Economy of Bosnia and Herzegovina

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Economy of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Zgrade Momo i Uzeir, Sarajevo.jpg
CurrencyBosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark
Calendar year
Trade organisations
CEFTA
Statistics
GDP
  • Increase $19.881 billion (nominal, 2018 est.)[1]
  • Increase $47.266 billion (PPP, 2018 est.)[1]
GDP rank
GDP growth
3.1% (2016) 3.2% (2017)
3.1% (2018e) 3.4% (2019f)[2] [note 1]
GDP per capita
  • Increase $5,674 (nominal, 2018 est.)[1]
  • Increase $13,490 (PPP, 2018 est.)[1]
GDP per capita rank
GDP by sector
1.369% (2018)[1]
Population below poverty line
Positive decrease15% (2018)[4]
Labour force
Decrease 1,007,902 (April 30th, 2019)[7]
Unemployment18.4%[8]
Average gross salary
Increase 1,422 BAM / €728.35 / $825.77 (January 2019)[9]
Increase 925 BAM / €473.33 / $536.58 (January 2019)[10]
Main industries
steel, coal, iron ore, lead, zinc, manganese, bauxite, vehicles, textiles, tobacco products, furniture, tanks, aircraft, domestic appliances, oil refining
Decrease 89th (2019)[11][12]
External
Exports$6.92 billion (2018)[13]
Export goods
car seats, electricity, processed wood, aluminum, furniture
Main export partners
Imports$10.21 billion (2018)[15]
Import goods
crude oil, automobiles, motor oil, coal, briquettes
Main import partners
FDI stock
  • Increase $7.332 billion (31 December 2016 est.)[14]
  • Steady $0 (2014)[14]
Decrease −$873 million (2017 est.)[14]
Negative increase$10.87 billion (31 December 2017 est.)[14]
Public finances
Positive decrease 39.5% of GDP (2017 est.)[14]
+2.1% (of GDP) (2017 est.)[14]
Revenues7.993 billion (2017 est.)[14]
Expenses7.607 billion (2017 est.)[14]
B+ (Domestic)
B+ (Foreign)
BB (T&C Assessment)
(Standard & Poor's)[16]
Main data source: CIA World Fact Book
All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars.

This page discusses the economy of Bosnia and Herzegovina since Bosnia and Herzegovina's declaration of sovereignty in October 1991 and the declaration of independence from the former Yugoslavia on 3 March 1992.

Overview[edit]

During the Bosnian War, the economy suffered €200 billion in material damages.[17] Bosnia and Herzegovina is an upper middle-income country which has accomplished a great deal since the mid-1990s. Today, it is an EU potential candidate country and is now embarking on a new growth model amid a period of slow growth and the global financial crisis;[18] the key economic challenge for Bosnia and Herzegovina in the imbalance of its economic model: public policies and incentives are skewed toward the public rather than the private sector, consumption rather than investment, and imports rather than exports. The country needs to shift to a business environment that is conducive to private investment; the country faces the dual problem of rebuilding a war-torn country and introducing liberty market reforms to its economy. One legacy of the previous era is strong metal industry; under former republic premier Džemal Bijedić, and Yugoslav president Tito, metal-product industries were promoted in the republic, resulting in the development of a large share of Yugoslavia's metal products plants. Although agriculture is almost all in private hands, the republic traditionally is an exporter of food. Industry was very strong, a holdover from the Mixed economic structure of Yugoslavia. Yugoslav President Josip Broz Tito had pushed the development of metal industries, and electro-energetic sector, in the republic with the result that Bosnia and Herzegovina were a host of large numbers of industrial firms; some of them were worked with World brand names, companies like Coca-Cola, Pepsi, Marlboro, Volkswagen and SKF. Big Companies like Energoinvest, UNIS, Hidrogradnja, Vranica, RMK Zenica, TAS Sarajevo, FAMOS Sarajevo and BNT Novi Travnik, have yearly income in billions of USD$ at that time. Building sector companies bringing large amounts of income in USD$. Unemployment at that time is very low. Work force is highly skilled, with highly professional, educated managers, engineers, science experts, which use western world's newest technologies in large scale areas. Before the war, Yugoslav premier Ante Marković, made some preparations for privatization, in economy, finance, and industry sectors, but the war ceased development in these actions.

