1.
Southern Pacific Transportation Company
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The Southern Pacific Transportation Company, earlier Southern Pacific Railroad and Southern Pacific Company, and usually called the Southern Pacific or Espee, was an American Class I railroad. It was absorbed in 1988 by the company controlled the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad. The railroad was founded as a holding company in 1865. By 1900 the Southern Pacific Company was a railroad system incorporating many smaller companies, such as the Texas and New Orleans Railroad and Morgans Louisiana. It extended from New Orleans through Texas to El Paso, across New Mexico and through Tucson, to Los Angeles, through most of California, including San Francisco, Central Pacific lines extended east across Nevada to Ogden, Utah, and reached north through Oregon to Portland. By the 1980s route mileage had dropped to 10,423 miles, in 1988 the Southern Pacific was taken over by D&RGW parent Rio Grande Industries. The combined railroad kept the Southern Pacific name due to its recognition in the railroad industry. Along with the addition of the SPCSL Corporation route from Chicago to St. Louis, by 1996 years of financial problems had dropped SPs mileage to 13,715 miles, and it was taken over by the Union Pacific Railroad. Southern Pacific founded important hospitals in San Francisco, Tucson, in the 1970s, it also founded a telecommunications network with a state-of-the-art microwave and fiber optic backbone. This evolved into Sprint, a company name that came from the acronym for Southern Pacific Railroad Internal Networking Telephony. The original aim was to construct a railroad from Galveston Bay to a point on the Red River near a trading post known as Coffees Station, the GRR built 2 miles of track in Houston in 1855. Track laying began in earnest in 1856 and on 1 September 1856 GRR was renamed the Houston and Texas Central Railway. SP acquired H&TC in 1883 but it continued to operate as a subsidiary under its own management until 1927, when it was leased to another SP-owned railroad, the Texas and New Orleans Railroad. The Buffalo Bayou, Brazos and Colorado Railway, was chartered in Texas on 11 February 1850 by a group that included General Sidney Sherman, bBB&C was the first railroad to commence operation in Texas and the first component of SP to commence operation. Surveying of the route alignment commenced at Harrisburg, Texas in 1851, the first 20 miles of track opened in August 1853. SP was founded in San Francisco, California in 1865 by a group of businessmen led by Timothy Phelps with the aim of building a connection between San Francisco and San Diego, California. The company was purchased in September 1868 by a group of known as the Big Four, Charles Crocker, Leland Stanford, Mark Hopkins. The Big Four had, in 1861, created the Central Pacific Railroad, CPRR was merged into SP in 1870
2.
Track gauge
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In rail transport, track gauge is the spacing of the rails on a railway track and is measured between the inner faces of the load-bearing rails. All vehicles on a network must have running gear that is compatible with the track gauge, as the dominant parameter determining interoperability, it is still frequently used as a descriptor of a route or network. There is a distinction between the gauge and actual gauge at some locality, due to divergence of track components from the nominal. Railway engineers use a device, like a caliper, to measure the actual gauge, the nominal track gauge is the distance between the inner faces of the rails. In current practice, it is specified at a distance below the rail head as the inner faces of the rail head are not necessarily vertical. In some cases in the earliest days of railways, the company saw itself as an infrastructure provider only. Colloquially the wagons might be referred to as four-foot gauge wagons, say and this nominal value does not equate to the flange spacing, as some freedom is allowed for. An infrastructure manager might specify new or replacement track components at a variation from the nominal gauge for pragmatic reasons. Track is defined in old Imperial units or in universally accepted metric units or SI units, Imperial units were established in United Kingdom by The Weights and Measures Act of 1824. In addition, there are constraints, such as the load-carrying capacity of axles. Narrow gauge railways usually cost less to build because they are lighter in construction, using smaller cars and locomotives, as well as smaller bridges, smaller tunnels. Narrow gauge is often used in mountainous terrain, where the savings in civil engineering work can be substantial. Broader gauge railways are generally expensive to build and require wider curves. There is no single perfect gauge, because different environments and economic considerations come into play, a narrow gauge is superior if ones main considerations are economy and tight curvature. For direct, unimpeded routes with high traffic, a broad gauge may be preferable, the Standard, Russian, and 46 gauges are designed to strike a reasonable balance between these factors. In addition to the general trade-off, another important factor is standardization, once a standard has been chosen, and equipment, infrastructure, and training calibrated to that standard, conversion becomes difficult and expensive. This also makes it easier to adopt an existing standard than to invent a new one and this is true of many technologies, including railroad gauges. The reduced cost, greater efficiency, and greater economic opportunity offered by the use of a common standard explains why a number of gauges predominate worldwide
3.
Standard gauge
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The standard gauge is a widely used railway track gauge. Approximately 55% of the lines in the world are this gauge, all high-speed rail lines, except those in Russia, Uzbekistan, and Finland, are standard gauge. The distance between the edges of the rails is defined to be 1435 mm except in the United States. It is also called the UIC gauge or UIC track gauge, as railways developed and expanded, one of the key issues was the track gauge to be used. The result was the adoption throughout a large part of the world of a gauge of 1435 mm. In North East England, some lines in colliery areas were 4 ft 8 in. All these lines had been widened to standard gauge by 1846, parts of the United States, mainly in the Northeast, adopted the same gauge, because some early trains were purchased from Britain. However, until well into the half of the 19th century, Britain. The American gauges converged as the advantages of equipment interchange became increasingly apparent, notably, all the 5 ft broad gauge track in the South was converted to standard gauge over the course of two days beginning on 31 May 1886. See Track gauge in the United States, snopes categorized this legend as false, but commented that. It is perhaps more fairly labelled as True, but for trivial, the historical tendency to place the wheels of horse-drawn vehicles approximately 5 feet apart probably derives from the width needed to fit a carthorse in between the shafts. Others were 4 ft 4 in or 4 ft 7 1⁄2 in, the English railway pioneer George Stephenson spent much of his early engineering career working for the coal mines of County Durham. He favoured 4 ft 8 in for wagonways in Northumberland and Durham, the Hetton and Springwell wagonways also used this gauge. Stephensons Stockton and Darlington railway was primarily to transport coal from mines near Shildon to the port at Stockton-on-Tees. The initial gauge of 4 ft 8 in was set to accommodate the existing gauge of hundreds of horse-drawn chaldron wagons that were already in use on the wagonways in the mines. The railway used this gauge for 15 years before a change was made to 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in gauge, George Stephenson used the 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in gauge for the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, authorised in 1826 and opened 30 September 1830. The success of this led to Stephenson and his son Robert being employed to engineer several other larger railway projects. Monkland and Kirkintilloch Railway, authorised 1824 and opened 1825, used 4 ft 6 in, Dundee and Newtyle Railway, authorised 1829 and opened 1831, used 4 ft 6 1⁄2 in
4.
Railway electrification system
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A railway electrification system supplies electric power to railway trains and trams without an on-board prime mover or local fuel supply. Electrification has many advantages but requires significant capital expenditure, selection of an electrification system is based on economics of energy supply, maintenance, and capital cost compared to the revenue obtained for freight and passenger traffic. Different systems are used for urban and intercity areas, some electric locomotives can switch to different supply voltages to allow flexibility in operation, Electric railways use electric locomotives to haul passengers or freight in separate cars or electric multiple units, passenger cars with their own motors. Electricity is typically generated in large and relatively efficient generating stations, transmitted to the railway network, some electric railways have their own dedicated generating stations and transmission lines but most purchase power from an electric utility. The railway usually provides its own lines, switches and transformers. Power is supplied to moving trains with a continuous conductor running along the track usually takes one of two forms. The first is a line or catenary wire suspended from poles or towers along the track or from structure or tunnel ceilings. Locomotives or multiple units pick up power from the wire with pantographs on their roofs that press a conductive strip against it with a spring or air pressure. Examples are described later in this article, the second is a third rail mounted at track level and contacted by a sliding pickup shoe. Both overhead wire and third-rail systems usually use the rails as the return conductor. In comparison to the alternative, the diesel engine, electric railways offer substantially better energy efficiency, lower emissions. Electric locomotives are usually quieter, more powerful, and more responsive and they have no local emissions, an important advantage in tunnels and urban areas. Different regions may use different supply voltages and frequencies, complicating through service, the limited clearances available under catenaries may preclude efficient double-stack container service. Possible lethal electric current due to risk of contact with high-voltage contact wires, overhead wires are safer than third rails, but they are often considered unsightly. These are independent of the system used, so that. The permissible range of voltages allowed for the voltages is as stated in standards BS EN50163. These take into account the number of trains drawing current and their distance from the substation, railways must operate at variable speeds. Until the mid 1980s this was only practical with the brush-type DC motor, since such conversion was not well developed in the late 19th century and early 20th century, most early electrified railways used DC and many still do, particularly rapid transit and trams
5.
Volt
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The volt is the derived unit for electric potential, electric potential difference, and electromotive force. One volt is defined as the difference in potential between two points of a conducting wire when an electric current of one ampere dissipates one watt of power between those points. It is also equal to the difference between two parallel, infinite planes spaced 1 meter apart that create an electric field of 1 newton per coulomb. Additionally, it is the difference between two points that will impart one joule of energy per coulomb of charge that passes through it. It can also be expressed as amperes times ohms, watts per ampere, or joules per coulomb, for the Josephson constant, KJ = 2e/h, the conventional value KJ-90 is used, K J-90 =0.4835979 GHz μ V. This standard is typically realized using an array of several thousand or tens of thousands of junctions. Empirically, several experiments have shown that the method is independent of device design, material, measurement setup, etc. in the water-flow analogy sometimes used to explain electric circuits by comparing them with water-filled pipes, voltage is likened to difference in water pressure. Current is proportional to the diameter of the pipe or the amount of water flowing at that pressure. A resistor would be a reduced diameter somewhere in the piping, the relationship between voltage and current is defined by Ohms Law. Ohms Law is analogous to the Hagen–Poiseuille equation, as both are linear models relating flux and potential in their respective systems, the voltage produced by each electrochemical cell in a battery is determined by the chemistry of that cell. Cells can be combined in series for multiples of that voltage, mechanical generators can usually be constructed to any voltage in a range of feasibility. High-voltage electric power lines,110 kV and up Lightning, Varies greatly. Volta had determined that the most effective pair of metals to produce electricity was zinc. In 1861, Latimer Clark and Sir Charles Bright coined the name volt for the unit of resistance, by 1873, the British Association for the Advancement of Science had defined the volt, ohm, and farad. In 1881, the International Electrical Congress, now the International Electrotechnical Commission and they made the volt equal to 108 cgs units of voltage, the cgs system at the time being the customary system of units in science. At that time, the volt was defined as the difference across a conductor when a current of one ampere dissipates one watt of power. The international volt was defined in 1893 as 1/1.434 of the emf of a Clark cell and this definition was abandoned in 1908 in favor of a definition based on the international ohm and international ampere until the entire set of reproducible units was abandoned in 1948. Prior to the development of the Josephson junction voltage standard, the volt was maintained in laboratories using specially constructed batteries called standard cells
6.
