1.
Bohol
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Bohol is a 1st provincial income class island province of the Philippines located in the Central Visayas region, consisting of the island itself and 75 minor surrounding islands. With a land area of 4,821 km2 and a coastline 261 km long, to the west of Bohol is Cebu, to the northeast is the island of Leyte and to the south, across the Bohol Sea, is Mindanao. The province of Bohol is a first-class province divided into 3 congressional districts, the province is a popular tourist destination with its beaches and resorts. The Chocolate Hills, numerous mounds of limestone formations, are the most popular attraction, the formations can be seen by land or by air via ultralight air tours. Panglao Island, located just southwest of Tagbilaran, is famous for its diving locations and is listed as one of the top ten diving locations in the world. Numerous tourist resorts and dive centers dot the southern beaches, the Philippine tarsier, amongst the worlds smallest primates, is indigenous to the island. A narrow strait separates the island of Cebu and Bohol, Bohols climate is generally dry, with maximum rainfall between the months of June and October. The interior is cooler than the coast and it was the home province of Carlos P. Garcia, the eighth president of the Republic of the Philippines who was born in Talibon, Bohol. On 15 October 2013, Bohol was devastated by a 7.2 magnitude earthquake whose epicenter was 6 km south of Sagbayan town, the earthquake, which also hit southern Cebu, claimed 156 lives altogether and injured 374 people. It also destroyed or damaged a number of Bohols heritage churches, Bohol was first settled by Australoid people, like the rest of the Philippines. They still inhabit the island today and are known as the Eskaya tribe and their population also was absorbed into the Austronesian or Malayo-Polynesian peoples who later settled the islands and form the majority of the population. The Austronesian people living on Bohol traded with other islands in the Philippines and as far as China, the people of Bohol are said to be the descendants of a group of inhabitants who settled in the Philippines called pintados or tattooed ones. Boholanos already had a culture of their own as evidenced by artifacts unearthed at Mansasa, Tagbilaran, Bohols first indigenous people settled in the Anda peninsula. These people came from northeast Mindanao and these people were responsible for the Anda petrographs which are one of the most important indigenous rock writing in the country. Around the 12th century, a group of people from Northern Mindanao settled in the strait between mainland Bohol and the island of Panglao and those people came from a nation in northern Mindanao called Lutao. They occupied both shores and the island of Panglao. The kedatuan was first built with hardwood on the soft seabed and it engaged it trade with nearby areas and some Chinese merchants. Alcina tales about a nation he called the Venice of the Visayas
2.
Erico Aumentado
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Erico Boyles Aumentado was a former governor, vice governor, and senior provincial board member of Bohol, and congressman and deputy speaker of the Philippine House of Representatives. He is the governor of Bohol who served for three consecutive terms. Aumentado was born in Fatima, Ubay, Bohol on May 18,1940 and he finished his elementary education at Ubay Central Elementary School and finished his high school at Holy Child Academy in Ubay, Bohol both as class valedictorian. Granted with full scholarship, he completed his Pre-law A. B. at the Rafael Palma College and graduated Magna Cum Laude and he earned his Bachelor of Laws at the same school and finished Cum Laude. He passed the Philippine Bar Examination in 1964 and he also became a faculty member of RPC College of Law, and lectures on Constitutional Law and Human Rights. During his life as a student, he was elected as Chairman of the Student Council Association of the Philippines National Convention in 1961 and he served as the vice president of College Editors’ Guild of the Philippines and chairman of CEGP - Visayas Region from 1961-63. He received the Mitra Medal Award been a student journalist and editor-in-chief of The Collegian from 1958-1961. While studying, he worked as a staff member of the Bohol Chronicle in 1959 and later promoted as a columnist under his regular column named. He was then hired as the correspondent of the nations leading newspapers, The Manila Times. It was the former president Carlos P. Garcia inspired Aumentado to enter politics in 1967. At age 27, he became the youngest provincial board member when he was elected in 1967, in 1988, he was elected as vice governor of Bohol. In 1992, he was elected as representative of Bohols 2nd District and he is the 1st Boholano ever elected to these positions. After his stint as governor, he returned to Congress in 2010 until 2012 and his youngest son, Erico Aristotle Aumentado continued his remaining term. Pres. Garcia Gold Medal Award in Oratory given by Pres, cabangbang Gold Medal Award, RPC vs. Silver Medal Award, RPC Battle of Champions Oratorical Contest,1962, Mitra Gold Medal Award, Editorial Writing, News Writing & Feature Writing, given by Sen. Ramon Mitra Jr.1963. Don Tirso Uytengsu Award in General Reporting given by the Federation of Provincial Press Clubs of the Philippines,1966, Outstanding Lawyer, awarded by the Citizen’s Legal Aid Society of the Philippines,1974. Outstanding Alumnus Award for Civil Affairs, University of Bohol,1976, columnist of the Year Award, given by the Bohol Association of Writers and Radio Announcers, 1988–1989. Plaque of Recognition for his service and dedication to the ideals and objectives of the Integrated Bar of the Philippines
3.
