1.
National Register of Historic Places
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The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal governments official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 established the National Register, of the more than one million properties on the National Register,80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts, each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings. For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service and its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties, protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, the application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians. Occasionally, historic sites outside the proper, but associated with the United States are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, the Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties, district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties, some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks, National Historic Sites, National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, on October 15,1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices. Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Registers creation, approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior, hartzog, Jr. established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation. Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law, ernest Connally was the Offices first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register, the first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Registers earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U. S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two Assistant Directorates. Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation, from 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs, jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate
National Register of Historic Places
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Logo used for the NRHP.
National Register of Historic Places
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Old Slater Mill, a historic district in
Pawtucket, Rhode Island, was the first property listed in the National Register on November 13, 1966.
National Register of Historic Places
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The
Loren Andrus Octagon House in
Washington, Michigan has been on the NRHP since September 3, 1971.
National Register of Historic Places
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Built in 1800 by
Samuel McIntire in
Salem, the
Stephen Phillips House is operated as a
historic house museum by
Historic New England and open for public tours.
2.
Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument
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The Historic-Cultural Monument process has its origin in the Historic Buildings Committee formed in 1958 by the Los Angeles chapter of the American Institute of Architects. On April 30,1962, a historic preservation ordinance proposed by the AIA committee was passed. The original Cultural Heritage Board was formed in the summer of 1962, consisting of William Woollett, FAIA, Bonnie H. Riedel, Carl S. Dentzel, Senaida Sullivan and Edith Gibbs Vaughan. The board met for the first time in August 1962, at a time when the owner of the historic Leonis Adobe was attempting to demolish the structure, in its first day of official business, the board designated the Leonis Adobe and four other sites as Historic-Cultural Monuments. The designation of a property as a Historic-Cultural Monument does not prevent demolition or alteration, however, the designation requires permits for demolition or substantial alteration to be presented to the commission. The commission has the power to delay the demolition of a property for up to one year. In the commissions first decade of operation, it designated 101 properties as Historic-Cultural Monuments, by March 2010, there were 979 designated properties. A. Historic-Cultural Monuments website — with ever-updated LAHCM List via PDF link, official Los Angeles Office of Historic Resources website — Homepage Los Angeles Cultural Heritage Commission website Designated LAHCM Landmarks by Neighborhood — L. A. Bariscale. Bariscales Flickr Photostream — Big Orange Flickr Gallery of L. A. H. C. Monuments
Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
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Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
4.
Mid-Wilshire, Los Angeles, California
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Mid-Wilshire is a densely populated residential neighborhood in the central region of Los Angeles, California. Its commercial and public-use areas also make it the site of museums and research centers, Mid-Wilshire is notable as the most diverse neighborhood or city in Los Angeles County, containing an almost even proportion of whites, Asians, Hispanics and blacks. Mid-Wilshire is the home to three schools, an adult school, and seven other schools. A city park is dedicated to the memory of World War I servicemen, there is a hospital and medical center in the neighborhoods southwest corner. The Mid-Wilshire neighborhood includes, Little Ethiopia is a stretch of Fairfax Avenue. Neighborhood Council, northeast of the Crestview neighborhood, northwest of the Picfair Village district, east of the Carthay Square district, the area has a high concentration of Ethiopian businesses and restaurants, as well as a significant concentration of residents of Ethiopian and Eritrean ancestry. Miracle Mile is a 1. 5-mile stretch of Wilshire Boulevard between Fairfax and Highland Avenues, in the early 1920s, Wilshire Boulevard west of Western Avenue was an unpaved farm road, extending through dairy farms and bean fields. Developer A. W. Ross saw potential for the area, in 1910 the neighborhood was laid out between Wilshire Boulevard on the north and Pico Street on the south, west of the Los Angeles Country Club. It was served by the Pico Street streetcar line, the unimproved lots offered by developer Emil Firth ranged from 50 to 100 feet on the street and were 171 feet deep. The streets were 70 feet wide, with 15-foot sidewalks and parkways, ornamental were to be placed every 300 feet. Lot prices ranged from $1,000 to $2,500 Earlier, the Harriman interests had begun a four-track subway line across Oxford Square, south of Wilshire Boulevard. In February 2015 the neighborhood association was lobbying to form an Historic Preservation Overlay Zone and that would have put a temporary moratorium on the issuance of city building and demolition permits. Park La Brea is an apartment complex bounded by 3rd Street on the north, Cochran Avenue on the east, Sixth Street on the south and Fairfax Avenue on the west. With 4,255 units located in eighteen 13-story towers and 31 two-story garden apartment buildings, it is the largest housing development in the United States west of the Mississippi River. Park Mile is a strip that lies along Wilshire Boulevard between Highland Avenue on the west, Wilton Place on the east, Sixth Street on the north and Eighth Street on the south. Construction is regulated by the Park Mile Ordinance, adopted by the city in 1979 and it was designed to protect the single-family nature of the residential area and to promote development that provided Park Mile with an image and sense of continuity. There is a height limit along Park Mile, as well as a ban on painted signs on the outside of buildings. His heirs sold 73 acres fronting on Wilshire Boulevard to Walter G. McCarty, John A. Vaughn and John Evans, in 2008 the city estimated that the population had increased to 47,176
Mid-Wilshire, Los Angeles, California
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Miracle Mile at the heart of Mid-Wilshire
Mid-Wilshire, Los Angeles, California
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The historic May Company Building (now part of the
Los Angeles County Museum of Art, at the intersection of Wilshire and Fairfax in Mid-Wilshire
Mid-Wilshire, Los Angeles, California
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Map of Mid-Wilshire, Los Angeles. (as delineated by the Los Angeles Times)
Mid-Wilshire, Los Angeles, California
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The Los Angeles County Museum of Art
5.
Los Angeles
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Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
6.
Amelia Earhart
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Amelia Mary Earhart was an American aviation pioneer and author. Earhart was the first female aviator to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean, distinguished Flying Cross for this accomplishment. She set many records, wrote best-selling books about her flying experiences and was instrumental in the formation of The Ninety-Nines. In 1935, Earhart became a faculty member at Purdue University as an advisor to aeronautical engineering. She was also a member of the National Womans Party and a supporter of the Equal Rights Amendment. During an attempt to make a flight of the globe in 1937 in a Purdue-funded Lockheed Model 10 Electra. Fascination with her life, career and disappearance continues to this day, Earhart was the daughter of Samuel Edwin Stanton Earhart and Amelia Amy. Amelia was the child of the marriage, after an infant stillborn in August 1896. She was of part German descent, alfred Otis had not initially favored the marriage and was not satisfied with Edwins progress as a lawyer. According to family custom, Earhart was named after her two grandmothers, Amelia Josephine Harres and Mary Wells Patton, from an early age, Earhart, nicknamed Meeley was the ringleader while her younger sister, Grace Muriel Earhart, nicknamed Pidge, acted the dutiful follower. Both girls continued to answer to their childhood nicknames well into adulthood and their upbringing was unconventional since Amy Earhart did not believe in molding her children into nice little girls. A spirit of adventure seemed to abide in the Earhart children, as a child, Earhart spent long hours playing with sister Pidge, climbing trees, hunting rats with a rifle and belly-slamming her sled downhill. Although this love of the outdoors and rough-and-tumble play was common to many youngsters, the girls kept worms, moths, katydids and a tree toad in a growing collection gathered in their outings. In 1904, with the help of her uncle, she cobbled together a home-made ramp fashioned after a roller coaster she had seen on a trip to St. Louis, Earharts well-documented first flight ended dramatically. She emerged from the wooden box that had served as a sled with a bruised lip, torn dress. She exclaimed, Oh, Pidge, its just like flying, although there had been some missteps in his career up to that point, in 1907 Edwin Earharts job as a claims officer for the Rock Island Railroad led to a transfer to Des Moines, Iowa. The next year, at the age of 10, Earhart saw her first aircraft at the Iowa State Fair in Des Moines and her father tried to interest her and her sister in taking a flight. One look at the rickety flivver was enough for Earhart, who asked if they could go back to the merry-go-round
Amelia Earhart
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Amelia Earhart, c. 1935
Amelia Earhart
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Amelia Earhart as a child
Amelia Earhart
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L–R:
Neta Snook and Amelia Earhart in front of Earhart's
Kinner Airster, c. 1921
Amelia Earhart
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Amelia Earhart, Los Angeles, 1928 X5665 – 1926 "CIT-9 Safety Plane" –
California Institute of Technology (Caltech) Aerospace model 9 Merrill-type biplane designed by Albert Adams Merrill (Instructor in Aeronautics); 45hp
Kinner engine; wingspan: 24'0".
7.
Judy Garland
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Judy Garland was an American singer, actress, and vaudevillian. Garland began performing in vaudeville with her two sisters and was signed to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer as a teenager. She made more than two films with MGM, including nine with Mickey Rooney. Garlands most famous role was as Dorothy in The Wizard of Oz and her other roles at MGM included Meet Me in St. Louis, The Harvey Girls and Easter Parade. After 15 years, she was released from the studio and made record-breaking concert appearances, a recording career. Film appearances became fewer in her years, but included two Academy Award nominated performances in A Star Is Born and Judgment at Nuremberg. Garland received a Golden Globe Award, a Juvenile Academy Award, and a Special Tony Award, deMille Award for lifetime achievement in the film industry. She was the first woman to win a Grammy for Album of the Year for her recording of Judy at Carnegie Hall. In 1997, Garland was posthumously awarded a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award, several of her recordings have been inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame. In 1999, the American Film Institute placed her among the 10 greatest female stars of classic American cinema, from an early age, Garland struggled in her personal life. The pressures of adolescent stardom sent her to a psychiatrist at age 18 and her self-image was influenced by film executives who said she was unattractive and manipulated her on-screen physical appearance. She was plagued by instability, often owing hundreds of thousands of dollars in back taxes. She married five times, with her first four marriages ending in divorce and she also had a long battle with drugs and alcohol, which ultimately led to her death from a barbiturate overdose at the age of 47. Garland was born Frances Ethel Gumm on June 10,1922, in Grand Rapids and she was the youngest child of Ethel Marion and Francis Avent Frank Gumm. Her parents were vaudevillians who settled in Grand Rapids to run a theater that featured vaudeville acts. She was of English, Scottish, and Irish ancestry, named after both of her parents and baptized at a local Episcopal church, baby shared her familys flair for song and dance. The Gumm Sisters performed there for the few years, accompanied by their mother on piano. The family relocated to Lancaster, California, in June 1926, Frank purchased and operated another theater in Lancaster, and Ethel began managing her daughters and working to get them into motion pictures
Judy Garland
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Garland's birthplace in Grand Rapids, Minnesota, now a museum
Judy Garland
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Garland in 1945.
Judy Garland
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The Gumm Sisters, a.k.a. The Garland Sisters, circa 1935. Top row: Mary Jane and Dorothy Virginia Gumm; Bottom center: Frances Ethel (Judy Garland) Gumm.
Judy Garland
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Garland with
Mickey Rooney in
Love Finds Andy Hardy (1938).
8.
Figueroa Street
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One of the longer streets in the city, it runs in a north/south direction for more than 30 miles between the neighborhoods of Wilmington and Eagle Rock of Los Angeles. From its south end at Harry Bridges Boulevard to Downtown Los Angeles, the only portion of this segment of Figueroa Street that lies outside Los Angeles city limits is in the city of Carson. South of the Financial District, Figueroa Street services some popular locations including the University of Southern California, the Los Angeles Convention Center, and Staples Center/L. A. An early routing of Figueroa Street in this area was part of U. S. Route 66. The noted Figueroa Street Tunnels were once a part of that stretch of roadway. After resuming at San Fernando Road, Figueroa continues to run parallel to the Arroyo Seco Parkway until it reaches York Boulevard in Highland Park. Afterwards, it heads north to its terminus with the Ventura Freeway, some of the southern termini was once part of U. S. Early maps produced by the Automobile Club of Southern California measured distances to Los Angeles from the headquarters at the intersection of Figueroa Street with Adams Boulevard. On April 2,2011, a portion of the street at Jefferson Boulevard was blocked off for the Orange Carpet, Figueroa was originally called Calle de los Chapules. Later in the 1880s it became known as Pearl Street, the section of what is now Figueroa in Highland Park above Avenue 39 was known as Pasadena Avenue until Figueroa was extended through Elysian Park. The portion of what is now Figueroa between the Los Angeles River and Avenue 39 was originally known as Dayton Avenue until the Arroyo Parkway went through. Metro Local Line 81 operates on Figueroa Street between Colorado Boulevard and Interstate 105 and Torrance Transit Line 1 between Interstate 105 and the Harbor Gateway Transit Center, southbound Silver Line trips to Harbor Gateway Transit Center run south on Flower Street from 5th Street to the Harbor Transitway. There are 5 Silver line street stops served in the direction, Figueroa/23rd, Figueroa/Washington, Figueroa/Pico, Figueroa/Olympic. In addition, there are 5 Metro Silver Line Stations served on the Harbor Transitway close to Figueroa Street, 37th Street/USC, Slauson, Manchester, Harbor Freeway, the Harbor Transitway is located on the I-110 freeway, between Figueroa Street and Broadway. The Lincoln/Cypress Station for the Metro Gold Line on Avenue 26 at its intersection with Lacy Street is about a 5-minute walk from Figueroa Street, the Figueroa Corridor Streetscape project is a city led effort to beautify and improve the boulevard by adding pedestrian friendly amenities. The project begins on 7th street in Downtown Los Angeles, by Staples Center, the $20 million Figueroa Corridor Streetscape project is funded by a Proposition 1C grant. After delays, work is expected to commence in the summer of 2016 and is expected to be completed by March 2017, when the prop 1C grant expires. Los Angeles 2024 bid organizers plan to use this corridor as a planned Live Site, a area dedicated as a central pedestrian corridor, linking all of the Downtown LA venues, and creating an unparalleled zone of fan excitement for locals and visitors from around the world
Figueroa Street
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Staples Center at 12th Street
Figueroa Street
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Entrance of
Grammy Museum at
L.A. Live
Figueroa Street
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Metro Local Line 81 bus stop at Figueroa and 65th Streets, Los Angeles, California. Metro Local Line 81 runs on Figueroa Street.