Direct current
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Direct current is a flow of electrical charge carriers that always takes place in the same direction. The current need not always have the magnitude, but if it is to be defined as dc. This contrasts with alternating current which varies the direction of flow, sources of direct current include power supplies, electrochemical cells and batteries, and photovoltaic cells and panels. The intensity, or amplitude, of a direct current might fluctuate with time, in some such cases the dc has an ac component superimposed on it. An example of this is the output of a cell that receives a modulated light communications signal. A source of dc is sometimes called a dc generator, batteries and various other sources of dc produce a constant voltage. This is called pure dc and can be represented by a straight, the peak and effective values are the same. The peak to peak value is zero because the instantaneous amplitude never changes, in some instances the value of a dc voltage pulsates or oscillates rapidly with time, in a manner similar to the changes in an ac wave. The unfiltered output of a wave or a full wave rectifier. In 1820, Hans Christian Orsted discovered that electrical current creates a magnetic field and this discovery made scientists relate magnetism to the electric phenomena. In 1879, Thomas Edison invented the light bulb. He improved a 50-year-old idea using lower current electricity, a vacuum inside the globe and a small carbonized filament. At that time, the idea of lightning was not new. Edison not only invented an incandescent electric light, but an electric lighting system contained all the necessary elements to make the incandescent light safe, economical. Prior to 1879, direct current electricity had been used in lighting for the outdoors and it was in the 1880s when the modern electric utility industry began. It was an evolution from street lighting systems and from gas and it was located in Lower Manhattan, on Pearl Street. This station provided light and electricity to customers in a one square mile range, the station was called Thomas Edisons Pearl Street Electricity Generating Station. This station introduced four elements of an electric utility system, Efficient distribution, competitive price, reliable central generation
7.
Overhead line
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An overhead line or overhead wire is used to transmit electrical energy to trams, trolleybuses, or trains. Overhead line is designed on the principle of one or more overhead wires situated over rail tracks, the feeder stations are usually fed from a high-voltage electrical grid. Electric trains that collect their current from overhead lines use a device such as a pantograph and it presses against the underside of the lowest overhead wire, the contact wire. Current collectors are electrically conductive and allow current to flow through to the train or tram, non-electric locomotives may pass along these tracks without affecting the overhead line, although there may be difficulties with overhead clearance. Alternative electrical power transmission schemes for trains include third rail, ground-level power supply, batteries and this article does not cover regenerative braking, where the traction motors act as generators to retard movement and return power to the overhead. To achieve good high-speed current collection, it is necessary to keep the wire geometry within defined limits. This is usually achieved by supporting the wire from a second wire known as the messenger wire or catenary. This wire approximates the path of a wire strung between two points, a catenary curve, thus the use of catenary to describe this wire or sometimes the whole system. This wire is attached to the wire at regular intervals by vertical wires known as droppers or drop wires. It is supported regularly at structures, by a pulley, link, the whole system is then subjected to a mechanical tension. As the contact wire makes contact with the pantograph, the insert on top of the pantograph is worn down. The straight wire between supports will cause the wire to cross over the whole surface of the pantograph as the train travels around the curve, causing uniform wear. On straight track, the wire is zigzagged slightly to the left. The movement of the wire across the head of the pantograph is called the sweep. The zigzagging of the line is not required for trolley poles. Depot areas tend to have only a wire and are known as simple equipment or trolley wire. When overhead line systems were first conceived, good current collection was only at low speeds. Compound equipment - uses a second wire, known as the auxiliary
8.
Interurban
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The interurban is a type of electric railway, with streetcar-like light electric self-propelled railcars which run within and between cities or towns. They were prevalent in North America between 1900 and 1925 and were used primarily for travel between cities and their surrounding suburban and rural communities. Limited examples existed in Europe and Asia, Interurban as a term encompassed the companies, their infrastructure, and the cars that ran on the rails. The interurban, especially in the United States, was a cultural institution. Most roads and town streets were unpaved, and transportation was by horse-drawn carriages, the interurban provided vital transportation links between the city and countryside. In 1915,15,500 miles of railways were operating in the United States. For a time, interurban railways were the fifth-largest industry in the United States, by 1930, most interurbans were gone, with few surviving into the 1950s. The term interurban was coined by Charles L. Henry, a senator in Indiana. The Latin, inter urbes, means between cities, the interurban fit on a continuum between urban street railways and full-fledged railroads. George W. Hilton and John F, Due identified four characteristics of an interurban, Electric power for propulsion. Passenger service as the primary business, equipment heavier and faster than urban streetcars. Operation on tracks in city streets, and in areas on roadside tracks or private right-of-way. The definition of interurban is necessarily blurry, there was a large amount of consolidation of lines following initial construction. In 1905 the United States Census Bureau defined an interurban as a railway having more than half its trackage outside municipal limits. It drew a distinction between interurban and suburban railroads, a suburban system was oriented toward a city center in a single urban area and served commuter traffic. A regular railroad moved riders from one city center to city center. The typical interurban similarly served more than one city, but it served a smaller region and made frequent stops. The 1880s and saw the first successful deployments of electric traction in streetcar systems, most of these built on the pioneering work of Frank J. Sprague, who developed an improved method for mounting an electric traction motor and using a trolley pole for pickup
9.
East Bay (San Francisco Bay Area)
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The eastern region of the San Francisco Bay Area, commonly referred to as the East Bay, includes cities along the eastern shores of the San Francisco Bay and San Pablo Bay. The region has grown to include inland communities in Alameda and Contra Costa Counties, with a population of roughly 2.5 million in 2010, it is the most populous subregion in the Bay Area. Oakland is the largest city in the East Bay and the third largest in the Bay Area, the city serves as a major transportation hub for the U. S. West Coast, and its port is the largest in Northern California, increased population has led to the growth of such large edge cities as Berkeley, Hayward, Concord and Fremont. The Transcontinental Railroad was completed in 1869 with its terminus at the newly constructed Oakland Long Wharf. Today the Port of Oakland is the Bay Areas largest port, in 1868, the University of California was formed from the private College of California and a new campus was built in what would become Berkeley. The 1906 San Francisco earthquake saw a number of refugees flee to the relatively undamaged East Bay. As the East Bay grew, the push to connect it with a permanent link than ferry service resulted in the completion of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge in 1936. The Bay Area saw further growth in the decades following World War II, the 1937 completion of the Caldecott Tunnel through the Berkeley Hills fueled growth further east, where there was undeveloped land. Cities in the Diablo Valley, including Concord and Walnut Creek, the addition of the BART commuter rail system in 1972 further encouraged development in increasingly far-flung regions of the East Bay. Today, the valleys east of the Berkeley Hills contain large affluent suburban communities such as Walnut Creek, San Ramon, the East Bay is not a formally defined region, aside from its being described as a region inclusive of Alameda and Contra Costa counties. As development moves generally eastward, new areas are described as being part of the East Bay, beyond the borders of Alameda County, the large population of Tracy is connected as a bedroom community housing commuters traveling to or through the East Bay. Except for some hills and ridges which exist as parklands or undeveloped land, and some farmland in eastern Contra Costa and Alameda Counties, the East Bay is highly urbanized. The East Bay shoreline is a corridor with several cities exceeding 100,000 residents, including Oakland, Hayward, Fremont, Richmond. In the inland valleys on the east side of the Berkeley Hills, the land is developed, particularly on the eastern fringe of Contra Costa county. In the inland valleys, the density is less and the cities smaller. The only cities exceeding 100,000 residents in the valleys are Antioch. The free East Bay Monthly has been published since 1970, in the early years of the evolution of USA Today, during the early 1980s, they operated regional newspapers, with the regions paper entitled East Bay Today
10.
San Francisco Bay Area
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The San Francisco Bay Area is a populous region surrounding the San Francisco and San Pablo estuaries in Northern California. The region encompasses the cities and metropolitan areas of San Jose, San Francisco. The Bay Areas nine counties are Alameda, Contra Costa, Marin, Napa, San Francisco, San Mateo, Santa Clara, Solano, and Sonoma. The combined statistical area of the region is the second-largest in California, the fifth-largest in the United States, the Bay Area has the second-most Fortune 500 Companies in the United States, and is known for its natural beauty, liberal politics, entrepreneurship, and diversity. The eastern side of the bay, consisting of Alameda and Contra Costa counties, is known locally as the East Bay, the inner East Bay is more densely populated, with generally older buildings, and a more ethnically diverse population. The word Lamorinda was coined by combining the names of the cities it includes, Lafayette, Moraga, walnut Creek is situated east of Lamorinda and north of the San Ramon Valley and, together with Concord, Martinez, and Pleasant Hill comprises Central Contra Costa County. The cities of Antioch, Pittsburg, Brentwood, Oakley and the areas surrounding them comprise East Contra Costa County. The Tri-Valley consists of the Amador, the Livermore, and the San Ramon Valleys, dublin and Pleasanton comprise the Amador Valley, Livermore lies in the Livermore Valley, and the San Ramon Valley consists of Alamo, Danville, Diablo and its namesake, San Ramon. The outer East Bay is connected to the inner East Bay by BART, Interstate 580 to the south, and State Routes State Route 4 to the north, the outer East Bays infrastructure was mostly built up after World War II. This area remains largely white demographically, although the Hispanic and Filipino populations have grown significantly over the past 2–3 decades, the region north of the Golden Gate Bridge is known locally as the North Bay. This area encompasses Marin County, Sonoma County, Napa County, the city of Fairfield, being part of Solano County, is often considered the easternmost city of the North Bay. With few exceptions, this region is affluent, Marin County is ranked as the wealthiest in the state. The North Bay is relatively rural compared to the remainder of the Bay Area, with areas of undeveloped open space, farmland. Santa Rosa in Sonoma County is the North Bays largest city, with a population of 167,815 and a Metropolitan Statistical Area population of 466,891, making it the fifth-largest city in the Bay Area. The North Bay is the section of the Bay Area that is not currently served by a commuter rail service. The area from San Francisco to the Silicon Valley, geographically part of the San Francisco Peninsula, is known locally as The Peninsula, many of these families are of foreign background and have significantly contributed to the diversity of the area. Whereas the term peninsula technically refers to the entire geographical San Franciscan Peninsula, in local terms, San Francisco is surrounded by water on three sides, the north, east, and west. The city squeezes roughly 870,000 people in under 47 square miles, on any given day, there can be as many as 1 million people in the city because of the commuting population and tourism
11.
