth was third in the line of succession to the throne, behind her uncle Edward, Prince of Wales, and her father, the Duke of York. Although her birth generated public interest, she was not expected to become queen, many people believed that he would marry and have children of his own. When her grandfather died in 1936 and her uncle succeeded as Edward VIII, she became second-in-line to the throne, later that year, Edward abdicated, after his proposed marriage to divorced socialite Wallis Simpson provoked a constitutional crisis. Consequently, Elizabeths father became king, and she became heir presumptive, if her parents had had a later son, she would have lost her position as first-in-line, as her brother would have been heir apparent and above her in the line of succession
19.
Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge
–
Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge is the wife of Prince William, Duke of Cambridge. Following his father Charles, Prince of Wales, William is second in line to succeed his grandmother, Queen Elizabeth II, the duchess grew up in Chapel Row, a village near Newbury, Berkshire, England. She studied art history in Scotland at the University of St Andrews and their engagement was announced on 16 November 2010 before they married on 29 April 2011 at Westminster Abbey. The duke and duchess have two children, Prince George and Princess Charlotte of Cambridge, who are third and fourth in line to the British throne. Catherine Elizabeth Middleton was born at Royal Berkshire Hospital in Reading on 9 January 1982 to an upper-middle-class family and she was christened at St Andrews Bradfield, Berkshire, on 20 June 1982. The family of her father Michael has ties to British aristocracy and her Middleton relatives were reported as having played host to British royalty as long ago as 1926. She has a sister, Philippa Pippa, and a younger brother. The family lived in Amman, Jordan, from May 1984 to September 1986, her father worked for British Airways, following her return to Berkshire in 1986, she was enrolled aged four at St Andrews School, a private school near the village of Pangbourne in Berkshire. She boarded part-weekly at St Andrews in her later years and she then studied briefly at Downe House. In November 2006, Middleton accepted a position as a buyer with the clothing chain Jigsaw. She also worked until January 2011 at Party Pieces, her role within the business included catalogue design and production, marketing. In 2001, Middleton met Prince William while they were students in residence at St Salvators Hall at the University of St Andrews. The couple began dating in 2003, although their relationship remained unconfirmed, on 17 October 2005, Middleton complained through her lawyer about harassment from the media, stating that she had done nothing significant to warrant publicity. Middleton attended Prince Williams Passing Out Parade at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst on 15 December 2006, on 17 May 2008, Middleton attended the wedding of Prince Williams cousin Peter Phillips to Autumn Kelly, which the prince did not attend. On 19 July 2008, she was a guest at the wedding of Lady Rose Windsor, Prince William was away on military operations in the Caribbean, serving aboard HMS Iron Duke. In 2010, Middleton pursued an invasion of privacy claim against two agencies and photographer Niraj Tanna, who took photographs of her over Christmas 2009 and she obtained a public apology, £5,000 in damages, and legal costs. In April 2007, Prince William and Middleton split up, the couple decided to break up during a holiday in the Swiss resort of Zermatt. Newspapers speculated about the reasons for the split, although these reports relied on anonymous sources, Middleton and her family attended the Concert for Diana at Wembley Stadium, where she and Prince William sat two rows apart
20.
Gille Brigte, Earl of Strathearn
–
Gille Brigte of Strathearn, sometimes also called Gilbert, is the third known earl or mormaer of Strathearn. The eldest of three born to Ferteth, Earl of Strathearn and his wife Eithne, he first appears on record in 1164. He succeed his father in 1171, and around this time was made Justiciar of Scotia and he does not seem to have taken a large role in public affairs, and does not often occur in public records. A number of royal charters do exist, granting him lands in Perthshire. He was more active in ecclesiastical affairs and he was also a benefactor to Dunblane Cathedral. Gille Brigte died in 1223, perhaps in his 70s, a long life for the period. His first wife was Matilda or Maud, the daughter of William de Albini Brito and his second wife was Ysenda, a lady who held lands in Abercairny and had two brothers, Sir Richard and Galfric of Gask. His wife is not known, but he had two sons, Malise and Nicholas Gille Brigte/Gilbert of Glencarnie, held the lands of Glencarnie, native Lordship in Medieval Scotland, The Earldoms of Strathearn and Lennox, c. 1140–1365, The Scots Peerage, ed. James Balfour Paul, Vol VIII, pp. 241–4
21.