The war in Bosnia and Herzegovina caused production to plummet by 80% from 1992 to 1995 and unemployment to soar. With an uneasy peace in place, output recovered in 1996–99 at high percentage rates from a low base; but output growth slowed in 2000–02. Part of the lag in output was made up in 2003–05. National-level statistics are limited and do not capture the large share of black market activity.

The konvertibilna marka (convertible mark or BAM) - the national currency introduced in 1998 - is pegged to the euro, and confidence in the currency and the banking sector has increased. Implementation of privatization, however, has been slow, and local entities only reluctantly support national-level institutions. Banking reform accelerated in 2001 as all ; foreign banks, primarily from Western Europe, now control most of the banking sector. A sizable current account deficit and very high unemployment rate remain the two most serious economic problems; the country receives substantial amounts of reconstruction assistance and humanitarian aid from the international community but will have to prepare for an era of declining assistance.

The United States Embassy in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina produces the Country Commercial Guide – an annual report that delivers a comprehensive look at Bosnia and Herzegovina's commercial and economic environment, using economic, political, and market analysis.[19]

As of October 2012, the IMF has approved a two-year stand-by arrangement of 405.3 million euro for Bosnia. The IMF loan, approved on September 26, is designed to support Bosnia's economic programme for the next two years, ease the effects of the "external environment and address domestic structural weaknesses". Bosnia's two autonomous entities will be using the cash from the loan but will not get the whole amount at once; the IMF has enabled an initial disbursement of 60.8 million euro, saying that the rest of the money will be spread out over two years, after successful quarterly reviews.[20]

Brief economic history until the 1990s[edit]

Real GDP growth rates in Republic of Srpska and Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina

The economy was slowed, because of destruction in the War. Under President Tito, metal industries were pushed in the republic; Bosnia hosted a large share of the Yugoslavian metal industry - Bosnia was in the center of metal industry in former Yugoslavia.

Much of the economy and infrastructure in Bosnia was damaged or destroyed during the civil war (1992–1995), causing unemployment to soar.

Bosnia has been facing a dual challenge: to rebuild the infrastructure, and to finish the transition from self-govern socialism to liberal market capitalism.

With an uneasy peace in place, output recovered in 1996–98 at high percentage rates on a low base; but output growth slowed appreciably in 1999, and GDP remains far below the 1990 level.

Economic data are of limited use because, although both entities issue figures, national-level statistics are not available. Moreover, official data do not capture the large share of activity that occurs on the black market; the Grey market is a notable source of income for Bosnian traders.

A Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina was established in late 1997, debt negotiations were held with the London Club in December 1997 and with the Paris Club in October 1998, and a new currency, the Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark, was introduced in mid-1998. In 1999, the Convertible Mark gained wider acceptance, and the Central Bank dramatically increased its reserve holdings.

Due to Bosnia's strict currency board regime attaching the Bosnian mark to the Euro, inflation has remained low in the entire country.

The country receives substantial amounts of reconstruction assistance and humanitarian aid from the international community. Support for Eastern European Democracy (SEED) assistance accounts for 20%-25% of economic growth in Bosnia.

However, growth has been uneven throughout the post-war period, with the Federation outpacing the RS. According to World Bank estimates, GDP growth was 62% in the Federation and 25% in the RS in 1996, 35% in the Federation and flat in the RS in 1997, and continued growth in the Federation in 1998.

Movement has been slow, but considerable progress has been made in economic reform since peace was re-established in the republic. Banking reform lagged, as did the implementation of privatization. Many companies (mainly factories) that were privatized faced massive problems, causing the owners to reduce salaries and deny the workers their salaries, and some of the new owners and tycoons destroy that factories.

