1.
Earth Hour
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Earth Hour is a worldwide movement organized by the World Wide Fund for Nature. It was started as an event in Sydney, Australia. Since then, it has grown to more than 7,000 cities. Earth Hour 2016 was on Saturday, March 19, from 8,30 p. m. to 9,30 p. m. during participants local time, and was held March 25 in 2017. In 2004, confronted with scientific findings, WWF Australia met with advertising agency Leo Burnett Sydney to discuss ideas for engaging Australians on the issue of climate change. The idea of a large scale switch off was coined and developed in 2006, WWF Australia presented their concept to Fairfax Media who, along with Sydney Lord Mayor Clover Moore, agreed to back the event. The 2007 Earth Hour was held on March 31 in Sydney, Australia at 7,30 pm, in October 2007 San Francisco ran its own Lights Out program inspired by the Sydney Earth Hour. After their successful event in October, the decided to rally behind the Earth Hour being planned for March 2008. Earth Hour 2008 was held internationally on March 29,2008 from 8 p. m. to 9 p. m. local time, marking the first anniversary of the event. With 35 countries around the world participating as official flagship cities and over 400 cities also supporting, landmarks around the world turned off their non-essential lighting for Earth Hour. Earth Hour 2008 included 26 major cities worldwide and 300 smaller towns shutting off their lights, the official website for the event, earthhour. org, received over 6.7 million unique visitors in the week leading up to Earth Hour. Other websites took part in the event, with Googles homepage going dark on the day Earth Hour took place, according to a Zogby International online survey,36 million Americans—approximately 16 percent of the United States adult population—participated in Earth Hour 2008. The survey also showed there was a 4 percentage point increase in the level of interest in issues such as climate change. Tel Aviv scheduled their Earth Hour for Thursday March 27,2008 to avoid conflict with Sabbath, dublin moved their Earth Hour to between 9 and 10 p. m. due to their northern geographical location. According to WWF Thailand, Bangkok decreased electricity usage by 73.34 megawatts, the Bangkok Post gave different figures of 165 megawatt-hours and 102 tonnes of carbon dioxide. Philippine Electricity Market Corp. noted that consumption dropped by about 78.63 megawatts in Metro Manila. The maximum demand drop of around 39 MW was experienced at 8,14 p. m. in Metro Manila, Ontario used approximately 900 megawatt-hours less electrical energy during Earth Hour. At one point, Toronto saw an 8. 7% reduction in consumption as compared to a typical March Saturday night, Ireland, as a whole, had a reduction in electricity use of about 1. 5% for the evening
2.
Flag of Earth
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A flag of Earth is a flag used to represent Earth. Although no flag has received any recognition by any governmental body, some individuals. The most widely recognized flags associated with Earth are the flag of the United Nations, listed below are some of the unofficial contenders for a Flag of Earth. A flag designed by John McConnell in 1969 for the first Earth Day is a blue field charged with The Blue Marble. The first edition of McConnells flag used screen-printing and used different colors, ocean and land were white, McConnell presented his flag to the United Nations as a symbol for consideration. Because of the views of its creator and its having become a symbol of Earth Day, the flag is associated with environmental awareness. It was offered for sale originally in the Whole Earth Catalog and this does not invalidate the official history of McConnells flag, only the official patent that was issued on it. The One Flag in Space initiative is an offshoot of the Space Generation Congress and it promotes usage of the Blue Marble flag for space exploration. Adopted in 1946, the flag of the United Nations has been used to indicate world unity and it has a geographical representation of the planet, and its high visibility usage makes it a well-known contender for representing Earth. With this flag, he made a peace tour through Europe. The Universal Peace Congress adopted this flag as its World Peace Flag, designed by Pierre de Coubertin in 1914 and adopted in Olympic games since 1920, the Olympic flag represents all mankind and has a white bar with 5 interlocking rings of 5 colors. The five rings represent the five continents, the six colors represent all of the worlds nations. The World Citizen is a movement for global citizenship under a proposed world government. In 1953, one of its activists, Garry Davis, founded the World Service Authority, the astrological symbol of Earth is another candidate for Earths flag, often depicted with a blue background, with the symbol at its center. Another Earth flag was created around the time in 1970 by a farmer from Homer. It is particularly popular amongst SETI researchers and is used by SETI worldwide, the flag flies at the Ohio State University Radio Observatory and was lowered to half mast when Carl Sagan died. International was also founded by Cadle which sold the flag, the Flag of Earth became public domain in 2003. Magic Actions for YouTube used a small image of this flag next to a users name when the site couldnt determine geo-location during a comment post
3.
John McConnell (peace activist)
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John McConnell was the founder and creator of Earth Day, and a luminary with a major passion for peace, religion, and science throughout his life. He originated and promoted major ideas to human suffering and promote the common good. His interests included proposals for solving many of the problems that face humanity today. John McConnell was born on March 22,1915 in Davis City and he was the son of a traveling Pentecostal evangelist. His first interest in the Earth began in 1939 while partnering with Albert Nobell, realizing how much the manufacture of plastic polluted the Earth, his concern for ecology grew, notably during this time when concern for the environment was rare. Afterward, he was a believer in care of the environment, founded on his Christian passion for peace. Leading into World War II, he believed that love and prayer could be powerful than bombs. Because of this event he was recognized all around the United States and this led him to create a Star of Hope organization to foster International Cooperation in Space. In 1959 to pursue his dream of peace, John McConnell moved to California where he and his co-publisher, Erling Toness, along with the Mountain View, he organized a very successful campaign in San Francisco titled Meals for Millions. This campaign in 1962 was held to feed thousands of Hong Kong refugees, in 1963, after the Meals for Millions campaign, McConnell worked on another campaign called Minute for Peace. He worked on Minute for Peace for seven years after Meals for Millions and he began his Minute for Peace campaign with a broadcast on December 22,1963, ending the mourning period for President John F. Kennedy. On June 26,1965 McConnell spoke at the National Education Association Convention in Madison Square Garden where the came together for a Minute for Peace. John McConnells concern for the environment grew in the late 1950s and he was moved when he saw the first picture of the Earth printed in Life magazine. Later that picture became the symbol on the Earth Day flag which he designed and created, the Earth Day Flag was featured in the Whole Earth Catalogue and has been used ever since, all around the world, to show support of efforts to help people and planet. The Earth Day Flag is a symbol of Earth Day and is part of the Earth Day Ceremony each year on the spring equinox at the United Nations. The proposal won support and was followed by an Earth Day Proclamation by the City of San Francisco. In June 1970 McConnell created the Earth Day Proclamation for worldwide use, the Earth Day Proclamation declared the principles and responsibilities the signers undertook to care for the Earth. It was signed by 36 world leaders, including UN Secretary General U Thant, Margaret Mead, John Gardner, the last signature by Mikhail Gorbachev was added in 2000
4.
Environmental protection
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Environmental protection is a practice of protecting the natural environment on individual, organisation controlled or governmental levels, for the benefit of both the environment and humans. Due to the pressures of over consumption, population and technology and this has been recognized, and governments have begun placing restraints on activities that cause environmental degradation. Since the 1960s, activity of environmental movements has created awareness of the environmental issues. There is no agreement on the extent of the impact of human activity and even scientific dishonesty occurs. For instance, in India, Environment Improvement Trust has been working for environment & forest protection since 1998, a group of Green Volunteers get a goal of Green India Clean India concept. CA Gajendra Kumar Jain an Chartered Accountant is founder of Environment Improvement Trust in Sojat city a small village of State of Rajasthan in India, in developing countries, such as throughout Latin America, these agreements are more commonly used to remedy significant levels of non-compliance with mandatory regulation. The challenges that exist with these agreements lie in establishing baseline data, targets, due to the difficulties inherent in evaluating effectiveness, their use is often questioned and, indeed, the whole environment may well be adversely affected as a result. The key advantage of their use in developing countries is that their use helps to build environmental management capacity and this approach ideally supports a better exchange of information, development of conflict-resolution strategies and improved regional conservation. Many of the resources are especially vulnerable because they are influenced by human impacts across many countries. As a result of this, many attempts are made by countries to develop agreements that are signed by multiple governments to prevent damage or manage the impacts of human activity on natural resources. This can include agreements that impact factors such as climate, oceans, rivers and these agreements have a long history with some multinational agreements being in place from as early as 1910 in Europe, America and Africa. Some of the most well-known international agreements include the Kyoto Protocol, discussion concerning environmental protection often focuses on the role of government, legislation, and law enforcement. However, in its broadest sense, environmental protection may be seen to be the responsibility of all the people, decisions that impact the environment will ideally involve a broad range of stakeholders including industry, indigenous groups, environmental group and community representatives. Gradually, environmental decision-making processes are evolving to reflect this broad base of stakeholders and are becoming more collaborative in many countries, many constitutions acknowledge the fundamental right to environmental protection and many international treaties acknowledge the right to live in a healthy environment. Also, many countries have organizations and agencies devoted to environmental protection, there are international environmental protection organizations, such as the United Nations Environment Programme. Tanzania is recognised as having some of the greatest biodiversity of any African country, almost 40% of the land has been established into a network of protected areas, including several national parks. In year 1948, Serengeti was officially established as the first national park for wild cats in East Africa, in 1998 Environment Improvement Trust start working for environment & forest protection in India from a small city Sojat. Founder of Environment Improvement Trust is CA Gajendra Kumar Jain working with volunteers, division of the biosphere is the main government body that oversees protection
5.
Paris Agreement
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The language of the agreement was negotiated by representatives of 195 countries at the 21st Conference of the Parties of the UNFCCC in Paris and adopted by consensus on 12 December 2015. It was opened for signature on 22 April 2016 at a ceremony in New York, as of March 2017,194 UNFCCC members have signed the treaty,141 of which have ratified it. The agreement went into effect on 4 November 2016, the head of the Paris Conference, Frances foreign minister Laurent Fabius, said this ambitious and balanced plan is a historic turning point in the goal of reducing global warming. One year on, the ratification of the Paris Agreement was celebrated by the Mayor of Paris Anne Hidalgo by illuminating the Eiffel Tower, countries furthermore aim to reach global peaking of greenhouse gas emissions as soon as possible. The agreement has been described as an incentive for and driver of fossil fuel divestment, the Paris deal is the worlds first comprehensive climate agreement. The contribution that each country should make in order to achieve the worldwide goal are determined by all countries individually. Article 3 requires them to be ambitious, represent a progression over time, the contributions should be reported every five years and are to be registered by the UNFCCC Secretariat. Each further ambition should be more ambitious than the previous one, countries can cooperate and pool their nationally determined contributions. The Intended Nationally Determined Contributions pledged during the 2015 Climate Change Conference serve—unless provided otherwise—as the initial Nationally determined contribution, the level of NDCs set by each country will set that countrys targets. However the contributions themselves are not binding as a matter of law, as they lack the specificity, normative character. Furthermore, there will be no mechanism to force a country to set a target in their NDC by a specific date and no enforcement if a set target in an NDC is not met. There will be only a name and shame system or as János Pásztor, the U. N. assistant secretary-general on climate change, told CBS News, as the agreement provides no consequences if countries do not meet their commitments, consensus of this kind is fragile. A trickle of nations exiting the agreement may trigger the withdrawal of more governments, the negotiators of the Agreement however stated that the NDCs and the 2 °C reduction target were insufficient, instead, a 1.5 ̊C. The global stocktake will kick off with a dialogue in 2018. The implementation of the agreement by all member countries together will be evaluated every 5 years, the outcome is to be used as input for new nationally determined contributions of member states. The stocktake will not be of contributions/achievements of individual countries but an analysis of what has been achieved. The stocktake works as part of the Paris Agreements effort to create a ratcheting up of ambition in emissions cuts, while ratcheting up the ambition of NDCs is a major aim of the global stocktake, it assesses efforts beyond mitigation. The 5 year reviews will also evaluate adaptation, climate finance provisions, the specific climate goals are thus politically encouraged, rather than legally bound
6.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
7.