Malise IV, Earl of Strathearn
–
Malise IV of Strathearn was a Scottish nobleman, the seventh known ruler of Strathearn. He was an ardent supporter of King Robert the Bruce, in contrast to his father, Malise and he is first recorded in January 1306, when he and his mother petitioned King Edward to release his father, who had been mistakenly imprisoned. On the fall of the castle, the elder Malise was captured by his son, little more is known of him, as his name does not often appear on record. He was one of the earls who signed the Declaration of Arbroath in 1320 and his second wife, whom he married around 1323, was Jean or Joanna, daughter of Sir John Menteith of Ruskie. After the Earls death around 1329, the Dowager Countess would go on to three more times. Her third husband, Maurice Murray, was granted the earldom of Strathearn after it was lost by the eighth Earl. The Scots Peerage, ed. James Balfour Paul, Vol VIII, pp. 251-2 Neville, Cynthia J. Native Lordship in Medieval Scotland, The Earldoms of Strathearn and Lennox, c
22.
Robert II of Scotland
–
Robert II reigned as King of Scots from 1371 to his death as the first monarch of the House of Stewart. Marjorie by this time had died in a riding accident – probably in 1317. Parliament decreed her infant son, Robert Stewart, as heir presumptive, in 1329 King Robert I died and the six-year-old David succeeded to the throne with Sir Thomas Randolph, Earl of Moray appointed Guardian of Scotland. Robert fought at Halidon, where his uncle and former guardian, following this battle, Roberts lands in the west were given by Balliol to his supporter David Strathbogie, the titular Earl of Atholl. Robert took refuge in the fortress of Dumbarton Castle in the Clyde estuary to join his uncle, in May 1334 David escaped to France leaving Robert and John Randolph, 3rd Earl of Moray as joint Guardians of the kingdom. Robert succeeded in regaining his lands but following Randolphs capture by the English in July 1335, his possessions were again targeted by the forces of Balliol. This may have persuaded Robert to submit to Balliol and the English king, the Guardianship transferred to Sir Andrew Murray of Bothwell but following his death in 1338 Robert was re-appointed and retained the office until King David returned from France in June 1341. Robert accompanied David into battle at Nevilles Cross on 17 October 1346 but he and Patrick Dunbar, Earl of March escaped or fled the field, in October 1357, the king was ransomed for 100,000 marks to be paid in installments over ten years. Robert married Elizabeth Mure around 1348, legitimising his four sons and his subsequent marriage to Euphemia de Ross in 1355 produced two sons and two surviving daughters and provided the basis of a future dispute regarding the line of succession. Robert joined a rebellion against David in 1363 but submitted to him following a threat to his right of succession. In 1364, David presented a proposal to Parliament that would cancel the remaining ransom debt if it was agreed that a Plantagenet heir would inherit the Scottish throne should he die without issue. This was rejected and Robert succeeded to the throne at the age of 55 following Davids unexpected death in 1371, Robert II died in Dundonald Castle in 1390 and was buried at Scone Abbey. Robert Stewart, born in 1316, was the child of Walter Stewart, High Steward of Scotland and King Robert Is daughter Marjorie Bruce. He had the upbringing of a Gaelic noble on the Stewart lands in Bute, Clydeside, in 1315 parliament removed Marjories right as heir to her father in favour of her uncle, Edward Bruce. This reinstatement of his status was accompanied by the gift of lands in Argyll, Roxburghshire, the first war of independence began in the reign of King John Balliol. His short reign was bedeviled by Edward Is insistence on his overlordship of Scotland, John Balliol submitted to Edward and resigned the throne to him before being sent to London as a prisoner. Despite this, resistance to the English led by William Wallace, on their deaths, Robert the Bruce continued to resist the English and eventually succeeded in defeating the forces of Edward II of England and gained the Scottish throne for himself. David Bruce, aged five, became king on 7 June 1329 on the death of his father Robert, Davids accession kindled the second independence war which threatened Roberts position as heir
23.