Key System
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At its height during the 1940s, the Key System had over 66 miles of track. The local streetcars were discontinued in 1948 and the trains to San Francisco were discontinued in 1958. The Key Systems territory is served by BART and AC Transit bus service. The Key System began as the San Francisco, Oakland, and San Jose Railway, service began on October 26,1903 with a 4-car train carrying 250 passengers, departing downtown Berkeley for the ferry pier. The company touted its key route, which led to the adoption of the name Key System, in 1908, the SFOSJR changed its name to the San Francisco, Oakland & San Jose Consolidated Railway, changed to the San Francisco-Oakland Terminal Railway in 1912. This went bankrupt in December 1923 and was re-organized as the Key System Transit Co. transforming a marketing buzzword into the name of the company. Following the Great Crash of 1929, a company called the Railway Equipment & Realty Co. was created. In 1938, the became the Key System. During World War II, the Key System built and operated the Shipyard Railway between a station in Emeryville and the Kaiser Shipyards in Richmond. National City Lines acquired 64% of the stock in the system in 1946, jay Quinby hand published a document exposing the ownership of National City Lines. The new owners made a number of rapid changes, in 1946 they cut back the A-1 train route and then the express trains in 1947. The company increased fares in 1946 and then in both January and November 1947, during the period there were many complaints of overcrowding. They were convicted of conspiring to monopolize sales of buses and supplies and they were acquitted of conspiring to monopolize the ownership of these companies. In 1948 they proposed a plan to all the streetcars to buses. They placed an advertisement in the local papers explaining their plan to modernize and motorize Line 14, Oakland city council opposed the plan by 5–3. The Public Utilities Commission supported the plan which included large fare increases, in October 1948,700 people signed a petition with the PUC against the Key System, seeking restoration of the bus service on the #70 Chabot Bus line. The councils of Oakland, Berkeley and San Leandro opposed the removal of street cars, the traffic planners supported removal of the streetcar lines to facilitate movement of automobiles. Local governments in the East Bay attempted to purchase the Key System, Streetcars were converted to buses during November/December 1948
12.
Berkeley, California
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Berkeley is a city on the east shore of San Francisco Bay in northern Alameda County, California. It is named after the 18th-century Anglo-Irish bishop and philosopher George Berkeley and it borders the cities of Oakland and Emeryville to the south and the city of Albany and the unincorporated community of Kensington to the north. Its eastern border with Contra Costa County generally follows the ridge of the Berkeley Hills, the 2010 census recorded a population of 112,580. It also has the Graduate Theological Union, one of the largest religious studies institutions in the world and it is one of the most politically liberal cities in the United States. The site of todays City of Berkeley was the territory of the Chochenyo/Huchiun band of the Ohlone people when the first Europeans arrived, other artifacts were discovered in the 1950s in the downtown area during remodeling of a commercial building, near the upper course of the creek. The first people of European descent arrived with the De Anza Expedition in 1776, today, this is noted by signage on Interstate 80, which runs along the San Francisco Bay shoreline of Berkeley. The De Anza Expedition led to establishment of the Spanish Presidio of San Francisco at the entrance to San Francisco Bay, luis Peralta was among the soldiers at the Presidio. For his services to the King of Spain, he was granted a vast stretch of land on the east shore of San Francisco Bay for a ranch, luis Peralta named his holding Rancho San Antonio. The primary activity of the ranch was raising cattle for meat and hides, eventually, Peralta gave portions of the ranch to each of his four sons. What is now Berkeley lies mostly in the portion that went to Peraltas son Domingo, with a little in the portion that went to another son, no artifact survives of the Domingo or Vicente ranches, but their names survive in Berkeley street names. However, legal title to all land in the City of Berkeley remains based on the original Peralta land grant, the Peraltas Rancho San Antonio continued after Alta California passed from Spanish to Mexican sovereignty after the Mexican War of Independence. The lands of the brothers Domingo and Vicente were quickly reduced to reservations close to their respective ranch homes, the rest of the land was surveyed and parceled out to various American claimants. Politically, the area that became Berkeley was initially part of a vast Contra Costa County, on March 25,1853, Alameda County was created from a division within Contra Costa County, as well as from a small portion of Santa Clara County. The area of Berkeley was at this period mostly a mix of land, farms and ranches. It was not yet Berkeley, but merely the part of the Oakland Township subdivision of Alameda County. In 1866, Oaklands private College of California looked for a new site, according to the Centennial Record of the University of California, In 1866…at Founders Rock, a group of College of California men watched two ships standing out to sea through the Golden Gate. Although the philosophers name is pronounced bark-lee, the pronunciation of the name has evolved to suit American English as burk-lee. The College of Californias College Homestead Association planned to raise funds for the new campus by selling off adjacent parcels of land, to this end, they laid out a plat and street grid that became the basis of Berkeleys modern street plan
13.
Albany, California
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Albany is a city in Alameda County, California. The population was 18,539 at the 2010 census, in 1908, a group of local women protested the dumping of Berkeley garbage in their community. Armed with two shotguns and a rifle, they confronted the drivers of the wagons near what is now the corner of San Pablo Avenue. The women told the drivers of the horse-drawn garbage wagons to go home, shortly thereafter, the residents of the town voted to incorporate as the City of Ocean View. In 1909, voters changed the name of the city, primarily to distinguish the city from the adjacent section of Berkeley which had previously been named Ocean View. On a vote of 38 to 6 the city was renamed in honor of Albany, New York, the birthplace of the citys first mayor, Frank Roberts. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 5.5 square miles. The principal shopping street in Albany is Solano Avenue, which cuts across the city from west to east, another important street is San Pablo Avenue, which travels from north to south. Albany is located on the shore of San Francisco Bay, bordering the city of Berkeley to the south and east. Albanys northern and southern borders are defined by two creeks, Codornices Creek on the south and Cerrito Creek on the north, Cerrito Creek takes its name from El Cerrito de San Antonio, now known as Albany Hill. The hills unusual location near the bay makes it a prominent landmark in the East Bay. The rest of the city is flat by Bay Area standards. Albanys waterfront has undergone significant man-made changes, the most prominent landform is now the Albany Bulb, the bulb was the site of a small art colony and shanty town until it was cleared to turn the area into part of the new Eastshore State Park. University Village, a unit of the University of California Berkeley, is located in Albany. The 2010 United States Census reported that Albany had a population of 18,539, as of 2012, Albany had a population of 18,969. The population density was 3,392.1 people per square mile. The racial makeup of Albany was 10,128 White,645 African American,88 Native American,5,790 Asian,37 Pacific Islander,607 from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1,891 persons. The Census reported that 18,454 people lived in households,74 lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, there were 341 unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 123 same-sex married couples or partnerships
14.
Emeryville, California
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Emeryville is a small city located in northwest Alameda County, California, in the United States. It is located in a corridor between the cities of Berkeley and Oakland, extending to the shore of San Francisco Bay and its proximity to San Francisco, the Bay Bridge, the University of California, Berkeley, and Silicon Valley has been a catalyst for recent economic growth. It is home to Pixar Animation Studios, Peets Coffee & Tea, Jamba Juice, The Center for Investigative Reporting, before the colonization of the area by Spain in 1776, this area was the site of extensive Ohlone Native American settlements. During the Spanish and Mexican eras, Emeryville was the site of a wharf near the mouth of Temescal Creek adjacent to the shellmound. The cattle processed here were raised in nearby ranches and farms, the odors emanating from this district were notorious and often mentioned in local newspapers of the 19th and early 20th century. Emeryvilles first post office opened in 1884, the Town of Emeryville was incorporated December 2,1896. It was named after Joseph Stickney Emery, who came during the Gold Rush, in 1884, Emery was president of a narrow-gauge railroad called the California and Nevada Railroad. The railroad was intended to extend from Oakland, through Emerys and then east across the Sierra Nevada to the gold mining town of Bodie. From Bodie the railroad would extend east through Nevada to a connection with the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad, despite its grandiose intentions, the railroad was built only from Oakland to Orinda, and its right-of-way was sold to the Santa Fe Railway. The Santa Fe then constructed a yard and passenger depot below San Pablo between 41st Street and Yerba Buena Avenue. Although located in Emeryville, the depot, which opened in 1902, was called Oakland, the Key System established its main rail yard adjacent to the yard of the Santa Fe in a large tract west of San Pablo Avenue in the vicinity of Yerba Buena Avenue. The Key Systems main power plant, used to energize its streetcars, the immense smokestack was a local landmark for decades, surviving right through the Loma Prieta earthquake of 1989. It was demolished for safety reasons shortly thereafter, the old Key System mainline to the pier, and later, to the Bay Bridge, ran in a subway below Beach Street and the Southern Pacific mainline near the power plant. That subway survives and is used as a private entrance to the main sewage treatment plant of East Bay Municipal Utility District. In the late 19th century, a park was built around the shellmound. The park included two dance pavilions, one of which stood atop the shellmound, a trotting park was built nearby at the junction of the Berkeley Branch line with the mainline of the Southern Pacific. On February 22,1920 the first dog race track to employ an imitation rabbit opened in Emeryville, during the Depression, Emeryville was jammed with speakeasies, racetracks and brothels and became known as a somewhat lawless center for entertainment. The popular local restaurant The Townhouse is one such trace, a location that once was a speakeasy during Prohibition, today, this tradition is carried on to a degree by the Oaks Room Card Club, a legal gambling establishment on San Pablo Avenue
15.