Figueroa Street
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Variety Arts Center Building, 938-940 South Figueroa, 1980, Julius Shulman photo
9.
Adrian John Ebell
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Adrian John Ebell, was born in Jaffnapatam on the Island of Ceylon, the son of Henry T. and Mary Ebell, of English and Dutch ancestry. When about ten years of age, he was sent to the United States with a sister to be educated. After preparatory school he entered Yale University in 1858 and he then taught music in New Haven, Connecticut, and in Chicago, and then moved to Saint Paul, Minnesota, and took some noted photographs. He served for a time in the Indian war in Minnesota with the rank of 1st Lieutenant. He then returned to Yale and graduated at the Scientific School in 1866 with a PhD and he afterwards studied medicine at the Albany Medical College, graduating M. D. in 1869. In the meantime he had begun to lecture before schools and lyceums on natural science and he was married in September,1874, to Oriana L. daughter of Dr. A. J. He embarked on the steamship Frisia from New York, on one of study tours, late in March,1877. He made a visit to California in 1876, and while here he organized a class in Oakland, after his death the name Ebell was taken by the Oakland chapter or Club. Other chapters, including Ebell of Los Angeles and Ebell Club of Santa Paula and this article incorporates public domain material from the Yale Obituary Record. Dakota War of 1862 Womens club Book By Princeton University, Yale University Class of 1863, Class of 1889 Published 1889 Works by or about Adrian John Ebell at Internet Archive
Adrian John Ebell
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People escaping from the Indian massacre of 1862 in Minnesota, at dinner on a prairie
Adrian John Ebell
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Ebell Club house in Los Angeles, ca.1905
10.
Harriet Williams Russell Strong
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Harriet Williams Russell Strong was an American social activist, inventor, conservationist, and leading figure of the early womans movement. She is a member of the National Womens Hall of Fame and her pioneering innovations in water storage and flood control enabled the construction of the Hoover dam and the All-American Canal. Strong was born in Buffalo, N. Y. fourth daughter of Henry Pierrepont, Strong was educated by private teachers and at Young Ladies Seminary at Benicia, California. In 1861, the family moved again to Carson City, Nevada and she was married in Virginia City, Nevada at the age of nineteen, and was left a widow in 1883 with four daughters when her husband committed suicide after a series of business failures. Her husbands property, consisting of mines and other lands in Southern California, was involved in litigation lasting eight years and she then devoted her attention to the management and development of this estate, which was known as Ranchito del Fuerte in San Gabriel Valley, California. It was largely planted with walnut and orange trees, as well as pampas grass, Harriet Strong made a study of water problems, including the control of flood waters and water storage. On Dec.6,1887, she was granted a patent for a dam and she obtained another patent, Nov.6,1894, on a new method for impounding debris and storing water. She was awarded two medals for these inventions by the Worlds Columbian Exposition in Chicago, IL, in 1893 and she was the founder of Ebell of Los Angeles, serving as its president for three consecutive terms. She was also responsible for preserving the adobe of Pio Pico and she had four daughters, Mary Lyman, wife of Dean Mason, of Los Angeles, Harriet Russell, Nelle de Luce Strong, and Georgina Pierrepont, wife of Hon. Frederick C. Hicks, of New York, who died in Washington, Jan, Harriet Williams Russell Strong died as a result of an automobile accident in 1926. Text from 1921 Biographical Sketch, in the Public Domain Womens Hall of Fame Page Harriet Williams Russell Strong at Find a Grave
Harriet Williams Russell Strong
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Harriet Williams Russell Strong
11.
Zoellner Quartet
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The Zoellner Quartet was a string quartet active during the first quarter of the 20th century. It was once described as the most celebrated musical organization in the West which devotes its energies exclusively to the highest class of chamber music, after training in Europe, the group in its prime years toured widely throughout the United States. With one brief interruption at the end of World War I, the membership remained constant throughout the existence, Joseph Zoellner and his children Antoinette, Amandus. A second “Zoellner Quartet” was later formed by Joseph, Jr. Joseph Zoellner founded the quartet, most likely in 1903 but possibly in 1904, in Brooklyn, where he operated a music school. From the groups founding until 1906 the members lived in Stockton, California, the Zoellner Quartets first European appearances were at César Thomson’s private soirees, but the group soon began performing more widely in Belgium and in Paris and Berlin. In nine weeks ending in late March 1923 alone, the quartet performed 46 concerts in connection with its tour of the US East. In later years, Amandus was said to have participated in more than 2,500 performances during his career with the quartet, the group also, however, had less obvious associations with the famous of its day. 11, as she held her fingertips lightly on a resonant tabletop, Keller quickly sensed the musical vibrations, swaying in time, alternately crying and smiling. Afterward, Keller reacted as follows, When you play to me I see and hear, I feel the sweep and surge and mighty pulse of life. Oh, you are masters of an art, subtle. When you play to me immediately a miracle is wrought, sight is given the blind, there are notes that laugh and kiss and sigh and melt together. And notes that weep and rage and fly apart like shattered crystal, O, yes. and a thousand, thousand other things that I cannot describe come thronging through my soul when the Zoellner Quartet plays to me. For instance, although no one had told her the Tchaikovsky work supposedly had its basis in an old song, Keller described it as evoking the sea. The following year, a few days before Einstein sailed for what would be his last visit to Germany, in the United States, as in Europe, the quartet was no stranger to the major cultural centers. 35, Haydn’s Quartet in G Major, op.76 no,1, and the Romantische Serenade of Jan Brandts Buys, which had been heard in New York on only one prior occasion. The quartets sixth transcontinental tour of the United States and Canada, announced in late 1917, thus, with missionary zeal, they consistently performed in towns well removed from the regular concert circuit, often ones that had never been visited by a string quartet. Pursuing this educational goal, the Zoellners performed in such unconventional surroundings as trains, on November 5, the quartet performed at the North Dakota Agricultural College, now North Dakota State University. A week later, on November 12, the quartet was in Columbia, the works on the program again included the American Quartet and also Haydns Quartet in C Major, op
Zoellner Quartet
–
An Edison recording by the Zoellner Quartet, dedicatee of the music
12.
Wilshire Boulevard
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Wilshire Boulevard is one of the principal east-west arterial roads in Los Angeles, California. This road was used by Spanish explorers and settlers, calling it El Camino Viejo. The route that ultimately became Wilshire crossed the original pueblo of Los Angeles and five of the original Spanish land grants, Wilshire was pieced together from various streets over several decades. It began in the 1870s as Nevada Avenue in Santa Monica, Nevada and Orange were later renamed as parts of Wilshire. The boulevard was named for Henry Gaylord Wilshire, an Ohio native who made and lost fortunes in real estate, farming, the road first appeared on a map under its present name in 1895. A historic apartment building on the corner of Wilshire Blvd. and S. Kenmore Ave. the Gaylord, aon Center, at one point Los Angeles largest tower, is at 707 Wilshire Boulevard in downtown Los Angeles. The Wilshire Boulevard home of J. Paul Getty was used as the filmset for the 1950 film Sunset Boulevard, one particularly famous stretch of the boulevard between Fairfax and Highland Avenues is known as the Miracle Mile. Many of Los Angeles largest museums are located there, the area just to the east of that, between Highland Avenue and Wilton Place, is referred to as the Park Mile. Between Westwood and Holmby Hills, several tall glitzy condominium buildings overlook this part of Wilshire and this section is also known as the Wilshire Corridor and Condo Canyon. The Wilshire Corridor, located next to Century City, is one of Los Angeles busiest districts, the Fox and MGM studios are located in a series of skyscrapers, along with many historic Los Angeles hotels. Wilshire Blvd is also the street of Los Angeles Koreatown. Koreatown and Mid Wilshire are among Los Angeless densest districts, the construction of the future Purple Line Extension Section 1 commenced in November 2014. The phase two and three of the Purple Line, when completed, will extend to Westwood/VA Hospital. Phase four to Santa Monica Beach are still in the planning stages, Metro Local Line 20, Metro Rapid Line 720, and Santa Monica Transit Line 2 operate along Wilshire Boulevard. Due to the ridership of line 720, 60-foot NABI articulated buses are used on this route. All of the boulevard is at least four lanes in width, the widest portion is in the business district of central Westwood, where mobs of pedestrians crossing Wilshire at Westwood Boulevard must traverse ten lanes. According to a 1991 study by the Los Angeles Department of Transportation, this, the boulevards widest portion is in Westwood and Holmby Hills, where it expands to six, and briefly, eight lanes. The sections of Wilshire Boulevard in the city of Los Angeles are notorious for their giant potholes, Wilshire Boulevard formerly ended at the MacArthur Park lake, but in 1934 a berm was built for it to cross and link up with the existing Orange Street into downtown Los Angeles
Wilshire Boulevard
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Wilshire Boulevard in Koreatown
Wilshire Boulevard
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The Miracle Mile
Wilshire Boulevard
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Wilshire Boulevard in West LA
Wilshire Boulevard
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Wilshire Boulevard and the Los Angeles County Art Museum in 1965.
13.
Sumner P. Hunt
–
Sumner P. Hunt was an architect in Los Angeles from 1888 to the 1930s. On January 21,1892, he married Mary Hancock Chapman and they had a daughter Louise Hunt. Hunt initially apprenticed with and worked for Clarence B, Cutler in Troy, NY from 1879–1887, and in his later career made claim to having worked in Cutler’s office in New York City from 1888 to 1889. However, New York City directories make no mention of a Sumner Hunt as city resident, the 1888 Los Angeles City Directory lists Hunt as a resident, living in a rooming house on the east side of Hill Street north of Fifth Street. In Los Angeles, he worked for Eugene Caulkin and Sidney I and he supervised construction of City Hall for Caulkin and Haas. In 1895, Hunt formed a partnership with Theodore A. Eisen, Eisen & Hunt continued until 1899. Hunt was hired by Bradbury sometime in 1891, Bradbury had purchased the parcel at the Third and Broadway intersection on November 11th,1890. Eckstein had had the very first telephone, incidentally. Sumner Hunt designed Bradburys office building during the fall of that year and his last recorded involvement in the project was in pulling a foundation permit on the following 9th of March. Meanwhile, on or about February 8th, Bradbury called in Hunt, requested that he bring the plans with him. City Directory for 1892 indicates that Wyman was then operating an office in the Stowell Block on the east side of Spring Street north of Third. There is no record of his ever having worked for Hunt, other than the suspect allegation by Wymans daughters and grandson made to Esther McCoy in 1953. The March 1892 edition of Illustrated Herald of Los Angeles included Hunts perspective rending of the Bradbury Building, as well, the 1896 edition of Los Angeles of Today Architecturally credits Hunt with the design of the building. In 1899, Hunt went into partnership with A. Wesley Eager, Hunt & Eager lasted until 1908, at which point Silas Reese Burns joined the firm, which became Hunt, Eager & Burns. In 1910 Eager retired, and the became known as Hunt & Burns. Hunt joined Charles Lummis and the architect Arthur B. Benton in 1894 to found the California Landmarks Club, with the purpose of saving Southern California’s mission buildings. The following year Lummis mentioned some of Hunt’s architecture in an article in Land of Sunshine, in the same article Lummis attributed the plan of the Bradbury building to Hunt. Projects designed by Hunt, and by his architectural partnerships, include, a gift of Mr. and Mrs. Allan C
Sumner P. Hunt
–
Automobile Club of Southern California headquarters,
Exposition Park neighborhood, Los Angeles.
Sumner P. Hunt
–
E.L. Doheny mansion,
University Park, Los Angeles (1910).
Sumner P. Hunt
–
Southwest Museum tower,
Mount Washington, Los Angeles.
Sumner P. Hunt
–
Interior atrium of
Bradbury Building,
Downtown Los Angeles.
14.