Walter Stewart, Earl of Atholl
–
Walter Stewart, Earl of Atholl, Strathearn and Caithness was a Scottish nobleman, the son of Robert II of Scotland. Stewart was an advocate of the ransom and return to Scotland of the future king in exile, James I. In 1425 he served as a member of the jury of 21 which tried and executed his nephew Murdoch Stewart, eventually however Atholl turned against the King and conspired in his assassination in 1437. He was tried for murder and was executed after 3 days of gruesome torture and he was a son of Robert II of Scotland by his second wife Euphemia de Ross, daughter of Aodh, Earl of Ross. He was also a younger half-brother of Robert III of Scotland, in 1404, he was created Earl of Atholl. He was made Great Justiciar of Scotland and Earl of Strathearn, with such title being taken from Malise Graham and he resigned Caithness to his son Alan in 1428, but regained it on Alans death without issue in 1431. The depth of his loyalties to James is unclear, others aver that it was the imprisonment and subsequent death of his son David that turned him against the king. Robert Stewart unbarred the doors to the apartments, permitting assassins to enter the Kings lodging at the Dominican Friars in Perth. The King hid himself under the floorboards, only to be discovered by Sir Robert Graham, however, Atholl found little popular support for his cause, and the conspirators were swiftly apprehended. They were attainted and put to death in Edinburgh by a series of tortures remarkable, walter was tortured over a period of three days. On the first, he was put in a cart with a crane, hoisted up, dropped and he was then placed in a pillory and crowned with a diadem of burning iron bearing the inscription King of all Traitors. On the second day, he was bound to a hurdle, on the third, he was disembowelled while alive, his entrails burnt before his face, and his heart was torn out and burnt. Finally, his corpse was beheaded and quartered, and the quarters displayed around the realm, scotlands Historic Heraldry Retrieved November 2010 Riddell, John, p.201, Tracts, Legal and Historical, with other Antiquarian Matters Retrieved November 2010
24.
International Standard Book Number
–
The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
25.
Earl of Atholl
–
The Mormaer or Earl of Atholl was the title of the holder of a medieval comital lordship straddling the highland province of Atholl, now in northern Perthshire. Atholl is a special Mormaerdom, because a King of Atholl is reported from the Pictish period, the only other two Pictish kingdoms to be known from contemporary sources are Fortriu and Circinn. Indeed, the early 13th century document known to scholars as the de Situ Albanie repeats the claim that Atholl was an ancient Pictish kingdom. In the 11th century, the famous Crínán of Dunkeld may have performed the role of Mormaer, royal connections continued with Máel Muire, who was the son of King Donnchad I, and the younger brother of Máel Coluim III mac Donnchada. Matad was perhaps the most famous of the Mormaers, fathering Harald Maddadsson, the line of Máel Muire and Crínán came to an end when Forbhlaith, the daughter of Mormaer Henry married David de Hastings. The latter marriage produced a daughter, Ada, who married into the Strathbogie family, the Strathbogies ruled until the Wars of Independence, when the Campells took over. It finally passed to the Stewarts, dubdon Duncan II MacDonachadh 970s -1010 Crínán. He therefore lost the earldom upon the death of his brother in 1406, lost Kingdoms, Celtic Scotland in the Middle Ages
26.
