1.
Melbourn
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Melbourn is a large village in the far south west of Cambridgeshire, England. It is located next to the A10 just north of Royston, Melbourn is located in the South Cambridgeshire District, but is served by the Royston, Hertfordshire post town. The Prime Meridian passes to the west of Melbourn, pottery and burial finds show evidence of Bronze Age residents, and a Roman settlement has been found at the north-east edge of the village. Excavations in the 1950s discovered 28 graves from a 7th-century Christian burial site close to Ashwell Street, Melbourn appears in 5 entries in Domesday Book ❧ ENTRY1 ❧ Tenant-in-chief and Lord in 1086, Guy of Raimbeaucourt. Phillimore reference,31,2 ❧ ENTRY2 ❧ Tenant-in-chief and Lord in 1086, Abbey of Ely, phillimore reference,5,34 ❧ ENTRY3 ❧ Tenant-in-chief in 1086, Hardwin of Scales, Lord in 1086, Durand. Phillimore reference,26,31 ❧ ENTRY4 ❧ Tenant-in-chief in 1086, phillimore reference,14,33 ❧ ENTRY5 ❧ Tenant-in-chief in 1086, Earl Roger. Lord in 1086, abbey of Saint-Evroult, Households,1 villager, phillimore reference,13,7 The name Melbourn comes from Meldeburn, the stream of a man named Melde. The finding of a Saxon cemetery shows that Christianity has been present in Melbourn since the 7th century, the village also probably had an 11th-century chapel but the first record of a church is from 1152. The present church, dedicated to All Saints, is grade II* listed, R. R. Rowe conducted a major restoration in 1882 but the church includes sections of the 13th-century building, including the chancel arch and sections of the tower. It has a school and a state secondary school, Melbourn Village College. There is also a science park and a railway station in the neighbouring village. There is a butchers, a Co-op food shop, five hairdressers, Melbourn has the well-known restaurant, Sheene Mill, formerly owned by the television chef Stephen Saunders. The village is served by Meldreth railway station opened in 1851. Melbourn was much visited by travellers by the 17th century and is listed as having an inn in 1622. By the late 18th century the village supported three, The Dog, of history, the Red Lion, that closed towards the end of the 19th century, and the Hoops. The Rose Inn and the Coach and Horses opened in around 1850, Melbourn Village website Melbourn Website Melbourn Village College Melbourn Baptist Church Melbourn Science Park
2.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
3.
Norfolk
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Norfolk /ˈnɔːrfək/ is a county in East Anglia in England. It borders Lincolnshire to the west and north-west, Cambridgeshire to the west and southwest and its northern and eastern boundaries are the North Sea and, to the north-west, The Wash. With an area of 2,074 square miles and a population of 859,400, of the countys population, 40% live in four major built up areas, Norwich, Great Yarmouth, Kings Lynn and Thetford. The Broads is a network of rivers and lakes in the east of the county, the area is not a National Park although it is marketed as such. It has similar status to a park, and is protected by the Broads Authority. Norfolk was settled in times, with camps along the higher land in the west. A Brythonic tribe, the Iceni, inhabited the county from the 1st century BC to the end of the 1st century AD, the Iceni revolted against the Roman invasion in AD47, and again in 60 led by Boudica. The crushing of the second opened the county to the Romans. During the Roman era roads and ports were constructed throughout the county, situated on the east coast, Norfolk was vulnerable to invasions from Scandinavia and Northern Europe, and forts were built to defend against the Angles and Saxons. Norfolk, Suffolk and several adjacent areas became the kingdom of East Anglia, the influence of the Early English settlers can be seen in the many place names ending in -ton and -ham. Endings such as -by and -thorpe are also common, indicating Danish place names, in the 9th century the region came under attack. In the centuries before the Norman Conquest the wetlands of the east of the county began to be converted to farmland, and settlements grew in these areas. Migration into East Anglia must have high, by the time of the Domesday Book survey it was one of the most densely populated parts of the British Isles. During the high and late Middle Ages the county developed arable agriculture, the economy was in decline by the time of the Black Death, which dramatically reduced the population in 1349. During the English Civil War Norfolk was largely Parliamentarian, the economy and agriculture of the region declined somewhat. During the Industrial Revolution Norfolk developed little industry except in Norwich which was an addition to the railway network. In the 20th century the county developed a role in aviation, during the Second World War agriculture rapidly intensified, and it has remained very intensive since, with the establishment of large fields for growing cereals and oilseed rape. Norfolks low-lying land and easily eroded cliffs, many of which are chalk and clay, make it vulnerable to the sea, the low-lying section of coast between Kelling and Lowestoft Ness in Suffolk is currently managed by the Environment Agency to protect the Broads from sea flooding
4.
Bedfordshire
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Bedfordshire is a county in the East of England. It is a county and a historic county, covered by three unitary authorities, Bedford, Central Bedfordshire, and Luton. Bedfordshire is bordered by Cambridgeshire to the east/northeast, Northamptonshire to the north, Buckinghamshire to the west and Hertfordshire to the east/southeast. It is the fourteenth most densely populated county of England, with half the population of the county living in the two largest built-up areas, Luton and the county town, Bedford. The highest elevation point is 243 metres on Dunstable Downs in the Chilterns, the traditional nickname for people from Bedfordshire is Clangers, deriving from a local dish comprising a suet crust pastry filled with meat in one end and jam in the other. The first recorded use of the name in 1011 was Bedanfordscir, meaning the shire or county of Bedford, which itself means Bedas ford. Bedfordshire was historically divided into nine hundreds, Barford, Biggleswade, Clifton, Flitt, Manshead, Redbournestoke, Stodden, Willey, Wixamtree, along with the liberty and borough of Bedford. There have been changes to the county boundary, for example, in 1897 Kensworth. The southern end of the county is on the ridge known as the Chiltern Hills. The remainder is part of the drainage basin of the River Great Ouse. Most of Bedfordshires rocks are clays and sandstones from the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods, local clay has been used for brick-making of Fletton style bricks in the Marston Vale. The Greensand Ridge is an escarpment across the county from near Leighton Buzzard to near Gamlingay in Cambridgeshire, Bedfordshire is relatively dry, being situated in the east of England. Average annual rainfall is 597.6 millimetres at Bedford, october is the wettest month with 62.5 millimetres, February the driest with 36.7 millimetres. While there is little difference from month to month there are more wet days in autumn and winter but often heavier individual falls in spring and summer, of note were the 1998 Easter floods. Average temperatures in Bedford range from a low of 0.8 °C overnight in February to a high of 22.1 °C during the day in July, in the last 20 years the highest temperature recorded was 35.9 °C. The lowest temperature on record in Bedfordshire is −20.6 °C at Woburn on 25 February 1947, the Bedfordshire Police and Crime Commissioner is Kathryn Holloway who is a member of the Conservative Party. For local government purposes, Bedfordshire is divided into three authorities, the boroughs of Bedford and Luton, and the District of Central Bedfordshire. Bedfordshire County Council was abolished on 1 April 2009, although the three continue to form a county for ceremonial functions such as lieutenancy and High Sheriff
5.
Cambridgeshire
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The city of Cambridge is the county town. It contains most of the known as Silicon Fen. Local government is divided between Cambridgeshire County Council and Peterborough City Council, which is a unitary authority. Cambridgeshire is noted as the site of Flag Fen in Fengate, one of the earliest-known Neolithic permanent settlements in the United Kingdom, compared in importance to Balbridie in Aberdeen, Scotland. A great quantity of archaeological finds from the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, most items were found in Isleham. Cambridgeshire was recorded in the Domesday Book as Grantbridgeshire, covering a large part of East Anglia, Cambridgeshire today is the result of several local government unifications. In 1965, these two counties were merged to form Cambridgeshire and the Isle of Ely. Under the Local Government Act 1972 this merged with the county to the west, Huntingdon, the resulting county was called simply Cambridgeshire. Since 1998, the City of Peterborough has been a separately administered area and it is associated with Cambridgeshire for ceremonial purposes such as Lieutenancy, and joint functions such as policing and the fire service. In 2002, the conservation charity Plantlife unofficially designated Cambridgeshires county flower as the Pasqueflower, the Cambridgeshire Regiment, the county-based army unit, fought in the Boer War of South Africa, the First World War and Second World War. Due to the flat terrain and proximity to the continent, during the Second World War the military built many airfields here for RAF Bomber Command, RAF Fighter Command. In recognition of this collaboration, the Cambridge American Cemetery and Memorial is located in Madingley and it is the only WWII burial ground in England for American servicemen who died during that event. Most English counties have nicknames for their people, such as a Tyke from Yorkshire, the traditional nicknames for people from Cambridgeshire are Cambridgeshire Camel or Cambridgeshire Crane, referring to the wildfowl that were once abundant in the fens. The term Fenners was often applied to those who come from the country to the north of Cambridge. Since the late 20th century, this term is considered to be derogatory and has been discouraged in use, original historical documents relating to Cambridgeshire are held by Cambridgeshire Archives and Local Studies. See also Geology of Cambridgeshire Large areas of the county are extremely low-lying, the highest point is in the village of Great Chishill at 146 m above sea level. Other prominent hills are Little Trees Hill and Wandlebury Hill in the Gog Magog Downs, Rivey Hill above Linton, Rowleys Hill, AWG plc is based in Huntingdon. The RAF has several stations in the Huntingdon and St Ives area, RAF Waterbeach,6 miles north of Cambridge, is a former RAF airfield, now used as an army barracks
6.
Essex
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Essex /ˈɛsᵻks/ is a county in England immediately north-east of London. It borders the counties of Suffolk and Cambridgeshire to the north, Hertfordshire to the west, Kent across the estuary of the River Thames to the south, the county town is Chelmsford, which is the only city in the county. Essex occupies the part of the old Kingdom of Essex, before this. As well as areas, the county also includes London Stansted Airport, the new towns of Basildon and Harlow, Lakeside Shopping Centre, the port of Tilbury. Originally recorded in AD527, Essex occupied territory to the north of the River Thames, incorporating all of what later became Middlesex and its territory was later restricted to lands east of the River Lea. In changes before the Norman conquest the East Saxons were subsumed into the Kingdom of England and, following the Norman conquest, Essex became a county. During the medieval period, much of the area was designated a Royal forest, including the county in a period to 1204. Gradually, the subject to forest law diminished, but at various times included the forests of Becontree, Chelmsford, Epping, Hatfield, Ongar. County-wide administration Essex County Council was formed in 1889, however County Boroughs of West Ham, Southend-on-Sea and East Ham formed part of the county but were unitary authorities. 12 boroughs and districts provide more localised services such as rubbish and recycling collections, leisure and planning, parish-level administration – changes A few Essex parishes have been transferred to other counties. Before 1889, small areas were transferred to Hertfordshire near Bishops Stortford, Essex became part of the East of England Government Office Region in 1994 and was statistically counted as part of that region from 1999, having previously been part of the South East England region. Two unitary authorities In 1998 the boroughs of Southend-on-Sea and Thurrock were granted autonomy from the county of Essex after successful requests to become unitary authorities. Essex Police covers the county and the two unitary authorities. The county council chamber and main headquarters is at the County Hall in Chelmsford, before 1938 the council regularly met in London near Moorgate, which with significant parts closer to that point and the dominance of railways had been more convenient than any place in the county. It currently has 75 elected councillors, before 1965, the number of councillors reached over 100. The highest point of the county of Essex is Chrishall Common near the village of Langley, close to the Hertfordshire border, the pattern of settlement in the county is diverse. Epping Forest also acts as a barrier to the further spread of London. Part of the southeast of the county, already containing the population centres of Basildon, Southend and Thurrock, is within the Thames Gateway
7.