House of Representatives of the Philippines
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The House of Representatives of the Philippines, is the lower house of the Congress of the Philippines. It is often informally called Congress, Members of the House are officially styled as Representative and sometimes informally called Congressmen/Congresswomen and are elected to a three-year term. They can be re-elected, but cannot serve more than three consecutive terms, around eighty percent of congressmen are district representatives, representing a particular geographical area. There are 234 legislative districts in the country, each composed of about 250,000 people, there are also party-list representatives elected through the party-list system who constitute not more than twenty percent of the total number of representatives. The House of Representatives is headed by the Speaker, currently Pantaleon Alvarez of Davao del Norte, the official headquarters of the House of Representatives is at the Batasang Pambansa located in the Batasan Hills in Quezon City in Metro Manila. The building is simply called Batasan and the word has also become a metonym to refer to the House of Representatives. At the beginning of American colonial rule, from March 16,1900, william Howard Taft was chosen to be the first American civilian Governor-General and the first leader of this Philippine Commission, which subsequently became known as the Taft Commission. This bicameral legislature was inaugurated in October 1907, under the leadership of Speaker Sergio Osmeña and Floor Leader Manuel L. Quezon, the Rules of the 59th United States Congress was substantially adopted as the Rules of the Philippine Legislature. It is this body, founded as the Philippine Assembly, that would continue in one form or another, in 1916, the Jones Act, officially the Philippine Autonomy Act, changed the legislative system. The Philippine Commission was abolished and a new fully elected, bicameral Philippine Legislature consisting of a House of Representatives, the legislative system was changed again in 1935. The 1935 Constitution established a unicameral National Assembly, but in 1940, through an amendment to the 1935 Constitution, a bicameral Congress of the Philippines consisting of a House of Representatives and a Senate was adopted. The Liberal bloc of the Nacionalistas permanently split from their ranks and these two will contest all of the elections in what appeared to be a two-party system. This set up continued until President Ferdinand Marcos declared martial law, the 1987 Constitution restored the presidential system of government together with a bicameral Congress of the Philippines. Corazon Aquino who nominally had no party, supported the Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino, with the victory of Fidel V. This also meant the restoration of Lakas-NUCD as the top party in the chamber, the same would happen when Benigno Aquino won in 2010, which returned the Liberals into power. The presiding officer is the Speaker, the members of the House of Representatives who are also its officers are also ex officio members of all of the committees and has a vote. The Speaker is the head of the House of Representatives, the speaker is elected by majority of all the members of the house, including vacant seats. The speaker is elected at the convening of each Congress
4.
Rene Relampagos
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Rene Lopez Relampagos is a Filipino politician. He is currently a member of the House of Representatives of the Philippines and he is on his first term as representative of the first legislative district of Bohol, Philippines, being elected congressman in the 2010 elections. Rene Lopez Relampagos was born on December 28,1963 in Tagbilaran City, Bohol and he is the son of the former Loon, Bohol mayor Juan Aning M. Relampagos and Esperanza Nene Lopez Relampagos. He started his career as Technical Consultant for Youth and Sports Development of the Bohol Provincial Government from 1988 to 1989. He then became member of the Province of Bohol from 1989 to 1992. In 1992, he was elected as Vice Governor of the Provincial Government of Bohol and he served as Governor of the province of Bohol from 1995 to 2001. In the 2010 elections, he run and won as a member of the House of Representatives as representative of the first district of Bohol
5.