Earl of Buchan
–
The Mormaer or Earl of Buchan was originally the provincial ruler of the medieval province of Buchan. Buchan was the first Mormaerdom in the High Medieval Kingdom of the Scots to pass into the hands of a family in the male line. The earldom had three lines in its history, not counting passings from female heiresses to sons, today it is held by the Erskine family as a peerage. The current holder is Malcolm Erskine, 17th Earl of Buchan, the first recorded person who definitely held the position of mormaer was Gartnait, whose patronage is noted in the Gaelic Notes on the Book of Deer. The latter is the only significant source for the mormaerdom, after the death of Fergus, before 1214, Buchan became the first native mormaerdom to pass into the hands of a foreign family, the Comyns, though only through marriage. Alexander Comyn, Earl of Buchan inherited and continued his mothers title, the title remained in crown hands until, later in the century, the title went to Alexander Stewart, the Wolf of Badenoch. By this point, however, Buchan was drastically truncated and no longer a provincial lordship, in 1469 the earldom was conferred on James Stewart. He was made Lord Auchterhouse at the time, also in the Peerage of Scotland. Stewart was the son of Sir James Stewart, the Black Knight of Lorn. The title descended in the male line until the death of his grandson, John. Johns only son by his first marriage, John Stewart, Master of Buchan, had killed at the Battle of Pinkie in 1547. Buchan was therefore succeeded by his granddaughter, Christina, suo jure Countess of Buchan and she married Robert Douglas, son of Sir Robert Douglas of Lochleven and brother of William Douglas, 6th Earl of Morton. Robert assumed the title of Earl of Buchan in right of his wife and he was succeeded by his daughter, Mary, suo jure Countess of Buchan. She married James Erskine, younger son of John Erskine, 18th Earl of Mar. James assumed the earldom in right of his wife, in 1633 the precedence of the earldom was established by Act of Parliament as 1469. This line of the family failed on the death of their grandson, the eighth Earl, the title passed by the terms of the 1617 charter to the heirs male of the 6th Earl i. e. to the heirs male of his younger brother Henry Erskine. Since 1695, the earls of Buchan are not heirs of line of the 1st Earl of Buchan, the late Earl was succeeded by his kinsman David Erskine, 4th Lord Cardross, who became the ninth Earl. He was the great-grandson of Henry Erskine, younger brother of James Erskine and his right to the earldom was acknowledged by the Scottish Parliament in 1698 and he later sat in the House of Lords as a Scottish Representative Peer. He was succeeded by his eldest surviving son, the tenth Earl and he was a Fellow of the Royal Society
27.
Earl of Carrick
–
Earl of Carrick or Mormaer of Carrick is the title applied to the ruler of Carrick, subsequently part of the Peerage of Scotland. The position came to be associated with the Scottish crown when Robert the Bruce. Since the 15th century the title of Earl of Carrick has automatically been held by the heir to the throne, meaning Prince Charles is the current Earl. The earldom emerged in 1186, out of the old Lordship of Galloway, though the Lords of Galloway recognised the King of Scots as their overlord, their lordship was effectively a separate kingdom, and had its own laws. The first Lord recorded is Fergus, who died in 1161 leaving two sons, Uchtred and Gille Brigte, as was the custom then, the two brothers shared the lordship and the lands between them. In 1174, they joined with King William the Lion in his invasion of Northumberland, however, after King William was taken prisoner by the English, the Galwegians broke into rebellion. Uchtred, who remained loyal to the Scottish king, was murdered by Gille Brigtes son Máel Coluim. In 1175, King William was restored to liberty, and he marched an army into Galloway to bring justice upon Gille Brigte, however, he seems to have contented himself with exacting a fine, leaving Gille Brigte to go unharmed. In 1176, Gille Brigte obtained an agreement with King Henry II of England, in which he became his vassal, in exchange, and gave his son Duncan as a hostage. Gille Brigte then spent the next decade carrying out devastating raids on King Williams territory, Gille Brigtes death in 1185 was the signal for general turmoil amongst the Galwegians. Roland, son of the murdered Uchtred, defeated the supporters of Gille Brigte in 1185 and this angered King Henry, and he marched a large force to Carlisle in preparation for invasion. Duncan agreed to terms, and renounced all claims to the Lordship of Galloway. Duncan married Avelina, daughter of Alan, High Steward of Scotland and his son or grandson Nialls eldest daughter Marjorie succeeded him, becoming Countess of Carrick in her own right. She married firstly Adam de Kilconquhar, in 1269, Adam journeyed to the Holy Land under the banners of King Louis IX of France, as part of the Eighth Crusade. He never returned, dying of disease at Acre in 1270, the next year, the widowed Countess happened to meet Robert de Brus hunting in her lands. According to legend, Marjorie imprisoned Robert until he agreed to marry her and they were married at Turnberry Castle, without their families knowledge or the requisite consent of the King. When news got out, Alexander III seized her castles and estates, but she later atoned for her foolishness with a fine and they had five sons and five daughters, Robert, Edward, Thomas, Alexander, Nigel, Isabel, Mary, Christina, Matilda and Margaret. Marjorie and Robert were succeeded by their eldest son, when the old House of Dunkeld became extinct, this Robert, known as the Bruce, became a principal candidate for the throne as the great-great-great-great grandson of David I
28.