Hertfordshire
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Hertfordshire is a county in southern England, bordered by Bedfordshire to the north, Cambridgeshire to the north-east, Essex to the east, Buckinghamshire to the west and Greater London to the south. For government statistical purposes, it is placed in the East of England region, in 2013, the county had a population of 1,140,700 living in an area of 634 square miles. Four towns have between 50,000 and 100,000 residents, Hemel Hempstead, Stevenage, Watford and St Albans. Hertford, once the market town for the medieval agricultural county derives its name from a hart. Elevations are high for the region in the north and west and these reach over 240m in the western projection around Tring which is in the Chilterns. The countys borders are approximately the watersheds of the Colne and Lea, hertfordshires undeveloped land is mainly agricultural and much is protected by green belt. The countys landmarks span many centuries, ranging from the Six Hills in the new town of Stevenage built by local inhabitants during the Roman period, Leavesden filmed much of the UK-based $7.7 Bn box office Harry Potter film series and has the countrys studio tour. Saint Alban, a Romano-British soldier, took the place of a Christian priest and was beheaded on Holywell Hill and his martyrs cross of a yellow saltire on a blue background is reflected in the flag and coat of arms of Hertfordshire. Hertfordshire is well-served with motorways and railways, providing access to London. The largest sector of the economy of the county is in services, Hertfordshire was the area assigned to a fortress constructed at Hertford under the rule of Edward the Elder in 913. Hertford is derived from the Anglo-Saxon heort ford, meaning deer crossing, the name Hertfordshire is first recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in 1011. Deer feature in many county emblems, there is evidence of humans living in Hertfordshire from the Mesolithic period. It was first farmed during the Neolithic period and permanent habitation appeared at the beginning of the Bronze Age and this was followed by tribes settling in the area during the Iron Age. 293 the first recorded British martyrdom is believed to have taken place. Saint Alban, a Romano-British soldier, took the place of a Christian priest and was beheaded on Holywell Hill. His martyrs cross of a saltire on a blue background is reflected in the flag. He is the Patron Saint of Hertfordshire, with the departure of the Roman Legions in the early 5th century, the now unprotected territory was invaded and colonised by the Anglo-Saxons. By the 6th century the majority of the county was part of the East Saxon kingdom
8.
Suffolk
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Suffolk is an East Anglian county of historic origin in England. It has borders with Norfolk to the north, Cambridgeshire to the west, the North Sea lies to the east. The county town is Ipswich, other important towns include Lowestoft, Bury St Edmunds, Newmarket and Felixstowe, the county is low-lying with very few hills, and is largely arable land with the wetlands of the Broads in the north. The Suffolk Coast and Heaths are an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, by the fifth century, the Angles had established control of the region. The Angles later became the folk and the south folk. Suffolk and several adjacent areas became the kingdom of East Anglia, Suffolk was originally divided into four separate Quarter Sessions divisions. In 1860, the number of divisions was reduced to two, the eastern division was administered from Ipswich and the western from Bury St Edmunds. Under the Local Government Act 1888, the two divisions were made the administrative counties of East Suffolk and West Suffolk, Ipswich became a county borough. A few Essex parishes were added to Suffolk, Ballingdon-with-Brundon and parts of Haverhill. On 1 April 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972, East Suffolk, West Suffolk, the county was divided into several local government districts, Babergh, Forest Heath, Ipswich, Mid Suffolk, St. Edmundsbury, Suffolk Coastal, and Waveney. This act also transferred some land near Great Yarmouth to Norfolk, in 2007, the Department for Communities and Local Government referred Ipswich Borough Councils bid to become a new unitary authority to the Boundary Committee. The Boundary Committee consulted local bodies and reported in favour of the proposal and it was not, however, approved by the Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government. Beginning in February 2008, the Boundary Committee again reviewed local government in the county, West Suffolk, like nearby East Cambridgeshire, is renowned for archaeological finds from the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, and the Iron Age. Bronze Age artefacts have been found in the area between Mildenhall and West Row, in Eriswell and in Lakenheath, other finds include traces of cremations and barrows. The majority of agriculture in Suffolk is either arable or mixed, Farm sizes vary from anything around 80 acres to over 8,000. Soil types vary from clays to light sands. The continuing importance of agriculture in the county is reflected in the Suffolk Show, although latterly somewhat changed in nature, this remains primarily an agricultural show. Below is a chart of regional gross value added of Suffolk at current basic prices published by Office for National Statistics with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling, well-known companies in Suffolk include Greene King and Branston Pickle in Bury St Edmunds
9.
NHS England
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NHS England is an executive non-departmental public body of the Department of Health. NHS England oversees the budget, planning, delivery and day-to-day operation of the side of the NHS in England as set out in the Health. It holds the contracts for GPs and NHS dentists, the Secretary of State is publishes, annually, a document known as the mandate which specifies the objectives which the Board should seek to achieve. National Health Service Regulations are published each year to give force to the mandate. NHS England employs around 6,500 staff in 50 sites around England, most of its staff previously worked for the decommissioned primary care trusts and strategic health authorities. NHS England is the name of the NHS Commissioning Board and, before that. It was set up as a health authority of the NHS in October 2011 as the forerunner to becoming an NDPB on 1 April 2013. It was renamed NHS England on 26 March 2013 and its legal name remains the NHS Commissioning Board. Sir David Nicholson who became Chief Executive at the establishment of the Board retired at the end of March 2014 and was replaced by Simon Stevens. One of Stevens first acts was to announce a restructure of its 27 area teams in response to a requirement to reduce running costs which would reduce staffing by around 500, the 27 teams outside London were reduced to 12 in 2015. NHS England in conjunction with the other central regulators established what is called a success regime in south and mid Essex, North Cumbria and north east and it is intended to tackle “deep rooted and systemic issues that previous interventions have not tackled across whole health and care economy”. In 2016 it organised the geographical division of England into 44 Sustainability and these areas were locally agreed between NHS Trusts, local authorities and Clinical Commissioning Groups. A leader was appointed for each area, who is to be responsible for the implementation of the plans which are to be agreed by the component organisations and they will be working across organisational boundaries to help build a consensus for transformation and the practical steps to deliver it. Applications by GPs to reduce their catchment area are dealt with by NHS England, the case involved the decision to scrap minimum practice income guarantee. Richard Stein, a partner at Leigh Day, said the declaration could mean that patients would have to be involved in discussions on changes to the GP contract. See also General medical services The organisation was reported to be developing a strategy to support the use of health records in June 2015. This, it is hoped, could achieve up to £3.4 billion in annual savings by 2020. In April 2016 it published an index of maturity, where each of the 239 NHS trusts assessed its own readiness, capabilities
10.
National Health Service
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The National Health Service is the name of the public health services of England, Scotland and Wales, and is commonly used to refer to those of Northern Ireland. They were established together as one of the social reforms following the Second World War on the founding principles of being comprehensive, universal. Today, each provides a range of health services, the vast majority of which are free for people ordinarily resident in the United Kingdom. Taken together, the four National Health Services in 2015-16 employed around 1.6 million people with a budget of £136.7 billion. For non-residents, the NHS is free at the time of use, for general practitioner, the NHS began on the Appointed Day of 5 July 1948. This put into practice Westminster legislation for England and Wales from 1946 and Scotland from 1947, when Clement Attlees Labour Party won the 1945 election he appointed Aneurin Bevan as Health Minister. Bevan then embarked upon what the historian of the NHS, Charles Webster. Three years after the founding of the NHS, Bevan resigned from the Labour government in opposition to the introduction of charges for the provision of dentures and glasses, the following year, Winston Churchills Conservative government introduced prescription charges. These charges were the first of many controversies over reforms to the NHS throughout its history, each of the UKs four nations have their own separate NHS, each with its own history. From its earliest days, the history of the NHS has shown its place in British society reflected and debated in film, TV, cartoons. However, some functions might be performed by one health service on behalf of another. There have been issues about cross-border payments, taken together, the four National Health Services in 2015-16 employed around 1.6 million people with a combined budget of £136.7 billion. In 2014 the total health sector workforce across the UK was 2,165,043 and this broke down into 1,789,586 in England,198,368 in Scotland,110,292 in Wales and 66,797 in Northern Ireland. The NHS is free at the time of use, for general practitioner and emergency treatment not including admission to hospital, people with the right to medical care in European Economic Area nations are also entitled to free treatment by using the European Health Insurance Card. Those from other countries with which the UK has reciprocal arrangements also qualify for free treatment, people not ordinarily resident in the UK are in general not entitled to free hospital treatment, with some exceptions such as refugees. People not ordinarily resident may be subject to an interview to establish their eligibility, patients who do not qualify for free treatment are asked to pay in advance, or to sign a written undertaking to pay, except for emergency treatment. The provision of treatment to non-UK-residents, formerly interpreted liberally, has been increasingly restricted. As of 2016 the surcharge was £200 per year, with exemptions and reductions in some cases, the systems are 98. 8% funded from general taxation and National Insurance contributions, plus small amounts from patient charges for some services
11.
Ambulance
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The word is often associated with road going emergency ambulances which form part of an emergency medical service, administering emergency care to those with acute medical problems. The term ambulance does, however, extend to a range of vehicles other than those with flashing warning lights. The term ambulance comes from the Latin word ambulare as meaning to walk or move about which is a reference to medical care where patients were moved by lifting or wheeling. The word originally meant a hospital, which follows an army in its movements. Ambulances were first used for transport in 1487 by the Spanish forces during the siege of Málaga by the Catholic Monarchs against the Emirate of Granada. During the American Civil War vehicles for conveying the wounded off the field of battle were called ambulance wagons, there are other types of ambulance, with the most common being the patient transport ambulance. These vehicles are not usually equipped with equipment, and are usually crewed by staff with fewer qualifications than the crew of emergency ambulances. Their purpose is simply to transport patients to, from or between places of treatment, in most countries, these are not equipped with flashing lights or sirens. In some jurisdictions there is a form of the ambulance used, that only carries one member of ambulance crew to the scene to provide care. In these cases a patient who requires transportation to hospital will require an ambulance to attend in addition to the first responder. The history of the ambulance begins in ancient times, with the use of carts to transport incurable patients by force, Ambulances were first used for emergency transport in 1487 by the Spanish, and civilian variants were put into operation during the 1830s. Advances in technology throughout the 19th and 20th centuries led to the modern self-powered ambulances, Ambulances can be grouped into types depending on whether or not they transport patients, and under what conditions. In some cases, ambulances may fulfil more than one function, Emergency ambulance – The most common type of ambulance, which provide care to patients with an acute illness or injury. These can be road-going vans, boats, helicopters, fixed-wing aircraft or even converted vehicles such as golf carts. Patient transport ambulance – A vehicle, which has the job of transporting patients to and these can be vans, buses or other vehicles. Response units may be backed up by an ambulance which can transport the patient, or may deal with the problem on scene. These can be a variety of vehicles, from standard cars, to modified vans, motorcycles, pedal cycles. These units can function as a vehicle for officers or supervisors, Fire & Rescue services in North America often staff EMTs or Paramedics to their apparatuses to provide medical care without the need to wait for an ambulance
12.