Italianate architecture
–
The Italianate style of architecture was a distinct 19th-century phase in the history of Classical architecture. The style of architecture that was created, though also characterised as Neo-Renaissance, was essentially of its own time. The Italianate style was first developed in Britain about 1802 by John Nash and this small country house is generally accepted to be the first Italianate villa in England, from which is derived the Italianate architecture of the late Regency and early Victorian eras. The Italianate style was developed and popularised by the architect Sir Charles Barry in the 1830s. Barrys Italianate style drew heavily for its motifs on the buildings of the Italian Renaissance, the style was not confined to England and was employed in varying forms, long after its decline in popularity in Britain, throughout Northern Europe and the British Empire. From the late 1840s to 1890 it achieved popularity in the United States. A late intimation of Nashs development of the Italianate style was his 1805 design of Sandridge Park at Stoke Gabriel in Devon. Later examples of the Italianate style in England tend to take the form of Palladian-style building often enhanced by a belvedere complete with Renaissance-type balustrading at the roof level. Sir Charles Barry, most notable for his works on the Tudor, unlike Nash he found his inspiration in Italy itself. Barry drew heavily on the designs of the original Renaissance villas of Rome, the Lazio and his most defining work in this style was the large Neo-Renaissance mansion Cliveden. Thomas Cubitt, a London building contractor, incorporated simple classical lines of the Italianate style as defined by Sir Charles Barry into many of his London terraces. Following the completion of Osborne House in 1851, the became a popular choice of design for the small mansions built by the new. These were mostly built in cities surrounded by large but not extensive gardens, on occasions very similar, if not identical, designs to these Italianate villas would be topped by mansard roofs, and then termed chateauesque. However, after a modest spate of Italianate villas, and French chateaux by 1855 the most favoured style of an English country house was Gothic, the Italianate style came to the small town of Newton Abbot in Devon, with Isambard Brunels atmospheric railway pumping houses. An example that is not very known, but a clear example of Italianate architecture, is St. Christophers Anglican church in Hinchley Wood, Surrey. When the Ottomans exiled Fakhreddine to Tuscany in 1613, he entered an alliance with the Medicis, upon his return to Lebanon in 1618, he began modernising Lebanon. He developed an industry, upgraded olive-oil production, and brought with him numerous Italian engineers who began the construction of mansions. The cities of Beirut and Sidon were especially built in the Italianate style, the influence of these buildings, such as the ones in Deir el Qamar, influenced building in Lebanon for many centuries and continues to the present time
Italianate architecture
–
Osborne House, Isle of Wight, England, built between 1845 and 1851. It exhibits three typical Italianate features: a prominently bracketed
cornice, towers based on Italian
campanili and
belvederi, and adjoining arched windows.
Italianate architecture
–
Cliveden:
Charles Barry's Italianate,
Neo-Renaissance mansion with " confident allusions to the wealth of Italian merchant princes."
Italianate architecture
–
Blandwood Mansion and Gardens in Greensboro, North Carolina.
Italianate architecture
–
The Italianate 1849
John Muir Mansion, in
Martinez, California.
15.
Roof tile
–
Roof tiles are designed mainly to keep out rain, and are traditionally made from locally available materials such as terracotta or slate. Modern materials such as concrete and plastic are used and some clay tiles have a waterproof glaze. Roof tiles are hung from the framework of a roof by fixing them with nails, the tiles are usually hung in parallel rows, with each row overlapping the row below it to exclude rainwater and to cover the nails that hold the row below. There are also roof tiles for special positions, particularly where the planes of the several pitches meet and they include ridge, hip and valley tiles. These can either be bedded and pointed in cement mortar or mechanically fixed, similarly to roof tiling, tiling has been used to provide a protective weather envelope to the sides of timber frame buildings. These are hung on laths nailed to wall timbers, with specially molded to cover corners. Often these tiles are shaped at the end to give a decorative effect. Another form of this is the so-called mathematical tile, which was hung on laths, nailed and this form of tiling gives an imitation of brickwork and was developed to give the appearance of brick, but avoided the brick taxes of the 18th century. Slate roof tiles were traditional in some areas near sources of supply and it is no longer a cheap material, however, and is now less common. A large number of shapes of tiles have evolved. These include, Flat tiles – the simplest type, which are laid in overlapping rows. An example of this is the clay-made beaver-tail tile, common in Southern Germany, Flat roof tiles are usually made of clay but also may be made of stone, wood, plastic, concrete, or solar cells. Imbrex and tegula – an ancient Roman pattern of curved and flat tiles that make rain channels on a roof, Roman tiles – flat in the middle, with a concave curve at one end at a convex curve at the other, to allow interlocking. Pantiles – with an S-shaped profile, allowing adjacent tiles to interlock and these result in a ridged pattern resembling a ploughed field. An example of this is the double Roman tile, dating from the late 19th century in England, mission or barrel tiles – semi-cylindrical tiles laid in alternating columns of convex and concave tiles. Originally they were made by forming clay around a curved surface, today barrel tiles are mass-produced from clay, metal, concrete or plastic. Interlocking roof tiles – similar to pantiles with side and top locking to improve protection from water, antefixes – vertical blocks which terminate the covering tiles of a tiled roof. Fired roof tiles are found as early as the 3rd millennium BC in the Early Helladic House of the tiles in Lerna, debris found at the site contained thousands of terracotta tiles having fallen from the roof
Roof tile
–
Roofs with "beaver tail" tiles in
Dinkelsbühl, Germany
Roof tile
–
"Spanish" style ceramic tile roof in Texas, US
Roof tile
–
Ancient Greek roof tiles
Roof tile
–
Roof fragment of Roman bath in
Bath, Somerset,
England
16.
Sigmund Romberg
–
Sigmund Romberg was an Austro-Hungarian composer who spent most of his adult life in the United States. He is best known for his musicals and operettas, particularly The Student Prince, The Desert Song, early in his career, Romberg was employed by the Shubert brothers to write music for their musicals and revues, including several vehicles for Al Jolson. For the Shuberts, he adapted several European operettas for American audiences, including the successful Maytime. His three hit operettas of the mid-1920s, named above, are in the style of Viennese operetta, Romberg was born as Siegmund Rosenberg to a Jewish family, Adam and Clara Rosenberg, in Gross-Kanizsa during the Austro-Hungarian kaiserlich und königlich monarchy period. In 1889 Romberg and his moved to Belišće, which was then in Hungary. Influenced by his father, Romberg learned to play the violin at six and he enrolled at Osijek gymnasium in 1897, where he was a member of the high school orchestra. He went to Vienna to study engineering, but he took composition lessons while living there. He moved to the United States in 1909 and, after a stint working in a pencil factory, was employed as a pianist in cafés. That year he wrote his first successful Broadway revue, The Whirl of the World and he then contributed songs to several American musical adaptations of Viennese operettas, including the successful The Blue Paradise. Even more successful was the musical Maytime, in, both involved love across generations and included nostalgic waltzes, along with more modern American dance music. Romberg wrote another Jolson vehicle in 1921, Bombo and he wrote the music for the musical comedy Poor Little Ritz Girl, which also had songs by Richard Rodgers. Rombergs adaptation of melodies by Franz Schubert for Blossom Time was a great success and he subsequently wrote his best-known operettas, The Student Prince, The Desert Song and The New Moon, which are in a style similar to the Viennese operettas of Franz Lehár. He also wrote Princess Flavia, a based on The Prisoner of Zenda. Romberg also wrote a number of scores and adapted his own work for film. Columbia Records asked Romberg to conduct orchestral arrangements of his music for a series of recordings from 1945 to 1950 that were issued both on 78-rpm and 33-1/3 rpm discs and these performances are now prized by record collectors. Naxos Records digitally remastered the recordings and issued them in the U. K, much of Rombergs music, including extensive excerpts from his operettas, was released on LP during the 1950s and 1960s, especially by Columbia, Capitol, and RCA Victor. Nelson Eddy and Jeanette MacDonald, who appeared in an MGM adaptation of The New Moon in 1940, there have also been periodic revivals of the operettas. Romberg died in 1951, aged 64, of a stroke at his Ritz Towers Hotel suite in New York City and was interred in the Ferncliff Cemetery in Hartsdale, New York
Sigmund Romberg
–
Romberg in 1949.
17.
The Desert Song
–
The Desert Song is an operetta with music by Sigmund Romberg and book and lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II, Otto Harbach and Frank Mandel. It was inspired by the 1925 uprising of the Riffs, a group of Moroccan fighters and it was also inspired by stories of Lawrence of Arabia aiding native guerrillas. Many tales romanticizing Arab North Africa were in vogue, including Beau Geste, the piece enjoyed a London production and was revived on Broadway in 1946 and 1973. In the 1980s, it was played regularly by the Light Opera of Manhattan and it is a popular piece for community light opera groups. The story is a version of such as The Scarlet Pimpernel, Zorro and Superman. He loves a beautiful and spirited girl, who loves his hero persona but does not know his real personality, the leading man in the original Broadway production was Scottish baritone Richard Halliday and the heroine, Vivienne Segal. It was directed by Arthur Hurley and choreographed by Bobby Connolly, the show was briefly revived on Broadway in 1946 and 1973. In the 1970s and 1980s, the Light Opera of Manhattan mounted the operetta several times, to celebrate the centennial of Rombergs birth in 1987, the New York City Opera staged a lavish production with Richard White and Linda Michele. All film versions were made by Warner Brothers, in 1929, a lavish production was filmed, with Technicolor sequences and starring John Boles and Myrna Loy. This version was faithful to and captured the spirit of the original Broadway production. To capitalize on the success of the picture, Warner Bros. released a two-reel adaptation of the film in 1932 entitled The Red Shadow. Apparently, the Technicolor sequences have survived only in black-and-white, a second feature version was made in 1943, which was topically altered to have the hero fighting the Nazis. Filmed in three-strip Technicolor, it starred Dennis Morgan and Irene Manning, a third color feature version was made in 1953, with most of the adult themes and humor being removed or sanitized. This version altered the plot to make General Birabeau the father of Margot, rather than the father of the Red Shadow and it starred Kathryn Grayson, Gordon MacRae and featured Allyn McLerie as Azuri. Both the 1943 and the 1953 films changed the name from the Red Shadow to El Khobar. In the 1953 version, El Khobars disguise was that of a mild-mannered Latin teacher who tutored Margot and had to fend off her amorous advances, another sanitized version was adapted for live television in 1955. One of the writers brought in to shorten and modernize some risque dialogue was the young Neil Simon and their dashing, daredevil leader is the mysterious Red Shadow, a Frenchman. Margot Bonvalet, a lovely, sassy French girl, is soon to be married at the French fort to Birabeaus right-hand man, Birabeaus son Pierre, in reality the Red Shadow, loves Margot, but pretends to be a milksop to preserve his secret identity
The Desert Song
–
Original Sheet Music (cropped)
The Desert Song
–
1944 studio album cover
18.
Barton Organ Company
–
The Bartola Musical Instrument Company of Oshkosh, Wisconsin, USA, was a producer of theater pipe organs during the age of silent movies. The company was founded in 1918 by Dan Barton, who was from Amherst, the sixth largest builder of theater instruments in the nation, Bartola focused almost exclusively on the Midwest market. Barton later recalled, We decided to only a limited territory so we could give prompt service to all our installations. Wisconsin, Illinois, Michigan, Iowa, Indiana and Ohio, no installation was more than an overnight sleeper ride from Chicago. The company built about 250 theater organs from 1918 to 1931, Bartons first successful experiment in producing equipment to accompany silent films was a set of electrically operated bells that formed a musical scale. Mounted around the interior of the theater, these were operated by the pit drummer who was performing foley, after seeing the highly enthusiastic reception of his invention, Barton began toying with the idea of a more elaborate mechanism employing additional percussion instruments and organ pipes. In 1918, the Bartola Musical Instrument Company was formed in Oshkosh, Barton was assisted by Butch Littlefield and Walter Gollnick and was financed in the early days by a partner, W. G. Maxcy. Barton turned his attention to the development and manufacture of the Bartola, the larger ones had several cases–one for organ pipe ranks and the other for percussions and sound effects. The traps and other percussions were powered directly by electric solenoids, a footboard placed around the piano pedals was used to play the effects. The benefits of being able to tailor the music and sound effects to the action on the screen were obvious, and the Bartola was an immediate success. In the early- to mid-1920s, larger and more opulent theaters were being built, a new kind of organ was being developed, one which expanded greatly on the concept of the photoplayer. Along with its competitors, this was the genesis of the Barton Organ. Wurlitzer was, in addition to being its inventor, the largest manufacturer of organs by a considerable margin. The Barton organ was especially robust in construction and tonal design, was constructed from quality materials. They have been described as huskier in construction and tone than were typical Wurlitzer organs, some consider the typical Barton sound to be cruder or less refined than the typical Wurlitzer sound, while others revel in its brash assertiveness. Dan Barton was a businessman who knew the importance of showmanship in show business. Bartola, arguably more than any other manufacturer of theatre organs, Bartons consoles—the most visible part of the organ to the customer—were almost always vividly decorated, with striking designs and colors. One common decoration scheme used brilliant red and gold paint over gesso relief designs and this style of decoration eventually became informally referred to as the circus wagon motif
Barton Organ Company
–
Console of the 3/13 Barton Theater Pipe Organ at
Ann Arbor's Michigan Theatre, showing Barton's special red and gold console decoration which came to be known as "circus wagon" style.
Barton Organ Company
–
Spectacular console of the original installation 3 manual, 14 rank "Rhinestone Barton" theatre organ, installed in
Theatre Cedar Rapids (the former RKO Iowa Theatre),
Cedar Rapids, Iowa
Barton Organ Company
–
Detail of console of Barton organ originally installed in the Chicago Stadium, Chicago, Illinois. This was the largest console built by Bartola, and controlled the largest Barton organ ever built.
Barton Organ Company
–
Detail of console of Barton organ originally installed in the Chicago Stadium, Chicago, Illinois, showing the massive quantity of stopkeys on the right side of console.
19.