Balilihan, Bohol
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Balilihan is a 4th municipal income class municipality in the province of Bohol, Philippines. Balilihan is located 22 kilometres northeast of Tagbilaran through Cortes, or 20 kilometres northeast through Corella and it has the fourth largest land area of the province, with 150 square kilometres of land. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 17,903, in the 2016 electoral roll, it had 11,556 registered voters. The place is a panorama of verdant hills, rugged mountains and it is said to have been so named because of the grass balili which grew in abundance. Before the beginning of the 19th century, Balilihan was a barrio of Baclayon, when the Dagohoy revolt was suppressed by the Spaniards, the authorities established a garrison in Datag to discourage and stamp out further uprisings on the part of the natives. Later, due to the scarcity of water, the seat of government was transferred to its present site which is supplied with water from various springs. The elevated land made a good viewing point to keep watch over all nearby towns. Thus the construction of a Spanish belfry similar to the towers of the shores atop the hill. This tower is made of stones gathered from the rock deposits of Baclayon. It was erected in the year 1835 and it was inaugurated in 1846 gobernadorcillo. In 1888, Friar Benito Grayoa, who at that time exercised control over local governments, ordered the transfer of the municipio to Cabad, fearing reprisals from the clergy, some of the people migrated to Surigao, Leyte and Misamis. Not long afterwards, Friar Grayoa was transferred to Siquijor, with the guidance of the local appointed leaders under the control of the Spanish friar, the town slowly progressed peacefully until the outbreak of the revolution in 1898. On 12 November 1900, American soldiers were known to be coming from Antequera, the supplications of spokesman Segundo Racho not to burn the town was of no avail and the sounds of the welcoming brass band turned into volleys of gunshots. The officials were ordered to move towards Sevilla while the civilians ran for safety to the outskirts of the town, the town was razed to the ground. The Americans burned the church, the convent, the municipal building, the only structure that was spared was the belfry on the top of the hill. In 1904, there was a move to fuse Balilihan with Antequera in order to meet the requirements of a municipality under the American regime, the people objected to the plan, so the following year the Philippine Commission finally ruled in its Act. No.350 abolishing the municipality of Catigbi‑an and instead annexing it to Balilihan as one of its barrios, during World War II, the town residents went into hiding in their mountain hideouts for fear of the Japanese. Balilihan was a haven of refugees from other places who lived a life of privation in the mountains, many innocent civilians were either tortured or put into death by the enemies on mere suspicions of guerilla activities
6.
Malate, Manila
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Malate is a district of Manila, Philippines. Together with the district of Ermita, it serves as Manilas center for commerce, the word Malate is believed to have stemmed from the corruption of the Tagalog word maalat. Tradition notes that the tidewaters from Manila Bay flowed far inland, Malate during the Spanish colonial period was an open space with a small fishing village. During the Spanish period, the center of activity was the Malate Church, devotion to the image was especially popular among pregnant women having a difficult pregnancy. American expatriates and some of the old Spanish mestizo families populated the district in high rise apartments. Despite extensive damage after the Second World War, many homes, the displaced wealthy families who evacuated their homes during the war returned and re-built their private villas and kept the whole district exclusively residential until the 1970s. During the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos, visual and performing artists found a haven in Malate during the 1980s and it became a bohemian enclave and safe haven. Malate is continuously transforming itself as the center of recreation and entertainment for Manila with more restaurants, boutiques, bars, discos and novelty stores opening for business. The block bounded by the streets, Maria Orosa, Julio Nakpil, Adriatico and Remedios have become synonymous to street parties, al fresco dining, street dancing and concerts. The western side of Malate across Taft Avenue remains a quiet area with several apartment rows converted into dormitories for students enrolled at nearby schools. The district can be accessed by the main roads like the Roxas Boulevard, Quirino Avenue. The Light Rail Transit follows Taft Avenue and stops at three stations located in Malate, Vito Cruz Station, Quirino Station and Pedro Gil Station, the Bureau of Plant Industry is also headquartered in the area. In the 1990s, Malate and the district of Ermita had been cleaned-up and big businesses. Harrison Plaza, Manilas first enclosed mall, is located in the Malate district. There is one hospital, the Ospital ng Maynila Medical Center, located at the corner of Roxas Boulevard, the district is also home to the Philippines first sports stadium, the Rizal Memorial Sports Complex and the countrys premiere zoological park, the Manila Zoological and Botanical Garden. Promenades and parks by the Manila Bay have been more convenient and safe with the opening of the Manila Baywalk area. A portion of the Cultural Center of the Philippines Complex also lies within the district, education in Malate is mostly provided by private schools. Paul University Manila and St. Scholasticas College Manila, prominent secondary schools in Malate are the Jesus Reigns Christian Academy, Jose Abad Santos Memorial School and the Malate Catholic School
7.