East of England
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The East of England is one of nine official regions of England at the first level of NUTS for statistical purposes. It was created in 1994 and was adopted for statistics from 1999 and it includes the ceremonial counties of Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire, Essex, Hertfordshire, Norfolk and Suffolk. Essex has the highest population in the region and its population at the 2011 census was 5,847,000. Bedford, Luton, Basildon, Peterborough, Southend-on-Sea, Norwich, Ipswich, Colchester, Chelmsford, the southern part of the region lies in the London commuter belt. The region has the lowest elevation range in the UK, North Cambridgeshire and the Essex Coast have most of the around 5% of the region which is below 10 metres above sea level. The Fens are partly in North Cambridgeshire which is notable for the lowest point in the country in the land of the village of Holme 2.75 metres below sea level which was once Whittlesey Mere. The highest point is at Clipper Down at 817 ft, in the far corner of the region in the Ivinghoe Hills. In the late 1960s, the Roskill Commission considered Thurleigh in Bedfordshire, Nuthampstead in Hertfordshire, the East of England succeeded the standard statistical region East Anglia. The East of England civil defence region was identical to todays region, England between the Wash and Thames Estuary has since post-Roman times been and continues to be known as East Anglia, including the county traversing the west of this line, Cambridgeshire. Essex, despite meaning East-Saxons, previously formed part of the South East England, as did Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire, the earliest use of the term is from 1695. Charles Davenant, in An essay upon ways and means of supplying the war, wrote, The Eleven Home Counties, then cited a list including these four. The term does not appear to have used in taxation since the 18th century. East Anglia is one of the driest parts of the United Kingdom with average rainfall ranging from 450 mm to 750 mm. This is usually because low pressure systems and weather fronts from the Atlantic have lost a lot of their moisture over land by the time they reach Eastern England, however the Fens in Cambridgeshire are prone to flooding should a strong system affect the area. Northerly winds can also be cold but are not usually as cold as easterly winds, westerly winds bring milder and, typically, wetter weather. Southerly winds usually bring mild air but chill if coming from further east than Spain, spring is a transitional season that can be chilly to start with but is usually warm by late-April/May. The weather at this time is often changeable and occasionally showery, summer is usually warm and continental air from mainland Europe or the Azores High usually leads to at least a few weeks of hot, balmy weather with prolonged warm to hot weather. The number of storms from the Atlantic, such as the remnants of a tropical storm usually coincides with the location of the jet stream
13.
Emergency medical services in the United Kingdom
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Emergency care including ambulance and emergency department treatment is free to everyone, regardless of immigration or visitor status. The NHS commissions most emergency services through the 14 NHS organisations with ambulance responsibility across the UK. As with other services, the public normally access emergency medical services through one of the valid emergency telephone numbers. This led to the formation of predominantly county based ambulance services, which gradually merged up and changed responsibilities until 2006, when there were 31 NHS ambulance trusts in England. Following further changes as part of the NHS foundation trust pathway, the commissioners in each region are responsible for contracting with a suitable organisation to provide ambulance services within their geographical territory. The primary contract for each area is held by a public NHS body, of which there are 11 in England. The service was operated before reorganisation in 1974 by the St Andrews’ Ambulance Association under contract to the Secretary of State for Scotland, the Northern Ireland Ambulance Service was established in 1995 by parliamentary order, and serves the whole of Northern Ireland. The Welsh Ambulance Service NHS Trust was established on 1 April 1998, there is a large market for private and voluntary ambulance services, with the sector being worth £800m to the UK economy in 2012. This places the voluntary providers in direct competition with private services, expenditure on private ambulances in England increased from £37m in 2011−12 to £67. 5m in 2013/4, rising in London from £796,000 to more than £8. 8m. In 2014−15, these 10 ambulance services spent £57.6 million on 333,329 callouts of private or voluntary services - an increase of 156% since 2010−11, in 2013, the CQC found 97% of private ambulance services to be providing good care. These private, registered services are represented by the Independent Ambulance Association, there are also a number of unregistered services operating, who do not provide ambulance transport, but only provide response on an event site. These firms are not regulated, and are not subject to the checks as the registered providers, although they may operate similar vehicles. There are a number of ambulance providers, sometimes known as Voluntary Aid Services or Voluntary Aid Societies, with the main ones being the British Red Cross. The history of the ambulance services pre-dates any government organised service. As they are in competition for work with the private ambulance providers. Voluntary organisations have also provided cover for the public when unionised NHS ambulance trust staff have taken industrial action, there are a number of smaller voluntary ambulance organisations, fulfilling specific purposes, such as Hatzola who provide emergency medical services to the orthodox Jewish community in some cities. These have however run into difficulties due to use of vehicles not legally recognised as ambulances, all emergency medical services in the UK are subject to a range of legal and regulatory requirements, and in many cases are also monitored for performance. This framework is largely statutory in nature, being mandated by government through a range of primary and secondary legislation and this requires all providers to register, to meet certain standards of quality, and to submit to inspection of those standards
14.
Emergency medical services
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This is most likely an emergency department at a hospital. In such services, the EMS is not summoned by members of the public, in some jurisdictions, EMS units may handle technical rescue operations such as extrication, water rescue, and search and rescue. Training and qualification levels for members and employees of emergency medical services vary widely throughout the world, in some systems, members may be present who are qualified only to drive ambulances, with no medical training. In contrast, most systems have personnel who retain at least basic first aid certifications, additionally many EMS systems are staffed with Advanced Life Support personnel, including paramedics, nurses, or, less commonly, physicians. Emergency care in the field has been rendered in different forms since the beginning of recorded history, the New Testament contains the parable of the Good Samaritan, where a man who was beaten is cared for by a Samaritan. Luke 10,34 - He went to him and bandaged his wounds, pouring on oil, then he put the man on his own donkey, took him to an inn and took care of him. Also during the Middle Ages, the Knights Hospitaller were known for rendering assistance to wounded soldiers in the battlefield, the first use of the ambulance as a specialized vehicle, in battle came about with the ambulances volantes designed by Dominique Jean Larrey, Napoleon Bonapartes chief surgeon. Larreys projects for flying ambulances were first approved by the Committee of Public Safety in 1794, in civilian ambulances, a major advance was made with the introduction of a transport carriage for cholera patients in London during 1832. This tenet of ambulances providing instant care, allowing hospitals to be spaced further apart, the first known hospital-based ambulance service operated out of Commercial Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio by 1865. In June 1887 the St John Ambulance Brigade was established to provide first aid and it was modelled on a military-style command and discipline structure. Named the Vienna Voluntary Rescue Society, it served as a model for similar societies worldwide and this was followed in 1900 by New York City, who extolled its virtues of greater speed, more safety for the patient, faster stopping and a smoother ride. These first two ambulances were electrically powered with 2 hp motors on the rear axle. Canadian historians dispute this with the city of Toronto claiming The first formal training for ambulance attendants was conducted in 1892, two-way radios became available shortly after World War I, enabling for more efficient radio dispatch of ambulances in some areas. Prior to World War II, there were areas where a modern ambulance carried advanced medical equipment, was staffed by a physician. In many locations, however, ambulances were hearses - the only vehicle that could carry a recumbent patient - and were thus frequently run by funeral homes. These vehicles, which could serve either purpose, were known as combination cars, prior to World War II, hospitals provided ambulance service in many large cities. With the severe manpower shortages imposed by the war effort, it became difficult for many hospitals to maintain their ambulance operations, City governments in many cases turned ambulance services over to the police or fire department. No laws required minimal training for personnel and no training programs existed beyond basic first aid
15.
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
16.
Dangerous goods
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Dangerous goods or hazardous goods are solids, liquids, or gases that can harm people, other living organisms, property, or the environment. They are often subject to chemical regulations, in the United States, United Kingdom and sometimes in Canada, dangerous goods are more commonly known as hazardous materials. In the United States, dangerous goods are often indicated by diamond-shaped signage on the item, its container, mitigating the risks associated with hazardous materials may require the application of safety precautions during their transport, use, storage and disposal. Most countries regulate hazardous materials by law, and they are subject to international treaties as well. Even so, different countries may use different class diamonds for the same product, for example, in Australia, Anhydrous Ammonia UN1005 is classified as 2.3 with sub risk 8, whereas in the U. S. it is only classified as 2.2. People who handle dangerous goods will often wear protective equipment, and metropolitan fire departments often have a team specifically trained to deal with accidents. Laws and regulations on the use and handling of materials may differ depending on the activity. For example, one set of requirements may apply to their use in the workplace while a different set of requirements may apply to spill response, sale for consumer use, most countries regulate some aspect of hazardous materials. The most widely applied regulatory scheme is that for the transportation of dangerous goods, individual airline and governmental requirements are incorporated with this by the International Air Transport Association to produce the widely used IATA Dangerous Goods Regulations. Similarly, the International Maritime Organization has developed the International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code for transportation of goods by sea. IMO member countries have developed the HNS Convention to provide compensation in case of dangerous goods spills in the sea. The Intergovernmental Organisation for International Carriage by Rail has developed the Regulations concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Rail, many individual nations have also structured their dangerous goods transportation regulations to harmonize with the UN Model in organization as well as in specific requirements. GHS will use consistent criteria for classification and labeling on a global level, Dangerous goods are divided into nine classes on the basis of the specific chemical characteristics producing the risk. Note, The graphics and text in this article representing the dangerous goods safety marks are derived from the United Nations-based system of identifying dangerous goods, not all countries use precisely the same graphics in their national regulations. Some use graphic symbols, but without English wording or with similar wording in their national language, refer to the Dangerous Goods Transportation Regulations of the country of interest. For example, see the TDG Bulletin, Dangerous Goods Safety Marks based on the Canadian Transportation of Dangerous Goods Regulations, the statement above applies equally to all the Dangerous Goods classes discussed in this article. Australia uses the standard international UN numbers with a few slightly different signs on the back, front, the country uses the same Hazchem code system as the UK to provide advisory information to emergency services personnel in the event of an emergency. New Zealands Land Transport Rule, Dangerous Goods 2005 and the Dangerous Goods Amendment 2010 describe the rules applied to the transportation of hazardous and dangerous goods in New Zealand
17.