Oakland, California
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Oakland /ˈoʊklənd/ is the largest city and the county seat of Alameda County, California, United States. The city was incorporated in 1852, Oaklands territory covers what was once a mosaic of California coastal terrace prairie, oak woodland, and north coastal scrub. Its land served as a resource when its hillside oak and redwood timber were logged to build San Francisco. In the late 1860s, Oakland was selected as the terminal of the Transcontinental Railroad. Following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, many San Francisco citizens moved to Oakland, enlarging the citys population, increasing its housing stock and it continued to grow in the 20th century with its busy port, shipyards, and a thriving automobile manufacturing industry. Oakland is known for its sustainability practices, including a top-ranking for usage of electricity from renewable resources, in addition, due to a steady influx of immigrants during the 20th century, along with thousands of African-American war-industry workers who relocated from the Deep South during the 1940s. Oakland is the most ethnically diverse city in the country. The earliest known inhabitants were the Huchiun Indians, who lived there for thousands of years, the Huchiun belonged to a linguistic grouping later called the Ohlone. In Oakland, they were concentrated around Lake Merritt and Temescal Creek, in 1772, the area that later became Oakland was claimed, with the rest of California, by Spanish settlers for the King of Spain. In the early 19th century, the Spanish crown granted the East Bay area to Luis María Peralta for his Rancho San Antonio, the grant was confirmed by the successor Mexican republic upon its independence from Spain. Upon his death in 1842, Peralta divided his land among his four sons, Most of Oakland fell within the shares given to Antonio Maria and Vicente. The portion of the parcel that is now Oakland was called encinal—Spanish for oak grove—due to the oak forest that covered the area. In 1851, three men—Horace Carpentier, Edson Adams, and Andrew Moon—began developing what is now downtown Oakland, on May 4,1852, the Town of Oakland incorporated. Two years later, on March 25,1854, Oakland re-incorporated as the City of Oakland, with Horace Carpentier elected the first mayor, the city and its environs quickly grew with the railroads, becoming a major rail terminal in the late 1860s and 1870s. In 1868, the Central Pacific constructed the Oakland Long Wharf at Oakland Point, a number of horsecar and cable car lines were constructed in Oakland during the latter half of the 19th century. The first electric streetcar set out from Oakland to Berkeley in 1891, at the time of incorporation, Oakland consisted of the territory that lay south of todays major intersection of San Pablo Avenue, Broadway, and Fourteenth Street. The city gradually annexed farmlands and settlements to the east and the north, Oaklands rise to industrial prominence, and its subsequent need for a seaport, led to the digging of a shipping and tidal channel in 1902. This resulted in the town of Alameda being made an island
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Alameda, California
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Alameda is a city in Alameda County, California, United States. It is located on Alameda Island and Bay Farm Island, and is adjacent to and south of Oakland and east of San Francisco across the San Francisco Bay. Bay Farm Island, a portion of which is known as Harbor Bay Isle, is not actually an island. The citys estimated 2016 population was 79,277, Alameda is a charter city, rather than a general law city, allowing the city to provide for any form of government. Alameda became a city and adopted a council–manager government in 1916. The island Alameda occupies what was originally a peninsula connected to Oakland, much of it was low-lying and marshy, but on higher ground than the peninsula and adjacent parts of what is now downtown Oakland were home to one of the largest coastal oak forests in the world. The area was therefore called Encinal, Spanish for forest of evergreen oak, Alameda is Spanish for grove of poplar trees or tree-lined avenue, and was chosen in 1853 by popular vote. The inhabitants at the time of the arrival of the Spanish in the late 18th century were a band of the Ohlone tribe. The peninsula became part of the vast Rancho San Antonio granted in 1820 to Luis Peralta by the Spanish king who claimed California, the grant was later confirmed by the new Republic of Mexico upon its independence from Spain. Over time, the became known as Bolsa de Encinal or Encinal de San Antonio. The city was founded on June 6,1853, and the town contained three small settlements. Eventually, the Central Pacifics ferry pier became the Alameda Mole, the first post office opened in 1854. The first school, Schmermerhorn School, was opened in 1855, the San Francisco and Alameda Railroad opened the Encinal station in 1864. The Encinal area was known as Fasskings Station in honor of Frederick Louis Fassking. Encinals own post office opened in 1876, was renamed West End in 1877, the West End area was originally called Bowmans Point in honor of Charles G. Bowman, an early settler. The Alameda Terminal was the site of the arrival of the first train via the First Transcontinental Railroad into the San Francisco Bay Area on September 6,1869, the transcontinental terminus was switched to the Oakland Mole two months later, on November 8,1869. The borders of Alameda were made coextensive with the island in 1872, mark Twain described Alameda as being The Garden of California. In 1917, an attraction called Neptune Beach was built in the now known as Crab Cove
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San Leandro, California
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San Leandro is a suburban city in Alameda County, California, United States. It is located on the shore of San Francisco Bay. The first inhabitants of the region which would eventually become San Leandro were the ancestors of the Ohlone people. The Spanish settlers called these natives Costeños or coast people and the English-speaking settlers called them Costanoans, San Leandro was first visited by Europeans on March 20,1772 by Spanish soldier Captain Pedro Fages and the Spanish Catholic priest Father Crespi. San Leandro is located on the Rancho San Leandro and Rancho San Antonio Mexican land grants, both were located along El Camino Viejo, modern 14th Street / State Route 185. The smaller, Rancho San Leandro, approximately 9,000 acres, was given to José Joaquín Estudillo in 1842, the larger, Rancho San Antonio, approximately 44,000 acres was given to another Spanish soldier Don Luis Maria Peralta in 1820. Beginning in 1855, two of Estudillos sons-in-law, John B, the city has a historic Portuguese population dating from when immigrants from the Azores and laborers from Hawaii began settling in the city in the 1880s and established farms and businesses. By the 1910 census, they had accounted for nearly two-thirds of San Leandros population, in 1856 San Leandro became the county seat of Alameda county, but the county courthouse was destroyed there by the devastating 1868 quake on the Hayward Fault. The county seat was then re-established in the town of Brooklyn, during the Civil War San Leandro and its neighbor, Brooklyn, fielded a California militia company, the Brooklyn Guard. As a result of the covenant, In 1960, the city was almost entirely white, the United States Supreme Court, in Shelley v. Kraemer, later declared such covenants unenforceable by the state. San Leandro was an 86. 4% white-non Hispanic community according in the 1970 census, the citys demographics began to diversify in the 1980s. By 2010, Asian Americans had become a plurality population in San Leandro, with one third of the population. The San Leandro Hills run above the city to the northeast, in the lower elevations of the city, an upper regionally contained aquifer is located 50 to 100 feet below the surface. At least one deeper aquifer exists approximately 250 feet below the surface, some salt water intrusion has taken place in the San Leandro Cone. Shallow groundwater generally flows to the west, from the foothills toward San Francisco Bay, shallow groundwater is contaminated in many of the locales of the lower elevation of the city. Contamination by gasoline, volatile compounds and some heavy metals has been recorded in a number of these lower elevation areas. The trace of the Hayward Fault passes under Foothill Boulevard in San Leandro, follow the link in the reference to see a series of photos of the fault cutting the asphalt between 1979 and 1987. The 2010 United States Census reported that San Leandro had a population of 84,950, the population density was 5,423.8 people per square mile
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Oakland Long Wharf
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The pier began as a smaller landing named Gibbons Wharf, which extended from Gibbons Point, westward into San Francisco Bay. Central Pacific In 1868 the Central Pacific Railroad acquired this pier which it renamed the Oakland Long Wharf, the CPRR floated freight to San Francisco starting in 1871. Part of the wharf was filled in between 1879 and 1882, creating a mole, from there San Francisco Bay ferries carried both commuters and long distance passengers between the Long Wharf and San Francisco. Freight trains served docks just south of the shed after the original was abandoned. The mole became one of the busiest piers in the United States, a huge stained-glass window of the SP logo was placed on the western end of the train shed in 1929. When the building was demolished, it was removed and put in storage and it is now at the California State Railroad Museum in Sacramento, California. Throughout the piers existence, progressively greater portions of the tidelands were filled in. It was demolished in the 1960s to make way for an expansion of the container ship facilities of the Port of Oakland. The only structure that remains of the Oakland Long Wharf is the SP Moles switchmans tower, the mole in its latter years can be seen at the beginning of the 1957 movie Pal Joey as Frank Sinatras character arrives by train and makes his way to the ferry
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Alameda Mole
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The Alameda Mole was a transit and transportation facility in Alameda, California for ferries landing in the East Bay of San Francisco from 1878 to the 1930s. It was located on the west end of Alameda, and later part of the Alameda Naval Air Station. It was one of three neighbouring moles, the others were the Oakland Mole and the WP Mole, the mole was originally built by the South Pacific Coast Railroad in 1876-1878 to serve as the northern terminal of its narrow gauge railroad to Santa Cruz. The Southern Pacific acquired the mole by lease in 1887, the mole burned to the water on November 20,1902 and was rebuilt larger and farther out into the bay. It was dual gauged starting in 1898 and fully standard gauged after 1906, Southern Pacifics electrified trains were not streetcars, but full-sized railroad cars which connected to the mainland by bridges at Webster Street and Fruitvale. The trains ran to both the Oakland Mole and the Alameda Mole, in the 1930s Pan American Airways established a seaplane port along the fill that led to the Alameda Mole. This was the home base for the China Clipper. With the advent of World War II, a vast stretch of the area southwest of the Alameda Mole was filled. This major Naval facility included an airfield and docks for several aircraft carriers
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Ferries of San Francisco Bay
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San Francisco Bay in California has been served by ferries of all types for over 150 years. John Reed established a ferry service in 1826. One of the earliest ferry routes ran between San Francisco and Oakland on what was called the creek route. The name derived from the Oakland landing site located at the foot of Broadway where Jack London Square is today, fronting on what is called the Oakland Estuary. The estuary, which in the 1800s included what is todays Lake Merritt, was the creek, in 1851, Captain Thomas Gray, grandfather of the famous dancer Isadora Duncan, began the first regular ferry service to San Francisco from the East Bay. Service started with the stern-wheel Sacramento River packet General Sutter and the iron steam ferry Kangaroo. Service was augmented in 1852 by Caleb Cope, the small ferry Hector powered by a sawmill engine. Boston burned that year and was replaced first by William Browns San Joaquin River packet Erastus Corning, in 1853, Minturn formed the Contra Costa Steam Navigation Company and had the ferry Clinton built expressly for trans-bay service. A second ferry, Contra Costa began operating over the route in 1857, the earliest railroad ferries ran from Oakland Point and from Alameda Terminal when Alameda was still a peninsula. The ferry pier at Oakland Point was greatly enlarged to form the Oakland Long Wharf and these railroad ferries mostly carried passengers, not trains, although there was some ferrying of freight cars to San Francisco. This railroad ferry actually carried whole trains and these ferries became part of the Southern Pacific Railroad when it assumed many of the facilities of its affiliate, the Central Pacific. These large train ferries were idled when a bridge was completed over the Carquinez Strait in 1930. Ferries began serving north bay rail connections with the Petaluma and Haystack Railroad in 1864, San Francisco and North Pacific Railroad and Petaluma and Santa Rosa Railroad ferries connected Petaluma River landing locations with San Francisco. North Pacific Coast Railroad ferries connected Sausalito with San Francisco, some of these ferries operated on Northwestern Pacific Railroad schedules from 1907 to 1938. The Napa Valley Railroad established service in 1865 and connected with ferry service in Vallejo. Monticello Steamship Company began operating ferries between Vallejo and San Francisco in 1895, and began coordinating with train schedules in 1905, Golden Gate Ferry Company gained control of Monticello in 1927 and, after merging with Southern Pacific, discontinued ferry service to Vallejo in 1937. Santa Fe and Western Pacific both ran passenger ferries connecting their east bay terminals to San Francisco, but both discontinued ferry service in 1933, service to Sausalito was suspended in 1938 by order of the State Railroad Commission, and the last ferry to Alameda ran in 1939. The last Southern Pacific ferry ran between Oakland and San Francisco on 29 July 1958, Southern Pacific ferries Melrose and Thoroughfare were designated to carry automobiles to and from San Francisco on the original Creek Route in 1911