Filipinos
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Filipinos are the people who are identified with the country of the Philippines, either through descent or citizenship. Filipinos come from different ethnolinguistic nations, currently, there are more than 175 ethnolinguistic nations, each with its own language, identity, culture and history. The modern Filipino identity, with its Austronesian roots, was developed in conjunction with Spanish, Chinese, the Philippines was a Spanish colony for 333 years, setting a foundation for contemporary Filipino culture. Under Spanish rule, most of the Filipino populace embraced Roman Catholicism, almost all Filipinos adopted Spanish surnames from the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos published in 1849 by the Spanish colonial government. As neither past governments nor the modern Philippine Statistics Authority account for the background of an individual. The lack of the letter F in the pre-1987 Philippine alphabet, upon official adoption of the modern, 28-letter Filipino alphabet in 1987, the name Filipino was preferred over Pilipino. However the ABAKADA is only the Alphabet of the Tagalogs as other Ethnic Nations also have their own alphabet and/or writing script, use of the term Filipino in the Philippines started during the Spanish colonial period. The original meaning was a person of Spanish descent born in the Philippines and this original usage is now archaic and obsolete. Historian Ambeth Ocampo has suggested that the first documented use of the word to refer to Indios was the Spanish language poem A la juventud filipina, published in 1879 by José Rizal. A number of Filipinos refer to themselves colloquially as Pinoy, which is a word formed by taking the last four letters of Filipino. The term, although in popular usage, is considered by some Filipinos as a racial slur. Other collective endonyms for the Filipino people include, Patria Adorada as popularized by Jose Rizal through his poem Mi último adiós, in 2010, a metatarsal from Callao Man, discovered in 2007, was dated through uranium-series dating as being 67,000 years old. Prior to that, the earliest human remains found in the Philippines were thought to be the fragments of a skull and jawbone. Fox, an anthropologist from the National Museum, anthropologists who examined these remains agreed that they belonged to modern human beings. These include the Homo sapiens, as distinguished from the mid-Pleistocene Homo erectus species, the Tabon Man fossils are considered to have come from a third group of inhabitants, who worked the cave between 22,000 and 20,000 BCE. An earlier cave level lies so far below the level containing cooking fire assemblages that it must represent Upper Pleistocene dates like 45 or 50 thousand years ago, researchers say this indicates that the human remains were pre-Mongoloid, from about 40,000 years ago. Fluctuations in ancient shorelines between 150,000 BP and 17,000 BP connected the Malay Archipelago region with Maritime Southeast Asia and this may have enabled ancient migrations into the Philippines from Maritime Southeast Asia approximately 50,000 BP to 13,000 BP. A January 2009 study of language phylogenies by R. D and this was a two-pronged expansion, which moved north through the Philippines and into Taiwan, while a second expansion prong spread east along the New Guinea coast and into Oceania and Polynesia
8.