Macro-Economic[edit]

The following table shows the main economic indicators in 1997–2017.[21]

Year 1997 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
GDP in $
(PPP) 		14.09 Bln. 19.44 Bln. 27.01 Bln. 29.43 Bln. 32.02 Bln. 34.47 Bln. 34.45 Bln. 35.14 Bln. 36.19 Bln. 36.59 Bln. 36.24 Bln. 39.19 Bln. 40.83 Bln. 42.68 Bln. 44.62 Bln.
GDP per capita in $
(PPP) 		3,748 5,161 7,143 7,786 8,483 9,159 9,195 9,440 9,810 10,031 10,557 10,989 11,547 12,136 12,724
GDP growth
(real) 		22.9 % 4.4 % 4,2 % 5.7 % 6.0 % 5.6 % −0.8 % 0.8 % 0.9 % −0.7 % 2.4 % 1.2 % 3.1 % 3.2 % 2.7 %
Inflation
(in Percent) 		5.7 % 5.0 % 3.6 % 6.1 % 1.5 % 7.4 % −0.4 % 2.1 % 3.7 % 2.0 % −0.1 % −0.9 % −1.1 % −1.1 % −1.3 %
Unemployment rate
(in Percent) 		44,6 % 31.1 % 31.1 % 31.1 % Government debt
(Percentage of GDP) 		... 35 % 26 % 21 % 19 % 31 % 35 % 43 % 43 % 43 % 45 % 45 % 46 % 44 % 41 %

Present[edit]

Graphical depiction of Bosnia and Herzegovina's product exports in 28 color-coded categories.
Exports of Bosnia and Herzegovina during 2006.

Overall value of foreign direct investment (1999–2011):[22]

  • 1999: €166 million
  • 2000: €159 million
  • 2001: €133 million
  • 2002: €282 million
  • 2003: €338 million
  • 2004: €534 million
  • 2005: €421 million
  • 2006: €556 million
  • 2007: €1.628 billion
  • 2008: €1.083 billion
  • 2009: €434 million
  • 2010: €359 million
  • 2011: €313 million

From 1994 to 2011, €6.4 billion were invested in the country.[23]

The top investor countries (1994–2007):[22]

  • Austria (€1,294 million)
  • Serbia (€773 million)
  • Croatia (€434 million)
  • Slovenia (€427 million)
  • Switzerland (€337 million)
  • Germany (€270 million)
  • Italy (€94.29 million)
  • Netherlands (€63.52 million)
  • United Arab Emirates (€56.70 million)
  • Turkey (€54.81 million)
  • All Other Countries (€892.54 million)

Foreign investments by sector for (1994–2007):[22]

  • 37.7% Manufacturing
  • 21% Banking
  • 4.9% Services
  • 9.6% Trade
  • 0.30% Transport
  • 1% Tourism

By some estimates, grey economy is 25.5% of GDP.[24]

2017[edit]

In 2017, exports grew by 17% when compared to the previous year, totaling €5.65 billion.[25] The total volume of foreign trade in 2017 amounted to €14.97 billion and increased by 14% compared to the previous year. Imports of goods increased by 12% and amounted to €9.32 billion. The coverage of imports by exports has increased by 3% compared to the previous year and now it is 61 percent. In 2017, Bosnia and Herzegovina mostly exported car seats, electricity, processed wood, aluminum and furniture. In the same year, it mostly imported crude oil, automobiles, motor oil, coal and briquettes.[26]

The unemployment rate in 2017 was 20.5%, but The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies is predicting falling unemployment rate for the next few years. In 2018, the unemployment should be 19.4% and it should further fall to 18.8% in 2019. In 2020, the unemployment rate should go down to 18.3%.[27]

On December 31, 2017, Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina issued the report on public debt of Bosnia and Herzegovina, stating that the public debt was reduced by €389.97 million, or by more than 6% when compared to December 31, 2016. By the end of 2017, public debt was €5.92 billion, which amounted to 35.6 percent of GDP.[28]

As of December 31, 2017, there were 32,292 registered companies in the country, which together had revenues of €33.572 billion that same year.[29]

In 2017, the country received €397.35 million in foreign direct investment, which equals to 2.5% of the GDP.[30]

In 2017, Bosnia and Herzegovina ranked 3rd in the world in terms of the number of new jobs created by foreign investment, relative to the number of inhabitants.[31][32]

In 2017, 1,307,319 tourists visited Bosnia-Herzegovina, an increase of 13.7%, and had 2,677,125 overnight hotel stays, a 12.3% increase from the previous year. Also, 71.5% of the tourists came from foreign countries.[33]