China
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China, officially the Peoples Republic of China, is a unitary sovereign state in East Asia and the worlds most populous country, with a population of over 1.381 billion. The state is governed by the Communist Party of China and its capital is Beijing, the countrys major urban areas include Shanghai, Guangzhou, Beijing, Chongqing, Shenzhen, Tianjin and Hong Kong. China is a power and a major regional power within Asia. Chinas landscape is vast and diverse, ranging from forest steppes, the Himalaya, Karakoram, Pamir and Tian Shan mountain ranges separate China from much of South and Central Asia. The Yangtze and Yellow Rivers, the third and sixth longest in the world, respectively, Chinas coastline along the Pacific Ocean is 14,500 kilometers long and is bounded by the Bohai, Yellow, East China and South China seas. China emerged as one of the worlds earliest civilizations in the basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain. For millennia, Chinas political system was based on hereditary monarchies known as dynasties, in 1912, the Republic of China replaced the last dynasty and ruled the Chinese mainland until 1949, when it was defeated by the communist Peoples Liberation Army in the Chinese Civil War. The Communist Party established the Peoples Republic of China in Beijing on 1 October 1949, both the ROC and PRC continue to claim to be the legitimate government of all China, though the latter has more recognition in the world and controls more territory. China had the largest economy in the world for much of the last two years, during which it has seen cycles of prosperity and decline. Since the introduction of reforms in 1978, China has become one of the worlds fastest-growing major economies. As of 2016, it is the worlds second-largest economy by nominal GDP, China is also the worlds largest exporter and second-largest importer of goods. China is a nuclear weapons state and has the worlds largest standing army. The PRC is a member of the United Nations, as it replaced the ROC as a permanent member of the U. N. Security Council in 1971. China is also a member of numerous formal and informal multilateral organizations, including the WTO, APEC, BRICS, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the BCIM, the English name China is first attested in Richard Edens 1555 translation of the 1516 journal of the Portuguese explorer Duarte Barbosa. The demonym, that is, the name for the people, Portuguese China is thought to derive from Persian Chīn, and perhaps ultimately from Sanskrit Cīna. Cīna was first used in early Hindu scripture, including the Mahābhārata, there are, however, other suggestions for the derivation of China. The official name of the state is the Peoples Republic of China. The shorter form is China Zhōngguó, from zhōng and guó and it was then applied to the area around Luoyi during the Eastern Zhou and then to Chinas Central Plain before being used as an occasional synonym for the state under the Qing
8.
2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference
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The 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference, COP21 or CMP11 was held in Paris, France, from 30 November to 12 December 2015. The conference negotiated the Paris Agreement, an agreement on the reduction of climate change. The agreement will enter into force when joined by at least 55 countries which together represent at least 55 percent of greenhouse emissions. On 22 April 2016,174 countries signed the agreement in New York, the agreement calls for zero net anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions to be reached during the second half of the 21st century. In the adopted version of the Paris Agreement, the parties will also pursue efforts to limit the increase to 1.5 °C. The 1.5 °C goal will require zero emissions sometime between 2030 and 2050, according to some scientists, prior to the conference,146 national climate panels publicly presented draft national climate contributions. These suggested commitments were estimated to limit warming to 2.7 degrees Celsius by 2100. For example, the EU suggested INDC is a commitment to a 40 percent reduction in emissions by 2030 compared to 1990, the agreement establishes a global stocktake which revisits the national goals to update and enhance them every five years beginning 2023. However, no detailed timetable or country-specific goals for emissions were incorporated into the Paris Agreement – as opposed to the previous Kyoto Protocol. A number of meetings took place in preparation for COP21, including the Bonn Climate Change Conference,19 to 23 October 2015, pope Francis published an encyclical called Laudato si intended, in part, to influence the conference. The encyclical calls for action against climate change, the International Trade Union Confederation has called for the goal to be zero carbon, zero poverty, and its general secretary Sharan Burrow has repeated that there are no jobs on a dead planet. Think-tanks such as the World Pensions Council argued that the keys to success lay in convincing officials in the U. S, things changed for the better on 12 November 2014 when President Obama and General Secretary Xi Jinping agreed to limit greenhouse gases emissions. We’ve driven our economic output to all time-highs while driving our carbon pollution down to its lowest level in two decades. ”The location of UNFCCC talks is rotated by regions throughout United Nations countries. The 2015 conference was held at Le Bourget from 30 November to 11 December 2015, as of 2012, France generated over 90% of its electricity from zero carbon sources, including nuclear, hydroelectric, and wind. The conference took place two weeks after a series of terrorist attacks in central Paris, security was tightened accordingly, with 30,000 police officers and 285 security checkpoints deployed across the country until after the conference ended. The European Union and 195 nations were the participating parties, the overarching goal of the Convention is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to limit the global temperature increase. Since COP17 this increase is set at 2 °C above pre-industrial levels, during previous climate negotiations, countries agreed to outline actions they intended to take within a global agreement, by 1 October 2015. These commitments are known as Intended Nationally Determined Contributions or INDCs, on 12 December 2015, the participating 195 countries agreed, by consensus, to the final global pact, the Paris Agreement, to reduce emissions as part of the method for reducing greenhouse gas
9.
UNESCO
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The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations based in Paris. It is the heir of the League of Nations International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation, UNESCO has 195 member states and nine associate members. Most of its offices are cluster offices covering three or more countries, national and regional offices also exist. UNESCO pursues its objectives through five major programs, education, natural sciences, social/human sciences, culture and it is also a member of the United Nations Development Group. UNESCO and its mandate for international cooperation can be traced back to a League of Nations resolution on 21 September 1921, on 18 December 1925, the International Bureau of Education began work as a non-governmental organization in the service of international educational development. However, the work of predecessor organizations was largely interrupted by the onset of World War II. On 30 October 1943, the necessity for an organization was expressed in the Moscow Declaration, agreed upon by China, the United Kingdom, the United States. This was followed by the Dumbarton Oaks Conference proposals of 9 October 1944, a prominent figure in the initiative for UNESCO was Rab Butler, the Minister of Education for the United Kingdom. At the ECO/CONF, the Constitution of UNESCO was introduced and signed by 37 countries, the Preparatory Commission operated between 16 November 1945, and 4 November 1946—the date when UNESCOs Constitution came into force with the deposit of the twentieth ratification by a member state. The first General Conference took place between 19 November to 10 December 1946, and elected Dr. Julian Huxley to Director-General and this change in governance distinguished UNESCO from its predecessor, the CICI, in how member states would work together in the organizations fields of competence. In 1956, the Republic of South Africa withdrew from UNESCO claiming that some of the organizations publications amounted to interference in the racial problems. South Africa rejoined the organization in 1994 under the leadership of Nelson Mandela, UNESCOs early work in the field of education included the pilot project on fundamental education in the Marbial Valley, Haiti, started in 1947. This project was followed by missions to other countries, including, for example. In 1948, UNESCO recommended that Member States should make free primary education compulsory, in 1990, the World Conference on Education for All, in Jomtien, Thailand, launched a global movement to provide basic education for all children, youths and adults. Ten years later, the 2000 World Education Forum held in Dakar, Senegal, UNESCOs early activities in culture included, for example, the Nubia Campaign, launched in 1960. The purpose of the campaign was to move the Great Temple of Abu Simbel to keep it from being swamped by the Nile after construction of the Aswan Dam, during the 20-year campaign,22 monuments and architectural complexes were relocated. This was the first and largest in a series of campaigns including Mohenjo-daro, Fes, Kathmandu, Borobudur, the organizations work on heritage led to the adoption, in 1972, of the Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. The World Heritage Committee was established in 1976 and the first sites inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1978, since then important legal instruments on cultural heritage and diversity have been adopted by UNESCO member states in 2003 and 2005
10.
U Thant
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Thant, known honorifically as U Thant, was a Burmese diplomat and the third Secretary-General of the United Nations from 1961 to 1971, the first non-European to hold the position. He held the office for a record 10 years and one month, a native of Pantanaw, Thant was educated at the National High School and at the Rangoon University. In the days of tense political climate in Burma, he held moderate views positioning himself between fervent nationalists and British loyalists and he was a close friend of Burmas first Prime Minister U Nu and served various positions in Nus cabinet from 1948 to 1961. Thant had a calm and unassuming demeanor which won his colleagues respect and he was appointed as Secretary-General in 1961, when his predecessor, Dag Hammarskjöld, died in an air crash. Later, in December 1962, Thant ordered Operation Grandslam, which ended a secessionist insurgency in Congo and he was reappointed as Secretary-General on 2 December 1966 by a unanimous vote of the Security Council. In his second term, Thant was well known for publicly criticizing American conduct in the Vietnam War and he oversaw the entry of several newly independent African and Asian states into the UN. Thant refused to serve a term and retired in 1971. Thant died of cancer in 1974. A devout Buddhist and the foremost Burmese diplomat who served on the stage, Thant was widely admired. When the military government refused him any honours, riots broke out in Rangoon, U is an honorific in Burmese, roughly equal to Mr. Thant was his only name, per Burmese convention. In Burmese, he was known as Pantanaw U Thant, in reference to his hometown, Thant, the eldest of four sons, was born in Pantanaw, colonial Burma, to a moderately wealthy family of landowners and rice merchants. Educated in Calcutta, Thants father Po Hnit was the person in the town who could communicate well in English. He was a member of the Burma Research Society and had helped establish The Sun newspaper in Rangoon. He hoped that all his four sons would each earn a degree and his other sons, Khant, Thaung, and Tin Maung went on to become politicians and scholars. Po Hnit had collected a library of various American and British books. As a result, Thant became a reader and his school friends nicknamed him The Philosopher. Apart from reading, he enjoyed sports including hiking, swimming and playing chinlone. He went to the National High School in Pantanaw, at the age of eleven, Thant participated in strikes against the University Act of 1920
11.
United Nations
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The United Nations is an intergovernmental organization to promote international co-operation. A replacement for the ineffective League of Nations, the organization was established on 24 October 1945 after World War II in order to prevent another such conflict, at its founding, the UN had 51 member states, there are now 193. The headquarters of the UN is in Manhattan, New York City, further main offices are situated in Geneva, Nairobi, and Vienna. The organization is financed by assessed and voluntary contributions from its member states, the UNs mission to preserve world peace was complicated in its early decades by the Cold War between the US and Soviet Union and their respective allies. The organization participated in actions in Korea and the Congo. After the end of the Cold War, the UN took on major military, the UN has six principal organs, the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Secretariat, the International Court of Justice, and the UN Trusteeship Council. UN System agencies include the World Bank Group, the World Health Organization, the World Food Programme, UNESCO, the UNs most prominent officer is the Secretary-General, an office held by Portuguese António Guterres since 2017. Non-governmental organizations may be granted consultative status with ECOSOC and other agencies to participate in the UNs work, the organization won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2001, and a number of its officers and agencies have also been awarded the prize. Other evaluations of the UNs effectiveness have been mixed, some commentators believe the organization to be an important force for peace and human development, while others have called the organization ineffective, corrupt, or biased. Following the catastrophic loss of life in the First World War, the earliest concrete plan for a new world organization began under the aegis of the US State Department in 1939. It incorporated Soviet suggestions, but left no role for France, four Policemen was coined to refer to four major Allied countries, United States, United Kingdom, Soviet Union, and China, which emerged in the Declaration by United Nations. Roosevelt first coined the term United Nations to describe the Allied countries, the term United Nations was first officially used when 26 governments signed this Declaration. One major change from the Atlantic Charter was the addition of a provision for religious freedom, by 1 March 1945,21 additional states had signed. Each Government pledges itself to cooperate with the Governments signatory hereto, the foregoing declaration may be adhered to by other nations which are, or which may be, rendering material assistance and contributions in the struggle for victory over Hitlerism. During the war, the United Nations became the term for the Allies. To join, countries had to sign the Declaration and declare war on the Axis, at the later meetings, Lord Halifax deputized for Mr. Eden, Wellington Koo for T. V. Soong, and Mr Gromyko for Mr. Molotov. The first meetings of the General Assembly, with 51 nations represented, the General Assembly selected New York City as the site for the headquarters of the UN, and the facility was completed in 1952. Its site—like UN headquarters buildings in Geneva, Vienna, and Nairobi—is designated as international territory, the Norwegian Foreign Minister, Trygve Lie, was elected as the first UN Secretary-General
12.