Earl of Dunbar
–
The title Earl of Dunbar, also called Earl of Lothian or Earl of March, was the head of a comital lordship in south-eastern Scotland between the early 12th century and the early 15th century. The first man to use the title of Earl in this earldom was Gospatric II, Earl of Lothian, son of Gospatric, Earl of Northumbria. It descended to George de Dunbar, 11th Earl of March, who was forfeited by parliament of his titles & estates in 1435 and his son Patrick retained a barony at Kilconquhar in Fife. The title of Earl of Dunbar was resurrected in 1605 was for George Home, 1st Lord Hume of Berwick, Chancellor of the Exchequer and this title became dormant only six years after its creation, upon Homes death in 1611. Some of his kinsmen were said to be acknowledged as de jure holders of the title, there have been no subsequent creations, however, two other peerages with similar names are Lord of Dunbar and Viscount of Dunbar. George Home, de jure 3rd Earl of Dunbar, son of Alexander Home of Manderston and nephew of 1st Earl, certified in his claim in 1634 by the same Lord Advocate. Alexander Home, de jure 4th Earl of Dunbar, son of 3rd Earl, said to have confirmed in title by Charles II in 1651. Alexander Hume, of Manderstone, de jure 5th Earl of Dunbar (b,1651, d.4 Jan.1720 Aurich, Germany, nephew of 4th Earl. Capt. of a troop of horse in the service of the States of Holland, later Geheimrat in Aurich, to him 14 Oct.1689, King William III. confirmed the Earldom of Dunbar exemplifying the previous confirmation thereof by Charles II. It is not known if Alexander Hume styled himself Earl of Dunbar in Germany and his son - Leonard Hume, de jure 6th Earl of Dunbar - inherited the estate in Stikelkamp from his father. Leonards son - Heeres Andries Hume - was de jure the 7th Earl of Dunbar, note, No claimant has progressed his claim before the House of Lords Committee for Privileges to a satisfactory conclusion. This Committee was - until the Dissolution of Parliament on 12 April 2010 - the only body which was authorised to decide whether or not a claimant may be confirmed in the title. The Lord Advocate of Scotland, for instance, has no authority in matters, especially in the 17th century, given the corruption. The usual way to establish the right to inherit a title is to apply for a Writ of Summons to attend Parliament. Then the Committee for Privileges examines the validity of the supporting the line of descent of the claimant. Another descendant of Sir David and descended from a younger brother of Alexander Home. In 1810 Sir John Home of Renton, Bt. served notice that he was preparing a case to lay before The House to the title, honour, but it appears he did not pursue the case to a conclusion
29.