Magpas
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Magpas Air Ambulance is an emergency medical charity that provides pre-hospital care by land and air to patients in life-threatening emergencies in the East of England and beyond. It trains, equips and deploys a doctor-paramedic team to any medical emergency, some of the UK’s expert doctors and paramedics volunteer their own time to work with Magpas Air Ambulance. Magpas Air Ambulance is not a service and relies on public donations. The origins of the name relate to a historical and geographical association with Cambridgeshire Constabulary which. Magpas provided the training, equipment and governance framework, the organisation became a registered charity in 1972. The charity is now known as Magpas Air Ambulance after acquiring its own helicopter in 2013. Within the first five years that Magpas was operational the road accident fatality rate in Mid Anglia fell by 36%, in 1977, Magpas contributed to the foundation of the British Association for Immediate Care to raise and maintain the standards of care given by doctors responding to medical emergencies. Today BASICS is an authority on pre-hospital immediate care and Magpas has remained a member ever since. As NHS Ambulance Service Paramedics developed so did the charity and it undertook detailed research into its effectiveness and reviewed the way it operated. In 1997 the charity entered a new partnership with Cambridgeshire Constabulary to use the Police Helicopter for helicopter deployment of medical staff, in 1999, Magpas Air Ambulance became the first service in the region to provide a night-time helicopter emergency medical service. In 2007 the East Anglian Air Ambulance agreed to provide an Air Ambulance helicopter, dubbed Anglia Two, although this was withdrawn in 2010, and Magpas Air Ambulance went back to providing the whole service, in conjunction with the Police. From 2000 until 2010 the charity developed a network of Community First Responder Schemes across Cambridgeshire and Bedfordshire and these local volunteers were trained by Magpas and then responded to medical emergencies such as chest pain and breathing difficulties in their local area. Their role was to treat the patient until the ambulance service arrived, in 2010 the Magpas Air Ambulance First Responders were joined with other schemes under the leadership of the East of England Ambulance Trust who will now look after the scheme. In 2010, East Anglian Air Ambulance announced plans for their helicopter service which would no longer rely on Magpas volunteers, in 2012, Magpas Air Ambulance began flying with its own helicopter, having paid to use a police helicopter for the preceding fifteen years. The charity was involved in the creation of Pre-Hospital Emergency Medicine. This means the governance and quality assurance of the care it provides meets national standards, in October 2015, Magpas Air Ambulance announced it would provide a 24 hour service for emergency medical care and advice, although the helicopter is not available at all times. By doing so, it became the first air ambulance charity in the East of England region to offer round-the-clock care and they support the ambulance service by using specialist skills and giving advanced medical care when time is of the essence. The team is drawn from a pool of trained volunteers who give up their free time to support the work of the charity
18.
Air medical services
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Air medical services is a comprehensive term covering the use of air transportation, airplane or helicopter, to move patients to and from healthcare facilities and accident scenes. The use of air transport of patients dates to World War I, helicopters are used to transport patients between hospitals and from trauma scenes, fixed-wing aircraft are used for long-distance transport. The advantages of medical transport by helicopter may include providing a level of care at the scene of trauma. Helicopter-based emergency medical service also provides critical care capabilities during interfacility transport from community hospitals to trauma centers, effective use of helicopter services for trauma depends on the ground responders ability to determine whether the patients condition warrants air medical transport. Protocols and training must be developed to ensure appropriate triage criteria are applied, Crew and patient safety is the single most important factor to be considered when deciding whether to transport a patient by helicopter. Weather, air traffic patterns, and distances must also be considered, another reason for cancelling a flight is based on Flight Crew comfort with the flight. The general rule of safety is upon the crew, when there is one pilot, if one Flight Member is not comfortable with the flight for whatever reason, the flight is cancelled. Some have questioned the safety of air medical services While the number of crashes may be increasing, factors associated with fatal crashes of medical transport helicopters include flying at night and during bad weather, and postcrash fires. Fixed wing aircraft are more often used to move patients over long distances. These and related operations are called aeromedical, in some circumstances, the same aircraft may be used to search for missing or wanted people. Like ground ambulances, air ambulances are equipped with medical equipment vital to monitoring and treating injured or ill patients, common equipment for air ambulances includes medications, ventilators, ECGs and monitoring units, CPR equipment, and stretchers. A medically staffed and equipped air ambulance provides medical care in flight—while a non-medically equipped and staffed aircraft simply transports patients without care in flight, Military organizations and NATO refer to the former as medical evacuation and to the latter as casualty evacuation. Air Traffic Control grants special treatment to air operations, much like a ground ambulance using lights. When this happens, air ambulance aircraft take the call sign MEDEVAC and receive priority handling in the air, as with many Emergency Medical Service innovations, treating patients in flight originated in the military. The concept of using aircraft as ambulances is almost as old as powered flight itself, although balloons were not used to evacuate wounded soldiers at the Siege of Paris in 1870, air evacuation was experimented with during the First World War. The first true Air Ambulance flight was made when a Serbian officer was flown from the battlefield to hospital by a plane of the French Air Service. French records at the time indicated that the mortality rate of the injured was reduced from 60% to just under 10% if they were evacuated by air. The first recorded British ambulance flight took place in 1917 in Turkey when a soldier in the Camel Corps who had shot in the ankle was flown to hospital in a de Havilland DH9 in 45 minutes
19.
Essex & Herts Air Ambulance
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Essex Air Ambulance is an air ambulance service serving the county of Essex and surrounding areas, in the East of England. It is one of air ambulance services in the United Kingdom. The charity began fundraising in 1997 and the service operating in July the following year. The helicopter is based at Earls Colne Airfield in Earls Colne, Essex Air Ambulance provides helicopter emergency medical services during daylight hours to the county of Essex and surrounding areas if required. A significant portion of missions are to traffic collisions on the busy, the air ambulance costs in the region of £250,000 per month to fund all costs and aircraft operations. In April 2007 the Essex Air Ambulance charity combined to form the Essex & Hertfordshire Air Ambulance Trust responsible for both the Essex and Hertfordshire air ambulance services, the Hertfordshire Air Ambulance was introduced on 5 November 2008, and both services coordinate in the event of a major incident. Operational control is from the East of England Ambulance Service Control at Broomfield, Essex, the first two helicopters used by Essex Air Ambulance were Bölkow 105s, from 1998 to 2003. The service was able to upgrade to a Eurocopter EC135 in May 2003, then to a MD902 Explorer on 1 June 2010, the current helicopter is registered G-EHAA. It is usually airborne within two minutes of the call being received. The helicopter can carry up to two patients, one on a stretcher and one sitting
20.
East Anglian Air Ambulance
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The East Anglian Air Ambulance is an air ambulance providing Helicopter Emergency Medical Services across the counties of Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridgeshire and Bedfordshire. The appeal to fund the service was launched in the summer of 2000 by top jockey Frankie Dettori, flying commenced in January 2001 and the service was initially available only one day a week.5 million. EAAAs first aircraft was a Bolkow 105, commissioned from Sterling Aviation, the aircraft was based at Norwich International Airport and had the call sign Anglia One. In June 2006 a new helicopter, a MBB/Kawasaki BK117, G-OEMT, was commissioned from Sterling Aviation, the aircraft replaced the Bolkow 105, G-EYNL, and went into service as Anglia One. In August 2007 and second MBB/Kawasaki BK117, G-RESC, went into service with EAAA as Anglia Two, in March 2011 EAAA changed operator and moved from Sterling Aviation to interim supplier, Bond Air Services. Bond later successfully tendered for the contract to operate Anglia One, during the interim period EAAA flew red aircraft but soon returned to their more familiar yellow livery with the introduction of the Eurocopter EC135. In 2012 EAAA commissioned the fully night-capable EC135 T2e and commenced the CAA approval process to begin the night HEMS service, in April 2015 EAAA received a new EC145 T2 helicopter, based at Cambridge airport. It was the first EC145 T2 to be delivered to the UK and was number 12 off the production line, in February 2016 a second EC145 T2, G-RESU went into service as Anglia Two. The new H145 will replace the EC135 T2e, G-HEMN at Norwich, in April 2016 Bond Air Services was rebranded as Babcock Mission Critical Services Onshore Ltd. Both Anglia One and Anglia Two are fitted with the most up-to-date medical equipment and are dedicated ambulance helicopters, Anglia One covers Norfolk and Suffolk and is based at Norwich International Airport. Anglia Two covers Bedfordshire and Cambridgeshire and is based at Cambridge Airport although both can and do fly further afield when required, EAAA works together with Essex and Herts Air Ambulance Trust to ensure there is always cover across the whole region. G-RESU is based at Norwich Airport, g-HEMC is based at Cambridge Airport. When the service was first launched, Anglia One operated for one day a week. This was soon expanded to five days a week and later to the current service of seven days a week, Anglia Two was launched in August 2007 and began operating five days a week. The service provided by Anglia Two was extended to seven days a week in 2008 and it was manned by the Emergency Medical Team from Magpas Helimedix 24/7 and based at RAF Wyton until its move to Cambridge Airport. Typical incidents for which the assistance of the air ambulance is requested include road traffic collisions, horse riding accidents, cardiac arrests and serious falls. The EAAA team of skilled doctors and critical care paramedics also treat many people injured in agricultural, industrial. In May 2013, EAAA was the first air ambulance charity in England to receive approval to fly night time HEMS missions, the first team was available and ready to fly on 24 May and was called that night to a traffic collision in Essex
21.
London's Air Ambulance
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Londons Air Ambulance, also known as London HEMS, is a British registered charity that operates an air medical service dedicated to responding to serious trauma emergencies in and around London. Using helicopters by day and road vehicles by night, it functions as an emergency department in life-threatening. The charity was the first in the UK to carry a doctor in addition to a paramedic at all times on a helicopter. Missions commonly involve serious road traffic collisions, falls from height, stabbings and shootings, the team can provide advanced life-saving medical interventions, including open heart surgery, blood transfusion and anaesthesia, at the scene. The charity operates 24 hours a day, serving the 10 million people who live, work, of up to 5,000999 ambulance calls made every day in London, up to seven of the most critical are passed to the air ambulance. Londons Air Ambulance has been at the forefront of innovation in pre-hospital emergency medical care since its inception in 1989, the service has adopted elements of medical, military and aviation culture to deliver the highest standards in intensive care to the roadside. The governance system and Standard Operating Procedures developed by the organisation are seen as a benchmark for other air ambulances across the world, London sees some of the highest level of trauma in the world and the service is internationally renowned for clinical excellence and pioneering procedures. Innovations introduced by the service can dramatically increase patient’s chances of survival, London’s Air Ambulance was the first service in the world to perform open heart surgery at the roadside. The service has the world’s highest survival rates from this procedure in pre-hospital environment, in 2014 Londons Air Ambulance performed the first pre-hospital Resuscitative Endovascular Balloon Occlusion of the Aorta in the world. Key treatments further include surgical chest draining, surgical and non-surgical Rapid Sequence Induction, pelvic splinting, advanced pain relief, the service started a trial of a portable brain scanner which can detect blood clots on the brain in April 2015. The current helicopters used are two McDonnell Douglas MD902 Explorer aircraft, registration G-EHMS, and G-LNDN and they are notable as they do not use a tail-rotor. This is a feature, as the helicopter must routinely land in confined inner city areas. The helicopters usually cruise at 130 knots, at an altitude of 1,500 ft, a regular fuel load, around 400 kg, allows for one hours flying time. Although the MD902 Explorer is a model aircraft than its predecessor. MD902 Explorer helicopter G-EHMS entered service in October 2000, replacing the earlier SA 365N Dauphin, a specialised refrigerator installed in the helicopter allows the transport of four units of the universal O-negative blood type which can be stored in the aircraft for up to 72 hours. In 2015 Londons Air Ambulance service launched an appeal to raise £6,000,000 to purchase, convert, equip. Of the total needed, just over £4,000,000 represented the purchase price of the aircraft, in January 2016 Londons Air Ambulance took delivery of the second MD902 Explorer, registration G-LNDN. This was in due to a £2,000,000 donation by London Freemasons
22.
