Ectoplasm (paranormal)
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In spiritualism, ectoplasm, also known as simply ecto, a substance or spiritual energy "exteriorized" by physical mediums. It was coined in 1894 by psychical researcher Charles Richet. Although the term is widespread in popular culture, there is no scientific evidence that ectoplasm exists and many purported examples were exposed as hoaxes fashioned from cheesecloth, gauze or other natural substances.
Helen Duncan was well known for using dolls and other props as ectoplasm in her séances.
Medium Linda Gazzera with a doll portrayed as ectoplasm
Helen Duncan with supposed ectoplasm, analysed by Harry Price to be made of cheesecloth and a rubber glove
Kathleen Goligher with supposed ectoplasm made of muslin
Mediumship
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Mediumship is the pseudoscientific practice of mediating communication between familiar spirits or spirits of the dead and living human beings. Practitioners are known as "mediums" or "spirit mediums". There are different types of mediumship or spirit channelling, including séance tables, trance, and ouija. The practice is associated with spiritualism and spiritism. A similar New Age practice is known as channeling.
Medium Eva Carrière photographed in 1912 with a light appearing between her hands.
Séance conducted by John Beattie, Bristol, England, 1872
Colin Evans, who claimed spirits lifted him into the air, was exposed as a fraud.
A photograph of the medium Linda Gazzera with a doll as fake ectoplasm