Los Angeles Times
–
The Los Angeles Times, commonly referred to as the Times or LA Times, is a paid daily newspaper published in Los Angeles, California, since 1881. It was the largest metropolitan newspaper in circulation in the United States in 2008, the Times is owned by tronc. The Times was first published on December 4,1881, as the Los Angeles Daily Times under the direction of Nathan Cole Jr. and it was first printed at the Mirror printing plant, owned by Jesse Yarnell and T. J. Unable to pay the bill, Cole and Gardiner turned the paper over to the Mirror Company. Mathes had joined the firm, and it was at his insistence that the Times continued publication, in July 1882, Harrison Gray Otis moved from Santa Barbara to become the papers editor. Otis made the Times a financial success, in an era where newspapers were driven by party politics, the Times was directed at Republican readers. As was typical of newspapers of the time, the Times would sit on stories for several days, historian Kevin Starr wrote that Otis was a businessman capable of manipulating the entire apparatus of politics and public opinion for his own enrichment. Otiss editorial policy was based on civic boosterism, extolling the virtues of Los Angeles, the efforts of the Times to fight local unions led to the October 1,1910 bombing of its headquarters, killing twenty-one people. Two union leaders, James and Joseph McNamara, were charged, the American Federation of Labor hired noted trial attorney Clarence Darrow to represent the brothers, who eventually pleaded guilty. Upon Otiss death in 1917, his son-in-law, Harry Chandler, Harry Chandler was succeeded in 1944 by his son, Norman Chandler, who ran the paper during the rapid growth of post-war Los Angeles. Family members are buried at the Hollywood Forever Cemetery near Paramount Studios, the site also includes a memorial to the Times Building bombing victims. The fourth generation of family publishers, Otis Chandler, held that position from 1960 to 1980, Otis Chandler sought legitimacy and recognition for his familys paper, often forgotten in the power centers of the Northeastern United States due to its geographic and cultural distance. He sought to remake the paper in the model of the nations most respected newspapers, notably The New York Times, believing that the newsroom was the heartbeat of the business, Otis Chandler increased the size and pay of the reporting staff and expanded its national and international reporting. In 1962, the paper joined with the Washington Post to form the Los Angeles Times-Washington Post News Service to syndicate articles from both papers for news organizations. During the 1960s, the paper won four Pulitzer Prizes, more than its previous nine decades combined, eventually the coupon-clipping branches realized that they could make more money investing in something other than newspapers. Under their pressure the companies went public, or split apart, thats the pattern followed over more than a century by the Los Angeles Times under the Chandler family. The papers early history and subsequent transformation was chronicled in an unauthorized history Thinking Big and it has also been the whole or partial subject of nearly thirty dissertations in communications or social science in the past four decades. In 2000, the Tribune Company acquired the Times, placing the paper in co-ownership with then-WB -affiliated KTLA, which Tribune acquired in 1985
Los Angeles Times
–
Front page from October 21, 2008
Los Angeles Times
–
Chandler and Otis 1917
Los Angeles Times
–
Rubble of the L.A. Times building after the
1910 bombing
Los Angeles Times
–
Times
Newspaper vending machine featuring news of the
1984 Summer Olympics
20.
Joseph L. Mankiewicz
–
Joseph Leo Mankiewicz was an American film director, screenwriter, and producer. Mankiewicz had a long Hollywood career, and he won the Academy Award for both Best Director and Best Writing, Screenplay for A Letter to Three Wives and All About Eve. Joseph Mankiewicz was born in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, to Franz Mankiewicz and Johanna Blumenau and he had a sister, Erna Mankiewicz, and a brother, Herman J. Mankiewicz, who became a screenwriter. Herman also won an Oscar for co-writing Citizen Kane, at age four, Mankiewicz moved with his family to New York City, graduating in 1924 from Stuyvesant High School. In 1928, he obtained a degree from Columbia University. At 19, he was sent by his professor father to Berlin where he was to study German drama at the University of Berlin. Instead, Mankiewicz got work at the UFA film studio translating film intertitles from German to English, Mankiewicz worked for seventeen years as a screenwriter for Paramount and as a producer for MGM before getting a chance to direct at Twentieth Century-Fox. During his long career in Hollywood, Mankiewicz wrote forty-eight screenplays and he also produced more than twenty films including The Philadelphia Story which was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture in 1941. However, he is best known for the films he directed, in 1944, he produced The Keys of the Kingdom, which starred Gregory Peck, and featured Mankiewiczs then-wife, Rose Stradner, in a supporting role as a nun. In 1951 Mankiewicz left Fox and moved to New York, intending to write for the Broadway stage, in 1953 he directed Julius Caesar for MGM, an adaptation of Shakespeares play. The film serves as the record of Marlon Brando in a Shakespearean role, he played Mark Antony. In 1958 Mankiewicz directed The Quiet American, an adaptation of Graham Greenes 1955 novel about the seed of American military involvement in what would become the Vietnam War. A cautionary tale about Americas blind support for anti-Communists was turned into, according to Greene, Mankiewicz made more films, however, garnering an Oscar nomination for Best Direction in 1972 for Sleuth, his final directing effort, starring Laurence Olivier and Michael Caine. In 1983, he was a member of the jury at the 33rd Berlin International Film Festival, the Academy Film Archive preserved his films All About Eve and Sleuth. He was the brother of Herman J. Mankiewicz. His sons are Eric Reynal, the late writer/director Tom Mankiewicz and he also has a daughter, Alex Mankiewicz. His great-nephew is radio and television personality Ben Mankiewicz, who currently can be seen on TCM and he also was the uncle of Frank Mankiewicz, a well-known political campaign manager who officially announced the death of the assassinated presidential candidate, Robert F. Kennedy, in 1968. He was not related to the similar-sounding British screenwriter, Wolf Mankowitz, Mankiewicz died of a heart attack on February 5,1993, six days before his 84th birthday
Joseph L. Mankiewicz
–
Joseph L. Mankiewicz
21.
Glenn Gould
–
Glenn Herbert Gould was a Canadian pianist who became one of the best-known and most celebrated classical pianists of the 20th century. He was particularly renowned as an interpreter of the music of Johann Sebastian Bach. His playing was distinguished by remarkable technical proficiency and capacity to articulate the polyphonic texture of Bachs music, after his adolescence, Gould rejected most of the standard Romantic piano literature including Liszt, Schumann, and Chopin. Gould was well known for eccentricities, from his unorthodox musical interpretations and mannerisms at the keyboard to aspects of his lifestyle. He stopped giving concerts at the age of 31 to concentrate on studio recording, Gould was the first pianist to record any of Liszts piano transcriptions of Beethovens symphonies. Gould was also known as a writer, composer, conductor and he was a prolific contributor to musical journals, in which he discussed music theory and outlined his musical philosophy. His career as a composer was less distinguished and his output was minimal and many projects were left unfinished. There is evidence that, had he lived beyond 50, he intended to abandon the piano and devote the remainder of his career to conducting, as a broadcaster, Gould was prolific. His output ranged from television and radio broadcasts of performances to musique concrète radio documentaries about life in the Canadian wilderness. Glenn Herbert Gould was born at home in Toronto on 25 September 1932, to Russell Herbert Gold and Florence Emma Gold and his maternal grandfather was a cousin of Norwegian composer Edvard Grieg. Gould had no Jewish ancestry, though he made jokes on the subject, like When people ask me if Im Jewish. Gould grew up in a home at 32 Southwood Drive, Toronto and his childhood home has been named a historic site by the City of Toronto. Goulds interest in music and his talent as a pianist became evident very early, both his parents were musical, and his mother, especially, encouraged the infant Goulds early musical development. Before his birth, his mother planned for him to become a successful musician, as a baby, he reportedly hummed instead of crying and wiggled his fingers as if playing chords, leading his doctor to predict that he would be either a physician or a pianist. By the age of three, Goulds perfect pitch was noticed and he learned to read music before he could read words. When presented with a piano, the young Gould was reported to strike notes and listen to their long decay. Goulds interest in the piano proceeded side by side with an interest in composition and he would play his own little pieces for family, friends, and sometimes large gatherings, including, in 1938, a performance at the Emmanuel Presbyterian Church of one of his own compositions. At the age of six, he was taken for the first time to hear a live performance by a celebrated soloist
Glenn Gould
–
Glenn Gould
Glenn Gould
–
Gould in February 1946 with his
parakeet, Mozart, and his
English Setter, Nick(y).
Glenn Gould
–
Glenn Gould with his teacher,
Alberto Guerrero, demonstrating Guerrero's technical idea that Gould should pull down at keys instead of striking them from above. The photo was taken in 1945, before Gould fully developed this technique.
Glenn Gould
–
A replica of Glenn Gould's chair
22.
Piano Sonata No. 30 (Beethoven)
–
Ludwig van Beethovens Piano Sonata No.30 in E major, Op.109, composed in 1820, is the antepenultimate of his piano sonatas. In it, after the huge Hammerklavier Sonata, Op.106, Beethoven returns to a smaller scale and a more intimate character. It is dedicated to Maximiliane Brentano, the daughter of Beethovens long-standing friend Antonie Brentano, musically, the work is characterised by a free and original approach to the traditional sonata form. Its focus is the movement, a set of variations that interpret its theme in a wide variety of individual ways. Work on Op.109 can be traced back to early in 1820, even before Beethovens negotiations with Adolf Schlesinger, in the end, though, he offered Starke numbers 7–11 of the Bagatelles, Op.119. There is an April entry in Beethovens conversation book describing a new piece that is, according to William Meredith. In fact, the outline of the movement makes the idea of a Bagatelle interrupted by fantasia-like interludes seem very plausible, Beethovens secretary Franz Oliva then allegedly suggested the idea of using this small piece as the beginning of the sonata that Schlesinger wanted. Sieghard Brandenburg has put forward the theory that Beethoven had originally planned a two-movement sonata, apparently some of the motivic characteristics that link the first movement with the others were only introduced later. Alexander Wheelock Thayer, on the hand, put forward the view that the beginning of a sonata in E minor by Beethoven was not developed further and had nothing to do with Op.109. For the third movement, Beethoven first sketched a set of six variations, then a set of nine. It has not been established whether Beethoven completed the sonata in the Autumn of 1820 or only in 1821. In letters to his publisher in 1820, he was speaking of Fertigstellung. The first edition was published by Schlesinger in Berlin in November 1821 and it contained many errors, since Beethoven was prevented by illness from undertaking adequate proof-reading. The sonata is dedicated to Maximiliane Brentano, the musically gifted daughter of Franz, the date of the first performance is unknown. Opus 109 is one of Beethovens last three, five or six sonatas that are counted among his late works, the different cut-off points arise from the fact that the sonatas from Opus 90 on are varied and contradictory in form and in their predominant musical tendencies. These procedures contrast with a heightened virtuosity, a broadening of the form, in Op.109, reminiscences of the straightforward style of the early, Haydn-influenced sonatas contrast with harmony that is sometimes harsh, anticipating the music of the 20th century. This gives special importance to the principles of variation, as in the second movement of Op.109. In this sonata, as in many of Beethovens late works, here it is the interval of a third
Piano Sonata No. 30 (Beethoven)
–
Beethoven's studio (
Johann Nepomuk Hoechle, 1827)
Piano Sonata No. 30 (Beethoven)
–
Manuscript of Op. 109 (start of the first movement)
23.
The Art of Fugue
–
The Art of Fugue, BWV1080, is an incomplete work of unspecified instrumentation by Johann Sebastian Bach. Written in the last decade of his life, The Art of Fugue is the culmination of Bachs experimentation with monothematic instrumental works. This work consists of 14 fugues and 4 canons in D minor, each using some variation of a principal subject. The governing idea of the work, as put by Bach specialist Christoph Wolff, was an exploration in depth of the possibilities inherent in a single musical subject. The word contrapunctus is often used for each fugue, the earliest extant source of the work is an autograph manuscript of the early 1740s, containing 12 fugues and 2 canons. This autograph is typically referred to by its number of P200 in the Berlin State Library. Three manuscripts for pieces that appear in the edition were bundled with P200 at some point before its acquisition by the library. The revised version was published in May 1751, slightly less than a year after Bachs death. In addition to changes in the order, notation, and material of pieces which appeared in the autograph, it contained 2 new fugues,2 new canons, a second edition was published in 1752, but differed only in its addition of a preface by Friedrich Wilhelm Marpurg. In spite of its revisions, the edition of 1751 contained a number of glaring editorial errors. The majority of these may be attributed to Bachs relatively sudden death in the midst of publication, the anomalous character of the published order and the Unfinished Fugue have engendered a wide variety of theories which attempt to restore the work to that state originally intended by Bach. The Art of Fugue is based on a subject, which each canon. In the order in which occur in the printed edition of 1751, the groups. Contrapunctus I, 4-voice fugue on subject, play principal subject or play whole contrapunctus 2. Contrapunctus II, 4-voice fugue on subject, accompanied by a French style dotted rhythm motif. Contrapunctus III, 4-voice fugue on principal subject in inversion, employing intense chromaticism, Contrapunctus V, Has many stretto entries, as do Contrapuncti VI and VII, play principal subject 6. The dotted rhythm, enhanced by these little rising and descending groups, suggests what is called French style in Bachs day, Contrapunctus VII, a 4 per Augmentationem et Diminutionem, Uses augmented and diminished versions of the main subject and its inversion. Double and triple fugues, employing two and three respectively,8
The Art of Fugue
–
Title page of the first edition, 1751
The Art of Fugue
–
The final page of Contrapunctus XIV
24.