Kent, Surrey and Sussex Air Ambulance
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The helicopter is funded by the Kent Air Ambulance Trust which is a registered charity, raising money from public and private donations in excess of £3. 4m every year between Kent, Sussex and Surrey. The service, an expansion of the existing Kent Air Ambulance service, went into operation in 2007, covering the two counties of Sussex and Surrey. The trust currently operates two MD-902 NOTAR helicopters, G-KSSH and G-KAAT, that can fly at nearly 150 miles per hour and this aircraft was previously operated as G-WMID by the West Midlands Police. On the 30th October 2015 it was announced that the trust would invest £10m in relocating its flying base near Paddock Wood, the service supplements the existing air ambulance service provided Sussex Police Air Operations Unit, the helicopter run jointly by Sussex Police and South East Coast Ambulance Service. The operation also has a response car for the crew to use in the event that the helicopter is grounded for any reason. This vehicle was donated in May 2009 by Sussex Police, having formerly been one of their patrol vehicles. The trust provides air ambulance cover for the county, in association with the South East Coast Ambulance Service. The trust receives no funding from any government body, instead relying on donations to meet its running costs. Air ambulance Air Ambulances in the United Kingdom Hotel 900 South East Coast Ambulance Service Kent Air Ambulance Sussex Air Ambulance Surrey Air Ambulance
23.
Broomfield Hospital
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Broomfield Hospital is the general hospital for Chelmsford, England and the surrounding areas. It is the largest within the Mid Essex Hospitals Services Trust and is an 800-bed acute hospital which offers a range of services. The world-renowned St. Andrews Centre - a specialist unit for cleft lip and palate, burns, Broomfield Hospital, originally known as Essex County Hospital was opened in 1940 as a hospital for the treatment of tuberculosis patients. It was due to open in 1937, but this was delayed due to the Second World War, until 1959 all the patients in the 312 beds were male and length of stay ranged from six months to four years. The hospital was soon working to capacity and was the only centre for chest surgery for pulmonary tuberculosis in Essex. Towards the end of the World War II ar 50 per cent of patients were ex-servicemen, the Hospitals first physician superintendent and administrator was Dr William Lyall Yell. The hospital was built with south facing “butterfly” wings that caught the sun for the benefit of the tuberculosis patients, even during the winter months patients were wheeled out onto the balconies. Fresh air, bed rest and good food were part of their treatment, as the incidences of tuberculosis declined, the hospital developed and acute general care gradually became the focus for the hospital. Following the creation of the National Health Service in 1948, the became the responsibility of the North East Metropolitan Regional Hospital Board. 1959 saw the first female patients and the delivery of six babies, in 1960 Broomfield became a General Hospital and training for nursing was established at the hospital. During the 1960s the hospital dealt with general surgery, orthopaedics. Extensions to the hospital included a large outpatients clinic, geriatric wards, in 1970 plans were revealed for the first stage of a £3m development for new district general services. In 1981 Dame Elizabeth Coker, then chairman of the health authority launched a £13m Hospital development, a former concert hall was converted and became a new Medical Academic Centre in 1988. In 1983 The Princess Anne opened the CAT scanner following years of fund raising, work then started on upgrading the east wing of the hospital and the west wing was demolished the following year. These results have been consistent over many years according to the units ICNARC6 monthly reports, putting it in the top 10% of units in England and Wales. A new medical library was built in 1991 and the following year Mid Essex Hospital Services NHS Trust was formed. More development work continued throughout the 1990s and clinical space increased by more than fifty per cent, in 1994 Frank Bruno MBE opened the new screening room and mammographic facilities and in November of the same year The Broomfield Dialysis Centre was officially opened. Then Prime Minister John Major, undertook the topping out ceremony in 1996, a Medical Assessment Unit opened in 1998
24.
999 (emergency telephone number)
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999 is an official emergency telephone number in a number of countries which allows the caller to contact emergency services for urgent assistance. 999 is the emergency number for the United Kingdom. All calls are answered by 999 operators, the system was introduced following a fire on 10 November 1935 in a house on Wimpole Street in which five women were killed. The first arrest – for burglary – took place a week later,9 or 99, reaching at least an operator. This enables all users including the visually impaired to easily dial the emergency number, hoax calls and improper use are an issue. For these reasons, there are frequent public information campaigns in the UK on the use of the 999 system. Alternative three-digit numbers for non-emergency calls have also introduced in recent years. 101 was introduced for non-urgent calls in England and Wales The scheme was extended to Scotland, trials of 111 as a number to access health services in the UK for urgent but not life-threatening cases began in England in 2010. The main roll-out occurred from 2011 to 2013, with a number of delays, in Scotland, the NHS24 service moved from 08454242424 to 111 on 29 April 2014. NHS Direct Wales continues to use 08454647 and those registered on the database are issued with a personal identification number that can be used in two ways. By phone – either 999 or the forces non-emergency 101 number can be used – once a person is put through to the room, they only need to say Pegasus. Their details can then be retrieved from the database and the caller can quickly get on with explaining why they have called, in person – the Pegasus PIN can be told or shown to a police officer. Pegasus is also used by the City of London Police, Dyfed Powys Police, the pan-European 112 code was introduced in the UK in April 1995 with little publicity. It connects to existing 999 circuits, the GSM standard mandates that the user of a GSM phone can dial 112 without unlocking the keypad, a feature that can save time in emergencies but that also causes some accidental calls. All mobile telephones will make emergency calls with the keypad locked, originally a valid SIM card was not required to make a 999/112 emergency call in the UK. However, as a result of numbers of untraceable hoax calls being made. Most UK mobile telephone handsets will dial 999/112 without a SIM inserted, following the blocking of SIM-less calls, in 2009 the UK networks introduced emergency call roaming. This allows a user with a valid SIM of a UK network to make calls on any network for which they have coverage
25.
Mercedes-Benz Sprinter
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The Mercedes-Benz Sprinter is a vehicle built by Daimler AG of Stuttgart, Germany as a van, chassis cab, minibus, and pickup truck. In the past the Sprinter has been sold under the Mercedes-Benz, Dodge, Freightliner, in the United States it is built from complete knock down kits by Freightliner. They are now marketed by Mercedes-Benz. Rebadged and re-engined Sprinters are also sold by Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles as the Volkswagen LT, the first generation Sprinter was launched in Europe in 1995 to replace the famous but outdated Mercedes-Benz TN van dating from 1977. It was voted International Van of the Year for 1995, the first generation North American Sprinter was launched in 2001 in the U. S. and was originally branded as a Freightliner. Units sold to the rest of North America were badged as Mercedes-Benz until 2003 when they received Dodge branding, units in the United States and Canada, but not in Mexico, could be purchased as a Dodge or Freightliner from 2003. The product was launched and supported by DaimlerChrysler Vans LLC, a division based in Huntersville. Key individuals from DaimlerChrysler Commercial Vehicle Division and Freightliner Trucks were selected to spearhead the effort, nearly all of the original staff were retained, though the base of operations shifted from North Carolina to Auburn Hills, Michigan. The remainder of DaimlerChrysler Vans LLC remained active in Huntersville as an engineering, upfitter certification, for 2003, DaimlerChrysler introduced a Dodge branded version of the Sprinter to the North American market. It was identical to the Freightliner Trucks version except for minor styling details, rather than redesign the aging Dodge Ram Van which had used the same basic body and layout since the 1970s and was discontinued in 2003, DaimlerChrysler chose to replace it with the Sprinter. The cargo versions, classified as light trucks, are subject to the 25% chicken tax if imported as a complete unit, passenger vans were not subject to the same tax classifications and were imported as an assembled unit through Mercedes-Benz in Jacksonville, Florida. The cargo version of model is re-assembled at a plant in Ladson. Like its predecessor, the version is imported as a complete unit. The previous reassembly facility in Gaffney, South Carolina continues to be used by Freightliner Custom Chassis Corporation, the Sprinter van was sold as the Mercedes-Benz Transporter T1N due to Toyota using the name Toyota Sprinter, a version of the Corolla. The model 314 of the first generation is still assembled by Iran Khodro Diesel and it is used as ambulance car. Since 2013 the 2000-2006 Sprinter model has revived in Russia markets only as Mercedes-Benz Sprinter Classic, however the Mk.2 Sprinter is also sold in Russian market. The Sprinter Classic is built by the Gorky Automobile Plant at Nizhny Novgorod, the second generation Sprinter was introduced in Europe in 2006. It was voted Van of the Year 2007 and again in 2008 by Professional Van,2012 Information and Fuel Consumption Figures
26.
Land Rover Freelander
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The Land Rover Freelander is a compact sport utility vehicle which was produced by the British manufacturer Land Rover, in both two-wheel and four-wheel drive versions, from 1997 to 2014. The second generation, launched in 2007, was sold as the LR2 in North America and it uses a monocoque structure, in common with almost all other crossovers in its class, but unlike traditional SUVs built with body-on-frame designs. The Freelander was replaced by the Discovery Sport in 2015, market research by the Rover Group in the late 1980s suggested that Land Rover could enter the compact SUV market segment. In the early 1990s, the Rover Group had a product development budget and looked for a partner to develop the project. Rovers then-partner Honda declined and chose to develop its own CR-V model that was launched in 1997, Rover decided to go it alone with the CB40, using existing parts and components, as it had done with the MGF roadster. When BMW took over Rover Group in 1994, the CB40 project received the capital it needed to proceed, in December 2007, Autocar reported that early development designs and sketches of the Freelander featured Hyundai badging, suggesting that a tie up between both manufacturers was being proposed. The design of the Freelander was by Gerry McGovern, who went on become the head of design at Land Rover in 2007, the Freelander was launched in October 1997. It became Europes best-selling four-wheel drive model until 2002, the last Freelanders in North America were sold as 2005 models. There were a variety of models, based around five-door estate and three-door softback, hardback, in 2004, Land Rover introduced an improved and upgraded version of the Mark I, changes included a new interior and major external revisions, including a new face and rear. The three-door model was available in E, S, SE, Sport and Sport Premium trim, the Automatic Tiptronic gearbox was also available as an option on the Td4. The first generation Freelander was used in the 1998 Camel Trophy, the vehicle represented a compromise because it did not have a low-range gear selection, nor a locking differential, as found on larger Land Rover models. This meant that in comparison to other Land Rovers, off-road performance was not as good and this first generation also used a Traction Control system and a special version of ABS produced by Wabco and modified to assist driving in off-road situations. Lack of the MG Rover K18 and KV6 engines after the end of the MG Rover production led Land Rover to discontinue the model on 31 August 2005 in the U. S. the second generation named the Freelander 2 debuted at the 2006 British International Motor Show. While the new model retained the Freelander name in Europe, it was marketed as LR2 in North America, a presentation at the Kensington Roof Gardens was held for journalists featuring celebrity tennis player Maria Sharapova. Production ceased at the end of 2014, the second generation Freelander is based on the Ford EUCD platform, which itself is based on the Ford C1 platform. The Ford EUCD platform will be used by more upcoming vehicles from Volvo, the new Freelander features higher ground clearance and off-road capabilities that are closer to other Land Rover models. It has improved quality interior with more safety features as standard, the Freelander 2 features a modified version of the Terrain Response off-road driving system as fitted to the Discovery 3 and the Range Rover. The 4WD system was developed in conjunction with Haldex and was called Third generation coupling, vehicles from the 2009 model year are fitted with a modified design of the active on-demand coupling, known as Haldexs Fourth generation
27.