Liberal Party (Philippines)
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It was the ruling party after the election victory of Benigno Aquino III as the President of the Philippines. Abad, Jr. Franklin Drilon, Mar Roxas, and Benigno Aquino III, the Liberal Party was founded on January 19,1946 by Manuel Roxas, the first President of the Third Philippine Republic. It was formed by Roxas from what was once the Liberal Wing of the old Nacionalista Party, two more Presidents of the Philippines elected into office came from the LP, Elpidio Quirino and the redoubtable Diosdado Macapagal. Two other presidents came from the ranks of the LP, as members of the party who later chose to follow a different path by joining the Nacionalistas, Ramon Magsaysay. During the days leading to his declaration of martial law, Marcos would find his old party as a potent roadblock to his quest for one-man rule. Led by Ninoy Aquino, Gerry Roxas and Jovito Salonga, the LP would time and again hound the would-be dictator on issues like human rights, not even Marcos declaration of martial law silenced the LP, and the party continued to fight the dictatorship despite the costs. Many of its leaders and members would be prosecuted and even killed during this time and this ironically cost the party dearly, losing for it the elections of 1992. Franklin Drilon at a party meeting at the Manila Hotel. Days later, the Supreme Court proclaimed Drilon the true president of the party, during the fierce campaign battle that followed, the party was able to field new members breaking away from the then-ruling party Lakas Kampi CMD to become the largest minority party in Congress. The party ranges from the centre-left to the absolute Left-wing politics of the political spectrum, the partys ideology is known for its pro-liberalism, pro-democracy and social justice and it has its stances against populism or any right-wing aspects. Generally, the party strictly opposes conservatism especially based on socio-politics, economy, libertarianism was one of prominent ideologies of the party
9.
Bohol local elections, 2010
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Local elections were held in the Province of Bohol on May 10,2010, as part of the 2010 general election. Bohol had posted a total of 736,468 eligible voters based on the latest count after the deadline set on October 31,2009. A total of 610,494, or 82. 89%, the administration Lakas-Kampi-CMD bets for the top provincial posts made a sweeping victory in all the three congressional districts as the first automated elections drew the final results. Edgardo Chatto and his mate, former provincial board member Concepcion Lim. The candidates for governor and vice governor with the highest amount of wins the seat. They are voted separately, and therefore may be from different parties when elected, Parties are as stated in their certificate of candidacies. The total number of voters was 610,494, Parties are as stated in their certificate of candidacies. The total number of voters was 610,494, each of Bohols three legislative districts had elections for the House of Representatives. The candidate with the highest number of wins the seat. Edgar M. Chatto was the incumbent, but ineligible for re-election because he was already in his third consecutive term, former governor Rene Relampagos ran in his place under the Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino, and Lakas-Kampi-CMD also supported his candidacy. Roberto Cajes was the incumbent, but ineligible for re-election since he was already in his third consecutive term, Aumentado as their candidate, but Aumentado was expelled from the party because of his alleged association with Manny Villar, the presidential nominee of the rival Nacionalista Party. Lakas-Kampi-CMD then sent a certificate of nomination to incumbent congressman Cajes wife Judith, adam Relson Jala was the incumbent but decided not to run for a second term. Instead, he ran for provincial vice governorship but then dropped his candidacy to support his uncle, Elpidio Jala, secretary of Agriculture Arthur Yap ran unopposed, the only cabinet official not facing opposition. Both the 1st and 2nd District of Bohol elected three Sangguniang Panlalawigan, or provincial board members, the 3rd District, with the highest population, elected four board members. City, none Municipality, Bien Unido, Buenavista, Clarin, Dagohoy, Danao, Getafe, Inabanga, Pres. Carlos P. Garcia, Sagbayan, San Isidro, San Miguel, Talibon, Trinidad, the candidates for mayor and vice mayor with the highest amount of votes won seats, and were voted separately. Therefore, they may belong to different parties when elected, below is the list of mayoralty candidates of each city and municipalities for each district. Out of 47 towns and one city, Tagbilaran City,22 mayors were reelected to their position and 26 were elected as new mayors, there were 37 male and 11 females elected as city or town executive
10.