2018[edit]

In 2018, Bosnia and Herzegovina exported goods worth 11.9 billion KM (€6.07 billion), which is 7.43% higher than in the same period in 2017, while imports amounted to 19.27 billion KM (€9.83 billion), which is 5.47% higher.[34]

The average price of new apartments sold in the country in the first 6 months of 2018 is 1,639 km (€886.31) per square meter. This represents a jump of 3.5% from the previous year.[35]

On June 30, 2018, public debt of Bosnia and Herzegovina amounted to about €6.04 billion, of which external debt is 70.56 percent, while the internal debt is 29.4 percent of total public indebtedness. The share of public debt in gross domestic product is 34.92 percent.[36]

In 2018, 1,465,412 tourists visited Bosnia-Herzegovina, an increase of 12.1%, and had 3,040,190 overnight hotel stays, a 13.5% increase from the previous year. Also, 71.2% of the tourists came from foreign countries.[37]

In 2018, the total value of mergers and acquisitions in Bosnia and Herzegovina amounted to €404.6 million.[38]

In 2018, 99.5 percent of enterprises in Bosnia and Herzegovina used computers in their business, while 99.3 percent had internet connections, according to a survey conducted by the Bosnia and Herzegovina Statistics Agency.[39]

In 2018, Bosnia and Herzegovina received 800 million KM (€409.18 million) in direct foreign investment.[40]

In 2018, Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina made a profit of 8,430,875 KM (€4,306,347).[41]

2019[edit]

The World Bank is predicting that the economy will grow 3.4% in 2019.[2]

Bosnia and Herzegovina was placed 83rd on the Index of Economic Freedom for 2019; the total rating for Bosnia and Herzegovina is 61.9. This position represents some progress relative to the 91st place in 2018; this result is below the regional level, but still above the global average, making Bosnia and Herzegovina a "moderately free" country.[42]

On 31 January 2019, total deposits in Bosnian banks were KM 21.9 billion (€11.20 billion), which represents 61.15% of nominal GDP.[43]

In the first two months of 2019, 141,114 tourists visited the country, a 9.8% jump from the previous year.[44]

In the first quarter of 2019, the average price of new apartments sold in Bosnia and Herzegovina was 1,641 KM (€838.00) per square meter.[45]

Sarajevo[edit]

BBI shopping and business center, also the headquarters of al-jazeera Balkans

Sarajevo industries now include tobacco products, furniture, hosiery, automobiles, and communication equipment. Companies based in Sarajevo include B&H Airlines, BH Telecom, Bosnalijek, Energopetrol, Sarajevo Tobacco Factory, and Sarajevska Pivara (Sarajevo Brewery).

Sarajevo has a strong tourist industry and was named by Lonely Planet one of the top 50 "Best Cities in the World" in 2006. Sports-related tourism uses the legacy facilities of the 1984 Winter Olympics, especially the skiing facilities on the nearby mountains of Bjelašnica, Igman, Jahorina, Trebević, and Treskavica. Sarajevo's 600 years of history, influenced by both Western and Eastern empires, is also a strong tourist attraction. Sarajevo has hosted travellers for centuries, because it was an important trading center during the Ottoman and Austria-Hungarian empires.

Today, Sarajevo is one of the fastest developing cities in the region. Various new modern buildings have been built, most significantly the Bosmal City Center, BBI Center and the Avaz Twist Tower which is the tallest skyscraper in the Balkans. A new highway was recently (2006–2011) completed between Sarajevo and the city of Kakanj. Due to growth in population, tourism and airport traffic the service sector in the city is developing fast and welcoming new investors from various businesses.[46]

Sarajevo has one of the most representable commercial infrastructures in South-East Europe; the Sarajevo City Center is one of the biggest shopping centres in South-East Europe, after its completion in 2014.[47] Airport Center Sarajevo which will be connected directly to the new airport terminal will offer a great variety of brands, products and services.[48]

In 1981 Sarajevo's GDP per capita was 133% of the Yugoslav average.[49]

In 2011 Sarajevo's GDP was estimated to be 16.76 billion US$ by the Central Bank of Bosnia, comprising 37% of the total GDP of the country.[50]

Mostar[edit]

The construction of the largest trade center in Herzegovina- "Brodomerkur"

Mostar's economy relies heavily on tourism, aluminum and metal industry, banking services and telecommunication sector; the city is the seat of some of the country's largest corporations.