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San Francisco Ferry Building
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The San Francisco Ferry Building is a terminal for ferries that travel across the San Francisco Bay, a food hall and an office building. It is located on The Embarcadero in San Francisco, California, on top of the building is a 245-foot tall clock tower with four clock dials, each 22 feet in diameter, which can be seen from Market Street, a main thoroughfare of the city. Designed in 1892 by American architect A, Page Brown in the Beaux Arts style, the ferry building was completed in 1898. At its opening, it was the largest project undertaken in the city up to that time, Brown designed the clock tower after the 12th-century Giralda bell tower in Seville, Spain, and the entire length of the building on both frontages is based on an arched arcade. With decreased use since the 1950s, after bridges were constructed across the bay to carry passenger traffic, in 2002, a restoration and renovation were undertaken to redevelop the entire complex. The 660-foot long Great Nave was restored, together with its height, a marketplace was created on the ground floor, the former baggage handling area. The second and third floors were adapted for office and Port Commission use, during daylight, on every full and half-hour, the clock bell chimes portions of the Westminster Quarters. The ferry terminal is a designated San Francisco landmark and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the present structure was designed in 1892 by A. Page Brown, a New York architect who had started with McKim, Mead & White, influenced by studies at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, he designed the clock tower after the 12th-century Giralda bell tower in Seville, Spain. Brown designed it to satisfy needs of a society in high style associated with traditional buildings. The highest quality materials were used, such as marble and mosaics for the state seal, the 660-foot-long Great Nave on the second floor was the major public space for arriving and departing ferry passengers. Opened in 1898, the building replaced a wooden predecessor, the well-built reinforced building with its arched arcades survived both the 1906 and the 1989 earthquakes with little damage. It served as the destination for commuters to San Francisco from the East Bay, who rode the ferry fleets of the Southern Pacific, in the afternoon, they caught ferries returning across the bay. A loop track in front of the building enabled convenient transfers to streetcars, a large pedestrian bridge spanned the Embarcadero in front of the Ferry building to facilitate safe crossing of the busy plaza and transit hub. In the 1940s, this bridge was deconstructed to supply scrap metal for the Second World War. Until the completion of the Bay Bridge and Golden Gate Bridge in the 1930s, after the bridges opened, and the new Key System trains began running to the East Bay from the Transbay Terminal in 1939, passenger ferry use fell sharply. The formerly grand public space was reduced to a narrow and dark corridor, passengers were made to wait for ferries on outdoor benches, and the ticketing booths were moved to the pier. With the construction in the late 1950s of the Embarcadero Freeway, pedestrian access was treated as an afterthought, and the public was cut off from the waterfront
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Embarcadero (San Francisco)
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The Embarcadero is the eastern waterfront and roadway of the Port of San Francisco, San Francisco, California, along San Francisco Bay. It was constructed on reclaimed land along a three mile long engineered seawall, from which extend into the bay. It derives its name from the Spanish verb embarcar, meaning to embark, the Central Embarcadero Piers Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 20,2002. The Embarcadero right-of-way begins at the intersection of Second and King Streets near AT&T Park, the Embarcadero continues north past the Ferry Building at Market Street, Pier 39, and Fishermans Wharf, before ending at Pier 45. A section of The Embarcadero which ran between Folsom Street and Drumm Street was formerly known as East Street, for three decades, until it was torn down in 1991, the Embarcadero Freeway dominated the area. As the city grew, the cove was filled, over fifty years a large offshore seawall was built and the mudflats filled, creating what today is San Franciscos Financial District. The San Francisco Belt Railroad, a short line railroad for freight, the roadway follows the seawall, a boundary first established in the 1860s and not completed until the 1920s. During the early-20th century when the seaport was at its busiest and before the construction of the Bay Bridge, piers 1, 1½,3 and 5 were dedicated chiefly to inland trade and transport. These connections facilitated the growth of communities in the Sacramento- and San Joaquin Valleys, today, these piers comprise the Central Embarcadero Piers Historic District. The Delta Queen docked at Pier 1½, ferrying people between San Francisco and Sacramento, there was once a pedestrian footbridge that connected Market Street directly with the Ferry building and a subterranean roadway to move cars below the plaza. During World War II, San Franciscos waterfront became a logistics center, troops, equipment. Almost every pier and wharf was involved in activities, with troop ships. However, after the completion of the Bay Bridge and the decline of ferries and the Ferry Building. The transition to container shipping, which moved most shipping to Oakland, automobile transit efforts led to the Embarcadero Freeway being built in the 1960s. This improved automobile access to the Bay Bridge, but detracted aesthetically from the city, for 30 years, the highway divided the waterfront and the Ferry Building from downtown. It was torn down in 1991, after being damaged in the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. The sidewalk along the waterfront between China Basin and Fishermans Wharf was named Herb Caen Way, after the death of celebrated local columnist Herb Caen in 1997. The three dots, or ellipsis, deliberately are included in honor of columnist Herb Caens Pulitzer Prize winning writing style, a large public sculpture, Cupids Span by Claes Oldenburg and Coosje van Bruggen, was installed in 2002 along the Rincon Park area
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San Francisco Transbay Terminal
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It opened on January 14th,1939 as a train station and was converted into a bus depot in 1959. Long-distance buses from beyond the Bay Area such as Greyhound and Amtrak also served the terminal, several bus lines of the San Francisco Municipal Railway connected with the terminal. It closed on August 7,2010, to make way for the construction of the replacement facility, the Transbay Transit Center, and associated towers. All long-distance and transbay bus operations were transferred to a Temporary Transbay Terminal at the block bounded by Main, Folsom, Beale. The new Transbay Transit Center broke ground on August 11,2010, US Secretary of Transportation Ray LaHood, US Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi, and the Mayor of San Francisco Gavin Newsom attended the ceremony. The new transit center is scheduled to be completed in 2017, bus services such as Greyhound and local Muni streetcar lines had stops at the main entrance. The Terminal was designed by Timothy L. Pflueger in the Art Moderne style, bids were taken for construction of the terminal in June 1937, excavation began on 29 July 1937, and the first steel was erected on 12 January 1938. Structural concrete was complete by May 1938, the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge Electric Railway Terminal Building was formally dedicated on January 14,1939. State officials and guests rode electric trains to the opening ceremony, the terminal cost was estimated at US$2,300,000, and it was expected to serve upwards of 60,000 passengers per day. Governor Frank Merriam piloted the first electric train across the bridge on 23 September 1938, although regular service did not commence until January 1939, trains were controlled with a custom electric switchboard, which was considerably simpler than the typical mechanical lever system then in use. A loop was built so trains could turn around and go back across the bridge, even after rail service ended, the loop continued to be used by AC Transit, Thruway Motorcoach and Greyhound buses until the station closed. Surprisingly, a track was never made to connect to the Southern Pacifics Third, the SP and Sacramento Northern trains ceased service across the Bay in 1941 only two years after the Terminal was completed. Interurban stated they were forced to service, citing falling passenger counts, revenues. After Interurban was granted permission to discontinue service, Sacramento Northern also applied to service in 1941. Sacramento Northern carried only a fraction of the total rail traffic over the Bay Bridge. The last train crossed the bridge on 20 April 1958, less than twenty years service was inaugurated in 1939. There have been attempts to restore rail service across the bridge. During the next year, the Transbay Terminal was rebuilt into a bus depot, the tracks were removed and replaced with pavement for use primarily by the buses of the publicly owned successor of the Key System, AC Transit
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Shattuck Avenue
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Shattuck Avenue is a major city street running north-south through Berkeley, California and Oakland, California. At its southern end, the branches from Telegraph Avenue in Oaklands Temescal district. Shattuck Avenue is the street of Berkeley, forming the spine of that citys downtown. The street was named for Francis Kittredge Shattuck, a landowner and booster who later served as Mayor of Oakland. Shattuck was largely responsible for the construction of the road as well as for a railroad built along its route. During the Mexican era, a trail or road ran between the homes of the Peralta brothers, Domingo and Vicente, Domingo made his home along Codornices Creek near what is today the intersection of Sacramento and Hopkins Streets in Berkeley. Vicentes home was situated along Temescal Creek near what is today the intersection of 55th Street, the route of this early predecessor road, which came to be called the Temescal Road, is depicted on the first official plat map of the area, Kellersbergers Map. A trace of it today as Racine Avenue in North Oakland. During the 1850s, Francis Shattuck and three others laid claim to four adjoining strips of land in what is now downtown Berkeley. The new road was out from where Strawberry Creek intersected the old Temescal Road, thence along the new alignment. The road became known as Shattucks Road, the creek and Shattucks home were situated along what is now Allston Way. This map proposed names for several streets in a pattern, incorporating the alignment of Shattucks Road. By the time of the incorporation of the Town of Berkeley in 1878, by that time also, it had been extended northward to Rose Street. Additionally, the Central Pacific, at Shattucks urging, had constructed its Berkeley Branch Railroad which merged into Shattuck at Adeline Avenue, in later years, this line was assigned to the Southern Pacific and eventually electrified and extended. Streetcars and transbay trains of the competing Key System also ran on Shattuck in Berkeley, in North Berkeley, Shattuck Avenue is the location of the Gourmet Ghetto, an unofficial district known for its density of restaurants. From there the street south to Downtown Berkeley. Shattuck is an important north-south arterial roadway for northern Alameda County connecting the downtowns of Berkeley, in the early 20th Century the road included commuter train and streetcar tracks. Today BART carries commuters on the second most popular line underneath the pavement
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Wye (rail)