Earl of Fife
–
The Earl of Fife or Mormaer of Fife was the ruler of the province of Fife in medieval Scotland, which encompassed the modern counties of Fife and Kinross. Due to their ancestry, the Earls of Fife were the highest ranking nobles in the realm. Held by the MacDuff family until it passed by resignation to the Stewarts, the earldom was revived in 1759 with the style of Earl Fife for William Duff, a descendant of the MacDuffs. His great-great-grandson, the 6th Earl Fife, was made Earl of Fife in 1885, the Mormaers of Fife, by the 12th century, had established themselves as the highest ranking native nobles in Scotland. They frequently held the office of Justiciar of Scotia - highest brithem in the land -, the Mormaers function, as with other medieval Scottish lordships, was partly kin-based. Hence, in 1385, the Earl of Fife, seen as the successor of the lordship, is called capitalis legis de Clenmcduffe. The lordship existed in the Middle Ages until its last earl, Murdoch, the deputy or complementary position to mormaer or earl of Fife was leadership as Chief of Clan MacDuff. There is little doubt that the style MacDuib, or Macduff, derives from the name of King Cináed III mac Duib, compare, for instance, that Domhnall, Lord of the Isles, signed a charter in 1408 as MacDomhnaill. The chieftaincy of the clan was not always held by the mormaer, for example, at the Battle of Falkirk, it is the head of the clan who led the men of Fife, rather than the Mormaer. The Macduff line continued without interruption until the time of Isabella, the child of Donnchad IV, Earl of Fife. She succeeded her father as suo jure Countess of Fife on his death in 1358 and she married four times, but all her husbands died within a few years of their marriage. In 1371 she was persuaded to name Robert Stewart, Earl of Menteith as her heir and he thus succeeded her as twelfth Earl of Fife on her death in 1389. Duke Robert was succeeded as Duke of Albany, Earl of Fife, Duke Murdoch was forfeited and executed in 1425, due to his fathers part in the death of Prince David, Duke of Rothesay. Thus the earldom of Fife came to an end, the arms of the earldom of Fife are or, a lion rampant gules, that is, a red lion rampant on gold. The Fife lion also appears in the first quarter of the Duke of Fifes arms, the earldom of Fife was resurrected in 1759 for William Duff, after he proved his descent from the original Earls of Fife. This title was in the Peerage of Ireland, notwithstanding that Fife is in Scotland, the title of Earl of Fife in the Peerage of the United Kingdom was created in 1885 by Queen Victoria for Alexander Duff, 6th Earl Fife. When it became clear that Alexander was not going to have a son, after his death in 1912, the dukedom of Fife passed to his eldest daughter Lady Alexandra, and his other titles, including the 1759 earldom, became extinct. The fourth and current Duke of Fife is David Carnegie, the grandson of Duke Alexanders younger daughter
30.
Earl of Lennox
–
The Earl or Mormaer of Lennox was the ruler of the district of the Lennox in western Scotland. The first earl recorded is Ailin I, sometimes called Alwin and he is traditionally said to have been created Earl of Lennox by King Malcolm IV in 1154, but this is likely too early a date. Earl Ailins parentage and background is unknown and his line continued as Earls of Lennox until the time of Earl Duncan in the fifteenth century. Duncans daughter Isabella married Murdoch, son of Robert, Duke of Albany, Duncan hoped this marriage would improve the familys prospects, but it would in fact be their downfall. Isabella was imprisoned in Tantallon Castle, but she escaped execution, all four of her sons died in her lifetime, two from King Jamess retribution, and two from natural causes. She had several grandsons, but none of them were legitimate, in 1473 the earldom was reclaimed by Sir John Stewart of Darnley, who was the grandson of Elizabeth Lennox, daughter to Earl Duncan and sister to Countess Isabella. In 1565 his great-great-great-grandson Henry, Lord Darnley married Mary, Queen of Scots and he would be murdered at Kirk o Field in 1567, and therefore on the death of his father Earl Matthew, the earldom of Lennox passed to James, the son of Henry and Mary. James would accede as King of Scots a few later. In 1572, the earldom was conferred upon King Jamess uncle Charles and he did not long enjoy the title, for he died four years later at the age of twenty-one. It was next granted to the kings great-uncle Robert in 1578, in 1675, the Dukedom of Lennox was conferred upon Charles, bastard son of King Charles II, along with the English Dukedom of Richmond and several other titles. However, Duke Charles would later sell his lands in the Lennox to the Duke of Montrose and this line survives today, and is currently headed by another Duke Charles. Walter of Faslane, descendant of the second Earl, Duncan, Earl of Lennox Isabella, Countess of Lennox m. Murdoch Stewart, Duke of Albany The title became extinct c. 1459, as all four sons of Countess Isabella died without legitimate issue, Charles Stewart, Earl of Lennox, second son of the fourth Earl of the second creation. Robert Stewart, Earl of Lennox, exchanged for the Earldom of March in 1580, esmé Stewart, Earl of Lennox, grandson of the third Earl of the second creation through his third son John
31.