United States Senate
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The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the House of Representatives, the lower chamber, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution. S. From 1789 until 1913, Senators were appointed by the legislatures of the states represented, following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913. The Senate chamber is located in the wing of the Capitol, in Washington. It further has the responsibility of conducting trials of those impeached by the House, in the early 20th century, the practice of majority and minority parties electing their floor leaders began, although they are not constitutional officers. This idea of having one chamber represent people equally, while the other gives equal representation to states regardless of population, was known as the Connecticut Compromise, there was also a desire to have two Houses that could act as an internal check on each other. One was intended to be a Peoples House directly elected by the people, the other was intended to represent the states to such extent as they retained their sovereignty except for the powers expressly delegated to the national government. The Senate was thus not designed to serve the people of the United States equally, the Constitution provides that the approval of both chambers is necessary for the passage of legislation. First convened in 1789, the Senate of the United States was formed on the example of the ancient Roman Senate, the name is derived from the senatus, Latin for council of elders. James Madison made the comment about the Senate, In England, at this day, if elections were open to all classes of people. An agrarian law would take place. If these observations be just, our government ought to secure the permanent interests of the country against innovation, landholders ought to have a share in the government, to support these invaluable interests, and to balance and check the other. They ought to be so constituted as to protect the minority of the opulent against the majority, the senate, therefore, ought to be this body, and to answer these purposes, the people ought to have permanency and stability. The Constitution stipulates that no constitutional amendment may be created to deprive a state of its equal suffrage in the Senate without that states consent, the District of Columbia and all other territories are not entitled to representation in either House of the Congress. The District of Columbia elects two senators, but they are officials of the D. C. city government. The United States has had 50 states since 1959, thus the Senate has had 100 senators since 1959. In 1787, Virginia had roughly ten times the population of Rhode Island, whereas today California has roughly 70 times the population of Wyoming and this means some citizens are effectively two orders of magnitude better represented in the Senate than those in other states. Seats in the House of Representatives are approximately proportionate to the population of each state, before the adoption of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, Senators were elected by the individual state legislatures
13.
Gaylord Nelson
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Gaylord Anton Nelson was an American politician from Wisconsin who served as a United States Senator and governor. A Democrat, he was the founder of Earth Day, which launched a new wave of environmental activism, Nelson was born in 1916 in Clear Lake, Wisconsin, where he grew up and was educated in the public schools. In 1939, he majored in Political Science at what is now San Jose State University in San Jose, in 1942, he received a J. D. degree from the University of Wisconsin Law School in Madison, was admitted to the bar, and practiced law. He also served in the United States Army, seeing action in the Okinawa campaign during World War II, in 1948, Nelson was elected to the Wisconsin State Senate. He remained a member until 1958 and that year, Nelson was elected governor of Wisconsin, and he served two two-year terms before successfully running for Senate in 1962. He served three terms as a senator from 1963 to 1981. In 1963 he convinced President John F. Kennedy to take a national speaking tour to discuss conservation issues, Senator Nelson founded Earth Day, which began as a teach-in about environmental issues on April 22,1970. During his 1968 re-election campaign, Nelson was praised by Vince Lombardi, in 1970, Nelson called for Congressional hearings on the safety of combined oral contraceptive pills, which were famously called The Nelson Pill Hearings. As a result of the hearings, side-effect disclosure in patient inserts was required for the pill – the first such disclosure for a pharmaceutical drug, Nelson was also a noted advocate of small business. S. Universities, and improve the way that federal agencies regulate small businesses and other small entities, in 1973, Nelson was one of the three senators who opposed the nomination of Gerald Ford to be Vice President. After Nelsons 1980 defeat for re-election, he became counselor for The Wilderness Society in January 1981 and he received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in September 1995 in recognition of his environmental work. Nelson viewed the stabilization of the population as an important aspect of environmentalism. In his words, The bigger the population gets, the more serious the problems become… and we have to address the population issue. The United Nations, with the U. S. supporting it, but in this country, its phony to say Im for the environment but not for limiting immigration. He also rejected the suggestion that economic development should take precedence over environmental protection, The economy is an owned subsidiary of the environment. In 2002, Nelson appeared on To Tell the Truth as a contestant, Nelson was an initiated member of Pi Kappa Phi Fraternity, having been initiated in 1972 during a trip to LaGrange, Georgia, to promote the second annual Earth Day. Nelson died of cardiovascular failure at age 89 on July 3,2005, the Gaylord Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies at the University of Wisconsin–Madison is named after him in recognition of his love for nature. Governor Nelson State Park near Waunakee, Wisconsin, is named after him
14.
Teach-in
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A teach-in is similar to a general educational forum on any complicated issue, usually an issue involving current political affairs. The main difference between a teach-in and a seminar is the refusal to limit the discussion to a frame of time or a strict academic scope. Teach-ins are meant to be practical, participatory, and oriented toward action, while they include experts lecturing on the area of their expertise, discussion and questions from the audience are welcome. Teach ins were popularized during the U. S. governments involvement in Vietnam, the concept of the teach-in was developed by anthropologist Marshall Sahlins of the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor during a meeting on March 16 or 17,1965. Previously, around 50 faculty members had signed onto a one-day teaching strike to oppose the Vietnam War, about a dozen of these faculty members, including Jack Rothman, Eric Wolf, Arnold S. The New York Times Magazine summed up how Sahlins arrived at the idea, lets show them how responsible we feel. Instead of teaching out, well teach in—all night, the term teach-in was a variant of another form of protest, the sit-in. Later variants included the die-in, bed-in, lie-in, and draft card turn-in and this first teach-in was organized by faculty and Students for a Democratic Society at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor on March 24–25,1965. Michigan governor George Romney and other politicians still opposed the event, the teach-in was attended by about 3,500 people and consisted of debates, lectures, movies, and musical events aimed at protesting the war. Michigan faculty members such as Anatol Rapoport and Charles Tilly were also involved, women students who attended received special permission to stay out during the night. Bomb threats emptied the hall three times over the course of the teach-in, sending participants into the cold, where they continued their activities. Other Michigan students in the Young Republicans organization picketed the event, the teach-in ended the next morning, concluding with a 600-person rally on the steps of the library. The Michigan teach-in received national press, including an article published in the March 25,1965 issue of the New York Times and it went on to inspire 35 more teach-ins on college campuses within the next week. By the end of the year, there had been teach-ins at 120 campuses, antiwar teach-ins were held until the end of the Vietnam War. C. At many teach-ins, pro-war students showed up to protest or signed letters of support for administration, including at Kent State University, the University of Wisconsin. The largest Vietnam teach-in was held on May 21–22,1965 at U. C, the event was organized by the newly formed Vietnam Day Committee, an organizing group founded by ex-grad student Jerry Rubin, Professor Stephen Smale, and others. The event was held on a field where Zellerbach Auditorium is now located. Over the course of 36 hours, an estimated 30,000 people attended the event, the State Department was invited by the VDC to send a representative, but declined
15.
Presidential Medal of Freedom
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The Presidential Medal of Freedom is an award bestowed by the President of the United States and is—along with the comparable Congressional Gold Medal—the highest civilian award of the United States. The award is not limited to U. S. citizens and, while it is an award, it can also be awarded to military personnel. It was established in 1963 by President John F. Kennedy, President John F. Kennedy established the current decoration in 1963 through Executive Order 11085, with unique and distinctive insignia, vastly expanded purpose, and far higher prestige. It was the first U. S. civilian neck decoration and, in the grade of Awarded With Distinction, is the only U. S. sash and star decoration. The Executive Order calls for the medal to be awarded annually on or around July 4, and at other convenient times as chosen by the president, Recipients are selected by the president, either on his own initiative or based on recommendations. The order establishing the medal also expanded the size and the responsibilities of the Distinguished Civilian Service Awards Board so it could serve as a source of such recommendations. The medal may be awarded to a more than once. It may also be awarded posthumously, examples include John F, golden American bald eagles with spread wings stand between the points of the star. It is worn around the neck on a ribbon with white edge stripes. When the medal With Distinction is awarded, the star may be presented descending from a neck ribbon, the sash and medal of the Presidential Medal of Freedom with distinction has never been worn in public since its inception. Andrew Presidential Medal of Freedom, an article from jfklibrary. org, Presidential Medal of Freedom Recipients, a list of recipients from May 5,1993, through August 19,2009, from senate. gov, the U. S. Senates official website. Hosted on georgewbush-whitehouse. archives. gov, a section of the U. S. National Archives, Medal of Freedom Ceremony, a news release, August 12,2009, from the White House Press Secretary at whitehouse. gov, the White Houses official website. War Figures Honored With Medal of Freedom, The New York Times, December 15,2004
16.
Denis Hayes
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Denis Allen Hayes is an environmental advocate and proponent of solar power. He rose to prominence in 1970 as the coordinator for the first Earth Day, Hayes founded the Earth Day Network and expanded it to more than 180 nations. During the Carter Administration, Hayes became head of the Solar Energy Research Institute, since 1992, Hayes has been president of the Bullitt Foundation in Washington and continues to be a leader in environmental and energy policy. In 2015, he is completing a fellowship at the Robert Bosch Academy to write a book on solar energy, Hayes has received the national Jefferson Awards Medal for Outstanding Public Service as well as many other awards. Time Magazine named him as Hero of the Planet in 1999, denis Hayes was born in Wisconsin in 1944, but mainly raised in the small town of Camas, Washington, where in 2007 the Hayes Freedom High School was named in his honor. His experiences growing up in the Pacific Northwest instilled a love of nature. In 1964, Hayes graduated from Clark Community College in Vancouver, Hayes received his undergraduate degree in history from Stanford University, where he was president of the student body and an activist against the Vietnam War. During those years, he spent significant time backpacking to remote corners of the world, Hayes later enrolled at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University. He left Harvard after being selected by Senator Gaylord Nelson to organize the first Earth Day, the first Earth Day had participants and celebrants in two thousand colleges and universities, about ten thousand primary and secondary schools, and hundreds of communities. It is believed that some 20 million demonstrators participated, in 2009, the story of Earth Day was told in the film Earth Days which closed that years Sundance Film Festival. Following the success of the first Earth Day, Hayes founded the Earth Day Network, internationally, he is recognized for expanding the Earth Day Network to more than 180 nations. It is now the world’s most widely observed secular holiday, Hayes continues to chair the board of the international Earth Day Network and is the Chair of the Earth Day 2010 Global Advisory Committee. During the Carter Administration, Hayes became head of the Solar Energy Research Institute, since 1992, Hayes has been president of the Bullitt Foundation in Seattle, Washington and continues to be a leader in environmental and energy policy. The building is seeking to meet the goals of the Living Building Challenge. For example, an array will generate as much electricity as the building uses and rain will supply as much water. Also in Seattle are Hayes wife, Gail Boyer Hayes, and daughter, Lisa A. Hayes and he was featured in the documentary film, Earth Days. Time Magazine has named him as Hero of the Planet, Hayes was selected by Engineering News-Record as one of the Top 25 Newsmakers of 2014 for using biomimicry in the development of the Bullitt Center. Camas School District and Hayes Freedom High School Which modern enviro concepts are throwbacks to the past, four experts discuss the technologies, laws, and states of mind that have their roots in the first wave of the environmental movement
17.