Along with Sarajevo, it is the largest financial center in Bosnia-Herzegovina, with two out of three largest banks in the country having their headquarters in Mostar.[51][52] Bosnia-Herzegovina has three national electric, postal and telecommunication service corporations; These three companies banks and the aluminium factory make a vast portion of overall economic activity in the city.

Aluminij is one of the most influential companies in the city, region, but also country. In relation to the current manufacturing capacity it generates an annual export of more than €150 million; the partners with which the Aluminij does business are renowned global companies, from which the most important are: Venture Coke Company L.L.C. (Venco-Conoco joint Venture) from the US, Glencore International AG from Switzerland, Debis International trading GmbH, Daimler-Chrysler and VAW Aluminium Technologie GmbH from Germany, Hydro ASA from Norway, Fiat from Italy, and TLM-Šibenik from Croatia[5]. Mostar area alone receives an income of €40 million annually from Aluminij.

Prijedor[edit]

Prijedor regional location.

Prijedor is the sixth largest city in Bosnia and Herzegovina, it is an economically prosperous municipality hosting a wide range of industries, services and educational institutions. The city's geographical location close to major European capitals has made it an important industrial and commercial hub nationally, it has a developed financial sector, 11 international banks are represented, 5 microcredit organizations and a foundation for development. The city's huge economic potential is in the strategic geographical location being close to Zagreb, Belgrade, Budapest and Vienna. Giving it one of the best climates for economic expansion in Bosnia-Herzegovina.

The agricultural land around the city, raw minerals in the municipality and growth of high educated population in the city proper gives it a unique combination of both being able to produce sophisticated industrial products, food and service branches.

Companies[edit]

The Zenica city host today the Bosnian part of ArcelorMittal Steel Company, former RMK Zenica, which employ about 3000 workers, steel company from Luxembourg with over 320,000 employees in more than 60 countries, it also has companies specialized in the chemical industry such as Ferrox a.d., producing iron oxides-pigments. BosnaMontaza AD., one of Bosnias most specialized steel manufacturers, manufacturing: steel construction, pipelines, reservoirs, technological equipment, cranes and energy plants. Other companies such as the Croatian food company Kraš has one of its biggest facilities in Bosnia and Hercegovina in Prijedor, producing confectionery products under the brand names MIRA and Kraš. Brand names such as "Prijedorčanka" is one of the leading producers of the alcoholic beverage Rakija in Bosnia, placing its products inn Bosnia, Serbia and Croatia. Celpak Prijedor is also a big enterprise producing cellulose and paper for export.

Agricultural sector[edit]

Lake Saničani fish farm

Among this Prijedor has a fruit growing production, gardening production, crop farming production, mill and bakery industries, stock farming production, processing industries and a milk industry.

Lake Saničani, near Prijedor, is one of the biggest commercial fish-farming lakes in the southern Europe.

Prijedor municipality takes up 8340.6 hectares (5845.0 private property and 2495.6 state property). Plowed fields and gardens take up 340.26 hectares, orchards 23.86 hectares and vineyards 5 hectares. All cultivated soil takes up 402.06 hectares.

Service sector[edit]

The service sector in Prijedor is growing rapidly and this reflects in the growth of hotels, stores, roads, educational facilities and shoppings centers that are being built in the city. Making it a growing commercial hub in Bosnia and Hercegovina.

Banja Luka[edit]

Banja Luka west transit

Although the city itself was not directly affected by the Bosnian war in the early 1990s, its economy was. For four years, Banja Luka fell behind the world in key areas such as technology, resulting in a rather stagnant economy. However, in recent years, the financial services sector has gained in importance in the city. In 2002, the trading began on the newly established Banja Luka Stock Exchange; the number of companies listed, the trading volume and the number of investors have increased significantly. A number of big companies such as Telekom Srpske, Rafinerija ulja Modriča, Banjalučka Pivara and Vitaminka are all listed on the exchange and are traded regularly. Investors, apart from those from Slovenia, Croatia and Serbia, now include a number of investment funds from the European Union, Norway, the United States, Japan and China.