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A turning wye is a specific case. Wyes can also be used for turning equipment, and generally cover less area than a balloon loop doing the same job. When and where a wye is built specifically for equipment reversing purposes, in materials and annual taxes, the cost of two junctions is offset by saved capital investment and yearly taxes. Tram or streetcar tracks also use of triangular junctions and sometimes have a short triangle or wye stubs to turn the car at the end of the line. The use of triangular junctions allows flexibility in routing trains from any line to any other line, for this reason they are common across most rail networks. Slower bi-directional trains may enter a wye, letting a faster one pass, where one or more of the lines meeting at the junction are multi-track, the presence of a triangular junction does introduce a number of potential conflicting moves. For this reason, where traffic is heavy, the junction may incorporate flying junctions on some, or all, from time to time it is necessary to turn both individual pieces of railroad equipment or whole trains. Even where equipment is symmetrical, periodic turning may still be necessary in order to even wear, there are several different techniques that can be used to achieve such turning. Rail turntables require the least space, but can only deal with a single piece of equipment at a time. Balloon or turning loops can turn trains of any length – up to the length of the loop – in a single operation. Rail wyes can be constructed on sites where a loop would not be possible, Railroad systems in North America and Australia have tended to have more wyes than railroads elsewhere. North American locomotives and cars are likely to be directional than those found on other continents. In Canada and the United States, the railroad often was built other structures. In Europe, although some use was made of bi-directional tank locomotives and push-pull trains, because of land usage considerations, turntables were normally used to turn such locomotives, and most terminal stations and locomotive depots were so equipped. Over time, most diesel and electric locomotives ordered in Europe have been designed to be fully bi-directional, symmetrical, thus most turntables and, where they existed, rail wyes, have been taken out of use. Similar considerations apply to the use of junctions and reversing wyes on streetcar and tram systems. Many, although by no means all, streetcar and tram systems use single ended vehicles that have doors on one side only, however the vehicles used on such systems tend to have much smaller minimum curvature requirements than heavy rail equipment. This renders the use of a balloon loop more practical in an amount of space
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16th Street Station
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The Oakland 16th Street Station was one of three train stations in Oakland, California, United States at the start of the 20th century. The Beaux-Arts building was designed by architect Jarvis Hunt, a preeminent train station architect, for decades the 16th Street Station was the main Oakland station for Southern Pacific through trains. The elevated platforms were used for the East Bay Electric Lines, which went around the East Bay and after 1939 over the Bay Bridge until 1941 and it was a companion for Oakland Pier, two miles away, which was demolished in 1960. After the pier was demolished people switched to buses at this station which took passengers across the Bay Bridge to the SPs Third, Amtrak used this station as its main Oakland stop for nearly two decades. It also had buses across the bridge but ran them to the Transbay Terminal instead, the station was severely damaged in the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, but continued serving trains at an adjacent building. It closed in 1994, having been replaced by the stations in nearby Emeryville, the last Amtrak train serviced the station on August 5,1994, after which passengers accessed downtown Oakland via the Emeryville Station, until Jack London Station opened in May 1995. The former station is located at 16th and Wood Streets in the West Oakland neighborhood of Oakland and it is next to and visible from the Interstate 880 connector ramps of the MacArthur Maze. The station buildings are intact, including the interlocking tower. The station was purchased in 2005 by BUILD, an affiliate of BRIDGE Housing, the tracks of the Southern Pacific main line moved westward in the 1990s and now run on the other side of I-880, leaving the station isolated. The original 16th Street depot was a wood structure, built when the tracks were on the shoreline of San Francisco Bay. Later the shoreline was filled and now nearly a mile west. Passenger trains now reach Oakland via the Jack London Square station, the Coliseum station, the station was used as mission location in Watch Dogs 2. The station was used in such as Funny Lady, RENT. Mumford & Sons also filmed their video for Babel here. Media related to 16th Street Station, Oakland, California at Wikimedia Commons 16th Street Station Official Site Bay Area Rail Fan Katherine Westerhout, episode on 16th Street Station, April 1,2009, including interior views of station. Oakland’s historic 16th Street station celebrates centennial, new role in community
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Northbrae Tunnel
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The Northbrae Tunnel, also referred to as the Solano Avenue Tunnel, was built as a commuter electric railroad tunnel in the northern part of Berkeley, California and was later converted to street use. The route chosen was adjacent to Henry Street and then on Sutter Street to Northbrae at the intersection of Hopkins, at this point a ridge carrying Marin and Los Angeles Avenues blocked the way. The cut-and-cover method of construction was used. The railroad was completed in 1911 and inspection trains were run at the end of that year, the SP ferry-train service was changed to bridge-train service operated by its subsidiary, Interurban Electric Railway across the San Francisco Oakland Bay Bridge in December,1939. The IER ended service July 26,1941, but the tracks in Berkeley were made available to the Key System, service was extended through the tunnel to a new terminal at Solano Avenue and the Alameda on December 6,1942. All bridge-train service ended on April 20,1958, the tunnel was subsequently converted to city-street use in 1963 by extending Solano Avenue from The Alameda along the former railroad right-of-way through the tunnel to align with Sutter Street. Red Trains in the East Bay, The History of the Southern Pacific Transbay Train, the Key Route, Transbay Commuting by Train and Ferry, Part 1. Guppy, R. T. Electrification of Oakland Suburban Lines, development of Southern Pacific Passenger Lines in the Residential Districts on the East Shore of San Francisco Bay. List of tunnels in the United States
28.
San Francisco and Oakland Railroad
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The San Francisco and Oakland Railroad was built in 1862 to provide ferry-train service from a San Francisco ferry terminal connecting with railroad service through Oakland. It subsequently was absorbed into the Southern Pacific Railroad, the track in Oakland was electrified in 1911 and extended across the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge in 1939. Service began in 1862 along 7th St. to a station in downtown Oakland at Broadway, traffic increased steadily so an extension of the line was planned. The cost of the extension and of building a new ferry boat caused Gibbons. In 1865 control of the SF&O passed to A. A. Cohen, president of the San Francisco, the Central Pacific Railroad decided to make Oakland the western terminus of the transcontinental railroad and therefore purchased the SF&O in 1868. In 1869 they purchased the SF&A also, and in 1870 they merged the two local railroads together and then into the Central Pacific. The Western Pacific Railroad had surveyed a line from San Jose via Niles Canyon and Altamont Pass to Sacramento, a CP subsidiary then purchased the line and completed it, adding a line from Niles toward Oakland. In 1869 this line was first connected to the SF&A and then to the SF&O, the city of Oakland held a large celebration later in the day to greet the first westbound transcontinental train. Having large amounts of passenger and freight railroad traffic traverse Oakland on 7th St. one of its main streets, was not a good idea for either the city or the railroad. During 1869 and 1870, a track was constructed starting in San Antonio and using a new bridge across Indian Creek Slough that led to 1st St. Initially the bypass was used for trains only, but in later years, long-distance passenger trains used it also. On 7th St. there was still a large amount of traffic of local passenger trains as the service was extended farther into East Oakland. The Central Pacific Railroad was leased to the Southern Pacific Railroad in 1885, in 1911 the SP started electifying its local train service in the East Bay. The Oakland 7th St. line was extended to Dutton Ave. in San Leandro, in 1939, under the subsidiary company, Interurban Electric Railway the line was rerouted over the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge into the San Francisco Transbay Terminal. The first ferryboat used by the SF&O, the leased Contra Costa, had previously been in service from San Francisco to the foot of Broadway, the lease ended in 1864 and the SF&O purchased the ferryboat Louise to replace it. With the extended line, traffic increased considerably and the Louise was soon inadequate for regular service. The larger river packet Washoe, having been damaged in an explosion, was purchased, extensively rebuilt as a ferryboat, in 1868, the Central Pacific Railroad controlled the SF&O and anticipated much increased traffic when the transcontinental railroad was completed to Oakland. They ordered a new even larger ferryboat, the El Capitan, from a new shipyard at Oakland Point, the SF&O originally purchased a small, unnamed, 2-2-0 type locomotive and a larger 4-4-4 type tank locomotive named the Liberty
29.
Eastmont Town Center
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The mall opened in 1970 on the site of a 1920s-era Chevrolet automobile factory called Oakland Assembly. Architect William Pereira designed the building and it is physically almost next to, and by entry access a few blocks away from, the similarly sized Evergreen Cemetery. Eastmonts primary anchor tenants were JCPenney, Mervyns, Woolworths, Safeway, Pay n Save and Kinney Shoes, hickory Farms had a location in Eastmont Mall, and there were also branches of Smiths and Roos/Atkins, both popular regional mens clothing stores. The mall also housed a Syufy movie theater, opened in 1971, food choices included Orange Julius, Karmelkorn and the H. The Safeway store was part of the first phase of the mall, a freestanding location fronting Bancroft Avenue. The other stores adjacent to it were opened by 1967, the JCPenney wing began construction in 1968. This may have been intentionally done by JCPenney to protect the trademark on the older logo, Eastmont Mall became the only remaining indoor mall in Oakland after the closure of the MacArthur-Broadway Center in North Oakland in the mid-1990s. JCPenney and Mervyns closed their Eastmont locations in the early 1990s, in the early 2000s, the mall was only 30 percent leased and had fallen into bankruptcy. Local real estate purchased the mall in 2000, and emphasized a focus on neighborhood and community services. The Mervyns location was converted into a substation for the Oakland Police Department, in the spring of 2007, the mall was sold to a group of real estate investors based in Oregon. A $6 million renovation of the property was completed in July 2008, the interior was brightened, new lighting, skylights and seating areas were installed, escalators and elevators were given an upgrade and the parking areas received new landscaping
30.
Seminary, Oakland, California
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Seminary is a neighborhood in the East Oakland section of Oakland, California. It is located just north of the Elmhurst neighborhood and it is best known for its close proximity to Mills College. Seminary is named after Mills College, the main street running through the neighborhood, todays Seminary Avenue, was the main route from the bayshore to the college, which was known at the time as The Young Ladies Seminary
31.
Fruitvale, Oakland, California
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Fruitvale is a neighborhood in Oakland, California, United States. It is located approximately 4 miles southeast of Downtown, and is home to the citys largest Hispanic population and it lies at an elevation of 49 feet. The name comes from the fruit orchards which dominated the area in the late 19th century. After the 1906 earthquake, the onslaught of refugees from San Francisco caused a boom. The Fruitvale shopping district is located along International Blvd. from Fruitvale Avenue to 38th Avenue, the area is home to many Latino businesses and hosts several annual cultural events, including a Cinco de Mayo parade and a Día De Los Muertos festival. On the San Leandro side, to the south, was the Fruitvale Theater, in between, around 35th Avenue and E 14th St. were the Foodvale Market, a two-story department store, the post office, and a number of other businesses. St. Elizabeths Catholic Church and St. Elizabeth High School are both located one block north of International Blvd, during and following World War II, massive numbers of African Americans and Latinos migrated to Oakland, and located in the old part of town, West Oakland. This was followed by the renewal and the construction of the Nimitz Freeway. There was then a movement of the residents to East Oakland. Fruitvale was in the extent of East Oakland, and due its location was heavily settled in by African Americans. It wasnt until the late 1980s that the larger Fruitvale District began to attract more Latino residents, African Americans had either relocated to the outer East Oakland area south of Fruitvale or moved out of the city altogether to outer Bay Area suburbs. Fruitvale is predominantly Latino, and is the landmark for the citys Latino population. In the late 1960s and early 70s the lower part of the Fruitvale district was settled by Chicanos and Latinos. The Chicano Movement that was going on at the time throughout the Southwest also spread to the Fruitvale district, after the 1968 murder of Charles Pinky De Baca by the Oakland Police Department, the community began to organize against police brutality. One of the first organizations was Latinos United for Justice, many other militant and non-militant Chicano groups formed. The Brown Berets had a chapter in Oakland, and the Chicano Revolutionary Party was another Chicano militant organization. La Raza Unida Party also had a chapter in Oakland. The Clinica de la Raza was created due to the actions of the Chicano Movement as a need for a clinic for the Chicano and Latino community of East Oakland. There were also several actions by Chicanos against the Vietnam war in the Fruitvale district, on July 26,1970, the Oakland Chicano Moratorium protest against the Vietnam War was held at San Antonio Park
32.