1969 Santa Barbara oil spill
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The Santa Barbara oil spill occurred in January and February 1969 in the Santa Barbara Channel, near the city of Santa Barbara in Southern California. It was the largest oil spill in United States waters at the time and it remains the largest oil spill to have occurred in the waters off California. The source of the spill was a blow-out on January 28,1969,6 miles from the coast on Union Oils Platform A in the Dos Cuadras Offshore Oil Field. The spill had a significant impact on life in the Channel, killing an estimated 3,500 sea birds, as well as marine animals such as dolphins, elephant seals. An economic boom accompanied the development of the Summerland field, which transformed the spiritualist community of Summerland into an oil town in just a few years, in 1927, the discovery of oil west of Santa Barbara led to the development of Ellwood Oil Field. This caused the city to be bracketed on east and west with oil fields, the new one a bonanza, in 1929, the Mesa Oil Field was discovered within the city itself, on the blufftop adjacent to present-day Santa Barbara City College. Residential construction in the vicinity of the Mesa field halted, as oil presented easier and faster money to the land developers, Oil derricks sprouted on the hilltop within easy view of the harbor, on narrow town lots intended originally for houses. While local protests were vocal, they failed to shut down the oil development, the oil derricks only went away when production on the small Mesa field abruptly declined and ended in the late 1930s. Nearer to the site of the oil spill, the first drilling island was built in 1958 by Richfield Oil Company, prospectors for oil sought ways to drill in deeper water. Seismic testing under the Channel began shortly after the Second World War, congress passed the Submerged Lands Act in 1953, which granted to the states all lands within 3 nautical miles of shore, known as the tidelands. However, several oil fields were found within state waters on either side of this zone. Development of these resources commenced, with the first offshore oil platform – Hazel – being built in 1957, Platform Hilda, adjacent to Hazel, was erected in 1960. Both platforms tapped into the Summerland Offshore Oil Field, and were visible from Santa Barbara on a clear day. Platform Holly, in the portion of the Ellwood Oil Field about 15 miles west of Santa Barbara, was emplaced in 1965. Development of leases in the waters was next. This was possible because a 1965 Supreme Court decision finally settled the claims on the submerged lands outside of 3 miles limit. The first lease sale took place on December 15,1966, the rig the three companies emplaced – Platform Hogan – was the first oil platform offshore of California in Federal waters. It became operational on September 1,1967, on February 6,1968, a total of 72 leases went up for bid
18.
Pete McCloskey
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Paul Norton Pete McCloskey, Jr. is a former Republican politician from the U. S. state of California who served in the U. S. House of Representatives from 1967 to 1983. He ran on a platform for the Republican nomination for President in 1972 but was defeated by incumbent President Richard Nixon. In April 2007, McCloskey switched his affiliation to the Democratic Party and he is a decorated United States Marine Corps veteran of combat during the Korean War, being awarded the Navy Cross, the Silver Star, and two awards of the Purple Heart. He published a book called Truth and Untruth, Political Deceit in America in 1972, one of McCloskeys enduring legacies is his co-authorship of the 1973 Endangered Species Act. Pete McCloskeys great-grandfather was orphaned in the Great Irish Famine and came to California in 1853 at the age of 16 and he and his son, McCloskeys grandfather, were farmers in Merced County. McCloskey was born on September 29,1927, in Loma Linda, California and he attended public schools in South Pasadena and San Marino. He was inducted into South Pasadena High School Hall of Fame for the sport of baseball and he attended Occidental College and California Institute of Technology under the U. S. Navys V-5 Pilot Program. He graduated from Stanford University in 1950 and Stanford University Law School in 1953. McCloskey voluntarily served in the U. S. Navy from 1945 to 1947, the U. S. Marine Corps from 1950 to 1952, the U. S. Marine Corps Reserve from 1952 to 1960 and the Ready Reserve from 1960 to 1967. He retired from the Marine Corps Reserve in 1974, having attained the rank of Colonel and he was awarded the Navy Cross and Silver Star decorations for heroism in combat and two Purple Hearts as a Marine during the Korean War. He then volunteered for the Vietnam War before eventually turning against it, in 1992, he wrote his fourth book, The Taking of Hill 610, describing some of his exploits in Korea. He was a lecturer on legal ethics at the Santa Clara, in a 1981 interview, he stated that he thought he was the first Republican elected opposing the war despite the fact that his constituency, two to one, favored the war in 1967. McCloskey was the first member of Congress to publicly call for the impeachment of President Nixon after the Watergate scandal and he was also the first lawmaker to call for a repeal of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution that had allowed for the War in Vietnam. At the Republican National Convention in Miami Beach, Florida, Rep. McCloskey received one vote from a New Mexico delegate, all other votes cast went to President Nixon, which technically meant that McCloskey finished second place in the race for the Presidential nomination. Congressman John Ashbrook of Ohio had also challenged President Nixons bid for re-nomination, in 1982, McCloskey was an unsuccessful Republican candidate for nomination to the United States Senate. The California Republican Senatorial primary that year was a battle among the major candidates in the 12-person GOP field. McCloskey, Bob Dornan, Barry Goldwater Jr. Maureen Reagan, San Diego Mayor Pete Wilson, former Rep. John G. Schmitz, in 1986, McCloskey engaged in a debate about Israel-Palestinian issues with Jewish Defense League founder, Rabbi Meir Kahane. Two thousand people attended the debate took place in San Francisco and was eventually turned into a short film titled
19.
National Environmental Policy Act
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The National Environmental Policy Act is a United States environmental law that promotes the enhancement of the environment and established the Presidents Council on Environmental Quality. The law was enacted on January 1,1970, as the bill was an early step towards the development of the United States environmental policy, NEPA is referred to as the “environmental Magna Carta”. NEPAs most significant outcome was the requirement that all federal agencies prepare environmental assessments. These reports state the potential effects of proposed federal agency actions. NEPA does not apply to the President, Congress, or the federal courts, NEPA grew out of the increased appreciation and concern for the environment that resulted from the 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill. During this time, environmental interest group efforts and the movement resulting from Rachel Carsons 1962 book, Silent Spring, helped to pass the Wilderness, Clean Air, and Clean Water Acts. The act also promotes the CEQ to advise the President in the preparation of a report on the progress of federal agencies in implementing NEPA. It also established the CEQ to advise the president on environmental policy, NEPA establishes this national environmental policy by requiring federal agencies to prepare an environmental impact statement to accompany reports and recommendations for Congressional funding. This impact statement is known as an EIS, NEPA is an action-forcing piece of legislation, meaning the act itself does not carry any criminal or civil sanctions, and therefore, all enforcement of NEPA must occur through the court system. In practice, a project is required to meet NEPA guidelines when a federal agency provides any portion of financing for the project. However, review of a project by an employee can be viewed as a federal action. NEPA covers a vast array of federal agency actions, but the act does not apply to state action where there is an absence of federal influence or funding. Exemptions and exclusions are also present within NEPAs guidelines, including specific federal projects detailed in legislation, exemptions also apply when compliance with other environmental laws require an impact analysis similar to that mandated by NEPA. Such laws can include but are not limited to the Clean Air Act, Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, Safe Drinking Water Act, and the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act. The NEPA process is the evaluation of the relevant environmental effects of a project or action mandated by NEPA. This process begins when an agency develops a proposal addressing a need to take action, if it is determined that the proposed action is covered under NEPA, there are three levels of analysis that a federal agency must undertake to comply with the law. A Categorical Exclusion is a list of actions an agency has determined do not individually or cumulatively affect the quality of the human environment. If a proposed action is included in an agencys CatEx, the agency must make sure that no extraordinary circumstances might cause the action to affect the environment
20.
Alan Cranston
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Alan MacGregor Cranston was an American politician and journalist who served as a United States Senator from California, from 1969 to 1993. Cranston was born in Palo Alto, California, the son of Carol and he attended Pomona College for one year, studied abroad for a summer at the National Autonomous University of Mexico before graduating from Stanford University in 1936 with a degree in English. Cranston was born into a family from Northern California with interests in real estate. His first wife, Geneva McMath, was the mother of his sons, Robin, who died young in an accident, and Kim. Cranston was later married to Norma Weintraub, Cranston was a correspondent for the International News Service for two years preceding World War II. In 1939, Hitlers publisher sued him for violation in Connecticut. Before enlisting in the forces in 1944 as a private, he worked as an editor and writer for the magazine Common Ground. The following year he wrote a book, The Killing of the Peace. Cranston, a supporter of government, attended the 1945 conference that led to the Dublin Declaration. Also in the late 1940s, Cranston began his opposition to nuclear weapons. In 1952, Cranston co-founded the California Democratic Council, and served as chairman, since that time, the CDC has served as an unofficial coalition of local Democratic clubs that coordinate electoral activities and activism throughout California. The CDC provided substantial support to Cranston in his bid for State Controller in 1958, a Democrat, Cranston was elected California State Controller in 1958 and re-elected in 1962. The general election itself was marred by mudslinging. Roosevelt that Nazi Germany had perpetrated the Katyń massacre, many of the same allegations were recycled in an article that ran in American Opinion in 1974 entitled Alan Cranston, The Shadow in the Senate. In 1974, Cranston defeated Republican H. L. Bill Richardson, Cranston polled 3,693,160 votes to Richardsons 2,210,267. In 1980, Cranston defeated Republican Paul Gann,4,705,399 to 3,093,426 and his 1980 reelection campaign was notable for a July 31 benefit that would be the last concert The Eagles played at together for 14 years. During the event Cranstons wife thanked Eagles guitarist Don Felder for performing, to which Felder reportedly replied, bandmate Glenn Frey took exception to Felders comment, leading to onstage bickering and the breakup of the band immediately following the concert. The New York Times characterized him as a bald, craggy-looking, Cranston was elected again in 1986 defeating Republican nominee Congressman Ed Zschau
21.
Paul Ehrlich
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Paul Ehrlich was a German physician and scientist who worked in the fields of hematology, immunology, and antimicrobial chemotherapy. He invented the technique to Gram staining bacteria. The methods he developed for staining tissue made it possible to distinguish different types of blood cells, which led to the capability to diagnose numerous blood diseases. His laboratory discovered arsphenamine, the first effective treatment for syphilis, thereby initiating. Ehrlich popularized the concept of a magic bullet and he also made a decisive contribution to the development of an antiserum to combat diphtheria and conceived a method for standardizing therapeutic serums. In 1908, he received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his contributions to immunology and he was the founder and first director of what is now known as the Paul Ehrlich Institute. Born 14 March 1854 in Strehlen in Silesia in what is now south-west Poland, Paul Ehrlich was the second child of Rosa and Ismar Ehrlich. His father was an innkeeper and distiller of liqueurs and the royal lottery collector in Strehelen and his grandfather, Heymann Ehrlich, had been a fairly successful distiller and tavern manager. Ismar Ehrlich was the leader of the local Jewish community, after elementary school, Paul attended the time-honored secondary school Maria-Magdalenen-Gymnasium in Breslau, where he met Albert Neisser, who later became a professional colleague. As a schoolboy, he became fascinated by the process of staining microscopic tissue substances and he retained that interest during his subsequent medical studies at the universities of Breslau, Strasbourg, Freiburg im Breisgau and Leipzig. He married Hedwig Pinkus in 1883, the couple had two daughters, Stephanie and Marianne. Upon his return he established a medical practice and small laboratory in Berlin-Steglitz. Ehrlich was named its founding director, in 1899 his institute moved to Frankfurt am Main and was renamed the Institute of Experimental Therapy. One of his important collaborators there was Max Neisser, in 1906 Ehrlich became the director of the Georg Speyer House in Frankfurt, a private research foundation affiliated with his institute. Among the foreign guest scientists working with Ehrlich were two Nobel Prize winners, Henry Hallett Dale and Paul Karrer, the institute was renamed Paul Ehrlich Institute in Ehrlichs honour in 1947. In 1914 Ehrlich signed the controversial Manifesto of the Ninety-Three which was a defense of Germany’s World War I politics, on 17 August 1915 Ehrlich suffered a heart attack and died on 20 August in Bad Homburg vor der Höhe. Paul Ehrlich was buried at the Old Jewish Cemetery, Frankfurt, in the early 1870s, Ehrlich’s cousin Karl Weigert was the first person to stain bacteria with dyes and to introduce aniline pigments for histological studies and bacterial diagnostics. During his studies in Strassburg under the anatomist Heinrich Wilhelm Waldeyer, Ehrlich continued the started by his cousin in pigments
22.