Malic acid
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Malic acid is an organic compound with the molecular formula C4H6O5. It is an acid that is made by all living organisms, contributes to the pleasantly sour taste of fruits. Malic acid has two forms, though only the L-isomer exists naturally. The salts and esters of malic acid are known as malates, the malate anion is an intermediate in the citric acid cycle. L-Malic acid is the naturally occurring form, whereas a mixture of L-, malate plays an important role in biochemistry. In the C4 carbon fixation process, malate is a source of CO2 in the Calvin cycle, in the citric acid cycle, -malate is an intermediate, formed by the addition of an -OH group on the si face of fumarate. It can also be formed from pyruvate via anaplerotic reactions, malate is also synthesized by the carboxylation of phosphoenolpyruvate in the guard cells of plant leaves. Malate, as an anion, often accompanies potassium cations during the uptake of solutes into the guard cells in order to maintain electrical balance in the cell. The accumulation of these solutes within the cell decreases the solute potential, allowing water to enter the cell. Malic acid was first isolated from apple juice by Carl Wilhelm Scheele in 1785, antoine Lavoisier in 1787 proposed the name acide malique, which is derived from the Latin word for apple, mālum—as is its genus name Malus. In German it is named Äpfelsäure after plural or singular of the fruit apple, Malic acid contributes to the sourness of green apples. It is present in grapes and in most wines with concentrations sometimes as high as 5 g/l and it confers a tart taste to wine, although the amount decreases with increasing fruit ripeness. The taste of malic acid is very clear and pure in rhubarb and it is also a component of some artificial vinegar flavors, such as salt and vinegar flavored potato chips. The process of malolactic fermentation converts malic acid to much milder lactic acid, Malic acid occurs naturally in all fruits and many vegetables, and is generated in fruit metabolism. Malic acid, when added to products, is denoted by E number E296. Malic acid is the source of extreme tartness in United States-produced confectionery and it is also used with or in place of the less sour citric acid in sour sweets. These sweets are sometimes labeled with a warning stating that excessive consumption can cause irritation of the mouth and it is approved for use as a food additive in the EU, US and Australia and New Zealand. Malic acid provides 10 kJ of energy per gram during digestion, racemic malic acid is produced industrially by the double hydration of maleic anhydride
11.
Manila
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Manila, officially City of Manila, is the capital of the Philippines. Founded on June 24,1571, by Spanish conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi and it is situated on the eastern shore of Manila Bay and is home to many landmarks, some of which date back to the 16th century. In 2012, the Globalization and World Cities Research Network listed Manila as a global city, the city proper is home to 1,780,148 people in 2015, forming the historic core of Metro Manila, the capital region of the Philippines. The metropolitan area, which includes the much larger Quezon City, Manila is also the most densely populated city proper in the world, with 41,515 people per square kilometer. The term Manila is commonly used to refer to either the whole area or the city proper. Manila is located on the shore of the Manila Bay on one of the finest harbors in the country. The city has six districts for the lower house of the Philippine Congress. Manila was once ruled by the Kingdom of Tondo before it became a province of the Majapahit Empire. During the Bruneian invasion of the Philippines, Sultan Bolkiah of Brunei captured Seludong and renamed it Maynilà, Maynilà became a vassal state of the Sultanate of Brunei, established to overpower Tondo. In 1571, conquistadors arrived from Mexico, across the Pacific Ocean, Spanish missionaries soon Christianized the city, incorporated Tondo and built some of the oldest churches in the country, including San Agustin Church. The conquistadors renamed the area Nuevo Reino de Castilla, Manila became the center of Spanish activity in the Far East and one end of the Manila–Acapulco galleon trade route linking Spanish America with Asia, one of the earliest examples of globalization. Because of its location on Pacific trade routes, Manila received the moniker Pearl of the Orient. Spanish rule of the Philippine archipelago lasted for more than three centuries, until 1898, order was usually quickly restored and the city returned to the business of trade. In the 19th century, Manila was one of the most modern cities in Asia, before the Spanish–American War, it saw the rise of the Philippine Revolution. After the war, the United States took control, switched the official language from Spanish to English, near the end of World War II, during the Battle of Manila, most of the city was flattened by intensive aerial bombardment by the United States Air Force. As a result, relatively little remains of Manilas prewar and colonial architecture, although there are ongoing projects, especially within the old walled city. Maynilà, the Filipino name for the city, originated from the word nilà, referring to a mangrove tree that grew on the delta of the Pasig River. The flowers were made into garlands that, according to folklore, were offered to statues on religious altars or in churches
12.