Ernst Krenek
–
Ernst Krenek was an Austrian, later American, composer of Czech origin. He explored atonality and other styles and wrote a number of books, including Music Here and Now, a study of Johannes Ockeghem. Krenek wrote two pieces using the pseudonym Thornton Winsloe, Krenek was born in Vienna as Ernst Křenek as the son of a Czech soldier in the Austro-Hungarian army. He studied there and in Berlin with Franz Schreker before working in a number of German opera houses as conductor, during World War I, Krenek was drafted into the Austrian army, but he was stationed in Vienna, allowing him to go on with his musical studies. In 1922 he met Alma Mahler, widow of Gustav Mahler,2, and whom he married in March 1924. That marriage ended in divorce before its first anniversary, at the time of his marriage to Anna Mahler, Krenek was completing his Violin Concerto No. In gratitude, Krenek dedicated the concerto to Moodie, and she premiered it on 5 January 1925, krenek’s divorce from Anna Mahler became final a few days after the premiere. Krenek did not attend the premiere, but he did have an affair with Moodie and he never managed to hear her play the concerto, but he did immortalize some aspects of her personality in the character of Anita in his opera Jonny spielt auf. In 1938 Krenek moved to the United States, where he taught music at various universities and he later taught at Hamline University in Saint Paul, Minnesota from 1942 to 1947. There he met and married his wife, his student. He became an American citizen in 1945 and he later moved to Toronto, Ontario, Canada, where he taught at The Royal Conservatory of Music during the 1950s. His students included Milton Barnes, Lorne Betts, Roque Cordero, Samuel Dolin, Robert Erickson, Halim El-Dabh, Richard Maxfield, Will Ogdon and he died in Palm Springs, California, where he had lived since 1966. In 1998 Gladys Nordenstrom founded the Ernst Krenek Institute, in 2004 the private foundation moved from Vienna to Krems, after meeting Krenek in 1922, Alma Mahler asked him to complete her late husbands Symphony No.10. Krenek assisted in editing the first and third movements but went no further, in his notes to the Lev recording, dated July 1947, Krenek offered insights into the challenges of completing another composers works in general and the Schubert sonata in particular. Completing the unfinished work of a master is a very delicate task. In my opinion it can honestly be undertaken if the original fragment contains all of the main ideas of the unfinished work. Even then the artist who goes about the task will feel slightly uneasy. He is more conscious of the fact that unpredictability is one of the most jealously guarded prerogatives of genius
Ernst Krenek
–
Jonny spielt auf, the title page of the 1926 vocal score (1st edition)
25.
Chicago
–
Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage
Chicago
–
Clockwise from top:
Downtown Chicago, the
Chicago Theatre, the
'L',
Navy Pier,
Millennium Park, the
Field Museum, and the
Willis Tower.
Chicago
–
Traditional
Potawatomi costume on display at the
Field Museum
Chicago
–
A 1903 painting of Chicago in 1833
Chicago
–
An artist's rendering of the
Great Chicago Fire of 1871
26.
Assassination of Benigno Aquino, Jr.
–
The assassination of Benigno Aquino Jr. former Philippine Senator, took place on Sunday, August 21,1983 at Manila International Airport. Also killed was Rolando Galman, who was implicated in Aquinos murder. Aquino was elected to the Philippine Senate in 1967 and shortly thereafter began speaking out against Marcoss authoritarian rule, in 1980, he suffered a heart attack in prison and was allowed to leave the country two months later by Marcoss wife, Imelda. He spent the three years in exile near Boston before deciding to return to the Philippines. Aquinos assassination is credited with transforming the opposition to the Marcos regime from a small and it is also credited with thrusting Aquinos widow, Corazon Aquino, into the public spotlight and her running for president in the snap election of 1986. Though many, including the Aquino family, maintain that Marcos ordered Aquinos assassination, Marcos actually had a kidney transplant in August 1983 and was in critical condition after his body rejected the first kidney transplant. An official government investigation ordered by Marcos shortly after the assassination led to charges against 25 military personnel and one civilian. Since their conviction, one of the convicts was pardoned, three died in prison, and the remainder had their sentences commuted at various times, the last convicts were released from prison in 2009, Benigno Aquino Jr. was elected to the Philippine Senate in 1967. During his first year as senator, Aquino began speaking out against the rule of President Ferdinand Marcos, Marcos in turn saw Aquino as the biggest threat to his power. On September 23,1972, Marcos declared martial law and ordered Aquino and others arrested and imprisoned on charges of murder, Aquino went on a hunger strike to protest the injustice of his military tribunal but ended the strike after 40 days. In 1978, while still in prison, Aquino founded his political party, in March 1980, Aquino suffered a heart attack in prison. He was transported to the Philippine Heart Center, where he suffered a heart attack. On May 8,1980, First Lady Imelda Marcos arranged for Aquino and he underwent the coronary bypass surgery in Dallas, Texas and met with Muslim leaders in Damascus, Syria, before settling with his family in Newton, Massachusetts. Aquino spent the three years in exile in the U. S. wherein he worked on manuscripts for two books and delivered several lectures and speeches critical of the Marcos government. By 1983, news of the situation in the Philippines led Aquino to return to his homeland. At that time, Ninoys passport had expired and the renewal had been denied, the passport carried the alias Marcial Bonifacio. Aquino became allies with Rashid Lucman as he supported the Muslim rebellion in Mindanao against the government, prior to his departure from Taipei, Aquino gave an interview from his room at the Grand Hotel in which he indicated that he would be wearing a bulletproof vest. He advised the journalists that would be accompanying him on the flight, in a matter of 3 or 4 minutes it could be all over, and I may not be able to talk to you again after this
Assassination of Benigno Aquino, Jr.
–
Aftermath of the assassination captured on video. The video is broadcast through
RPN Channel 9
Assassination of Benigno Aquino, Jr.
–
Bloodied
safari jacket, pants (folded), belt, and boots worn by Aquino upon his return from exile are on permanent display at the Aquino Center in
Tarlac.
27.
Philippines
–
The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is a sovereign island country in Southeast Asia situated in the western Pacific Ocean. It consists of about 7,641 islands that are categorized broadly under three main geographical divisions from north to south, Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao, the capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City, both part of Metro Manila. The Philippines has an area of 300,000 square kilometers, and it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world. As of 2013, approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas, multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands. In prehistoric times, Negritos were some of the archipelagos earliest inhabitants and they were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples. Exchanges with Chinese, Malay, Indian, and Islamic nations occurred, then, various competing maritime states were established under the rule of Datus, Rajahs, Sultans or Lakans. The arrival of Ferdinand Magellan in Homonhon, Eastern Samar in 1521 marked the beginning of Hispanic colonization, in 1543, Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos named the archipelago Las Islas Filipinas in honor of Philip II of Spain. With the arrival of Miguel López de Legazpi from Mexico City, in 1565, the Philippines became part of the Spanish Empire for more than 300 years. This resulted in Roman Catholicism becoming the dominant religion, during this time, Manila became the western hub of the trans-Pacific trade connecting Asia with Acapulco in the Americas using Manila galleons. Aside from the period of Japanese occupation, the United States retained sovereignty over the islands until after World War II, since then, the Philippines has often had a tumultuous experience with democracy, which included the overthrow of a dictatorship by a non-violent revolution. It is a member of the United Nations, World Trade Organization, Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum. It also hosts the headquarters of the Asian Development Bank, the Philippines was named in honor of King Philip II of Spain. Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos, during his expedition in 1542, named the islands of Leyte, eventually the name Las Islas Filipinas would be used to cover all the islands of the archipelago. Before that became commonplace, other such as Islas del Poniente. The official name of the Philippines has changed several times in the course of its history, during the Philippine Revolution, the Malolos Congress proclaimed the establishment of the República Filipina or the Philippine Republic. From the 1898 Treaty of Paris, the name Philippines began to appear, since the end of World War II, the official name of the country has been the Republic of the Philippines. The metatarsal of the Callao Man, reliably dated by uranium-series dating to 67,000 years ago is the oldest human remnant found in the archipelago to date and this distinction previously belonged to the Tabon Man of Palawan, carbon-dated to around 26,500 years ago. Negritos were also among the archipelagos earliest inhabitants, but their first settlement in the Philippines has not been reliably dated, there are several opposing theories regarding the origins of ancient Filipinos
Philippines
–
King Philip II of Spain.
Philippines
Philippines
–
Tabon Cave and its carvings.
Philippines
–
The
Banaue Rice Terraces where
Ifugao/Igorot utilized terrace farming in the steep mountainous regions of northern Philippines over 2000 years ago.
28.
Ferdinand Marcos
–
Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos, Sr. was a Filipino politician who was President of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986. He ruled as a dictator under martial law from 1972 until 1981, while his regime started an unprecedented number of infrastructure projects and monuments, it also became infamous for its corruption and brutality. United States Army documents described the claim as fraudulent and absurd and he was elected President in 1965. The Philippine national debt used to fund development projects grew from $2 billion at the beginning of his term to $26 billion by the end of 1985. Based on World Bank data, Philippine Annual Gross Domestic Product grew from $5.27 billion in 1964 to $37.14 billion in 1982, by the end of 1985, GDP stood at $30.7 billion following two years of economic contraction. All in all despite the 1984–1985 recession, GDP per capita grew at a rate of 5. 8%, or more than tripled. It was only in 1992 at the beginning of the term of Fidel Ramos when GDP per capita, Martial law was ratified by 90. 77% of the voters during the Philippine Martial Law referendum,1973 though the referendum was marred with controversy. Ramos and Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile, public outrage led to the snap elections of 1986. Allegations of mass cheating, political turmoil and excesses of human rights led to the People Power Revolution in February 1986. Marcos was succeeded by Corazon Aquino, widow of the opposition leader Senator Benigno Aquino. According to source documents provided by the Presidential Commission on Good Government, a government agency created by the Aquino Government, PCGG also maintained that the Marcos family enjoyed a decadent lifestyle—taking away billions of dollars from the country in the course of their US-backed rule between 1965 and 1986. His wife Imelda Marcos, whose excesses during the couples kleptocracy made her infamous in her own right, numerous criminal graft charges have been filed against her, some of which are still ongoing, and most have been dismissed by the court due to lack of evidence. He was later baptized into the Philippine Independent Church, but was first baptized in the Roman Catholic Church at the age of three, in December 1938, Ferdinand Marcos was prosecuted for the murder of Julio Nalundasan. He was not the accused from the Marcos clan, also accused was his father, Mariano, his brother, Pio. According to two witnesses, the four had conspired to assassinate Nalundasan, with Ferdinand Marcos eventually pulling the trigger, in late January 1939, they were finally denied bail and later in the year, they were convicted. Ferdinand and Lizardo received the penalty for premeditated murder, while Mariano. The Marcos family took their appeal to the Supreme Court of the Philippines, Marcos studied law at the University of the Philippines, attending the prestigious College of Law. He excelled in both curricular and extra-curricular activities, becoming a member of the universitys swimming, boxing
Ferdinand Marcos
–
Marcos in 1982.
Ferdinand Marcos
–
Marcos at the
White House in 1966.
Ferdinand Marcos
–
Ferdinand Marcos with Secretary of State George Shultz, 1982.
Ferdinand Marcos
–
President Ferdinand E. Marcos in Washington in 1983.
29.
Critic
–
A critic is a professional who communicates an assessment and an opinion of various forms of creative works such as art, literature, music, cinema, theater, fashion, architecture, and food. Critics may also take as their social or government policy. They may also include a positive or negative personal response, characteristics of a good critic are articulateness, preferably having the ability to use language with a high level of appeal and skill. Sympathy, sensitivity and insight are important too, form, style and medium are all considered by the critic. In architecture and food criticism, the function, value. Formally, the word is applied to persons who are accepted and, to a significant degree. Influential critics of art, music, theatre and architecture often present their arguments in complete books, one very famous example is John Ruskins Seven Lamps of Architecture and The Stones of Venice. Critics may base their assessment on a range of theoretical positions, for instance, they may take a Feminist or Freudian perspective. Critics are themselves subject to competing critics, since the critical judgment always entails some subjectivity. An established critic can play a role as a public arbiter of taste or opinion. Also, critics or a group of critics, may award symbols of recognition. Early English meaning of criticism was based mainly on the criticism of literature, schonberg was the first music critic to receive the Pulitzer Prize for criticism. Daniel Mendelsohn described the equation of criticism for critics as knowledge + taste = meaningful judgement, social and political critics have used various forms of art to express their criticism, including literature and music. Pierre Beaumarchais, for example, prior to the French Revolution, a critics influence is enhanced by subsequent reworkings such as the operatic versions of Beaumarchaiss play by Rossini and by Mozart. Among the most famous social/political criticism in literary form are Jonathan Swifts satire Gullivers Travels, some political critics, such as Ai Weiwei use visual art as their medium. Throughout history, political critics have faced higher risks, including the risk of imprisonment or death, several websites have developed for the purpose of compiling or publishing original critical reviews. Examples include BlogCritics Magazine, Rotten Tomatoes, and Yelp, according to A. O. Scott, chief film critic for The New York Times, everyone on the Internet is a critic. Some critics like Roger Ebert achieve iconic status in pop culture, people whose work is the subject of criticism have a full range of responses to it
Critic
–
Critic by
Lajos Tihanyi. Oil on canvas, c.1916.
30.
Benigno Aquino Jr.