David Brower
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From 1952 to 1969, he served as the first Executive Director of the Sierra Club, and served on its board three times, from 1941–1953, 1983–1988, and 1995–2000. As a younger man, he was a prominent mountaineer, Brower was born in Berkeley, California. He was married to Anne Hus Brower whom he met when they were both editors at the University of California Press in Berkeley, Anne was the daughter of Francis L M. Hus and Frances Hus, while Frances was the daughter of John P. Irish. Kenneth Brower, David Browers son, authored a number of books, most notably The Starship, beginning his career as a world-class mountaineer with more than 70 first ascents to his credit, Brower came to the environmental movement through his interest in mountaineering. In 1933, Brower spent seven weeks in the High Sierra with George Rockwood, after a close call with a loose rock while climbing in the Palisades, he met Norman Clyde in the wilderness, who gave him some valuable climbing lessons. On that trip he also met Hervey Voge, who persuaded him to join the Sierra Club, on May 18,1934, along with Voge, he began a ten-week climbing trip through the High Sierra, to survey climbing routes and maintain mountaineering records for the club. Previously, they had established several food caches along their planned route, in all, the pair climbed 63 peaks on this trip, including 32 first ascents. On the first day, they climbed Mount Tyndall, Mount Williamson, from June 23 to 26, the pair made eight first ascents in the Devils Crags along with Norman Clyde, and also climbed Mount Agassiz. Clyde called the Devils Crag climbs one of the most remarkable mountaineering feats ever accomplished in the United States, in the Palisades range, the pair climbed Thunderbolt Peak, traversed to North Palisade by way of Starlight Peak, and descended the U-Notch Couloir. In the Sawtooth Range, they climbed The Doodad, the West Tooth and this climb, rated YDS III,5.7 A2, was the first in the United States to use expansion bolts for protection. Twelve previous attempts on Shiprock had failed, and it was known as the last great American climbing problem, the Brower partys success was described as an outstanding effort by probably the only group on the continent capable of making the climb. Brower made the first ascent of seventy routes in Yosemite and elsewhere in the western United States, techniques described in this book were used by U. S. forces in the battles in the North Apeninnes and the Lake Garda Alps. The book was published in three later revised editions, Browers role in the 10th Mountain Division is featured in the documentary film Fire on the Mountain. He served as a major in the Army Reserve for many years after the war ended, after the war, Brower returned to his job at the University of California Press, and began editing the Sierra Club Bulletin in 1946. He managed the Sierra Club annual High Trips from 1947 to 1954, Brower was named the first executive director of the Sierra Club in 1952, and joined the fight against the Echo Park Dam in Utahs Dinosaur National Monument. Conservationists successfully lobbied Congress to delete Echo Park Dam from the Colorado River Project in 1955, and these coffee-table books sold well and introduced the Sierra Club to new members interested in wilderness preservation. Financial management began to be a bone of contention between Brower and the Clubs board of directors, under Browers leadership from 1952 to 1969, the club’s membership expanded tenfold, from 7,000 to 70,000 members, becoming the nation’s leading environmental membership organization. Building on the biennial Wilderness Conferences which the Club launched in 1949 together with The Wilderness Society, Brower and the Sierra Club also led a major battle to stop the Bureau of Reclamation from building two dams that would flood portions of the Grand Canyon
23.
Garrett Hardin
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Garrett James Hardin was an American ecologist and philosopher who warned of the dangers of overpopulation. His exposition of the tragedy of the commons, in a famous 1968 paper in Science and he is also known for Hardins First Law of Human Ecology, We can never do merely one thing. Any intrusion into nature has numerous effects, many of which are unpredictable, Hardin received a B. S. in zoology from the University of Chicago in 1936 and a PhD in microbiology from Stanford University in 1941. Moving to the University of California, Santa Barbara in 1946 and he was among the first members of the Society for General Systems Research. A major focus of his career, and one to which he returned repeatedly, was the issue of human overpopulation, in his essays, he also tackled subjects such as conservation and creationism. In 1968 Hardin applied his conceptual model developed in his essay The tragedy of the commons to human growth, the use of the Earths natural resources. His essay cited an 1833 pamphlet by the English economist William Forster Lloyd which included an example of sharing a common parcel of land. Hardin stated in his analysis of the tragedy of the commons that Freedom in a commons brings ruin to all, however, environmental historians Joachim Radkau, Alfred Thomas Grove and Oliver Rackham denounced Hardin as an American with no notion at all how Commons actually work. Hardins work was criticized as historically inaccurate in failing to account for the demographic transition. It should be noted that Lloyds original example, re-discovered by Hardin, normally, rights of use of Common land in England and Wales were, and still are, closely regulated, and available only to commoners. If excessive use was made of land, for example in overgrazing, a common would be stinted, that is. These regulations were responsive to demographic and economic pressure, thus rather than let a common become degraded, controls on usage can help mitigate the tragedy of the commons. In 1993, Hardin published Living Within Limits, which he described at the time as a summation of all his previous works. In this book, he argues that natural sciences are grounded in the concept of limits and he notes that most of the more notable scientific arguments concerning environmental economics are between natural scientists, such as Paul R. Ehrlich, and economists, such as Julian Simon. This, he claims, must eventually fail, and he argues that society has been duped into confusing interest with debt, Hardin writes, At this late date millions of people believe in the fertility of money with an ardor seldom accorded to traditional religious doctrines. On February 11,1998, he debated Christian philosopher William Lane Craig at the University of California and they committed suicide in their Santa Barbara home in September 2003, shortly after their 62nd wedding anniversary. He was 88 and she was 81,1965, Nature and Mans Fate New American Library. ISBN 0-451-61170-51972, Exploring new ethics for survival, the voyage of the spaceship Beagle Viking Press, ISBN 0-670-30268-61973, Stalking the Wild Taboo W. Kaufmann
24.
University of California, Santa Barbara
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The University of California, Santa Barbara is a public research university and one of the 10 campuses of the University of California system. The main campus is located on a 1, 022-acre site near Goleta, California, tracing its roots back to 1891 as an independent teachers college, UCSB joined the University of California system in 1944 and is the third-oldest general-education campus in the system. UCSB is one of Americas Public Ivy universities, which recognizes top public universities in the United States. The university is a doctoral university and is organized into five colleges. UCSB was ranked 37th among National Universities, 8th among U. S. public universities, the university was also ranked 48th worldwide for 2016-17 by the Times Higher Education World University Rankings and 42nd worldwide by the Academic Ranking of World Universities in 2016. UC Santa Barbara is a high activity research university with twelve national research centers. UCSB was the No.3 host on the ARPAnet and was elected to the Association of American Universities in 1995, the UC Santa Barbara Gauchos compete in the Big West Conference of the NCAA Division I. The Gauchos have won NCAA national championships in soccer and mens water polo. UCSB traces its origins back to the Anna Blake School which was founded in 1891 and offered training in home economics and industrial arts. The Anna Blake School was taken over by the state in 1909 and became the Santa Barbara State Normal School, the State College system sued to stop the takeover, but the Governor did not support the suit. A state initiative was passed, however, in 1946 to stop subsequent conversions of State Colleges to University of California campuses, from 1944 to 1958 the school was known as Santa Barbara College of the University of California, before taking on its current name. When the vacated Marine Corps training station in Goleta was purchased for the growing college. Originally, the Regents envisioned a small, several thousand-student liberal arts college, chronologically, UCSB is the third general-education campus of the University of California, after Berkeley and UCLA. The original campus the Regents acquired in Santa Barbara was located on only 100 acres of largely unusable land on a seaside mesa, all of this change was done in accordance with the California Master Plan for Higher Education. In 1959, UCSB professor Douwe Stuurman hosted the English writer Aldous Huxley as the universitys first visiting professor, Huxley delivered a lectures series called The Human Situation. In the late 1960s and early 1970s UCSB became nationally known as a hotbed of anti-Vietnam War activity, a bombing at the schools faculty club in 1969 killed the caretaker, Dover Sharp. UCSBs anti-Vietnam activity impelled then Governor Ronald Reagan to impose a curfew, weapon-carrying guardsmen were a common sight on campus and in Isla Vista during this time. On May 23,2014, a killing spree occurred in Isla Vista, California, all six people killed during the rampage were students at UCSB
25.
Richard Nixon
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Richard Milhous Nixon was an American politician who served as the 37th President of the United States from 1969 until 1974, when he became the only U. S. president to resign from office. He had previously served as a U. S, Representative and Senator from California and as the 36th Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961 under the presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower. Nixon was born in Yorba Linda, California, after completing his undergraduate studies at Whittier College, he graduated from Duke University School of Law in 1937 and returned to California to practice law. He and his wife Pat moved to Washington in 1942 to work for the federal government and he subsequently served on active duty in the U. S. Navy Reserve during World War II. Nixon was elected to the House of Representatives in 1946 and to the Senate in 1950 and his pursuit of the Hiss Case established his reputation as a leading anti-communist, and elevated him to national prominence. He was the mate of Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Republican Party presidential nominee in the 1952 election. Nixon served for eight years as vice president and he waged an unsuccessful presidential campaign in 1960, narrowly losing to John F. Kennedy, and lost a race for Governor of California to Pat Brown in 1962. In 1968, he ran for the presidency again and was elected by defeating incumbent Vice President Hubert Humphrey, Nixon ended American involvement in the war in Vietnam in 1973 and brought the American POWs home, and ended the military draft. His administration generally transferred power from Washington D. C. to the states and he imposed wage and price controls for a period of ninety days, enforced desegregation of Southern schools and established the Environmental Protection Agency. Nixon also presided over the Apollo 11 moon landing, which signaled the end of the moon race and he was reelected in one of the largest electoral landslides in U. S. history in 1972, when he defeated George McGovern. The year 1973 saw an Arab oil embargo, gasoline rationing, the scandal escalated, costing Nixon much of his political support, and on August 9,1974, he resigned in the face of almost certain impeachment and removal from office. After his resignation, he was issued a pardon by his successor, in retirement, Nixons work writing several books and undertaking of many foreign trips helped to rehabilitate his image. He suffered a stroke on April 18,1994. Richard Milhous Nixon was born on January 9,1913 in Yorba Linda, California and his parents were Hannah Nixon and Francis A. Nixon. His mother was a Quaker and his father converted from Methodism to the Quaker faith, Nixons upbringing was marked by evangelical Quaker observances of the time, such as refraining from alcohol, dancing, and swearing. Nixon had four brothers, Harold, Donald, Arthur, four of the five Nixon boys were named after kings who had ruled in historical or legendary England, Richard, for example, was named after Richard the Lionheart. Nixons early life was marked by hardship, and he quoted a saying of Eisenhower to describe his boyhood, We were poor. The Nixon family ranch failed in 1922, and the moved to Whittier
26.
Pat Nixon
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Thelma Catherine Pat Nixon was the wife of Richard Nixon, 37th President of the United States, and First Lady of the United States from 1969 to 1974. Born in Ely, Nevada, she grew up with her two brothers in what is now Cerritos, California, graduating high school in 1929. She attended Fullerton Junior College and later the University of Southern California and she paid for her schooling by working multiple jobs, including pharmacy manager, typist, radiographer, and retail clerk. In 1940, she married lawyer Richard Nixon and they had two daughters, Nixon campaigned for her husband in his successful congressional campaigns of 1946 and 1948. Richard Nixon was elected Vice President in the Eisenhower administration, whereupon Pat undertook many missions of goodwill with her husband and she assisted her husband in both his unsuccessful 1960 presidential campaign and later in his successful 1968 presidential campaign. As First Lady, Pat Nixon promoted a number of charitable causes and she oversaw the collection of more than 600 pieces of historic art and furnishings for the White House, an acquisition larger than that of any other administration. She was the most traveled First Lady in U. S. history and these trips gained her favorable reception in the media and the host countries. Her tenure ended when, after being re-elected in a victory in 1972. Her public appearances became increasingly rare later in life and she and her husband returned to California, and later moved to New Jersey. She suffered two strokes, one in 1976 and another in 1983, then was diagnosed with cancer in 1992. She died in 1993, aged 81, thelma Catherine Ryan was born in the small mining town of Ely, Nevada, the day before Saint Patricks Day. Her father, William M. Ryan Sr. was a sailor, gold miner, Pat was a nickname given to her by her father, referring to her birthdate and Irish ancestry. After her birth, the Ryan family moved to California, thelma Ryans high-school yearbook page gives her nickname as Buddy and her ambition to run a boarding house. During this time she worked on the farm, and also at a local bank as a janitor. Her mother died of cancer in 1924, Pat, who was 12 at the time, assumed all the household duties for her father, who died in 1929 of silicosis, and two older brothers, William Jr. and Thomas. She also had a half-sister, Neva Bender, and a half-brother, Matthew Bender, from her mothers first marriage and it has been said that few, if any, First Ladies worked as consistently before their marriage as did Pat Nixon. As she told the writer Gloria Steinem during the 1968 presidential campaign, I never had time to think things like that—who I wanted to be, or who I admired. I never had time to dream about being anyone else, after graduating from Excelsior High School in 1929, she attended Fullerton Junior College
27.