Fruitvale Bridge
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The Fruitvale Bridge is a small railroad moveable bridge that crosses the Oakland Estuary. It links the cities of Oakland and Alameda, the out-of-service rail bridge is immediately west of the Miller-Sweeney road bridge that connects Fruitvale Avenue in Oakland with Tilden Way in Alameda. This lift bridge was constructed in 1951 to replace a bridge that originally served the SP interurban trains from San Francisco. From 1951 until September 11,1996, the Southern Pacific Railroad operated freight service across the bridge to serve shippers in Alameda, after SP was acquired by Union Pacific on September 11,1996, UP provided infrequent service to Alameda until service was discontinued in 2000. Although unused, tracks still exist in Alameda on Blanding Ave. the bridge is owned by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers and is operated by the County of Alameda. The Miller-Sweeney bridge tender, a county employee, operates the bridge from controls in the Miller-Sweeney control house. The last train across the bridge ran in 2000
33.
South Pacific Coast Railroad
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The South Pacific Coast Railroad was a 3 ft narrow gauge steam railroad running between Santa Cruz, California and Alameda, with a ferry connection in Alameda to San Francisco. In 1876, James Graham Fair, a Comstock Lode silver baron, bought the line, the line was originally laid with 52-pound rail on 8-foot redwood ties, and was later acquired by the Southern Pacific and converted to standard gauge. SPC was incorporated in 1876 to purchase the unfinished Santa Clara Valley Company railroad at Dumbarton Point, Dumbarton Point was then a landing to transfer agricultural produce from the Santa Clara Valley onto sailboats for transport to San Francisco. Railway shops were built in Newark and a 3 ft narrow gauge line to San Jose was completed in 1876, the SPC ferry Newark offered connecting service from Newark to San Francisco in 1877. The ferry connection to San Francisco shifted to Alameda as SPC ferrys Bay City and Garden City increased the frequency, two years and eight tunnels were required to extend the SPC through the Santa Cruz Mountains from Los Gatos to Californias third busiest seaport at Santa Cruz in 1880. SPC leased the San Lorenzo Flume and Transportation Company to acquire their subsidiary Santa Cruz, the big lumber transport flume was replaced by a 7 miles logging branch in 1883. In 1886 another branch line was built to the New Almaden mercury mine, additional horsedrawn branch lines served Centerville and Agnews State Hospital. Commuter trains fed the San Francisco ferries from east bay communities, excursion trains ran from the ferries to resorts of the south bay and Santa Cruz Mountains. Freight trains carried redwood lumber, mercury, sacked lime, gunpowder from the California Powder Works, by 1887 SPC was a major California transportation concern, and Southern Pacific paid six million dollars to merge it into their California transportation system. An 1893 winter storm caused a landslide in the Santa Cruz Mountains requiring major reconstruction to restore service, the Alameda ferry terminal burned in 1902 and was replaced with the modern terminal which survived until ferry service was discontinued by the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge in 1939. The 3 ft gauge line had 23 locomotives,85 passenger cars and 500 freight cars before the conversion to standard gauge began, the transition to standard gauge was interrupted by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. The line through the Santa Cruz Mountains suffered major damage including a lateral slip of 5 feet in the tunnel where it crossed the San Andreas fault, the bridge across San Leandro Bay was damaged and abandoned. Conversion to standard gauge was completed in 1909,3 ft narrow gauge locomotives numbered 9,23, and 26 were eventually acquired by the Ilwaco Railway and Navigation Company. The track in Alameda could only be used for service after being isolated by the 1906 earthquake. It was electrified in 1911 and operated as part of the SPs East Bay Electric Lines until 1941 and it was used by SPs Suntan Special which came down the San Francisco Peninsula and took passengers right to the beach and boardwalk in Santa Cruz. The Boulder Creek branch was dismantled in 1934 after a few years of service by a McKeen railmotor, the tracks through the Santa Cruz Mountains suffered major damage during a storm in the winter of 1940, and the line was abandoned the same year. The longest, at 6,200 feet, ran from Wrights Station to Burns Creak near Laurel, the second longest tunnel, at about a mile long, went from Laurel to Glenwood, crossing underneath the present location of California State Route 17. The third tunnel, about 900 feet long, went from Clems, under a ridge, the shortest of the abandoned tunnels is in Zayante
34.
San Francisco and Alameda Railroad
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In 1863 A. A. Cohen, a prominent San Francisco attorney, together with Charles Minturn, an operator of river steamboats and bay ferries, E. B. The track turned sharply left there onto Ward St. to the SF&A San Leandro station at the intersection with the county road, the track then turned sharply to the right to follow the county road toward San Jose. Near Hayward, the track angled to the right on private right-of-way to A St. service to Hayward started in 1865. In 1865, Cohen gained control of the San Francisco and Oakland Railroad also, the Central Pacific Railroad decided to make Oakland the western terminus of the First Transcontinental Railroad and purchased the SF&O in 1868. In 1869 the CP purchased the SF&A, also, and in 1870 the SF&O and SF&A were merged, a Central Pacific subsidiary then took control of the Western Pacific, finished building the line, and added a line northwest from Vallejos Mills toward Oakland. It was determined that the SF&A track from Hayward with its sharp turns on Ward St, construction was then started on the connection from Simpsons to the SF&O in San Antonio. On September 6,1869, the first transcontinental train to the Bay Area ran through Alameda to Alameda Pier, a California Historical Landmark plaque commemorates this event. When the connection to the SF&O was completed in November, the trains operated to Oakland Pier instead. Alameda then went back to train service only. In 1873 the Central Pacific Railroad made some economy cutbacks, the former SF&A line from San Leandro to Hayward was abandoned, despite the protests from these towns. Alameda Pier was no longer used, in 1887, the Central Pacific Railroad was leased to the Southern Pacific Railroad. In 1898 the Alice St. bridge and tracks to 7th St. in Oakland were replaced by a bridge to Harrison St. with a connection to the 1st St. line to Oakland Pier. In 1903 the Oakland Tidal Canal was finished, linking the Oakland Estuary with San Leandro Bay, making Alameda into an island, in 1911 the Southern Pacific Railroad electrified most of its local lines in the East Bay. In 1939, Alameda Pier was abandoned and the Lincoln Ave. line continued beyond Alameda station across the Fruitvale Bridge to a connection with the 7th St. line at the later Fruitvale station. The trains then followed the 7th St. line through Oakland and this was an indirect route for passengers from western Alameda. The last passenger train on line was an excursion train, pulled by a steam engine. Freight service ended in 1960 and the tracks were removed, the first ferryboat used by the SF&A was a river packet named Sophie MacLane, leased from Charles Minturns company. As business built up, even the Contra Costa became inadequate and it was completed in 1866, was named Alameda, and was the first double-ended ferryboat on the Bay
35.
Central Pacific Railroad
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It is now part of the Union Pacific Railroad. Many 19th century national proposals to build a railroad failed because of the energy consumed by political disputes over slavery. With the secession of the South, the modernizers in the Republican Party controlled the US Congress and they passed legislation authorizing the railroad, with financing in the form of government railroad bonds. These were all eventually repaid with interest, the government and the railroads both shared in the increased value of the land grants, which the railroads developed. The construction of the railroad also secured for the government the economical safe and speedy transportation of the mails, troops, munitions of war, planned by Theodore Judah, the Central Pacific Railroad was authorized by Congress in 1862. It was financed and built through The Big Four, Sacramento, California businessmen Leland Stanford, Collis Huntington, Charles Crocker, Crocker was in charge of construction. Construction crews comprised 12,000 Chinese emigrant workers by 1868 and they laid the first rails in 1863. The Golden spike, connecting the railroad to the Union Pacific Railroad at Promontory. Coast-to-coast train travel in eight days became possible, replacing months-long sea voyages and lengthy, in 1885 the Central Pacific Railroad was leased by the Southern Pacific Company. Technically the CPRR remained an entity until 1959, when it was formally merged into Southern Pacific. The original right-of-way is now controlled by the Union Pacific, which purchased Southern Pacific in 1996, the Union Pacific-Central Pacific mainline followed the historic Overland Route from Omaha, Nebraska to San Francisco Bay. Chinese labor was the most vital source for constructing the railroad, fifty Chinese laborers were hired by the Central Pacific Railroad in February 1865, and soon more and more Chinese men were hired. Working conditions were harsh, and Chinese men were compensated less than their white counterparts, Chinese men were paid thirty-one dollars each month, and while white workers were paid the same, they were also given room and board. Construction of the road was financed primarily by 30-year, 6% U. S. government bonds authorized by Sec.5 of the Pacific Railroad Act of 1862. The U. S. Government Bonds, which constituted a lien upon the railroads and all their fixtures, were repaid in full by the company as and when they became due. Sec.10 of the 1864 amending Pacific Railroad Act additionally authorized the company to issue its own First Mortgage Bonds in total amounts up to that of the bonds issued by the United States, such company-issued securities had priority over the original Government Bonds. Sec.3 of the 1862 Act granted the railroads 10 square miles of land for every mile laid, except where railroads ran through cities. This grant was apportioned in 5 sections on alternating sides of the railroad and these grants were later doubled to 20 square miles per mile of grade by the 1864 Act
36.
Box motor
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A box motor, in railroad terminology, is a self-propelled boxcar, normally powered by electricity and running on an interurban railway or a streetcar line. Many box motors were converted passenger cars on the systems that ran them, with the seats and most of the windows removed. They were generally used for express and less-than-carload freight, boxcab Hilton, George W. Due, John F. The Electric Interurban Railways in America
37.
Pantograph (transport)
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A pantograph is an apparatus mounted on the roof of an electric train, tram or electric bus to collect power through contact with an overhead catenary wire. It is a type of current collector. Typically, a wire is used, with the return current running through the track. The term stems from the resemblance of some styles to the mechanical pantographs used for copying handwriting, the pantograph was invented in 1879 by Walter Reichel, chief engineer at Siemens & Halske in Germany. A flat slide-pantograph was invented in 1895 at the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad The familiar diamond-shaped roller pantograph was invented by John Q. Brown of the Key System shops for their commuter trains ran between San Francisco and the East Bay section of the San Francisco Bay Area in California. They appear in photographs of the first day of service,26 October 1903, for many decades thereafter, the same diamond shape was used by electric-rail systems around the world and remains in use by some today. The most common type of today is the so-called half-pantograph. Louis Faiveley invented this type of pantograph in 1955, the half-pantograph can be seen in use on everything from very fast trains to low-speed urban tram systems. The electric transmission system for electric rail systems consists of an upper. The pantograph is spring-loaded and pushes a contact shoe up against the underside of the wire to draw the current needed to run the train. The steel rails of the act as the electrical return. As the train moves, the shoe slides along the wire and can set up standing waves in the wires which break the contact. This means that on some systems adjacent pantographs are not permitted, pantographs are the successor technology to trolley poles, which were widely used on early streetcar systems. However, many of these networks, including Torontos, are undergoing upgrades to accommodate pantograph operation, as a precaution against loss of pressure in the second case, the arm is held in the down position by a catch. For high-voltage systems, the air supply is used to blow out the electric arc when roof-mounted circuit breakers are used. Pantographs may have either a single or a double arm, double-arm pantographs are usually heavier, requiring more power to raise and lower, but may also be more fault-tolerant. On railways of the former USSR, the most widely used pantographs are those with a double arm, some streetcars use double-arm pantographs, among them the Russian KTM-5, KTM-8, LVS-86 and many other Russian-made trams, as well as some Euro-PCC trams in Belgium
38.