Earl of Mar
–
The Mormaer or Earl of Mar is a title that has been reaffirmed seven times, all in the Peerage of Scotland. The first creation of the earldom was originally the ruler of the province of Mar in north-eastern Scotland. First attested in the year 1014, the seat or caput eventually became Kildrummy Castle, the title evolved into a peerage title, and was made particularly famous by John Erskine, 22nd Earl of Mar who was an important Jacobite military leader during the 1715 Jacobite rising. Owing to a 19th-century dispute, there are currently two Earls of Mar, with James Thorne Erskine, 14th Earl of Mar and 16th Earl of Kellie and Margaret of Mar, 31st Countess of Mar. The Earl of Mar and Kellie is the hereditary Clan Chief of Clan Erskine, the Earldom of Mar is thought to be the oldest peerage in Great Britain, and even Europe. The family seat of Earl of Mar is St Michaels Farm, near Great Witley, Worcestershire, the first Mormaer of Mar is usually regarded as Ruadrí, mentioned in the Book of Deer. Some modern sources give earlier mormaers, i. e, the accounts of the Battle of Clontarf in some of the Irish annals name Domnall son of Eimen son of Cainnech, Mormaer of Mar in Alba, as among those killed in 1014 alongside Brian Boru. The principal seats of the Mormaerdom were Migvie and Doune of Invernochty, the Mormaerdom may initially have alternated between two kin-groups, represented respectively by Morggán, and by Gille Críst. Gilchrist succeeded Morgund, but was succeeded by Duncan, son of Morgund, on the other hand, we do not know Gilchrists parentage, and chronologically he could have been an elder brother of Duncan. He also had Urquhart, but that probably had nothing to do with the earldom, donnchadh got the title of Mormaer and the wealthier and militarily more useful upland parts of Mar. This line of Mormaers ended when Earl Thomas died childless in 1374 and she revoked the charter later that year, but on marrying him, she gave him the earldom for life with remainder to her heirs. The King confirmed her last action the next year, in 1426, Stewart resigned the title so that he could be granted a new one by the King, the new title being more legitimate. The King did so, but specified that the earldom and associated lands would revert to the Crown upon the death of the Earl. In 1435, the Earl died, and Robert, Lord Erskine claimed the title, the issue remained unresolved until 1457, when James II obtained a court order declaring the lands as crown possessions. Thereafter, he bestowed the title on his son John, who died without heirs in 1479 and it was next granted to James other son, Alexander, Duke of Albany, but the title was then declared forfeit because of Alexanders alliances with the English. James III created his son John Earl of Mar in 1486, the title was once again created in 1562, for James, Earl of Moray, son of James V, but he, too, could not produce a qualified heir. Moray rebelled in 1565 in protest at the marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots, John, the 23rd was attainted for rebellion in 1716, and the Earldom remained forfeit for over a century. In 1824, the Earldom was finally restored by Act of Parliament to John Francis Erskine and his grandson, the ninth Earl, successfully claimed inheritance the earldom of Kellie and associated titles in 1835
.svg)