White House
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The White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States, located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D. C. It has been the residence of every U. S. president since John Adams in 1800, the term White House is often used to refer to actions of the president and his advisers, as in The White House announced that. The residence was designed by Irish-born architect James Hoban in the Neoclassical style, construction took place between 1792 and 1800 using Aquia Creek sandstone painted white. When Thomas Jefferson moved into the house in 1801, he added low colonnades on each wing that concealed stables and storage. In 1814, during the War of 1812, the mansion was set ablaze by the British Army in the Burning of Washington, destroying the interior, reconstruction began almost immediately, and President James Monroe moved into the partially reconstructed Executive Residence in October 1817. Exterior construction continued with the addition of the semi-circular South portico in 1824, because of crowding within the executive mansion itself, President Theodore Roosevelt had all work offices relocated to the newly constructed West Wing in 1901. Eight years later in 1909, President William Howard Taft expanded the West Wing and created the first Oval Office, in the main mansion, the third-floor attic was converted to living quarters in 1927 by augmenting the existing hip roof with long shed dormers. A newly constructed East Wing was used as an area for social events. East Wing alterations were completed in 1946, creating additional office space, by 1948, the houses load-bearing exterior walls and internal wood beams were found to be close to failure. Under Harry S. Truman, the rooms were completely dismantled. Once this work was completed, the rooms were rebuilt. The Executive Residence is made up of six stories—the Ground Floor, State Floor, Second Floor, the property is a National Heritage Site owned by the National Park Service and is part of the Presidents Park. In 2007, it was ranked second on the American Institute of Architects list of Americas Favorite Architecture, in May 1790, New York began construction of Government House for his official residence, but he never occupied it. The national capital moved to Philadelphia in December 1790, the July 1790 Residence Act named Philadelphia, Pennsylvania the temporary national capital for a 10-year period while the Federal City was under construction. The City of Philadelphia rented Robert Morriss city house at 190 High Street for Washingtons presidential residence, the first president occupied the Market Street mansion from November 1790 to March 1797, and altered it in ways that may have influenced the design of the White House. As part of an effort to have Philadelphia named the permanent national capital, Pennsylvania built a much grander presidential mansion several blocks away. President John Adams also occupied the Market Street mansion from March 1797 to May 1800, on Saturday, November 1,1800, he became the first president to occupy the White House. The Presidents House in Philadelphia became a hotel and was demolished in 1832, the Presidents House was a major feature of Pierre Charles LEnfants plan for the newly established federal city, Washington, D. C
28.
Walt Kelly
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Walter Crawford Kelly, Jr. commonly known as Walt Kelly, was an American animator and cartoonist, best known for the comic strip Pogo. He began his career in 1936 at Walt Disney Studios, contributing to Pinocchio, Fantasia. In 1941 Kelly transferred at the age of 28 to work at Dell Comics, where he created Pogo, Kelly was born of Irish-American heritage in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to Walter Crawford Kelly, Sr. and Genevieve Kelly. When he was two old, the family moved to Bridgeport, Connecticut. After graduating from Warren Harding High School in 1930, Kelly worked at odd jobs until he was hired as a reporter on the Bridgeport Post. He also took up cartooning and illustrated a biography of another figure from Bridgeport. Kelly was extremely proud of his pedigree and considered himself a newspaper man as well as a cartoonist. Kelly became close friends with fellow cartoonists Milton Caniff and Al Capp, starting over as an animator, Kelly became an assistant to noted Walt Disney animator Fred Moore and became close friends with Moore and Ward Kimball, one of Disneys Nine Old Men. Kelly and Kimball were so close that Kimball named his daughter Kelly Kimball in tribute, Kelly worked for Disney from January 6,1936, to September 12,1941, contributing to Pinocchio, Fantasia, The Reluctant Dragon, and Dumbo. Kelly once stated that his salary at Disney averaged about $100 a week, during 1935 and 1936, his work also appeared in early comic books for what later became DC Comics. His drawings are especially recognizable in The Reluctant Dragon of the boy, and in the Mickey Mouse short The Little Whirlwind. During the 1941 animators strike, Kelly did not picket the studio as has often been reported, surviving correspondence between Kelly and his close friend and fellow animator Ward Kimball chronicles his ambivalence towards the highly charged dispute. There were drawbacks as there are to everything, but it was an astounding experiment, certainly it was the only education I ever received and I hope Im living up to a few of your hopes for other people. Kelly began a series of books based on fairy tales and nursery rhymes along with annuals celebrating Christmas. Kelly seems to have written or co-written much of the material he drew for the comics, Kelly also wrote, drew, and performed during this period on childrens records, childrens books, and cereal boxes. So highly regarded was his work that the introduction to Fairy Tale Parade #1 spoke of him as the artist who all the wonderful pictures in this book. One manual depicted his friend Ward Kimball as a caveman and this period saw the creation of Kellys most famous character, Pogo, who first saw print in 1943 in Dells Animal Comics. Pogo was almost unrecognizable in his appearance, resembling a real possum more closely than in his classic form
29.
Pogo (comic strip)
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Pogo is the title and central character of a long-running daily American comic strip, created by cartoonist Walt Kelly and distributed by the Post-Hall Syndicate. Set in the Okefenokee Swamp of the southeastern United States, the strip often engaged in social and political satire through the adventures of its anthropomorphic funny animal characters. Pogo combined both sophisticated wit and slapstick comedy in a heady mix of allegory, Irish poetry, literary whimsy, puns and wordplay, lushly detailed artwork. The same series of strips can be enjoyed on different levels by both children and savvy adults. The strip earned Kelly a Reuben Award in 1951, walter Crawford Kelly, Jr. was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on August 25,1913. His family moved to Bridgeport, Connecticut, when he was only two and he went to California at age 22 to work on Donald Duck cartoons at Walt Disney Studios in 1935. He stayed until the strike in 1941 as an animator on The Nifty Nineties, The Little Whirlwind, Pinocchio, Fantasia, Dumbo. Kelly then worked for Dell Comics, a division of Western Publishing of Racine, Kelly created the characters of Pogo the possum and Albert the alligator in 1941 for issue #1 of Dells Animal Comics, in the story Albert Takes the Cake. Both were comic foils for a black character named Bumbazine. Bumbazine was retired early, since Kelly found it hard to write for a human child and he eventually phased humans out of the comics entirely, preferring to use the animal characters for their comic potential. Kelly said he used animals — natures creatures, or natures screechers as he called them — largely because you can do more with animals and they dont hurt as easily, and its possible to make them more believable in an exaggerated pose. Pogo, formerly a spear according to Kelly, quickly took center stage. In 1948 he was hired to draw cartoons for the editorial page of the short-lived New York Star. The first comic series to make the permanent transition to newspapers, Pogo debuted on October 4,1948, on May 16,1949, Pogo was picked up for national distribution by the Post-Hall Syndicate. George Ward and Henry Shikuma were among Kellys assistants on the strip and it ran continuously until Kellys death from complications of diabetes on October 18,1973. It was then continued for a few years by Kellys widow Selby and son Stephen, Selby Kelly said in a 1982 interview that she decided to discontinue the strip, because newspapers had shrunk the size of strips to the point where people could not easily read it. Most characters were nominally male, but a few female characters appeared regularly. Kelly has been quoted as saying all the characters reflected different aspects of his own personality
30.
Columbia University
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Columbia University is a private Ivy League research university in Upper Manhattan, New York City. It was established in 1754 as Kings College by royal charter of George II of Great Britain, after the American Revolutionary War, Kings College briefly became a state entity, and was renamed Columbia College in 1784. Columbia is one of the fourteen founding members of the Association of American Universities and was the first school in the United States to grant the M. D. degree. The university also has global research outposts in Amman, Beijing, Istanbul, Paris, Mumbai, Rio de Janeiro, Santiago, Asunción, Columbia administers annually the Pulitzer Prize. Additionally,100 Nobel laureates have been affiliated with Columbia as students, researchers, faculty, Columbia is second only to Harvard University in the number of Nobel Prize-winning affiliates, with over 100 recipients of the award as of 2016. In 1746 an act was passed by the assembly of New York to raise funds for the foundation of a new college. Classes were initially held in July 1754 and were presided over by the colleges first president, Dr. Johnson was the only instructor of the colleges first class, which consisted of a mere eight students. Instruction was held in a new schoolhouse adjoining Trinity Church, located on what is now lower Broadway in Manhattan, in 1763, Dr. Johnson was succeeded in the presidency by Myles Cooper, a graduate of The Queens College, Oxford, and an ardent Tory. In the charged political climate of the American Revolution, his opponent in discussions at the college was an undergraduate of the class of 1777. The suspension continued through the occupation of New York City by British troops until their departure in 1783. The colleges library was looted and its sole building requisitioned for use as a hospital first by American. Loyalists were forced to abandon their Kings College in New York, the Loyalists, led by Bishop Charles Inglis fled to Windsor, Nova Scotia, where they founded Kings Collegiate School. After the Revolution, the college turned to the State of New York in order to restore its vitality, the Legislature agreed to assist the college, and on May 1,1784, it passed an Act for granting certain privileges to the College heretofore called Kings College. The Regents finally became aware of the colleges defective constitution in February 1787 and appointed a revision committee, in April of that same year, a new charter was adopted for the college, still in use today, granting power to a private board of 24 Trustees. On May 21,1787, William Samuel Johnson, the son of Dr. Samuel Johnson, was unanimously elected President of Columbia College, prior to serving at the university, Johnson had participated in the First Continental Congress and been chosen as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention. The colleges enrollment, structure, and academics stagnated for the majority of the 19th century, with many of the college presidents doing little to change the way that the college functioned. In 1857, the college moved from the Kings College campus at Park Place to a primarily Gothic Revival campus on 49th Street and Madison Avenue, during the last half of the 19th century, under the leadership of President F. A. P. Barnard, the institution assumed the shape of a modern university
31.
Pete Grannis
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Pete Grannis is a former Commissioner of the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. His firing by Governor David Paterson in October 2010 was controversial to many especially environmentalists, Grannis is a graduate of Rutgers University and the University of Virginia School of Law. His first job with New York states government was as compliance counsel to the Department of Environmental Conservation, Grannis served as Chair of the Insurance Committee in the Assembly and was a member of several other standing committees. In his capacity as Chairman he authoring New York States Community Rating/Open Enrollment Law, as Insurance committee chairman, he co-sponsored New Yorks Stem Cell Research Bill. He promoted the State Environmental Quality Review Act in 1978, Grannis work for passage of the Bottle Bill and brownfields clean-up legislation 1982. He served for a decade as Chairman of the Assembly Housing Committee and he previously served as chairman of an Assembly Subcommittee on toxic waste issues. He served on the Assembly Environmental Conservation Committee his entire time in office, generally, Grannis was re-elected overwhelmingly in his progressive East Side district. In 1998, Grannis received 23,815 votes to Liberal-Republican Mark H. Snyders 7,841 votes and he was re-elected in 2000 with 34,230 votes, to Peter McCoy with 11,357, and Edward V. Price, with 580. In 2004, Grannis was re-elected by a vote of 37,917 to 11,710 for Patricia Leslie and he was last re-elected in 2006 with a vote of 25,334 to 5,499 over Republican Michael Fandal. In January 2007 he filed an application for consideration by the State Legislature for appointment as New York State Comptroller and he was one of 19 candidates for Comptroller. He interviewed with the Assembly Ways and Means Committee, the Senate Finance Committee and he withdrew his application for Comptroller after being nominated as Environmental Conservation Commissioner. Grannis was nominated by Governor Eliot Spitzer as DEC Commissioner on January 25,2007 and he was confirmed on April 1,2007 by the New York State Senate. As Commissioner, Grannis managed hundreds of employees and represented the state governments ecological efforts and he appointed Peter M. Iwanowicz, as director of a new Climate Change Office, on May 10,2007. He replaced some of the directors for DEC. As part of his duties, he inspected polluted sites, such as Scajaquada Creek in western New York, on October 21,2010, he was fired from that position by Spitzers successor, Governor David Paterson. The firing came after a memo prepared by Grannis, detailing how the proposed budget cuts would impair environmental protection in New York, was leaked to the press. Environmental activists unanimously reacted negatively to Grannis firing, a Sierra Club spokesman called his sacking appalling. Rob Moore, director of Environmental Advocates, said I think Gov. Paterson has been dismantling the agency for two years and he’s finally cut off its head
32.