Oakland Estuary
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The Oakland Estuary is the strait separating the cities of Oakland and Alameda in the San Francisco Bay Area, California. On its western end, it connects to San Francisco Bay, the Estuary is spanned by two underwater tubes and three bridges. S. The Oakland Estuary and tributary stream channels were used for shipping transport regularly by the 1850s, early maritime commerce featured movement of lumber, at this time land west of Lake Merritt Slough consisted of undeveloped marshlands. In 1853 the first dredging project of this estuary was initiated to enable ferry service to San Francisco, by the late 19th century further landside development occurred featuring wharf expansions, railroad service and shipbuilding. In recent years, several rowing clubs have chosen the Oakland Estuary to be their home, prepared for and published by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, San Francisco District, San Francisco, California Shreffler, D. K. R. M
39.
American Car and Foundry Company
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American Car and Foundry is an American manufacturer of railroad rolling stock. One of its subsidiaries was once a manufacturer of coaches and trolley coaches under the brand names of ACF. Today ACF is known as ACF Industries LLC and is based in St. Charles and it is owned by investor Carl Icahn. American Car and Foundry was formed and incorporated in New Jersey in 1899 as the result of the merger of 13 smaller railroad car manufacturers, the company was made up of, Later in 1899 ACF acquired Bloomsburg Car Manufacturing Company. Two years later, ACF acquired Jackson and Sharp Company, the unified company made a great investment in the former Jackson & Woodin plant in Pennsylvania, spending about $3 million. It was at this plant that ACF built the first all-steel passenger car in the world in 1904, the car was built for the Interborough Rapid Transit system of New York City, the first of 300 such cars ordered by the railroad. 1904 and 1905 saw ACF build several motor cars and trailers for the London Underground, in those two years ACF also acquired Southern Car and Foundry, Indianapolis Car and Foundry and Indianapolis Car Company. During World War I ACF produced artillery gun mounts and ammunition, submarine chasers and other boats, railway cars, ACF ranked 36th among United States corporations in the value of World War II production contracts. 1899, American Car & Foundry is formed from the merger of 13 smaller companies. G. August 2,1941, ACFs 1, 000th military tank is completed for the United States military effort of World War II1954, The company officially changes its name to ACF Industries,1954, ACF purchases Engineering and Research Corporation. 1954–1955, ACF delivers 35 Astra Dome dome cars to the Union Pacific Railroad January 1961, ACF delivers its last passenger car,1977, Southern Pacific Railroad came up with the idea of the first double-stack intermodal car in 1977. SP then designed the first car with ACF Industries that same year,1984, ACF is purchased by Carl Icahn 1997, ACF reaches leasing agreement with GE Capital Railcar for 35000 of its 46000 railcars, mostly on 16 year leases with optional purchase agreements. 2003, ACF Industries LLC became a successor to ACF Industries, in the past ACF built passenger and freight cars, including covered hopper cars for hauling such cargo as corn and other grains. One of the largest customers was the Union Pacific Railroad, whose armour-yellow carbon-steel lightweight passenger rolling stock was built by ACF. The famous dome-observation car Native Son was an ACF product, today the U. S. passenger car market is erratic in production and is mostly handled by specialty manufacturers and foreign corporations. Competitors Budd, Pullman-Standard, Rohr Industries, and the St. Louis Car Company have all left the market or gone out of business. The manufacturing facility in Milton, Pennsylvania, is serviced by the Norfolk Southern Railway and is capable of manufacturing railcars and all related railcar components. The plant is capable of producing pressure vessels in sizes 18, 000–61,000 gwc, including tanks, compressed gas storage, LPG storage
40.
Combine car
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A combine car in North American parlance, most often referred to simply as a combine, is a type of railroad car which combines sections for both passengers and freight. Most often, it was used on lines to carry passengers and their luggage. One half of the car is built like a car while the other half of the car is a regular passenger car. This type of combine is referred to as a coach-baggage, another common type of combine in railroad use was the coach-RPO. A portion of this type of car was configured as a railway post office while the rest of the car was configured as a coach. When Amtrak took over in 1971, lightweight combines were used on most routes, as Amtrak started rehabbing their older cars to Heritage Fleet standards, the only combines which survived were the Baggage-Dorm cars. As Amtrak received the Superliner cars in all forms, including dorm cars, because Amtrak had a surplus of single-level coaches due to the recent delivery of Amfleet coaches, baggage-coaches were unnecessary. Thus, baggage-dorm cars were the cars that should logically be rehabbed. Rehabbed baggage-dorm cars were used on Amtrak East Coast routes from the early 1980s until 1996, when Amtrak received its new Viewliner and Superliner II sleeping cars in 1996, some of the Heritage 10-6 sleepers were turned into crew dorms, and the dorms became unnecessary. When Amtrak received the Superliner II coaches, some of the Heritage coaches which had been replaced were turned into baggage cars, thus, baggage-dorms became unnecessary, and all were retired. Although Amtrak operates many cars in its Superliner fleet that are labeled as coach-baggage, via Rail Canada still operates a few combines in the traditional sense, which carry passengers, baggage and supplies for villages en route. They are towed by freight trains in far northern Manitoba, baltimore, MD, Johns Hopkins University Press. Virginia & Truckee Railroad Combination Car No.16 — photographs and short history of a Combination Car built in 1874
41.
PRR MP54
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The Pennsylvania Railroads MP54 was a class of electric multiple unit railcars. Eventually the cars came to be used throughout the electrified network from Washington, DC to New York City and Harrisburg. The ubiquitous cars became a tradition during their long years of service in several major cities. And were known as red cars or red rattlers, after the bankruptcy of the Penn Central the remaining MP54s found themselves being operated by Conrail under contract with local commuter rail authorities. The last MP54 cars were retired in 1980-81 while engaged in Philadelphia suburban service with SEPTA, the passenger-baggage combination cars were designated MPB54. In 1911, baggage cars with 62 ft. baggage compartments were added and designated MB62, in 1913, baggage-mail cars with the same dimensions were added and designated MBM62. In 1914, passenger-baggage combination cars with baggage compartments and 40 seats were added and designated MPB54B. In 1915, passenger-baggage-mail combination cars with 24 seats were added and designated MPBM54, some were used for a while in non-electrified service until the East River tunnels were completed allowing service into Penn Station. Simultaneously, the electrical system was being installed for use in the Hudson River tunnels and west to Manhattan Transfer. Between 1908 and 1915 the LIRR received a total of 225 MP54 type DC powered coaches and 65 other powered MP54-type cars. To supplement these, between 1915 and 1927 a total of 230 T-54 class trailer cars were added to the fleet along with a further 320 DC powered coaches between 1920 and 1927, the LIRR MP54 coaches came in three general styles. Classes MP54, MP54A and MP54A1 were delivered with a railroad style clerestory roof, classes MP54B and MP54C were delivered with a smooth, arch roof. Finally the MP54D and MP54D1 classes were former steam coaches converted to operation with clerestory roofs. Unlike the later PRR cars, the LIRR units were constructed by American Car. In 1910 the PRR received its first group of MP54-type cars, six of the coaches and two of the combination cars were provided with DC electrical equipment, and the rest were for service in trains pulled by steam or electric locomotives. Penn Station opened September 8,1910, with service to Long Island points being provided by LIRR MP54 cars, PRR service began November 29,1910 primarily using electric locomotives. The eight electrified PRR MP54 cars were used for service between Penn Station and Manhattan Transfer to connect with PRR trains going to or from Exchange Place in Jersey City. This shuttle service ended in 1922, and the cars were sent to the LIRR and these cars, officially classified as MP54D, came equipped with both third rail and trolley poles to collect the on segments of the line that made use of overhead lines
42.
Pullman Company
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Its workers initially lived in a planned worker community named Pullman. Pullman developed the car, which carried his name into the 1980s. Pullman did not just manufacture the cars, he also operated them on most of the railroads in the United States, the labor union associated with the company, the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, which was founded and organized by A. Philip Randolph, was one of the most powerful African-American political entities of the 20th century, the company also built thousands of streetcars and trolley buses for use in cities. During the day, the berth was folded up somewhat like a modern airliners overhead luggage compartment. At night the upper berth folded down and the two facing seats below it folded over to provide a relatively comfortable bunk for the night, although this was somewhat spartan accommodation by todays standards, it was a great improvement on the previous layout. Curtains provided privacy, and there were washrooms at each end of the car for men and women, once a household name due to their large market share, the Pullman Company is also known for the bitter Pullman Strike staged by their workers and union leaders in 1894. During an economic downturn, Pullman reduced hours and wages but not rents, workers joined the American Railway Union, led by Eugene V. Debs. After George Pullmans death in 1897, Robert Todd Lincoln, son of Abraham Lincoln, the company closed its factory in the Pullman neighborhood of Chicago in 1955. Pullman purchased the Standard Steel Car Company in 1930 amid the Great Depression, the company ceased production after the Amtrak Superliner cars in 1982 and its remaining designs were purchased in 1987 when it was absorbed by Bombardier. The original Pullman Palace Car Co. had been organized on February 22,1867, on January 1,1900, after buying numerous associated and competing companies, it was reorganized as The Pullman Co. characterized by its trademark phrase, Travel and Sleep in Safety and Comfort. In 1924, Pullman Car & Manufacturing Co. was organized from the previous Pullman manufacturing department, the parent company, The Pullman Co. was reorganized as Pullman, Inc. on June 21,1927. The best years for Pullman were the mid-1920s, in 1925, the fleet grew to 9800 cars. Twenty-eight thousand conductors and twelve thousand porters were employed by the Pullman Co. Pullman built its last standard heavyweight sleeping car in February 1931, Pullman-Standard remained in the rail car manufacturing business until 1982. The government sought to separate the companys sleeping car operations from its manufacturing activities, in 1944, the court concurred, ordering Pullman Incorporated to divest itself of either the Pullman Company or the Pullman-Standard Car Manufacturing Company. After three years of negotiations, the Pullman Company was sold to a consortium of fifty-seven railroads for around US$40 million, in 1943, Pullman Standard established a shipbuilding division and dived into wartime small ship design and construction. The yard was on Lake Calumet, on the side of 130th Street. Pullman built the boats in 40-ton blocks, the blocks being assembled in a fab shop on 111th Street and moved to the yard on gondola cars
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