Philippines
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The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is a sovereign island country in Southeast Asia situated in the western Pacific Ocean. It consists of about 7,641 islands that are categorized broadly under three main geographical divisions from north to south, Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao, the capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City, both part of Metro Manila. The Philippines has an area of 300,000 square kilometers, and it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world. As of 2013, approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas, multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands. In prehistoric times, Negritos were some of the archipelagos earliest inhabitants and they were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples. Exchanges with Chinese, Malay, Indian, and Islamic nations occurred, then, various competing maritime states were established under the rule of Datus, Rajahs, Sultans or Lakans. The arrival of Ferdinand Magellan in Homonhon, Eastern Samar in 1521 marked the beginning of Hispanic colonization, in 1543, Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos named the archipelago Las Islas Filipinas in honor of Philip II of Spain. With the arrival of Miguel López de Legazpi from Mexico City, in 1565, the Philippines became part of the Spanish Empire for more than 300 years. This resulted in Roman Catholicism becoming the dominant religion, during this time, Manila became the western hub of the trans-Pacific trade connecting Asia with Acapulco in the Americas using Manila galleons. Aside from the period of Japanese occupation, the United States retained sovereignty over the islands until after World War II, since then, the Philippines has often had a tumultuous experience with democracy, which included the overthrow of a dictatorship by a non-violent revolution. It is a member of the United Nations, World Trade Organization, Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum. It also hosts the headquarters of the Asian Development Bank, the Philippines was named in honor of King Philip II of Spain. Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos, during his expedition in 1542, named the islands of Leyte, eventually the name Las Islas Filipinas would be used to cover all the islands of the archipelago. Before that became commonplace, other such as Islas del Poniente. The official name of the Philippines has changed several times in the course of its history, during the Philippine Revolution, the Malolos Congress proclaimed the establishment of the República Filipina or the Philippine Republic. From the 1898 Treaty of Paris, the name Philippines began to appear, since the end of World War II, the official name of the country has been the Republic of the Philippines. The metatarsal of the Callao Man, reliably dated by uranium-series dating to 67,000 years ago is the oldest human remnant found in the archipelago to date and this distinction previously belonged to the Tabon Man of Palawan, carbon-dated to around 26,500 years ago. Negritos were also among the archipelagos earliest inhabitants, but their first settlement in the Philippines has not been reliably dated, there are several opposing theories regarding the origins of ancient Filipinos
13.
Holy Name University
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Holy Name University is a Catholic university, high school and elementary school located in Tagbilaran, Bohol, Philippines. It is a private, co-educational school run by the Society of the Divine Word and it offers programs in elementary, secondary, undergraduate and graduate levels. Its tertiary offerings include courses in arts and sciences, education, nursing, commerce and accountancy, computer science, engineering, aside from instruction, HNU engages in research and community extension. The Commission on Higher Education recognizes the contribution in the growth. It is also accredited by the Philippine Accrediting Association of Schools, the school originally had two campuses in Tagbilaran City, the main building at the corner of Lesage and Gallares streets and the Janssen Heights Campus in Dampas district. Holy Name University was founded in June 1947 by Fr. Jude Echavez, SVD and it opened as Holy Name College on July 14,1947 as a diocesan school owned by the Diocese of Tagbilaran. In 1963, the SVD gained full ownership of the college and it was renamed Divine Word College of Tagbilaran as a full-fledged SVD school. From 1947 to 1970, it was run by SVD expatriate missionaries, in 1970, Leo D. Ortiz, became the first Filipino president. Since then, Filipino priests have overseen its growth, on September 21,2001, it was given full autonomy by the Commission on Higher Education. On November 19,2001, it was granted university status. A gold scroll in the middle contains the motto, the main colors of the logo are blue, green and gold. The school hymn is the Holy Name March written by Elpidio Biliran, the school song is I Wanna Be by Michael Caňares. Vice Chair, Dionisio Miranda Members, Heinz Kuleuke Arthur Villanueva Leonardo Medroso Conchita Manabat Franscisco Estepa Florante S. Camacho Brigido Angngasing Eloisa David Fr, francisco T. Estepa, SVD University President Fr. Ruel F. Lero, SVD Vice President for Academic Affairs Fr, vicente L. Uy, SVD Vice President for Administration Fr. Cyrus T. Mercado, SVD Vice President for Finance Fr, hora President, Philippine Nurses Association, Bohol Chapter Warren Yap Jr
14.