–
Benigno Simeon Ninoy Aquino Jr. was the former husband of former Philippine President Corazon Aquino and father of former Philippine President Benigno Aquino III. Aquino, together with Gerry Roxas and Jovito Salonga, formed the leadership of the opposition towards Ferdinand Marcos, shortly after the imposition of martial law, he was arrested in 1972 along with others associated with the Communists armed insurgency and incarcerated for seven years. He founded his own party Lakas ng Bayan and ran for the Philippine parliamentary election,1978 and he was assassinated at the Manila International Airport in 1983 upon returning from his self-imposed exile. His death catapulted his widow, Corazon, into the political limelight, among other public structures, Manila International Airport has since been renamed Ninoy Aquino International Airport in his honor, and the anniversary of his death is a national holiday. Benigno Simeón Aquino was born in Concepcion, Tarlac, on November 27,1932, to a family of hacenderos, original owners of Hacienda Maling, Hacienda Sawang. His grandfather, Servillano Aquino, was a general in the army of Emilio Aguinaldo. His father, Benigno Aquino Sr. was the Director-General of KALIBAPI and his father was also one of two politicians representing Tarlac during his lifetime, the other being José Cojuangco, father of his future wife. After the war, Benigno Aquino Sr. was arrested and charged with treason for collaborating with the Japanese during the occupation of the country. His father died before the trial was completed and he received his elementary education at De La Salle College and finished at Saint Josephs College of Quezon City. He completed his school education at San Beda College. Aquino took his education at Ateneo de Manila to obtain a Bachelor of Arts degree. According to one of his biographies, he considered himself to be an average student, at age 17, he was the youngest war correspondent to cover the Korean War for The Manila Times of Don Joaquín Chino Roces. Because of his feats, he received the Philippine Legion of Honor award from President Elpidio Quirino at age 18. At 21, he became an adviser to then Defense Secretary Ramon Magsaysay. Aquino took up law at the University of the Philippines, where he became a member of Upsilon Sigma Phi and he interrupted his studies again however to pursue a career in journalism. According to Máximo Soliven, Aquino later explained that he had decided to go to as many schools as possible, so that he could make as many new friends as possible. After four months of negotiations, he was credited for Tarucs unconditional surrender and was given a second Philippine Legion of Honor award with the degree of Commander on October 14,1954 and he became mayor of Concepcion in 1955 at the age of 22. Ninoy helped brokered the purchase of Hacienda Luisita, a 6,453 hectare sugar plantation and he later on became the Haciendas administrator
Benigno Aquino Jr.
–
Benigno S. Aquino, Jr.
Benigno Aquino Jr.
–
Benigno Aquino Jr. (right) with Ramon Magsaysay in August 1951.
Benigno Aquino Jr.
–
The aftermath of Aquino's assassination
Benigno Aquino Jr.
–
Sen. Ninoy Aquino's grave (right) is next to his wife
Corazon Aquino 's (left) at the Manila Memorial Park in
Parañaque, Philippines.
31.
Martial law
–
It is usually imposed temporarily when the government or civilian authorities fail to function effectively. Martial law can be used by governments to enforce their rule over the public, such incidents may occur after a coup détat, when threatened by popular protest, to suppress political opposition, or to stabilize insurrections or perceived insurrections. Martial law may be declared in cases of natural disasters, however, most countries use a different legal construct. Martial law has also been imposed during conflicts, and in cases of occupations, examples of this form of military rule include post World War II reconstruction in Germany and Japan as well as the Southern Reconstruction following the U. S. Civil War. Civilians defying martial law may be subjected to military tribunal, the Black War was a period of violent conflict between British colonists and Aboriginal Australians in Tasmania from the mid-1820s to 1832. With an escalation of violence in the late 1820s, Lieutenant-Governor George Arthur declared martial law in November 1828—effectively providing legal immunity for killing Aboriginal people and it would remain in force for more than three years, the longest period of martial law in Australian history. Brunei has been under a law since a rebellion occurred on 8 December 1962 known as the Brunei Revolt and was put down by British troops from Singapore. e. The military does not administer justice, which remains in the hands of the courts, the Act has been invoked three times, During World War I, World War II, and the October Crisis of 1970. In 1988, the War Measures Act was replaced by the Emergencies Act, during the colonial era, martial law was proclaimed and applied in the territory of the Province of Quebec during the invasion of Canada by the army of the American Continental Congress in 1775–1776. It was also applied twice in the territory of Lower Canada during the 1837–1838 insurrections and it was imposed until April 27,1838. Martial law was proclaimed a second time on November 4,1838, this time by acting Governor John Colborne, in Egypt, a State of Emergency has been in effect almost continuously since 1967. Following the assassination of President Anwar el-Sadat in 1981, state of emergency was declared, Egypt has been under state of emergency ever since, the Parliament has renewed the emergency laws every three years since they were imposed. The legislation was extended in 2003 and were due to expire at the end of May 2006, but after the Dahab bombings in April of that year, state of emergency was renewed for another two years. In May 2008 there was an extension to June 2010. In May 2010, the state of emergency was extended, albeit with a promise from the government to be applied only to Terrorism. Public demonstrations are banned under the legislation, under martial law the source of power is not the people, not the parliament, not the constitution, not a Holy Text, but solely the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces. The military issued in its announcement the end of the State of Emergency as soon as order is restored in Egypt. Before martial law, the Egyptian parliament under the constitution had the power to declare a State of Emergency
Martial law
–
Dunmore's Proclamation declaring Martial law in the
Colony of Virginia, proclaimed November 14, 1775, several months after the beginning of the
American Revolutionary War
Martial law
–
Martial law in Egypt: Egyptian-flagged tanks man an apparent checkpoint just outside the midtown Tahrir area during the
2011 Egyptian revolution.
32.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
United States
–
Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764
United States
–
Flag
United States
–
The signing of the
Mayflower Compact, 1620.
United States
–
The
Declaration of Independence: the
Committee of Five presenting their draft to the
Second Continental Congress in 1776
33.
Persian language
–
Persian, also known by its endonym Farsi, is one of the Western Iranian languages within the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family. It is primarily spoken in Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan and it is mostly written in the Persian alphabet, a modified variant of the Arabic script. Its grammar is similar to that of many contemporary European languages, Persian gets its name from its origin at the capital of the Achaemenid Empire, Persis, hence the name Persian. A Persian-speaking person may be referred to as Persophone, there are approximately 110 million Persian speakers worldwide, with the language holding official status in Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan. For centuries, Persian has also been a cultural language in other regions of Western Asia, Central Asia. It also exerted influence on Arabic, particularly Bahrani Arabic. Persian is one of the Western Iranian languages within the Indo-European family, other Western Iranian languages are the Kurdish languages, Gilaki, Mazanderani, Talysh, and Balochi. Persian is classified as a member of the Southwestern subgroup within Western Iranian along with Lari, Kumzari, in Persian, the language is known by several names, Western Persian, Parsi or Farsi has been the name used by all native speakers until the 20th century. Since the latter decades of the 20th century, for reasons, in English. Tajiki is the variety of Persian spoken in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan by the Tajiks, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, the term Persian as a language name is first attested in English in the mid-16th century. Native Iranian Persian speakers call it Fārsi, Farsi is the Arabicized form of Pārsi, subsequent to Muslim conquest of Persia, due to a lack of the phoneme /p/ in Standard Arabic. The origin of the name Farsi and the place of origin of the language which is Fars Province is the Arabicized form of Pārs, in English, this language has historically been known as Persian, though Farsi has also gained some currency. Farsi is encountered in some literature as a name for the language. In modern English the word Farsi refers to the language while Parsi describes Zoroastrians, some Persian language scholars such as Ehsan Yarshater, editor of Encyclopædia Iranica, and University of Arizona professor Kamran Talattof, have also rejected the usage of Farsi in their articles. The international language-encoding standard ISO 639-1 uses the code fa, as its system is mostly based on the local names. The more detailed standard ISO 639-3 uses the name Persian for the dialect continuum spoken across Iran and Afghanistan and this consists of the individual languages Dari and Iranian Persian. Currently, Voice of America, BBC World Service, Deutsche Welle, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty also includes a Tajik service and an Afghan service. This is also the case for the American Association of Teachers of Persian, The Centre for Promotion of Persian Language and Literature, Persian is an Iranian language belonging to the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European family of languages
Persian language
–
Old Persian
Persian language
–
Ferdowsi 's
Shahnameh
Persian language
–
Kalilah va Dimna, an influential work in Persian literature.
34.
Korean language
–
It is also one of the two official languages in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture and Changbai Korean Autonomous County of the Peoples Republic of China. Approximately 80 million people worldwide speak Korean and this implies that Korean is not an isolate, but a member of a small family. There is still debate on whether Korean and Japanese are related with each other, the Korean language is agglutinative in its morphology and SOV in its syntax. A relation of Korean with Japonic languages has been proposed by linguists like William George Aston, Chinese characters arrived in Korea together with Buddhism during the pre-Three Kingdoms period. Mainly privileged elites were educated to read and write in hanja, however, today, the hanja are largely unused in everyday life, but in South Korea they experience revivals on artistic works and are important in historic and/or linguistic studies of Korean. Since the Korean War, through 70 years of separation, North–South differences have developed in standard Korean, including variations in pronunciation, verb inflection, the Korean names for the language are based on the names for Korea used in North Korea and South Korea. In South Korea, the Korean language is referred to by names including hanguk-eo Korean language, hanguk-mal, Korean speech and uri-mal. In hanguk-eo and hanguk-mal, the first part of the word, hanguk, refers to the Korean nation while -eo and -mal mean language and speech, Korean is also simply referred to as guk-eo, literally national language. This name is based on the same Chinese characters meaning nation + language that are used in Taiwan and Japan to refer to their respective national languages. In North Korea and China, the language is most often called Chosŏn-mal, or more formally, the English word Korean is derived from Goryeo, which is thought to be the first dynasty known to Western countries. Korean people in the former USSR refer to themselves as Koryo-saram and Goryeo In, the majority of historical and modern linguists classify Korean as a language isolate. Such factors of typological divergence as Middle Mongolians exhibition of gender agreement can be used to argue that a relationship with Altaic is unlikely. Sergei Anatolyevich Starostin found about 25% of potential cognates in the Japanese–Korean 100-word Swadesh list, a good example might be Middle Korean sàm and Japanese asa, meaning hemp. Also, the doublet wo meaning hemp is attested in Western Old Japanese and it is thus plausible to assume a borrowed term. Among ancient languages, various relatives of Korean have been proposed. Some classify the language of Jeju Island as a distinct modern Koreanic language, Other famous theories are the Dravido-Korean languages theory and the mostly unknown southern-theory which suggest an Austronesian relation. Korean is spoken by the Korean people in North Korea and South Korea and by the Korean diaspora in countries including the Peoples Republic of China, the United States, Japan. Korean-speaking minorities exist in these states, but because of cultural assimilation into host countries, Korean is the official language of South Korea and North Korea
Korean language
–
Two names for Korean, Hangugeo and Chosŏnmal,
written vertically in
Hangul
Korean language
–
Street signs in Korean; Daegu, Korea.
Korean language
–
Korean writing systems
35.
Russian language
–
Russian is an East Slavic language and an official language in Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and many minor or unrecognised territories. Russian belongs to the family of Indo-European languages and is one of the four living members of the East Slavic languages, written examples of Old East Slavonic are attested from the 10th century and beyond. It is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia and the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages and it is also the largest native language in Europe, with 144 million native speakers in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus. Russian is the eighth most spoken language in the world by number of native speakers, the language is one of the six official languages of the United Nations. Russian is also the second most widespread language on the Internet after English, Russian distinguishes between consonant phonemes with palatal secondary articulation and those without, the so-called soft and hard sounds. This distinction is found between pairs of almost all consonants and is one of the most distinguishing features of the language, another important aspect is the reduction of unstressed vowels. Russian is a Slavic language of the Indo-European family and it is a lineal descendant of the language used in Kievan Rus. From the point of view of the language, its closest relatives are Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Rusyn. An East Slavic Old Novgorod dialect, although vanished during the 15th or 16th century, is considered to have played a significant role in the formation of modern Russian. In the 19th century, the language was often called Great Russian to distinguish it from Belarusian, then called White Russian and Ukrainian, however, the East Slavic forms have tended to be used exclusively in the various dialects that are experiencing a rapid decline. In some cases, both the East Slavic and the Church Slavonic forms are in use, with different meanings. For details, see Russian phonology and History of the Russian language and it is also regarded by the United States Intelligence Community as a hard target language, due to both its difficulty to master for English speakers and its critical role in American world policy. The standard form of Russian is generally regarded as the modern Russian literary language, mikhail Lomonosov first compiled a normalizing grammar book in 1755, in 1783 the Russian Academys first explanatory Russian dictionary appeared. By the mid-20th century, such dialects were forced out with the introduction of the education system that was established by the Soviet government. Despite the formalization of Standard Russian, some nonstandard dialectal features are observed in colloquial speech. Thus, the Russian language is the 6th largest in the world by number of speakers, after English, Mandarin, Hindi/Urdu, Spanish, Russian is one of the six official languages of the United Nations. Education in Russian is still a choice for both Russian as a second language and native speakers in Russia as well as many of the former Soviet republics. Russian is still seen as an important language for children to learn in most of the former Soviet republics, samuel P. Huntington wrote in the Clash of Civilizations, During the heyday of the Soviet Union, Russian was the lingua franca from Prague to Hanoi
Russian language
–
Russian language street sign in
Russia.
Russian language
–
Russian minimarket in
Limassol, Cyprus; translation: "Teremok market. Russian goods. Phone number: 96 74 19 63"
Russian language
–
This page from an "ABC" book printed in Moscow in 1694 shows the letter
П.
Russian language
–
The
Ostromir Gospels of 1056 is the second oldest
East Slavic book known, one of many medieval
illuminated manuscripts preserved in the
Russian National Library.
36.