Land Rover Discovery Sport
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The Land Rover Discovery Sport is a premium compact SUV produced by British manufacturer Land Rover. It replaces the Land Rover Freelander in a revised Land Rover range of vehicles, the new Discovery sub-brand, to be focused on leisure vehicles, will feature two models initially, the compact Discovery Sport and the larger Discovery. The Discovery Sport is available in five and seven seat layouts, the Discovery Sport represents the third generation of compact SUV produced by Land Rover. The first generation, the Freelander, was introduced by Land Rover in 1997 following a study that revealed market demand for an SUV smaller than the Discovery and Range Rover models. The BMW M47 diesel engine replaced the L-Series diesel engine in 2001, following its adaptation to suit transverse applications, the Freelander 2, sold as the LR2 in North America, was introduced in 2006 during Fords ownership of Land Rover. The second generation Freelander was built on the Ford EUCD platform, using a Ford Duratorq four cylinder diesel engine, the six cylinder petrol engine was replaced for the 2013 model year by a more economical Ford EcoBoost four cylinder 2. 0-litre turbocharged petrol engine. The Ford petrol and diesel four cylinder engines were carried over for the Discovery Sports first model year, the Discovery sub-brand was introduced during early 2014, with confirmation that the replacement for the Freelander 2 would be branded as the Discovery Sport worldwide. The design direction for the Discovery family was previewed at the 2014 New York International Auto Show, with Land Rover showing their Discovery Vision concept vehicle. The sub-brand will be used in the way as Range Rover. It is expected the Discovery brand will expand to three models, a full size SUV, a compact SUV and a sub-compact or crossover SUV. The Discovery Sport shares several design cues with the larger Discovery Vision concept, the Discovery Sport went on sale during September 2014, with first deliveries in early 2015. The engines sourced from Ford were replaced by engines from Jaguar Land Rovers new Ingenium engine line from late 2015, the Ingenium family is a range of modular four cylinder turbocharged engines of 2. 0-litre capacity, built around individual 500cc cylinders. The family is produced in both petrol and diesel variants, and could also be produced in 3,5 and 6 cylinder options in future, depending on demand and requirements. The range was designed from the outset to accommodate different hybrid power systems and this model is planned to have CO2 emissions of 119 g/km and fuel economy of up to 24.2 km/L. The engines in the Discovery Sport are mounted transversely, which creates additional interior space, the Discovery Sport is manufactured with either a 9–speed ZF 9-HP automatic gearbox or a 6–speed Getrag M66EH50 manual gearbox, both of which are also available on the Range Rover Evoque. Two different all-wheel drive systems are available, the standard system is the Haldex Traction fifth generation system from BorgWarner. The Active Driveline system works by disconnecting all of the all wheel drive components from the gearbox. The system also features torque vectoring to direct power to individual wheels, neither system has a low range transfer box, although the ZF 9-HP features a special very low ratio first gear which is used only when the vehicle is off-road or otherwise needed
28.
North Weald Airfield
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North Weald Airfield is an operational general aviation aerodrome, in the civil parish of North Weald Bassett in Epping Forest, Essex, England. It was an important fighter station during the Battle of Britain and it is the home of North Weald Airfield Museum. Although unlicensed it is home to private aircraft and historic types. Royal Flying Corps Station North Weald Bassett aerodrome was established in the summer of 1916 during the First World War by the Royal Flying Corps, later it became Royal Air Force with effect from Monday 1 April 1918. Its military functions continued to develop during the period, with the building of large hangars. The airfield played an important part in the air defence strategy of the United Kingdom during the Second World War, initially Hawker Hurricanes were deployed at the airfield, alongside Bristol Blenheim night fighters. The Hurricanes from North Weald saw action over the beaches of Dunkirk, in 1940, two American Eagle Squadrons moved into North Weald supplied with Spitfires. A couple of later, Norwegian squadrons were reassigned to the airfield. Jet fighter squadrons were based at North Weald from 1949 and the sight of Gloster Meteors, the last front line combat unit, No.111 Squadron RAF flying Hawker Hunters, the famous Black Arrows of 22 loop formation fame, left North Weald in 1958. And, in 1964, the RAF withdrew from the airfield completely, North Weald is a general aviation airfield with just over 20,000 movements per annum, connecting people from London and Essex, with destinations across England and abroad by air travel. Resident organizations include Area 51, Hangar 11 Collection, Aces High, an original 1927 hangar remains, as does the former Officers Mess, a Grade 2 listed building. Some former married quarters dating from the early 1970s can be seen in Lancaster, a Hawker Hurricane Mk1 replica has been erected near the main gate and can be viewed on market days. On occasions North Weald has 300 to 500 movements a day, the airfield was granted listed status in 2005. There is a large Saturday market based on the airfield which draws crowds from around Essex. It claims to be one of the largest open air markets in the UK, bus service 522 operates a frequent service to the market from Harlow, and the service is subsidised by the company that owns the market. The airfield was used as the camp for the 2007 World Scout Jamboree. In the 1990s, the Aces High hangar was used as the home for Channel 4s TV game show The Crystal Maze, which had moved from Shepperton Studios because of lack of space. There are two FBOs at North Weald who provide aircraft maintenance and repair, handling and cleaning, refuelling and hangarage services, as well as visitor parking and events organising
29.
RAF Wyton
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Royal Air Force Wyton or more simply RAF Wyton is a Royal Air Force station near St. Ives, Cambridgeshire, England. In terms of organisation RAF Wyton was part of the combined station RAF Brampton Wyton Henlow, Wyton is the largest of the three. It is home to Equipment Support and Corporate Technical Services, the airfield is now decommissioned but was used for flight training by 57 Squadron EFT, the University Air Squadrons of London and Cambridge and No.5 Air Experience Flight. Wyton has been an airfield since 1916, when it was used for training by the Royal Flying Corps. The following squadrons were posted to Wyton between 1916 and 1935, No.46 Squadron RFC between 1916 and 1916, No.65 Squadron RFC between 1916 and 1917. No.83 Squadron RFC between 1917 and 1917, No.96 Squadron RAF between 1918 and 1918. No.104 Squadron RFC between 1917 and 1917, No.117 Squadron RAF between 1918 and 1919. No.119 Squadron RAF between 1918 and 1918, No.120 Squadron RAF between 1918 and 1918. No.130 Squadron RAF between 1918 and 1918, No.156 Squadron RAF between 1918 and 1918. No.211 Squadron RAF between 1919 and 1919, in 1935, it was upgraded to contemporary standards. The following squadrons were posted to Wyton between 1935 and 1939, No.44 Squadron between 1937 and 1937, No.114 Squadron between 1936 and 1939. No.139 Squadron between 1936 and 1939, during the Second World War it was used primarily as a bomber base, flying Bristol Blenheim, de Havilland Mosquito and Avro Lancaster aircraft. In 1942 it became the home of the Pathfinder Force under the command of Group Captain Don Bennett, the following squadrons were posted to Wyton between 1939 and 1945, No.15 Squadron between 1939 and 1940. No.15 Squadron for a time between 1940 and 1942. No.40 Squadron between 1939 and 1941, No.57 Squadron between 1940 and 1940. No.57 Squadron for a time between 1940 and 1940. No.83 Squadron for a time between 1942 and 1944. No.109 Squadron between 1942 and 1942, No.109 Squadron for a second time between 1942 and 1943
30.
Bedford
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Bedford is the county town of Bedfordshire, England. It had a population of 166,252 in 2015 together with Kempston, Bedford was founded at a ford on the River Great Ouse, and is thought to have been the burial place of Offa of Mercia. Bedford Castle was built by Henry I, although it was destroyed in 1224, Bedford was granted borough status in 1165 and has been represented in Parliament since 1265. It is well known for its population of Italian descent. Bedford is on the Midland Main Line, with stopping services to London and Brighton operated by Thameslink, and express services to London and the East Midlands operated by East Midlands Trains. The name of the town is thought to derive from the name of a Saxon chief called Beda, and a ford crossing the River Great Ouse. Bedford was a town for the surrounding agricultural region from the early Middle Ages The Anglo-Saxon King Offa of Mercia was buried in the town in 796. In 886 it became a boundary town separating Wessex and Danelaw and it was the seat of the Barony of Bedford. In 919 Edward the Elder built the towns first known fortress, on the side of the River Great Ouse. This fortress was destroyed by the Danes, William II gave the barony of Bedford to Paine de Beauchamp who built a new, strong castle. Bedford traces its borough charter in 1166 by Henry II and elected two members to the unreformed House of Commons and it remained a small agricultural town, with wool being an important industry in the area for much of the Middle Ages. The new Bedford Castle was razed in 1224 and today only a mound remains, in 1660 John Bunyan was imprisoned for 12 years in Bedford Gaol. It was here that he wrote The Pilgrims Progress, the River Great Ouse became navigable as far as Bedford in 1689. Wool declined in importance with brewing becoming an industry in the town. The 19th century saw Bedford transform into an important engineering hub, in 1832 gas lighting was introduced, and the railway reached Bedford in 1846. The first corn exchange was built 1849, and the first drains, Bedford is the largest settlement in Borough of Bedford. The borough council is led by an elected mayor who holds the title Mayor of Bedford. The current Mayor of Bedford is Dave Hodgson from the Liberal Democrat Party, Bedford itself is divided into 10 wards, Brickhill, Castle, Cauldwell, De Parys, Goldington, Harpur, Kingsbrook, Newnham, Putnoe and Queens Park
31.
Chelmsford
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Chelmsford is the principal settlement of the City of Chelmsford and the county town of Essex, in the East of England. It is located in the London commuter belt, approximately 32 miles northeast of Charing Cross, London, the urban area of the city has a population of approximately 120,000, whilst the district has a population of 168,310. The communities of Chelmsford, Massachusetts, Chelmsford, Ontario, and Chelmsford, Chelmsfords population consists of a large number of City and Docklands commuters, attracted by the 30–35 minute journey from Central London via the Great Eastern Main Line. The same journey takes approximately 60 minutes by road via the A12, on 14 March 2012, Lord President of the Privy Council and Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg announced that Chelmsford, along with Perth, Scotland and St Asaph, Wales, was to be granted city status. The Letters Patent officially granting city status to Chelmsford from The Queen were received on 6 June 2012, the demonym for a Chelmsford resident is Chelmsfordian. An under-cover market, operating Tuesday to Saturday, is still an important part of the city centre over 800 years later, the citys name is derived from Ceolmaers ford which was close to the site of the present High Street stone bridge. In the Domesday Book of 1086, the town was called Celmeresfort and its position on the Londinium – Camulodonum Roman road ensured the early prosperity of Chelmsford. Before 1199, there were nearby from ancient times. A Neolithic and a late Bronze Age settlement have been found in the Springfield suburb, a Roman fort was built in AD60, and a civilian town grew up around it. The remains of a mansio, a combination post office, civic centre and hotel, lie beneath the streets of modern Moulsham, the town disappeared for a while after the Romans left Britain. The town became the seat of the local assize during the early 13th century and by 1218 it was recognised as the county town of Essex, a position it has retained to the present day. Chelmsford was significantly involved in the Peasants Revolt of 1381, the Sleepers and The Shadows, written by Hilda Grieve in 1988 using original sources, states, For nearly a week, from Monday 1st July to Saturday 6th July, Chelmsford became the seat of government. The king probably lodged at his manor house at Writtle. He was attended by his council, headed by the temporary Chancellor, Richard II famously revoked the charters which he had made in concession to the peasants on 2 July 1381, while in Chelmsford. It could be said that given this movement of government power, the road Saxon Way now marks the site. In the 17th century many of the victims of Matthew Hopkins spent their last days imprisoned in Chelmsford, before being tried at the Assizes, Henry VIII purchased the Boleyn estate in 1516, and built Beaulieu Palace on the current site of New Hall School. This later became the residence of his mistress, and later wife Anne. Soon after it became the residence of Henrys daughter, by his first marriage, during World War II Chelmsford, an important centre of light engineering war production, was attacked from the air on several occasions, both by aircraft of the Luftwaffe and by missile
32.