Kristin Kuhns Alexandre
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Kristin Kuhns Alexandre in Dayton, Ohio) is an American writer/journalist, author, and screenwriter/producer. She also is an Associate Producer for Grey Lady produced by Beacon Pictures, Alexandre also worked as a publicist for the advertising agency Ammirati Puris Lintas, the Economic Development Administration of Puerto Rico, Rums of Puerto Rico and Sweet Briar College. She was Editor of the magazine for Champion International U. S. In the early 70s Alexandre was a reporter on one episode of WNETs 51st State, Kristin Alexandre is also President of The Kuhns Investment Co. LLC, a small, privately held family investment company located in Dayton, Kristin Kuhns Alexandre is a resident of Delray Beach, Florida where she lives with her husband of 24 years, DeWitt Loomis Alexandre, an investment advisor. Alexandre is a graduate of Sweet Briar College with a family history in Dayton. Her “Nuncio and the Gypsy Girl” series of novels feature Neci Stans, a Dayton gypsy princess whose love for Ezra Crawford. In 1981 Kristin was married to Richard Warren Gerrity, Alexandre was married from 1968-78 to William Norris Hubbard. Kristin and William Hubbard were supporters of Earth Day,1970 and Kristin Hubbard was Speaker Coordinator for that event
33.
Edmund Muskie
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Edmund Sixtus Ed Muskie was an American statesman, author, academic, and reformer, of Polish origin, who served as the 58th United States Secretary of State under President Jimmy Carter. In the final days of the Carter presidency, he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom on January 16,1981 and he is widely considered one of the most influential politicians in the history of Maine. He went on to earn a law degree from Cornell Law School in 1939, after a short stint practicing law, he served in the United States Navy during World War II and rose to the rank of lieutenant. After the conclusion of his service, he returned to law practice in Waterville. While practicing law in Waterville, he helped grow the presence of the Democratic Party in a Republican Maine and he successfully began his political career as a member of the Maine House of Representatives before deciding to run for Governor of Maine. His political influence in Maine continued to grow as he was elected as Governor in 1955, after concluding his time as Governor, he was elected to the United States Senate, and served from 1959 to 1980. Muskie was reelected in 1964,1970 and 1976, each time with over 60 percent of the vote, Muskie was the Democratic nominee for Vice President in the 1968 presidential election, and lost with the margin of 42. 72% to Richard Nixons 43. 42%. He was also a candidate for the Democratic nomination for President in 1972 and he returned to the Senate, where he served as the first chairman of the new Senate Budget Committee starting in 1974. In 1980, he was tapped by President Jimmy Carter to serve as Secretary of State, Muskie held the highest political office by a Polish American in U. S. history, and also is the only Polish American ever nominated by a major party for Vice President. His father, Stephen Marciszewski, immigrated to the United States in 1903, from Poland and he worked with a master tailor in order to learn a skill that could support his family. He briefly lived in England before immigrating to the United States and he opened up a shop in Rumford, Maine, and employed his son in his youth. Later in life, Edmund Muskie commented on his experience in the shop, Muskies mother, Josephine Muskie, was born to a Polish-American family in Buffalo, New York. Muskies parents married in 1911, and Josephine moved to Rumford, Edmund Sixtus Muskie was born in Rumford on March 28,1914. As a child he spent most of his time outside in the nature of the Androscoggin River, while Muskie was a member of the Maine House of Representatives, representing Waterville, Maine, he used to drive back to Rumford to see the river he grew up with. Muskie was born as the child to a sister. As a child he displayed a bad temper but was unusually accommodating with his friends and his father died exactly one year after Muskies inauguration as the Governor of Maine, on January 25,1956. Muskie attended Stephens High School, where he played baseball, was on the student government, Muskie took his studies seriously, with aspirations of attending college, according to childhood friend Vito Puiia, Some of the boys, they took college courses. Well, he was so much smarter than most of us anyway, he knew he could swing it somehow on scholarships, influenced by the political excitement caused by the election of Franklin D. Roosevelt, he attended Bates College in Lewiston, Maine
34.
Fifth Avenue
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Fifth Avenue is a major thoroughfare going through the borough of Manhattan in New York City, United States. It stretches from West 143rd Street in Harlem to Washington Square North at Washington Square Park in Greenwich Village and it is considered among the most expensive and best shopping streets in the world. The lower stretch of Fifth Avenue extended the stylish neighborhood of Washington Square northwards, Fifth Avenue is the central scene in Edith Whartons 1920 Pulitzer Prize winning novel The Age of Innocence. The novel describes New Yorks social elite in the 1870s and provides context to Fifth Avenue. Originally a narrower thoroughfare, much of Fifth Avenue south of Central Park was widened in 1908, the midtown blocks, now famously commercial, were largely a residential district until the start of the 20th century. In 1906 his department store, B. Altman and Company, the result was the creation of a high-end shopping district that attracted fashionable women and the upscale stores that wished to serve them. Lord & Taylors flagship store is located on Fifth Avenue near the Empire State Building. In the 1920s traffic towers controlled important intersections from 14th to 59th Streets, traffic crosses the river on the Madison Avenue Bridge. Fifth Avenue serves as the line for house numbering and west-east streets in Manhattan. It separates, for example, East 59th Street from West 59th Street, the most expensive street in the world moniker changes depending on currency fluctuations and local economic conditions from year to year. For several years starting in the mid-1990s, the district between 49th and 57th Streets was ranked as having the worlds most expensive retail spaces on a cost per square foot basis. In 2008, Forbes magazine ranked Fifth Avenue as being the most expensive street in the world, some of the most coveted real estate on Fifth Avenue are the penthouses perched atop the buildings. The American Planning Association compiled a list of 2012 Great Places in America and this historic street has many world-renowned museums, businesses and stores, parks, luxury apartments, and historical landmarks that are reminiscent of its history and vision for the future. Below is a list of sites on Fifth Avenue with their designation dates,500 Fifth Avenue Building – December 14,2010 Aeolian Building – – December 10,2002 George W. It recognizes structures, buildings, sites, and districts associated with important events, people, Fifth Avenue from 142nd Street to 135th Street carries two-way traffic. Fifth Avenue carries one-way traffic southbound from 135th Street to Washington Square North, the changeover to one-way traffic south of 135th Street took place on January 14,1966, at which time Madison Avenue was changed to one way uptown. From 124th Street to 120th Street, Fifth Avenue is cut off by Marcus Garvey Park, Fifth Avenue is one of the few major streets in Manhattan along which streetcars did not operate. Instead, Fifth Avenue Coach offered a more to the taste of fashionable gentlefolk
35.
John Lindsay
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John Vliet Lindsay was an American politician, lawyer, and broadcaster who was a U. S. congressman, mayor of New York City, candidate for U. S. president, and regular guest host of Good Morning America. During his political career, he served as a member of the United States House of Representatives from January 1959 to December 1965 and he died from Parkinsons disease and pneumonia in Hilton Head Island, South Carolina on December 19,2000. Lindsay was born in New York City on West End Avenue, to George Nelson Lindsay and he grew up in an upper-middle-class family of English and Dutch descent. Lindsays paternal grandfather migrated to the United States in the 1880s from the Isle of Wight, Lindsays father was a successful lawyer and investment banker. Lindsay attended the Buckley School, St. Pauls School and Yale, with the outbreak of World War II, Lindsay completed his studies early and in 1943 joined the United States Navy as a gunnery officer. He obtained the rank of lieutenant, earning five battle stars through action in the invasion of Sicily, in 1949, he began his legal career at the law firm of Webster, Sheffield, Fleischmann, Hitchcock & Chrystie. Back in New York City, Lindsay met his wife, Mary Anne Harrison, at the wedding of Nancy Bush. A native of Richmond, Virginia and a resident of Greenwich, Connecticut, Harrison was a distant relative of William Henry Harrison and Benjamin Harrison. That same year Lindsay was admitted to the bar, and rose to become a partner in his law firm four years later. Like Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, who redecorated the White House, Mary Lindsay, an educator, renovated Gracie Mansion. She died of cancer at the age of seventy-seven, four years after the passing of her husband, Lindsay began gravitating toward politics as one of the founders of the Youth for Eisenhower club in 1951 and as president of the New York Young Republican club in 1952. He went on to join the United States Department of Justice in 1955 as executive assistant to Attorney General Herbert Brownell, There he worked on civil liberties cases as well as the 1957 Civil Rights Act. While in Congress, Lindsay established a voting record increasingly at odds with his party. He was a member of a group of liberal and moderate Republicans in the House who voted for the Civil Rights Act of 1964. In 1965, Lindsay was elected Mayor of New York City as a Republican with the support of the Liberal Party of New York in a three-way race. He defeated Democratic mayoral candidate Abraham D. Beame, then City Comptroller, as well as National Review magazine founder William F. Buckley, the unofficial motto of the campaign, taken from a Murray Kempton column, was He is fresh and everyone else is tired. On his first day as mayor, January 1,1966, as New Yorkers endured the transit strike, Lindsay remarked, I still think its a fun city, and walked four miles from his hotel room to City Hall in a gesture to show it. Dick Schaap, then a columnist for the New York Herald Tribune, in the article, Schaap sardonically pointed out that it wasnt
36.
Central Park
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Central Park is an urban park in Manhattan, New York City. Central Park is the most visited park in the United States, with 40 million visitors in 2013. The park was established in 1857 on 778 acres of city-owned land, construction began the same year and the parks first area was opened to the public in the winter of 1858. Construction continued during the American Civil War farther north, and was expanded to its current size of 843 acres in 1873, Central Park was designated a National Historic Landmark by the U. S. Department of the Interior in 1962. The Conservancy is a organization that contributes 75 percent of Central Parks $65 million annual budget and is responsible for all basic care of the 843-acre park. Between 1821 and 1855, New York City nearly quadrupled in population, as the city expanded northward up Manhattan, people were drawn to the few existing open spaces, mainly cemeteries, to get away from the noise and chaotic life in the city. Since Central Park was not part of the original Commissioners Plan of 1811, John Randel, Jr. surveyed the grounds. The only remaining surveying bolt from his survey is still visible, it is embedded in a rock just north of the present Dairy and the 65th Street Transverse, the bolt marks the location where West 65th Street would have intersected Sixth Avenue. The state appointed a Central Park Commission to oversee the development of the park, Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux developed what came to be known as the Greensward Plan, which was selected as the winning design. The Greensward Plan called for some 36 bridges, all designed by Vaux, ranging from rugged spans of Manhattan schist or granite, to lacy Neo-Gothic cast iron, several influences came together in the design. Landscaped cemeteries, such as Mount Auburn and Green-Wood had set examples of idyllic, naturalistic landscapes, the most influential innovations in the Central Park design were the separate circulation systems for pedestrians, horseback riders, and pleasure vehicles. The crosstown commercial traffic was entirely concealed in sunken roadways, screened with densely planted shrub belts so as to maintain a rustic ambiance, before the construction of the park could start, the area had to be cleared of its inhabitants. Most lived in villages, such as Harsenville, the Piggery District, or Seneca Village, or in the school. Approximately 1,600 residents were evicted under the rule of eminent domain during 1857, Seneca Village and parts of the other communities were razed to make room for the park. During the parks construction, Olmsted fought constant battles with the park commissioners, between 1860 and 1873, most of the major hurdles to construction were overcome and the park was substantially completed. The work was documented with technical drawings and photographs. More gunpowder was used to clear the area than was used at the Battle of Gettysburg during the American Civil War, the parks commissioners assigned a name to each of the original 18 gates in 1862. The names were chosen to represent the diversity of New York Citys trades, for example, Mariners Gate for the entrance at 85th Street
37.