A number of financial services regulators, such as the Republika Srpska Securities Commission and the RS Banking Agency are headquartered in Banja Luka. This, along with the fact that some of the major banks in Bosnia, the Deposit Insurance Agency and the Value-added tax (VAT) Authority are all based in the city, has helped Banja Luka establish itself as a major financial centre of the country.

In 1981 Banja Luka's GDP per capita was 97% of the Yugoslav average.[49]

Tourism[edit]

Main article: Tourism in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Stari Most in Mostar, a UNESCO World Heritage Site

The tourism sector has been recovering and helping the economy altogether in the process, with popular winter skiing destinations as well as summer countryside tourism. Bosnia and Herzegovina has been a top performer in recent years in terms of tourism development; tourist arrivals have grown by an average of 24% annually from 1995 to 2000; the European region's solid growth in arrivals in 2007 was due in significant part to Southern and Mediterranean Europe's strong performance (+7%). In particular, Bosnia and Herzegovina were among the stronger players with a growth of 20%.[53]

In 2012, Bosnia-Herzegovina had 747.827 tourists an increase of 9% and 1.645.521 overnight stays which is a 9,4% increase from 2012. 58,6% of the tourists came from foreign countries.[54]

According to an estimate of the World Tourism Organization, Bosnia and Herzegovina will have the third highest tourism growth rate in the world between 1995 and 2020.

Of particular note is the diaspora population which often returns home during the summer months, bringing in an increase in retail sales and food service industry.

In 2017, 1,307,319 tourists visited Bosnia-Herzegovina, an increase of 13.7%, and had 2,677,125 overnight hotel stays, a 12.3% increase from the previous year. Also, 71.5% of the tourists came from foreign countries.[33]

Challenges of doing business[edit]

While business regulations are of comparable strictness as in most countries in Central Europe, many problems persist. Post-war high percentage of unemployment (19.4%)[27] remains high, and the economical progress is very slow. Complicated bureaucracy system, complex procedures and often misconducted audition and regulation by public officers also make for volatile and insecure business environment, which is considered major hindrance to foreign investment into the country's industrial and manufacturing potential.

The workforce is comparably cheap, with average net salary being €450,[55] and average gross salary being €657,[56] (as of May 2018) and good skilled, especially in sectors present in pre-war economy. However, with slow but persistent know-how obsolescence, workforce exodus, high unemployment and long average time outside labor market for the unemployed, need a foreign-owned business investing in industry sectors where the country could be competitive.

Bosnia and Herzegovina is also lacking a good e-governance structure, as well as good methods to enforce administrative accountability, both of which are considered necessary for more conductive business climate. Today[when?] it takes between 3–5 weeks to register a company in the country (and in some business sectors it can still take months to acquire all required permits, mostly due to administrative inefficiency), and many other business related administrative procedures are similarly convoluted and time-consuming.

Political corruption is one of the more acute problems in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and along with size of administration and its inefficiency, the biggest detriment to tax money being spent where it should be spent – on services to the population and the economy.

Bosnia has been preparing for an era of declining international assistance. Country's most immediate task remains economic revitalization to create jobs and income. After the 2014 riots, both administrations have shyly started the reform, dealing with some of the many pressing issues to local economy,[57] but the overall process is still considered slow and tenuous by the populace and local as well as foreign economic analysts.

Infrastructure[edit]

Motorway on corridor Vc between Sarajevo and Visoko

The Bosnian government has issued an international tender for the construction of the 350 km long Corridor 5c in Bosnia and Herzegovina which will passes along the route Budapest-Osijek-Sarajevo-Ploče. The highway along this corridor is the most significant roadway in B&H and the shortest communication route between Central Europe and the Southern Adriatic; the routing of the road passes through the central part of the country in the North-South direction from Donji Svilaj to the border of B&H, north from the Croatian port of Ploče, following the rivers Bosna and Neretva. More than 50% of the total population and the economic activity of Bosnia and Herzegovina lies within the zone of influence along this route.

