Ecological engineering uses ecology and engineering to predict, design, construct or restore, and manage ecosystems that integrate "human society with its natural environment for the benefit of both".
River restoration to restore ecosystem services is one common application of ecological engineering
Permaculture is an approach to land management and settlement design that adopts arrangements observed in flourishing natural ecosystems. It includes a set of design principles derived using whole-sys
Ecological engineering
…of ecological engineering in rural landscapes have included wetland treatment and community reforestation through traditional ecological knowledge. Permaculture is an example of broader applications that have emerged as distinct disciplines from ecological engineering, where David Holmgren cites the influence…
A garden cultivated on permaculture principles
Franklin Hiram King introduced the term "permanent agriculture" in 1911.
Bill Mollison, who has been described as the "father of permaculture", cites Aboriginal Tasmanian belief systems as an inspiration of the practice.
Ladybugs are seen as beneficial insects in permaculture because of their help with aphid control.