Nancy Wilson (jazz singer)
–
Nancy Wilson is an American singer with more than seventy albums, and three Grammy Awards. She has been labeled a singer of blues, jazz, R&B, pop and soul, an actress. The title she prefers, however, is song stylist and she has received many nicknames including Sweet Nancy, The Baby, Fancy Miss Nancy and The Girl With the Honey-Coated Voice. On February 20,1937, Wilson was the first of six born to Olden Wilson, an iron foundry worker, and Lillian Ryan. Wilsons father would buy records to listen to at home, at an early age Wilson heard recordings from Billy Eckstine, Nat Cole, and Jimmy Scott with Lionel Hamptons Big Band. Wilson says, The juke joint down on the block had a jukebox and there I heard Dinah Washington, Ruth Brown, LaVerne Baker. Wilson became aware of her talent while singing in choirs, imitating singers as a young child. By the age of four, she knew she would become a singer. At the age of 15, while a student at West High School, the prize was an appearance on a twice-a-week television show, Skyline Melodies, which she ended up hosting. She also worked clubs on the east side and north side of Columbus, Ohio, unsure of her future as an entertainer, she entered college to pursue teaching. She spent one year at Ohios Central State College before dropping out and she auditioned and won a spot with Rusty Bryants Carolyn Club Big Band in 1956. She toured with them throughout Canada and the Midwest in 1956 to 1958, while in this group, Wilson made her first recording under Dot Records. When Wilson met Julian Cannonball Adderley, he suggested that she should move to New York City, in 1959, she relocated to New York with a goal of obtaining Cannonball’s manager John Levy as her manager and Capitol Records as her label. Within four weeks of her arrival in New York she got her first big break, the club booked Wilson on a permanent basis, she was singing four nights a week and working as a secretary for the New York Institute of Technology during the day. John Levy sent demos of Guess Who I Saw Today, Sometimes I’m Happy, Capitol Records signed her in 1960. Wilson’s debut single, Guess Who I Saw Today, was so successful that between April 1960 and July 1962 Capitol Records released five Nancy Wilson albums. Her first album, Like in Love, displayed her talent in Rhythm and Blues, Adderley suggested that she should steer away from her original pop style and gear her music toward jazz and ballads. In 1962, they collaborated, producing the album Nancy Wilson and Cannonball Adderley, which propelled her to national prominence, between March 1964 and June 1965, four of Wilsons albums hit the Top 10 on Billboards Top LPs chart
Nancy Wilson (jazz singer)
–
Nancy Wilson in 1968
37.
Roberta Flack
–
Roberta Cleopatra Flack is an American singer and musician. Flack lived with a family, born in Black Mountain, North Carolina to parents Laron LeRoy and Irene Flack a church organist, on February 10,1939 and raised in Arlington. Her interests in performing were inspired when she discovered the work of Mahalia Jackson, when Flack was nine, she started taking an interest in playing the piano, and during her early teens, Flack so excelled at classical piano that Howard University awarded her a full music scholarship. By age 15, she entered Howard University, making her one of the youngest students ever to enroll there and she eventually changed her major from piano to voice, and became an assistant conductor of the university choir. Her direction of a production of Aida received an ovation from the Howard University faculty. Flack is a member of Delta Sigma Theta sorority and was made a member of Tau Beta Sigma by the Eta Delta Chapter at Howard University for her outstanding work in promoting music education. Roberta Flack became a student teacher at a school near Chevy Chase, before becoming a professional singer-songwriter, Flack returned to Washington, D. C. and taught at Browne Junior High and Rabaut Junior High. She also taught piano lessons out of her home on Euclid St. NW. During this period, her career began to take shape on evenings and weekends in Washington. At the Tivoli Club, she accompanied opera singers at the piano, during intermissions, she would sing blues, folk, and pop standards in a back room, accompanying herself on the piano. Later, she performed several nights a week at the 1520 Club, around this time, her voice teacher, Frederick Wilkie Wilkerson, told her that he saw a brighter future for her in pop music than in the classics. She modified her repertoire accordingly and her reputation spread, Flack began singing professionally after being hired to perform regularly at Mr. Henrys Restaurant, on Capitol Hill, Washington, DC in 1968. Mr. Henry’s was owned by Henry Yaffe and it is still in operation at 6th and Pennsylvania Ave, SE. The atmosphere in Mr. Henry’s was welcoming and the club turned into a showcase for the music teacher. Her voice mesmerized locals and word spread, a-list entertainers who were appearing in town would come in late at night to hear her sing. As Yaffe recalled, “She told me if I could give her work there three nights a week, she would quit teaching. ”To meet Roberta’s exacting standards, Yaffe transformed the apartment above the bar into the Roberta Flack Room. “I got the oak paneling from the old Dodge Hotel near Union Station, I put in heavy upholstered chairs, sort of a conservative style from the 50s and an acoustical system designed especially for Roberta. Les McCann discovered Flack singing and playing jazz in a Washington nightclub and he later said on the liner notes of what would be her first album First Take noted below, Her voice touched, tapped, trapped, and kicked every emotion Ive ever known
Roberta Flack
–
Roberta Flack in concert in 1992
Roberta Flack
–
Roberta Flack with
Donny Hathaway.
Roberta Flack
–
Flack performing in Boston, Mass., on August 28, 2013
38.
Rita Moreno
–
Rita Dolores Moreno is a Puerto Rican-American actress, dancer and singer. Moreno is one of twelve performers to have won all four major annual American entertainment awards, an Oscar, an Emmy, a Grammy and she has also won numerous other awards, including various lifetime achievement awards. Moreno also received the Presidential Medal of Freedom, Americas highest civilian honor, Moreno, was born Rosa Dolores Alverío in Humacao, Puerto Rico, to Rosa María, a seamstress, and Francisco José Paco Alverío, a farmer. Moreno, whose mother was 17 at the time of her birth, was raised in nearby Juncos, Ritas mother moved to New York City in 1936, taking her daughter, but not her son, Ritas younger brother, Francisco. Rita later adopted the surname of her first stepfather, Edward Moreno, Rita began her first dancing lessons soon after arriving in New York with a Spanish dancer known as Paco Cansino, who was a paternal uncle of film star Rita Hayworth. When she was 11 years old, she lent her voice to Spanish language versions of American films and she had her first Broadway role—as Angelina in Skydrift—by the time she was 13, which caught the attention of Hollywood talent scouts. Moreno acted steadily in films throughout the 1950s, usually in roles, including in The Toast of New Orleans. In March 1954, Moreno was featured on the cover of Life Magazine with the caption Rita Moreno, An Actresss Catalog of Sex, Moreno disliked most of her film work during this period, as she felt the roles she was given were very stereotypical. One exception was her role in the film version of The King. Moreno won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for that role and she did appear in one film during her self-imposed exile from Hollywood – Cry of Battle – although it had been filmed directly before and after she won the Academy Award. She made her return to film in The Night of the Following Day, another notable role was in the hit film The Four Seasons. She has continued to work in film since then, including a voice role in the 2014 film Rio 2. From 1971 to 1977, Moreno was a main cast member on the PBS childrens series The Electric Company and she screamed the shows opening line, HEY, YOU GUYS. Her roles on the show included Millie the Helper, the naughty little girl Pandora, and Otto, One notable guest appearance was a three-episode arc on The Rockford Files in 1977 as former call girl Rita Kapcovic. For her portrayal, Moreno won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress - Drama Series, as a result, she became the third person to have won an Oscar, a Grammy, a Tony, and an Emmy. She was a regular on the first three seasons of the version of Nine to Five during the early 1980s. During the mid-1990s, Moreno provided the voice of Carmen Sandiego on Foxs animated series Where on Earth is Carmen Sandiego. In the late 1990s, she gained exposure to a new generation of viewers when she played Sister Pete and she made a guest appearance on The Nanny as Coach Stone, Maggies tyrannical gym teacher, whom Fran Fine also remembered from her school as Ms. Wickavich
Rita Moreno
–
Rita Moreno (2011)
Rita Moreno
–
Rita Moreno, 1963
Rita Moreno
–
Awarded the
Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2004
39.
Toni Tennille
–
Tennille has also done musical work independently of her husband, including solo albums and session work. Tennille has a vocal range, spanning over 2 and a half octaves. Tennille was born and raised in Montgomery, Alabama, and has three younger sisters and her father Frank owned a furniture store and also served in the Alabama Legislature from 1951 to 1954. He had been a singer with Bob Crosbys Bob-Cats and her mother Cathryn hosted a local television show. In 1959, Tennilles family moved from Montgomery to Balboa, California, while living in Corona del Mar in Newport Beach, California, during the late 1960s, Tennille was a member of the South Coast Repertory. Ron Thronsen, one of the directors of the repertory, asked Tennille in 1969 to write the music for a new musical he was working on called Mother Earth. The musical was a locally, went on the road to San Francisco and Los Angeles in 1971. Although Tennille was no longer associated with the musical by the time it reached Broadway, in 1971 Tennille met her future husband Dragon during auditions in San Francisco for band members for the musical. Dragon had previously toured with The Beach Boys and had appeared on a couple of their albums as a back up musician, after Mother Earth ended, Dragon returned to The Beach Boys and introduced Tennille to the band. Tennille played electric piano with the band during their 1972 tour, in 1973, Tennille and Dragon left to form Captain & Tennille and began performing at local clubs. The two released their debut single The Way I Want to Touch You in September 1973. The duo recorded a version of the Neil Sedaka song Love Will Keep Us Together in 1975 that became a huge success. In 1974, Tennile sang background vocals on Elton Johns Caribou album and she also sang background vocals on Pink Floyds The Wall in 1979. On July 8,1980, Tennille sang the anthem at the Major League Baseball All-Star game at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles. From September 1980 to January 1981, Tennille hosted her own syndicated talk show. From September 1998 to June 1999, Tennille performed as Victoria Grant/Count Victor Grazinski in the tour of the play Victor Victoria. In April 2016, Tennille released her memoir and went on a tour to promote it later that summer. An audiobook of the memoir was released on the audiobook service Audible
Toni Tennille
–
Tennille in 1976.
40.
National Trust for Historic Preservation
–
The National Trust for Historic Preservation is a privately funded, nonprofit organization based in Washington, D. C. that works in the field of historic preservation in the United States. The organization is governed by a board of trustees and led by current president, the National Trust presently has around 750,000 members and supporters. The National Trust issues the quarterly Preservation magazine and produces the PreservationNation blog, towards the end of the 19th century, as the United States was rebuilding after the Civil War, the country was beginning to form its sense of national identity and history. The government began to enact legislation for the preservation of sites, in 1872, an Act of Congress established the first National Park, Yellowstone. In 1906, the Antiquities Act enabled the President to declare landmarks or objects as a national monument, then in 1935, Congress passed the Historic Sites Act which outlined programs for research and inventory of historic sites. Meanwhile, historic preservation initiatives existed on local and state levels, in 1931, the first historic district was created in Charleston, South Carolina. However, efforts to save and maintain historic sites were largely limited to private citizens or local groups. In the late 1940s, leaders in American historic preservation saw the need for an organization to support local preservation efforts. In 1946, David E. Finley, Jr. George McAneny, Christopher Crittenden, the meeting’s attendants became the first charter members of the Council. The organization’s first headquarters was in the offices of Ford’s Theatre in downtown Washington, the creation of the National Trust was proposed as a bill to Congress, H. R.5170, introduced by Congressman J. Hardin Peterson of Florida and passed. The National Trust for Historic Preservation was formally established through the Act of Congress when President Harry S. Truman signed the legislation on October 26,1949. The charter provided that the Trust should acquire and preserve historic sites and objects of national significance, Finley served as the National Trusts first chairman of the board, remaining in the position for 12 years. The National Trust and the National Council existed side by side for years until the need to merge resources compelled the Executive Committee to integrate the two entities. In 1952, the boards of organizations approved a merger of the Council into the National Trust. The merger was effective the following year and was completed by 1956, the National Trust became a membership organization and assumed all other functions of the National Council. In 1957, the National Trust officially acquired its first property, over the next decade, the National Trust grew to become the leading national organization in historic preservation. They began working with citizens and city planning officials on matters, including federal, state. National Trust staff also traveled to parts of the country to advise local communities on preservation projects, in 1966, Congress passed the National Historic Preservation Act, a significant legislation for the preservation movement
National Trust for Historic Preservation
–
The National Trust for Historic Preservation is headquartered in the
Watergate complex,
Washington, D.C.
National Trust for Historic Preservation
–
The National Trust for Historic Preservation's former headquarters of 35 years, the
Andrew Mellon Building, located in the
Dupont Circle neighborhood of
Washington, D.C. The National Trust moved its headquarters to the
Watergate complex in 2013.
National Trust for Historic Preservation
–
Woodlawn Plantation &
Pope-Leighey House,
Alexandria, Virginia was the first site acquired into the National Trust portfolio.
National Trust for Historic Preservation
–
The portfolio of National Trust sites has expanded to include Phillip Johnson's
Glass House,
New Canaan, Connecticut.
41.
Ebell Club of Santa Paula
–
The Ebell Club of Santa Paula, at 125 S. Seventh St. in Santa Paula, California, is a mansion that was built in 1917. It was designed by Hunt & Burns and built by contractor William A. Hudson, the clubhouse is in Bungalow/Craftsman style. It is currently the home of the Santa Paula Theater Center and it is surrounded by a landscaped park in English landscape garden style that was part of the original design for the club. The Santa Paula chapter, formed in 1913, was the ninth in the state of the club first established in Oakland by Dr. Adrian Ebell in 1876. Its aim was the advancement of culture, alice Stowell McKevett donated land for Ebell Park and contracted the first half of the building in memory of her husband. The dining room and kitchen were added in 1928 by Harriet McKevett Teague, in 1987 the McKevett Corporation deeded the building to the Santa Paula Community Fund, who in turn deeded it to the Santa Paula Theater Center. For several years the club and the thespians shared the space, the property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989. It is also one of few preserved historic clubhouses in Ventura County and is the only clubhouse in Santa Paula. Ebell of Los Angeles Womens club Womens Improvement Club of Hueneme National Register of Historic Places listings in Ventura County, California Santa Paula Theater Center
Ebell Club of Santa Paula
–
Santa Paula Theater Center
42.