As of August 2018, 200 km motorway has been completed.[58]

Due to annual growth of nearly 10% the Sarajevo International Airport extension of the passenger terminal, together with upgrading and expanding the taxiway and apron is planned to start in Fall 2012; the existing terminal will be expanded with 7.000 square metres.[59] The upgraded airport will also be directly connected to the commercial retail center Sarajevo Airport Center making it easy for tourist and travellers to use the time before the flight for some last minute shopping.[48]

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ GDP growth rate at constant prices is based on the factor costs approach

References[edit]

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  26. ^ https://www.klix.ba/biznis/privreda/izvoz-u-prosloj-godini-premasio-11-milijardi-km-i-povecan-za-17-posto/180328118
  27. ^ a b http://www.biznisinfo.ba/nezaposlenost-prvi-put-ide-ispod-20-posto/
  28. ^ https://www.klix.ba/biznis/finansije/javni-dug-bih-prosle-godine-smanjen-za-744-59-miliona-km/180504091
  29. ^ https://www.klix.ba/biznis/vise-od-30-000-bh-kompanija-ostvarilo-ukupni-prihod-od-65-milijardi-km/180627065
  30. ^ https://www.biznisinfo.ba/u-2017-u-bih-investirano-7777-miliona-km/
  31. ^ https://public.dhe.ibm.com/common/ssi/ecm/93/en/93017793usen/93017793usen-00_93017793USEN.pdf
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  35. ^ https://www.klix.ba/biznis/prosjecna-cijena-prodatih-novih-stanova-u-bih-1-639-km/180822032
  36. ^ http://www.6yka.com/novosti/javni-dug-bih-oko-118-milijardi-km
  37. ^ http://ba.n1info.com/Vijesti/a314652/U-2018.-godini-BiH-posjetilo-vise-od-1-4-miliona-turista.html
  38. ^ https://www.biznisinfo.ba/ovo-su-najvece-akvizicije-u-bih-sa-cijenama/
  39. ^ https://www.klix.ba/biznis/racunar-u-poslovanju-koristi-99-5-posto-firmi-u-bih-a-internet-99-3-posto/190308135
  40. ^ https://www.biznisinfo.ba/strana-ulaganja-lani-800-miliona-km/
  41. ^ https://www.klix.ba/biznis/proslogodisnja-dobit-centralne-banke-bih-8-4-miliona-km/190408089
  42. ^ https://www.klix.ba/biznis/privreda/objavljen-indeks-ekonomskih-sloboda-blagi-napredak-bosne-i-hercegovine/190129157
  43. ^ https://www.biznisinfo.ba/gradjani-ustedjeli-milijardu-km-za-12-mjeseci/
  44. ^ http://biznis.ba/u-prva-dva-mjeseca-2019-vise-od-141-hiljada-turista-98-posto-vise-nego-lani/
  45. ^ https://www.klix.ba/biznis/prosjecna-cijena-prodatih-novih-stanova-u-bih-1-641-km-po-kvadratu/190520073
  46. ^ "BiH Tourism Assessment - Analysis of Sarajevo, Herzegovina and Krajina Tourism Regions and Recommendations for Product Development, Marketing and Destination Management -Expo..." Exportcouncil.ba. Retrieved 4 January 2018.[permanent dead link]
  47. ^ "Home Page - Sarajevo City Center". Sarajevocitycenter.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-28. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
  48. ^ a b "A new shopping experience in Sarajevo!". Airportcentersarajevo.com. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
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  52. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-03-30. Retrieved 2013-03-26.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
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  57. ^ The country is consistently lowest ranked on the Ease of doing business index, in the region and Europe overall. However recent changes in legislation have caused it to rise to 107th place in 2015 from 136th in 2014
  58. ^ https://www.klix.ba/biznis/ovim-tempom-gradnje-autoputeva-hrvatsku-cemo-stici-za-84-godine-a-srbiju-za-46/180801024
  59. ^ "EX-YU Aviation News: Sarajevo expansion to begin in 2012". Exyuaviation.blogspot.com. Retrieved 3 March 2015.

External links[edit]

  • Tariffs applied by Bosnia and Herzegovina as provided by ITC's Market Access Map, an online database of customs tariffs and market requirements.
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