Union Square, Manhattan
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The park is under the aegis of the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Adjacent neighborhoods are the Flatiron District to the north, Chelsea to the west, Greenwich Village to the southwest, East Village to the southeast, many buildings of The New School are near the square, as are several dormitories of New York University. It features a wall sculpture and digital clock expelling bursts of steam. Among the heterogeneous assortment of buildings along the west side is the Decker Building, Union Square is noted for its impressive equestrian statue of U. S. A statue of Mahatma Gandhi in the southwest corner of the park was added in 1986, the 14th Street – Union Square New York City Subway station, served by the 456 <6> L N Q R W trains, is located under Union Square. In 1815, by act of the legislature, this former potters field became a public commons for the city. Ruggles obtained a lease on most of the surrounding lots from 15th to 19th Streets. In 1834 he convinced the Board of Aldermen to enclose and grade the square, then sold most of his leases, a fountain was built in the center of Union Square to receive water from the Croton Aqueduct, completed in 1842. The Everett House on the corner of 17th Street and Fourth Avenue was for one of the citys most fashionable hotels. In the early years of the park a fence surrounded the central oval planted with radiating walks lined with trees. In 1872, Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux were called in to replant the park, the last of the neighborhoods free-standing private mansions, Peter Goelets at the northeast corner of 19th Street, made way for a commercial building in 1897. The Rialto, New York Citys first commercial district, was located in. It was called the Rialto after the district in Venice. The theater district gradually re-located northward, into less expensive and undeveloped uptown neighborhoods, thus, suppliers of props, costumes, wigs, scenery, and other theatrical necessities grew up around the new theatres. The park has historically been the start or the end point for political demonstrations. In the summer of 1864 the north side of the square was the site of a Sanitary Fair, Union Square has been a frequent gathering point for radicals of all stripes to make speeches or demonstrate. On September 5,1882, in the first Labor Day celebration, on March 28,1908, an anarchist set off a bomb in Union Square which only killed himself and another man. On August 21,1893, Emma Goldman took the stage at Union Square to make her Free Bread speech to a crowd of overworked garment workers
38.
Manhattan
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Manhattan is the most densely populated borough of New York City, its economic and administrative center, and the citys historical birthplace. The borough is coextensive with New York County, founded on November 1,1683, Manhattan is often described as the cultural and financial capital of the world and hosts the United Nations Headquarters. Many multinational media conglomerates are based in the borough and it is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders which equals US$1062 today. New York County is the United States second-smallest county by land area, on business days, the influx of commuters increases that number to over 3.9 million, or more than 170,000 people per square mile. Manhattan has the third-largest population of New York Citys five boroughs, after Brooklyn and Queens, the City of New York was founded at the southern tip of Manhattan, and the borough houses New York City Hall, the seat of the citys government. The name Manhattan derives from the word Manna-hata, as written in the 1609 logbook of Robert Juet, a 1610 map depicts the name as Manna-hata, twice, on both the west and east sides of the Mauritius River. The word Manhattan has been translated as island of hills from the Lenape language. The United States Postal Service prefers that mail addressed to Manhattan use New York, NY rather than Manhattan, the area that is now Manhattan was long inhabited by the Lenape Native Americans. In 1524, Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano – sailing in service of King Francis I of France – was the first European to visit the area that would become New York City. It was not until the voyage of Henry Hudson, an Englishman who worked for the Dutch East India Company, a permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on the citadel of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam, the 1625 establishment of Fort Amsterdam at the southern tip of Manhattan Island is recognized as the birth of New York City. In 1846, New York historian John Romeyn Brodhead converted the figure of Fl 60 to US$23, variable-rate myth being a contradiction in terms, the purchase price remains forever frozen at twenty-four dollars, as Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace remarked in their history of New York. Sixty guilders in 1626 was valued at approximately $1,000 in 2006, based on the price of silver, Straight Dope author Cecil Adams calculated an equivalent of $72 in 1992. In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant was appointed as the last Dutch Director General of the colony, New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1653. In 1664, the English conquered New Netherland and renamed it New York after the English Duke of York and Albany, the Dutch Republic regained it in August 1673 with a fleet of 21 ships, renaming the city New Orange. Manhattan was at the heart of the New York Campaign, a series of battles in the early American Revolutionary War. The Continental Army was forced to abandon Manhattan after the Battle of Fort Washington on November 16,1776. The city, greatly damaged by the Great Fire of New York during the campaign, became the British political, British occupation lasted until November 25,1783, when George Washington returned to Manhattan, as the last British forces left the city
39.
NBC
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The National Broadcasting Company is an American commercial broadcast television network that is the flagship property of NBCUniversal, a subsidiary of Comcast. The network is part of the Big Three television networks, founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America, NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States. Following the acquisition by GE, Bob Wright served as executive officer of NBC, remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007. In 2003, French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE, Comcast purchased a controlling interest in the company in 2011, and acquired General Electrics remaining stake in 2013. Following the Comcast merger, Zucker left NBC Universal and was replaced as CEO by Comcast executive Steve Burke, during a period of early broadcast business consolidation, radio manufacturer Radio Corporation of America acquired New York City radio station WEAF from American Telephone & Telegraph. Westinghouse, a shareholder in RCA, had an outlet in Newark, New Jersey pioneer station WJZ. This station was transferred from Westinghouse to RCA in 1923, WEAF acted as a laboratory for AT&Ts manufacturing and supply outlet Western Electric, whose products included transmitters and antennas. The Bell System, AT&Ts telephone utility, was developing technologies to transmit voice- and music-grade audio over short and long distances, the 1922 creation of WEAF offered a research-and-development center for those activities. WEAF maintained a schedule of radio programs, including some of the first commercially sponsored programs. In an early example of chain or networking broadcasting, the station linked with Outlet Company-owned WJAR in Providence, Rhode Island, AT&T refused outside companies access to its high-quality phone lines. The early effort fared poorly, since the telegraph lines were susceptible to atmospheric. In 1925, AT&T decided that WEAF and its network were incompatible with the companys primary goal of providing a telephone service. AT&T offered to sell the station to RCA in a deal that included the right to lease AT&Ts phone lines for network transmission, the divisions ownership was split among RCA, its founding corporate parent General Electric and Westinghouse. NBC officially started broadcasting on November 15,1926, WEAF and WJZ, the flagships of the two earlier networks, were operated side-by-side for about a year as part of the new NBC. On April 5,1927, NBC expanded to the West Coast with the launch of the NBC Orange Network and this was followed by the debut of the NBC Gold Network, also known as the Pacific Gold Network, on October 18,1931. The Orange Network carried Red Network programming, and the Gold Network carried programming from the Blue Network, initially, the Orange Network recreated Eastern Red Network programming for West Coast stations at KPO in San Francisco. The Orange Network name was removed from use in 1936, at the same time, the Gold Network became part of the Blue Network. In the 1930s, NBC also developed a network for shortwave radio stations, in 1927, NBC moved its operations to 711 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, occupying the upper floors of a building designed by architect Floyd Brown
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CBS
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CBS is an American commercial broadcast television network that is a flagship property of CBS Corporation. The company is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City with major facilities and operations in New York City. CBS is sometimes referred to as the Eye Network, in reference to the iconic logo. It has also called the Tiffany Network, alluding to the perceived high quality of CBS programming during the tenure of William S. Paley. It can also refer to some of CBSs first demonstrations of color television, the network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc. a collection of 16 radio stations that was purchased by Paley in 1928 and renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System. Under Paleys guidance, CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States, in 1974, CBS dropped its former full name and became known simply as CBS, Inc. In 2000, CBS came under the control of Viacom, which was formed as a spin-off of CBS in 1971, CBS Corporation is controlled by Sumner Redstone through National Amusements, which also controls the current Viacom. The television network has more than 240 owned-and-operated and affiliated stations throughout the United States. The origins of CBS date back to January 27,1927, Columbia Phonographic went on the air on September 18,1927, with a presentation by the Howard Barlow Orchestra from flagship station WOR in Newark, New Jersey, and fifteen affiliates. Operational costs were steep, particularly the payments to AT&T for use of its land lines, in early 1928 Judson sold the network to brothers Isaac and Leon Levy, owners of the networks Philadelphia affiliate WCAU, and their partner Jerome Louchenheim. With the record out of the picture, Paley quickly streamlined the corporate name to Columbia Broadcasting System. He believed in the power of advertising since his familys La Palina cigars had doubled their sales after young William convinced his elders to advertise on radio. By September 1928, Paley bought out the Louchenheim share of CBS, during Louchenheims brief regime, Columbia paid $410,000 to A. H. Grebes Atlantic Broadcasting Company for a small Brooklyn station, WABC, which would become the networks flagship station. WABC was quickly upgraded, and the relocated to 860 kHz. The physical plant was relocated also – to Steinway Hall on West 57th Street in Manhattan, by the turn of 1929, the network could boast to sponsors of having 47 affiliates. Paley moved right away to put his network on a financial footing. In the fall of 1928, he entered talks with Adolph Zukor of Paramount Pictures. The deal came to fruition in September 1929, Paramount acquired 49% of CBS in return for a block of its stock worth $3.8 million at the time
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American Broadcasting Company
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The network is headquartered on Columbus Avenue and West 66th Street in Manhattan, New York City. There are additional offices and production facilities elsewhere in New York City, as well as in Los Angeles and Burbank. Since 2007, when ABC Radio was sold to Citadel Broadcasting, ABC originally launched on October 12,1943, as a radio network, separated from and serving as the successor to the NBC Blue Network, which had been purchased by Edward J. Noble. It extended its operations to television in 1948, following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks CBS, in the mid-1950s, ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres, a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of Paramount Pictures. Leonard Goldenson, who had been the head of UPT, made the new television network profitable by helping develop, in 1996, most of Capital Cities/ABCs assets were purchased by The Walt Disney Company. The television network has eight owned-and-operated and over 232 affiliated television stations throughout the United States, most Canadians have access to at least one U. S. ABC News provides news and features content for radio stations owned by Citadel Broadcasting. In the 1930s, radio in the United States was dominated by three companies, the Columbia Broadcasting System, the Mutual Broadcasting System and the National Broadcasting Company. The last was owned by electronics manufacturer Radio Corporation of America, in 1938, the FCC began a series of investigations into the practices of radio networks and published its report on the broadcasting of network radio programs in 1940. The report recommended that RCA give up control of either NBC Red or NBC Blue, at that time, the NBC Red Network was the principal radio network in the United States and, according to the FCC, RCA was using NBC Blue to eliminate any hint of competition. Once Mutuals appeals against the FCC were rejected, RCA decided to sell NBC Blue in 1941, the newly separated NBC Red and NBC Blue divided their respective corporate assets. Investment firm Dillon, Read & Co. offered $7.5 million to purchase the network, Edward John Noble, the owner of Life Savers candy, drugstore chain Rexall and New York City radio station WMCA, purchased the network for $8 million. Due to FCC ownership rules, the transaction, which was to include the purchase of three RCA stations by Noble, would require him to resell his station with the FCCs approval, the Commission authorized the transaction on October 12,1943. Soon afterward, the Blue Network was purchased by the new company Noble founded, Noble subsequently acquired the rights to the American Broadcasting Company name from George B. Meanwhile, in August 1944, the West Coast division of the Blue Network, both stations were then managed by Don Searle, the vice-president of the Blue Networks West Coast division. The ABC Radio Network created its audience slowly, the network also became known for such suspenseful dramas as Sherlock Holmes, Gang Busters and Counterspy, as well as several mid-afternoon youth-oriented programs. S. From Nazi Germany after its conquest, to pre-record its programming, while its radio network was undergoing reconstruction, ABC found it difficult to avoid falling behind on the new medium of television. To ensure a space, in 1947, ABC submitted five applications for television station licenses, the ABC television network made its debut on April 19,1948, with WFIL-TV in Philadelphia becoming its first primary affiliate
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The New York Times
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The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