National Park Service
–
It was created on August 25,1916, by Congress through the National Park Service Organic Act and is an agency of the United States Department of the Interior. As of 2014, the NPS employs 21,651 employees who oversee 417 units, the National Park Service celebrated its centennial in 2016. National parks and national monuments in the United States were originally individually managed under the auspices of the Department of the Interior, the movement for an independent agency to oversee these federal lands was spearheaded by business magnate and conservationist Stephen Mather, as well as J. Horace McFarland. With the help of journalist Robert Sterling Yard, Mather ran a publicity campaign for the Department of the Interior and they wrote numerous articles that praised the scenic and historic qualities of the parks and their possibilities for educational, inspirational, and recreational benefits. This campaign resulted in the creation of a National Park Service, Mather became the first director of the newly formed NPS. On March 3,1933, President Herbert Hoover signed the Reorganization Act of 1933, the act would allow the President to reorganize the executive branch of the United States government. It wasnt until later that summer when the new President, Franklin D. Roosevelt, President Roosevelt agreed and issued two Executive orders to make it happen. In 1951, Conrad Wirth became director of the National Park Service, the demand for parks after the end of the World War II had left the parks overburdened with demands that could not be met. In 1952, with the support of President Dwight D. Eisenhower, he began Mission 66, New parks were added to preserve unique resources and existing park facilities were upgraded and expanded. In 1966, as the Park Service turned 50 years old, emphasis began to turn from just saving great and wonderful scenery, Director George Hartzog began the process with the creation of the National Lakeshores and then National Recreation Areas. Since its inception in 1916, the National Park Service has managed each of the United States national parks, Yellowstone National Park was the first national park in the United States. In 1872, there was no government to manage it. Yosemite National Park began as a park, the land for the park was donated by the federal government to the state of California in 1864 for perpetual conservation. Yosemite was later returned to federal ownership, at first, each national park was managed independently, with varying degrees of success. In Yellowstone, the staff was replaced by the U. S. Army in 1886. Due to the irregularities in managing these national treasures, Stephen Mather petitioned the government to improve the situation. In response, Secretary of the Interior Franklin K. Lane challenged him to lobby for creating a new agency, Mather was successful with the ratification of the National Park Service Organic Act in 1916. Later, the agency was given authority over other protected areas, the National Park System includes all properties managed by the National Park Service
National Park Service
–
In 1916, a portfolio of nine major parks was published to generate interest. Printed on each brochure was a map showing the parks and principal railroad connections.
National Park Service
–
National Park Service Arrowhead
National Park Service
–
In 1934, a series of ten postage stamps were issued to commemorate the reorganization and expansion of the National Park Service.
National Park Service
–
Grand Canyon National Park, south rim of canyon.
43.
New York Times
–
The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
New York Times
–
Cover of The New York Times (November 15, 2012), with the headline story reporting on
Operation Pillar of Defense.
New York Times
–
The Times Square Building, The New York Times ' publishing headquarters, 1913–2007
New York Times
–
The New York Times newsroom, 1942
New York Times
–
A speech in the newsroom after announcement of
Pulitzer Prize winners, 2009
44.
International Standard Book Number
–
The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
International Standard Book Number
–
A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an
EAN-13 bar code
45.
Oxford University Press
–
Oxford University Press is the largest university press in the world, and the second oldest after Cambridge University Press. It is a department of the University of Oxford and is governed by a group of 15 academics appointed by the known as the delegates of the press. They are headed by the secretary to the delegates, who serves as OUPs chief executive, Oxford University has used a similar system to oversee OUP since the 17th century. The university became involved in the print trade around 1480, and grew into a printer of Bibles, prayer books. OUP took on the project became the Oxford English Dictionary in the late 19th century. Moves into international markets led to OUP opening its own offices outside the United Kingdom, by contracting out its printing and binding operations, the modern OUP publishes some 6,000 new titles around the world each year. OUP was first exempted from United States corporation tax in 1972, as a department of a charity, OUP is exempt from income tax and corporate tax in most countries, but may pay sales and other commercial taxes on its products. The OUP today transfers 30% of its surplus to the rest of the university. OUP is the largest university press in the world by the number of publications, publishing more than 6,000 new books every year, the Oxford University Press Museum is located on Great Clarendon Street, Oxford. Visits must be booked in advance and are led by a member of the archive staff, displays include a 19th-century printing press, the OUP buildings, and the printing and history of the Oxford Almanack, Alice in Wonderland and the Oxford English Dictionary. The first printer associated with Oxford University was Theoderic Rood, the first book printed in Oxford, in 1478, an edition of Rufinuss Expositio in symbolum apostolorum, was printed by another, anonymous, printer. Famously, this was mis-dated in Roman numerals as 1468, thus apparently pre-dating Caxton, roods printing included John Ankywylls Compendium totius grammaticae, which set new standards for teaching of Latin grammar. After Rood, printing connected with the university remained sporadic for over half a century, the chancellor, Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester, pleaded Oxfords case. Some royal assent was obtained, since the printer Joseph Barnes began work, Oxfords chancellor, Archbishop William Laud, consolidated the legal status of the universitys printing in the 1630s. Laud envisaged a unified press of world repute, Oxford would establish it on university property, govern its operations, employ its staff, determine its printed work, and benefit from its proceeds. To that end, he petitioned Charles I for rights that would enable Oxford to compete with the Stationers Company and the Kings Printer and these were brought together in Oxfords Great Charter in 1636, which gave the university the right to print all manner of books. Laud also obtained the privilege from the Crown of printing the King James or Authorized Version of Scripture at Oxford and this privilege created substantial returns in the next 250 years, although initially it was held in abeyance. The Stationers Company was deeply alarmed by the threat to its trade, under this, the Stationers paid an annual rent for the university not to exercise its full printing rights – money Oxford used to purchase new printing equipment for smaller purposes
Oxford University Press
–
Oxford University Press on
Walton Street.
Oxford University Press
–
2008 conference booth
46.
Public domain
–
The term public domain has two senses of meaning. Anything published is out in the domain in the sense that it is available to the public. Once published, news and information in books is in the public domain, in the sense of intellectual property, works in the public domain are those whose exclusive intellectual property rights have expired, have been forfeited, or are inapplicable. Examples for works not covered by copyright which are therefore in the domain, are the formulae of Newtonian physics, cooking recipes. Examples for works actively dedicated into public domain by their authors are reference implementations of algorithms, NIHs ImageJ. The term is not normally applied to situations where the creator of a work retains residual rights, as rights are country-based and vary, a work may be subject to rights in one country and be in the public domain in another. Some rights depend on registrations on a basis, and the absence of registration in a particular country, if required. Although the term public domain did not come into use until the mid-18th century, the Romans had a large proprietary rights system where they defined many things that cannot be privately owned as res nullius, res communes, res publicae and res universitatis. The term res nullius was defined as not yet appropriated. The term res communes was defined as things that could be enjoyed by mankind, such as air, sunlight. The term res publicae referred to things that were shared by all citizens, when the first early copyright law was first established in Britain with the Statute of Anne in 1710, public domain did not appear. However, similar concepts were developed by British and French jurists in the eighteenth century, instead of public domain they used terms such as publici juris or propriété publique to describe works that were not covered by copyright law. The phrase fall in the domain can be traced to mid-nineteenth century France to describe the end of copyright term. In this historical context Paul Torremans describes copyright as a coral reef of private right jutting up from the ocean of the public domain. Because copyright law is different from country to country, Pamela Samuelson has described the public domain as being different sizes at different times in different countries. According to James Boyle this definition underlines common usage of the public domain and equates the public domain to public property. However, the usage of the public domain can be more granular. Such a definition regards work in copyright as private property subject to fair use rights, the materials that compose our cultural heritage must be free for all living to use no less than matter necessary for biological survival
Public domain
–
Newton's own copy of his
Principia, with hand-written corrections for the second edition
Public domain
–
L.H.O.O.Q. (1919). Derivative work by the
Dadaist Marcel Duchamp based on the
Mona Lisa.
47.
Contributing property
–
Government agencies, at the state, national, and local level in the United States, have differing definitions of what constitutes a contributing property but there are common characteristics. Local laws often regulate the changes that can be made to contributing structures within designated historic districts, the first local ordinances dealing with the alteration of buildings within historic districts was in Charleston, South Carolina in 1931. Properties within a district fall into one of two types of property, contributing and non-contributing. A contributing property, such as a 19th Century mansion, helps make a historic district historic, while a non-contributing property, such as a medical clinic. The contributing properties are key to a districts historic associations, historic architectural qualities. A property can change from contributing to non-contributing and vice versa if significant alterations take place, the ordinance declared that buildings in the district could not have changes made to their architectural features visible from the street. By the mid-1930s, other U. S. cities followed Charlestons lead, an amendment to the Louisiana Constitution led to the 1937 creation of the Vieux Carre Commission, which was charged with protecting and preserving the French Quarter in the city of New Orleans. The city then passed an ordinance that set standards regulating changes within the quarter. Other sources, such as the Columbia Law Review in 1963, the Columbia Law Review gave dates of 1925 for the New Orleans laws and 1924 for Charleston. The same publication claimed that two cities were the only cities with historic district zoning until Alexandria, Virginia adopted an ordinance in 1946. The National Park Service appears to refute this, in 1939, the city of San Antonio, Texas, enacted an ordinance that protected the area of La Villita, which was the citys original Mexican village marketplace. In 1941 the authority of local controls on buildings within historic districts was being challenged in court. In City of New Orleans vs Pergament Louisiana state appellate courts ruled that the design, beginning in the mid-1950s, controls that once applied to only historic districts were extended to individual landmark structures. The United States Congress adopted legislation that declared the Georgetown neighborhood in Washington, by 1965,51 American communities had adopted preservation ordinances. By 1998, more than 2,300 U. S. towns, contributing properties are defined through historic district or historic preservation zoning laws, usually at the local level. Zoning ordinances pertaining to historic districts are designed to maintain a historic character by controlling demolition and alteration to existing properties. It can be any property, structure or object that adds to the integrity or architectural qualities that make the historic district, either local or federal. Definitions vary but, in general, they maintain the same characteristics, another key aspect of a contributing property is historic integrity
Contributing property
–
Thomas T. Gaff House, a contributing property to the
Dupont Circle Historic District in
Washington, D.C.
Contributing property
–
Plaque acknowledging Little Red Schoolhouse as a contributing property to
Newberry Historic District in Newberry, Florida
Contributing property
–
This medical clinic building in the
East Grove Street Historic District in
Bloomington, Illinois is an example of a non-contributing property.
48.
Historic districts in the United States
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Buildings, structures, objects and sites within a historic district are normally divided into two categories, contributing and non-contributing. Districts greatly vary in size, some have hundreds of structures, the U. S. federal government designates historic districts through the United States Department of Interior under the auspices of the National Park Service. Federally designated historic districts are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, state-level historic districts may follow similar criteria or may require adherence to certain historic rehabilitation standards. Local historic district designation offers, by far, the most legal protection for historic properties because most land use decisions are made at the local level, local districts are generally administered by the county or municipal government. The first U. S. historic district was established in Charleston, South Carolina in 1931, Charleston city government designated an Old and Historic District by local ordinance and created a board of architectural review to oversee it. New Orleans followed in 1937, establishing the Vieux Carré Commission, other localities picked up on the concept, with the city of Philadelphia enacting its historic preservation ordinance in 1955. The Supreme Court case validated the protection of resources as an entirely permissible governmental goal. In 1966 the federal government created the National Register of Historic Places, conference of Mayors had stated Americans suffered from rootlessness. By the 1980s there were thousands of federally designated historic districts, Historic districts are generally two types of properties, contributing and non-contributing. In general, contributing properties are integral parts of the historic context, in addition to the two types of classification within historic districts, properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places are classified into five broad categories. They are, building, structure, site, district and object, all but the eponymous district category are also applied to historic districts listed on the National Register. A listing on the National Register of Historic Places is governmental acknowledgment of a historic district, however, the Register is an honorary status with some federal financial incentives. The National Register of Historic Places defines a historic district per U. S. federal law, a district may also comprise individual elements separated geographically but linked by association or history. Districts established under U. S. federal guidelines generally begin the process of designation through a nomination to the National Register of Historic Places, the National Register is the official recognition by the U. S. government of cultural resources worthy of preservation. While designation through the National Register does offer a district or property some protections, if the federal government is not involved, then the listing on the National Register provides the site, property or district no protections. If, however, company A was under federal contract the Smith House would be protected, a federal designation is little more than recognition by the government that the resource is worthy of preservation. Usually, the National Register does not list religious structures, moved structures, reconstructed structures, however, if a property falls into one of those categories and are integral parts of districts that do meet the criteria then an exception allowing their listing will be made. Historic district listings, like all National Register nominations, can be rejected on the basis of owner disapproval, in the case of historic districts, a majority of owners must object in order to nullify a nomination to the National Register of Historic Places
Historic districts in the United States
–
The federally designated
Sycamore Historic District in
Illinois
Historic districts in the United States
–
Walker Hall, part of the
University of Florida Campus Historic District
Historic districts in the United States
–
Helvenston House, part of the
Ocala Historic District, in
Ocala, Florida
Historic districts in the United States
–
1848 Duncan House,
National Register of Historic Places Cooksville Historic District, Wisconsin
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the 