Norwich
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Norwich is a city on the River Wensum in East Anglia and lies about 100 miles north-east of London. It is the administrative centre for East Anglia and county town of Norfolk. During the 11th century, Norwich was the largest city in England after London and it remained the capital of the most populous English county until the Industrial Revolution. The urban area of Norwich had a population of 213,166 according to the 2011 Census, the parliamentary seats cross over into adjacent local-government districts. A total of 132,512 people live in the City of Norwich, Norwich is the fourth most densely populated local-government district in the East of England, with 3,480 people per square kilometre. In May 2012, Norwich was designated Englands first UNESCO City of Literature, the capital of the Iceni tribe was a settlement located near to the village of Caistor St. Edmund on the River Tas approximately 8 kilometres to the south of modern-day Norwich. Following an uprising led by Boudica around AD60 the Caistor area became the Roman capital of East Anglia named Venta Icenorum, literally the market place of the Iceni. According to a rhyme, the demise of Venta Icenorum led to the development of Norwich, Caistor was a city when Norwich was none. There are two suggested models of development for Norwich, the ancient city was a thriving centre for trade and commerce in East Anglia in 1004 AD when it was raided and burnt by Swein Forkbeard the Viking king of Denmark. Mercian coins and shards of pottery from the Rhineland dating from the 8th century suggest that trade was happening long before this. Between 924 and 939, Norwich became fully established as a town, the word Norvic appears on coins across Europe minted during this period, in the reign of King Athelstan. The Vikings were a cultural influence in Norwich for 40–50 years at the end of the 9th century. At the time of the Norman Conquest the city was one of the largest in England, the Domesday Book states that it had approximately 25 churches and a population of between 5, 000–10,000. It also records the site of an Anglo-Saxon church in Tombland, the site of the Saxon market place and the later Norman cathedral. Norwich continued to be a centre for trade, the River Wensum being a convenient export route to the River Yare and Great Yarmouth. Quern stones and other artefacts from Scandinavia and the Rhineland have been found during excavations in Norwich city centre and these date from the 11th century onwards. Norwich Castle was founded soon after the Norman Conquest, the Domesday Book records that 98 Saxon homes were demolished to make way for the castle. In 1096, Herbert de Losinga, Bishop of Thetford, began construction of Norwich Cathedral, the chief building material for the Cathedral was limestone, imported from Caen in Normandy
33.
Emergency vehicle equipment in the United Kingdom
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Emergency vehicle equipment is used in the United Kingdom to indicate urgent journeys by an emergency service. This usage is known as Blues and twos which refers to the blue lights. A call-out requiring the use of lights and sirens is often known as a blue light run. Each of the services listed above has different policies regarding the use of blue lights. Most require the driver to be trained to a standard in response driving. Provision exists for a standard to be required in order to utilise speed limit exemptions. In the UK, vehicles used for certain purposes may have exemptions from road traffic regulations whilst responding to an emergency. Merely being authorised to use lights and sirens does not of itself grant exemptions from road traffic law
34.
Renault Master
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The Renault Master is an upper-medium size van produced by the French manufacturer Renault since 1980, now in its third generation. It replaced the earlier Saviem SG3 light trucks, Opel has sold versions of the second and third series vans as the Opel Movano in Continental Europe and Vauxhall Movano in the United Kingdom. All three generations have been designed and manufactured by Renault, irrespective of the brand, over its lifetime several different body styles have been available, from the standard van to bigger models with an increased load area, height, and longer-wheelbases with an LWB prefix. Panel vans are common, but pickups are also available. Heavier-duty models of the Master was also sold by Renault Trucks as the B-series, later as the Messenger, the original Renault Master was launched in September 1980. Originally launched with the 2.5 L Fiat-Sofim diesel engine, in rare cases the Master was sold with a 2.0 L or 2.2 L Renault petrol engine. In 1990, a larger version of the Sofim diesel replaced the earlier version. The smaller Renault Trafic was also launched in 1980 resulting in a range of light commercial vehicles. The Master was distinctively styled with the door design and unusual round door handles similar to those of the Fiat Ritmo/Strada. The van was manufactured at Renaults then new SoVAB Batilly plant in northeastern France, an alternative heavier duty version which appeared almost identical, was sold by Renault Trucks as the Renault B70 to B120. It first appeared as the 70 PS B70 and as the 80 PS B80 in late 1982 and it was a light truck with a Renault Master I body on a separate chassis, rear wheel-drive and rear dual wheels. The B-series was offered with a range of body options. As the Master both carried manufacturers plates from Renaults automobile division, RVIs production numbers appeared to plummet as the SG2 and it was thus decided in 1982 to transfer the new, heavier B-series range to RVI. More powerful versions were added, incorporating turbochargers and intercooling. Although a 4x4 version of the B90 took part in the Paris Dakar Rally in 1987, the version of the B90 4x4 truck was unveiled in 1990 only. In 1993, the B series had a change and was renamed Messenger. The Master used the Renault S-Type engine in S9U and S8W/S9W versions, the G-Type engine, displacements available included 2.2,2.5, and 2.8 litres with a range of power outputs. The van received a major facelift in Q42003, with the headlight area being heavily restyled
35.
Newmarket Racecourse
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Newmarket Racecourse, which has a capacity of 45,000, is a British Thoroughbred horse racing venue in the town of Newmarket, Suffolk. The racecourse hosts two of the countrys five Classic Races - the 1,000 Guineas and 2,000 Guineas, in total, it hosts 9 of British racings 32 annual Group 1 races. Racing in Newmarket was recorded in the time of James I, charles II was known to attend races on Newmarket Heath with his brother, the future James II. Up until 1744, the two most valuable races run at the course were the Kings Plate and the Town Plate. Two more Plate races were added in year, paid for by local traders. Another paid for by landowners was a race over four miles. At that time, formal races at Newmarket only took place twice a year - once in April, a second Spring meeting was added in 1753. Both are wide, galloping tracks used for Flat racing only, the Rowley Mile Course has a 1 mile 2 furlong straight with minor undulations towards The Bushes, two furlongs out. The penultimate furlong is downhill and the last is uphill, forming The Dip, Races beyond the distance of 1m 2f start on the Cesarewitch or Beacon course which turns right-handed into the straight. The July Course, also called the Summer Course, has a 1 mile straight. After 2 furlongs, there is a downhill stretch before the uphill furlong to the finish. This course also uses the Cesarewitch/Beacon course for longer distances, again turning right into the straight, the Rowley Mile is used for racing in the Spring and Autumn, while the July Course is used in Summer. The Rowley Mile has a grass strip used by light aircraft, the Devils Dyke runs past the edge of the July course. About half of the complex, including the July and Cesarewitch/Beacon courses, is actually in the neighbouring county of Cambridgeshire. Historically, there are names that have been given to courses or parts of courses at Newmarket. The Kings Plate was a race run between 1634 and 1765. 52°13′51. 1″N 0°22′56. 1″E 52°14′15″N 0°22′28″E 52°13′47. 5″N 0°21′43. 5″E Whyte, history of the British turf, from the earliest period to the present day, Volume I. Official website Course guide on GG. COM Course guide on At The Races
36.
West Midlands Ambulance Service
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The West Midlands Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust is the second-largest ambulance service in the UK. It is the authority responsible for providing NHS ambulance services in Herefordshire, Shropshire, Staffordshire, Warwickshire, West Midlands, the trust won the contract for non-emergency patient transport services in Cheshire, Warrington and Wirral previously provided by the North West Ambulance Service in 2015. The trust is currently under the leadership of chief executive Dr. Anthony. Marsh and it is one of 10 Ambulance Trusts providing England with Emergency medical services, and is part of the National Health Service. It employs around 4,500 staff and is supported by about 1,000 volunteers, over 63 sites, the trust is currently the best performing ambulance service in the NHS being graded outstanding by CQC inspectors in January 2017 & the only ambulance service to meet Government targets. The trust was formed on 1 July 2006, following the merger of the Hereford & Worcester Ambulance Service NHS Trust, Coventry & Warwickshire Ambulance NHS Trust, on 1 October 2007 the service merged with Staffordshire Ambulance Service NHS Trust. It became an NHS foundation trust on 1 January 2013, WMAS wanted a “full second tariff” on top of the standard tariff for delays over 60 minutes, and “a smaller second tariff” for delays over 30 minutes, which would have come to around £6 million. After mediation by NHS England and NHS Improvement it was agreed to pay the trust an additional £2. 1m in 2017-18, Worcestershire Acute Hospitals NHS Trust and Shrewsbury and Telford Hospital NHS Trust were singled out as the main culprits. Following the merger of the trusts, WMAS inherited a number of control rooms. On 28 November 2007, the Trust agreed to go ahead with proposals for the reconfiguration of its Emergency Operations Centres, WMAS now only operates from 2 Emergency Operations Centres based at Millenium Point, Brierley Hill and Tollgate Drive, Stafford. There are 2 air ambulance charities serving the WMAS service community, the Air Ambulance Service uses 1 helicopter to cover Warwickshire. The Midlands Air Ambulance has three air ambulance helicopters covering the 8,000 square miles of the Midlands region, based at RAF Cosford, Tattenhill Airport. The trust has over 400 vehicles, including patient transport vehicles, rapid response vehicles, motorcycle response units. The Medical Emergency Response Intervention Team are a Critical Care Paramedic, see Hazardous Area Response Team In times of emergency, WMAS also requests assistance from voluntary ambulance providers, such as St John Ambulance. St John Ambulance also provides A&E Support crews at times there is a high level of staff absence or there is an unusually high call volume. This arrangement sees SJA crews attending Emergency or Non-Emergency calls, SJA crews may treat and transport certain categories of patient, although they are expected to ask for further assistance for more serious patients. On some evenings and weekends, support for front-line crews is provided by the West Midlands CARE Team, in Herefordshire and Worcestershire, the Mercia Accident Rescue Service is available to supplement and assist WMAS crews. North Staffordshire BASICS provide similar support in the north of the WMAS region, in times of severe weather, WMAS also has the ability to call on the Severn Area Rescue Association who have 4x4 ambulances. There is also a sub Hub in North Birmingham based at Solihull Hospital, Response cars are based at community ambulance stations in Dorridge and Solihull
37.
Ford Mondeo
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The Ford Mondeo is a mid-size or large family car manufactured by Ford from 1992 onwards. The name comes from Latin mundus, meaning world, the Mondeo was designed to be a world car, the North American models were marketed as the Ford Contour and Mercury Mystique until 2000, and as the Ford Fusion from 2013 onwards. The Mondeo competed in the British Touring Car Championship between 1993 and 2000, the cars, prepared by former series champion Andy Rouse, did not enter the 1993 season until the 8th round at Pembrey in Wales. Rouse and Paul Radisich were the drivers in the Mondeos first season, Radisich went on to win the FIA World Touring Car Cup in both 1993 and 1994 driving a Mondeo. Ford ran a team, called Ford Team Mondeo, for eight seasons. As mentioned above, Andy Rouse Engineering ran the cars from 1993 to 1995, at which point West Surrey Racing ran the team from 1996 to 1998. In 2000, the team expanded from two cars to three when drivers Alain Menu and Anthony Reid were joined by 1998 series champion Rickard Rydell, the team dominated the 2000 season, finishing 1–2–3 in the drivers standings and winning the manufacturers championship by a staggering 104 points. A complete overhaul of the BTCC following the 2000 season saw the supertouring regulations scrapped as the series moved towards less expensive, Ford withdrew from BTCC competition prior to 2001. The Touring Cars after their withdrawal went on sale to the public and are now in the hands of other drivers. Two of the 2000 series Mondeos have been spotted in the BRSCC series of LMA Euro saloons, drivers known to own them at present are Bernard Hogarth and Alvin Powell. The Zetec engines are converted to run off a set up and the Mondeo bodyshell is fairly tough. Mondeos are proving more popular than the Sierra and Mk III Granada, in Argentina, the Mondeo is one of several cars to compete in the local Top Race racing category, its body handcrafted in reinforced fiberglass. The Mondeo is so far the most successful car in the category, in 2009, the Mondeo III bodystyle was approved and presented as an option within the category, however, the Mondeo II bodywork is still being used. Similarly, in the United States, the Fusion/Mondeo Mk 5 bodywork began use for the sixth generation body in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series starting in 2013, replacing the current Mazda6-based Fusion. Currently, the Aston Martin Vulcan uses a redesigned and fine tuned v12 engine and it shows the durability and potential capabilities the Mondeo can achieve. Mondeo Man, stereotypical figure in the 1990s England Ford Mondeo UK - official website Ford Mondeo Australia - official website
38.
Volkswagen Transporter (T5)
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It was launched 6 October 2002, and went into full production on 25 April 2003, replacing the fourth generation T4 Transporter range. Key markets for the T5 range are Germany, the United Kingdom, Taiwan, Russia, France, Turkey and Singapore. The U. S. market does not receive the Transporter T5 range due to it being classed as a light truck, the passenger vans were the worst selling vans in the North American market in 2003, when VW North America sold the last Eurovans in the United States. For the United States and Canada, it was replaced by the Chrysler-built Volkswagen Routan, the Transporter is the commercial workhorse in the T5 range, available in over 100 combinations. Variants include short-, or long-wheelbases, along with low-, medium-, or high-rooflines, a brief view of the Transporter T5 range, Panel Van – Delivery van without side windows or rear seats, Highroof Panel Van – Delivery van with raised roof. e. Both a passenger and a cargo vehicle combined, apart from these factory variants there are a multitude of third-party conversions available, some of which are offered through the VWCV/VWN dealer organisation. They include refrigerated vans, ambulances, police vans, fire engines, ladder trucks, campervans, the full cargo payload potential of the Transporter is between 800 kilograms to 1.4 tonnes. Load compartment volumes range from 5.8 m3 to 9.3 m3, in Mexico, the T5 range is marketed under the nameplate Transporter, same as Europe. The T5 is also available in six- to eleven-seat configurations called Shuttle, Kombi, Caravelle, Kombi, This is the entry level people mover in the Transporter range. It is available with internal combustion engine in the T5 range. The Kombi can seat four to eleven people and it is equipped with basic features such as rubber flooring, heater for drivers compartment, and side panel trim and headlining in the drivers compartment. Shuttle, This is the level up, is only available in SWB and LWB, with the full engine range. The Shuttle seats seven to eleven people, standard features are moulded trim, a second heater, sun blinds for the passenger compartment, and a sliding window on the left hand side only. Optional extras over the Kombi include carpeting and an Appearance Package, which includes colour-coded bumpers, double folding rear bench seat. Optional features include Automatic Tailgate Power Closing system, and multi-disc CD changer, the Caravelle is only available in SWB or LWB, with a maximum of ten seats. Multivan, This is the people mover based on the T5 platform. Available with six or seven seats, it has a rail feature in which seats can slide forward and backward into any configuration. A wide range of accessories are available, like tables and refrigerators which fit into the rails to be secured or movable if necessary, the Multivan has all safety features as standard such as ABS, ESP, ASR, and front, side, and curtain airbags
39.
Land Rover Discovery
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The Land Rover Discovery is a mid-size luxury SUV, from the British car maker Land Rover. There have been two generations of the vehicle, the first of which was introduced in 1989 and given a Series II update in 1998, the second generation, titled Discovery 3, launched in 2004 and was marketed in North America as the Land Rover LR3. These second generation models were updated in 2009 as the Discovery 4—Land Rover LR4 for North American markets, the Discovery 5 is currently in pre-production testing and was unveiled in the UK on 28 September 2016. The Discovery Series I was introduced into the United Kingdom in October 1989, the company code-named the vehicle Project Jay. The new model was based on the chassis and drivetrain of the more upmarket Range Rover and this was the only Discovery generation with a four-cylinder petrol engine. The Discovery was initially available as a three-door version, the five-door body style became available in 1990. Both were fitted with five seats, with the option to have two jump seats fitted in the boot, Land Rover employed an external consultancy, Conran Design Group, to design the interior. They were instructed to ignore current car design and position the vehicle as a lifestyle accessory. The design was unveiled to critical acclaim, and won a British Design Award in 1989, the original transmission was a dual-ratio five-speed manual with drive via a transfer case with a lockable centre differential. Despite such features, the basic structure was the same as the Range Rover and virtually all the switchgear and instruments came from other Rover Group cars such as the Maestro. Similarly, the Discovery utilised several Range Rover body panels, as well as headlights from the Freight Rover van and taillights from the Maestro van. The latter would continue to bear the Austin Rover chevron logo on their lenses until production of the first generation Discovery ended in 1998, the designers of the original model had been forced to economise and use the parts bin of the then parent-company, Rover. In 1992, the Discovery received several additions and improvements, a two-seater, three-door Discovery Commercial version, lacking rear side windows, was later offered by Land Rover Special Vehicles. Before 1994, the Discovery was available with either the 2. 5-litre 200 Tdi engine or the 3. 5-litre Rover V8, early V8 engines used a twin SU carburettor system, switching to Lucas 14CUX fuel injection in 1990. A2. 0-litre petrol engine from the Rover stable was briefly available in a known as the 2. 0-litre Mpi I4. This was intended to attract fleet managers, since UK tax laws benefited vehicles under 2.0 litres, the transmission was a permanent four wheel drive system, with a high and low range transfer box, locking centre differential at the transfer box. In Australia, the Series I launched in April 1991, available only as a wagon in 3. 5-litre V8i guise with 115 kW and 260 N·m. In October 1991, Land Rover launched the body variant in base V8i
40.
Iveco Daily
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The Iveco Daily is a large light commercial vehicle produced by Iveco since 1978, it was also sold as the Fiat Daily by Fiat until 1983. Unlike the more car-like unibody Fiat Ducato, the Daily uses a ladder frame typical of heavier commercial vehicles. The first series Daily was offered two models, the 35 and the 50. The larger one had load capacity up to 17 m³, in 1985, a turbodiesel version named TurboDaily was introduced. An Alfa Romeo badge engineered version was sold as the Alfa Romeo AR8, the Daily has no other connection with the Transit. The second generation was facelifted in 1996, it only slightly exterior-wise. The 59-12 and 59-13 models were launched, all-wheel-drive variants were also made available. The Turbodaily name was dropped as all came with Unijet technology. Two new versions were released, Agile, with automatic gearshift, and CNG, also two new load classes were introduced, Daily 65 and Daily 28. The Iveco Daily was made Van of the Year for the year 2000, originally there were models with three engine options, all of type 8140 of 2.8 liters. A variant was a diesel with 66 kW, but they rarely sold. Another had turbocharger, intercooler and 78 kW, the last variant gave 92 kW and had common rail injection. Shortly after receiving the largest engine variable geometry turbocharger and an output of 107 kW, at this time, the old 8140-engine was completely replaced. The motors up to 88 kW had five-speed gearbox, while the powerful engines also available with a six-speed gearbox. The model could also be obtained with electronic / hydraulic controlled manual gearbox, the fourth generation was designed by Giugiaro and arrived to markets in the middle of 2006. Its available as, Van, cabin cruiser, Combi, Minibus, Agile, the minibus is also commercialized with the Irisbus brand. Certain models with engines have been sold as the Iveco EcoDaily in some European markets. For the first time since the year 2000, a version of the Daily is available starting from 2007
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Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital
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The Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital is a National Health Service academic teaching hospital in the Norwich Research Park on the western outskirts of Norwich, England. The university hospital replaced the former, Norfolk and Norwich Hospital, which was founded in 1771, and it is one of the largest hospitals in the United Kingdom in terms of in-patient capacity. The hospital is part of the Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, NNUH was the first new NHS teaching hospital built in England for more than 30 years and the hospital trust is a joint venture partner with the University of East Anglia. The hospital is a centre for nurses, midwives, doctors, therapists. It hosts the Norwich GP speciality training scheme, on 11 January 1998, Prime Minister Tony Blair announced the go-ahead for the construction of a £214 million,809 bed, new hospital in a broadcast from Tokyo on the BBCs Breakfast with Frost show. Site work started the following day, the project was the first large PFI hospital scheme in the NHS. In July 2000 approval was given to extend the Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital with a phase that included an additional 144 beds. The Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust pays the private PFI Octagon consortium in the region of £41 million a year. In 2004, the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants assessed the costs at £1.16 billion. Project team, Anshen & Allen John Laing plc WSP Group Hoare Lea Serco The hospital was completed in August 2001, five ahead of schedule. The hospital won the Building Better Healthcare Award for Best Designed Hospital in September 2002, the Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital was also highly commended in the Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment Prime Ministers Better Public Building Award in 2002. It is one of a number of Accident and Emergency departments to benefit from Pearson Lloyd’s redesign - ‘A Better A&E’ - which reduced aggression against hospital staff by 50 per cent. A system of environmental signage provides location-specific information for patients, screens provide live information about how many cases are being handled and the current status of the A&E department. A £4. 5m radiotherapy cancer treatment unit, the Winterton Unit, at the Norfolk, the unit is set to increase capacity at the Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital by 25pc. The level of subsequent potential risks and costs borne by the sector was thought by some critics of the deal to be unacceptably high. The hospital neighbours the constituency of South Norfolk MP Richard Bacon, mr. Bacon wrote about the financing of the hospital on his website, The Department of Health would not allow the hospital to include a refinancing clause in the original contract. This meant the hospital had no right to receive any proceeds from the refinancing at all, and that right was only obtained by taking on huge extra potential liabilities. In 2006/07, the trust projected a savings target of £14.8 million, the Consortium lengthened the NHS’s repayment term from 34 to 39 years, but raising their own rate of return from 16 to 60 per cent
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