University of the Philippines
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The University of the Philippines is a public university system in the Philippines. Founded by the American colonial government on June 18,1908, UP has institutional autonomy as the countrys national university as mandated by Republic Act No.9500. The University of the Philippines has 8 constituent universities, and 4 basic education schools located in 15 campuses across the country. The first UP opened in Manila in 1909 with the Colleges of Fine Arts,6 other constituent universities have since been established, the latest since 2016 is UP Cebu, despite being formed 98 years earlier. UP Diliman, the fourth CU which was established in 1949, is the flagship campus, UP, as a whole, is often cited as the Philippines top university. As of 2012,7 Philippine Presidents,13 Chief Justices of the Philippine Supreme Court,36 National Scientists and 40 National Artists of the Philippines have been affiliated with UP. On June 18,1908, the University of the Philippines was established through an act of the First Philippine Legislature. The University began with the establishment of the Philippine Medical School in 1905, which started operating in 1907, a year ahead of the rest of the U. P. A few years later, the university opened the College of Law, the Board of Regents approved the decision to look for a larger site, and a 493-hectare lot was acquired by the university in Diliman, Quezon City, then a town in the province of Rizal. Construction of the Quezon City campus began in 1939, during World War II, most of its colleges had to be closed except the Colleges of Medicine, Pharmacy, and Engineering. Meanwhile, the Japanese Imperial Army occupied three Diliman campus buildings, the College of Liberal Arts Building and the Colleges of Law, the Japanese also occupied the campus of the College of Agriculture in Los Baños. Gonzalez sought a grant of ₱13 million from the US-Philippines War Damage Commission, a massive rehabilitation and construction effort was executed during the post-war years. For the first time, an extensive Diliman campus master plan, most colleges and administration offices were temporarily housed in huts and shelters made of sawali and galvanized iron. During U. P. s 40th anniversary in February 1949, administrative offices and its regional units in Manila, Los Baños, Baguio, and Cebu were all housed in the Diliman campus. General commencement exercises were held in Diliman for the first time in 1949. In the 1950s, new units and degree programs were established. Another major reform, the General Education Program, was introduced in 1959, Program became a series of core courses prescribed for all students at the undergraduate level. Most of these courses were being taught at the then College of Liberal Arts, President Vicente Sinco saw fit to reorganize the college into a University College, which would offer the core subjects to be taken during the first two years of the undergraduate program
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Quezon City
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Quezon City is the most populous city in the Philippines. It is one of the cities that make up Metro Manila, Quezon City was named after Manuel L. Quezon, second President of the Philippines, who founded the city and developed it with the intention to replace Manila as the national capital. The city actually held title for 28 years starting 1948 up to 1976. Quezon City is not located in and should not be confused with Quezon Province and it is the largest city in Metro Manila in terms of land area. Quezon City also hosts the University of the Philippines Diliman–the national university–and Ateneo de Manila University, the Quezon Memorial Circle is a national park and shrine located in Quezon City. The park is an ellipse bounded by the Elliptical Road and its main feature is a mausoleum containing the remains of Manuel L. Quezon, the second President of the Philippines, and his wife, First Lady Aurora Quezon. Before Quezon City was created, its land was settled by the individual towns of San Francisco del Monte, Novaliches. On August 23,1896, the Katipunan led by its Supremo Andrés Bonifacio, in the early 20th century, President Manuel L. Quezon dreamt of a city that would become the future capital of the country to replace Manila. It is believed that his trip to Mexico influenced his vision. In 1938, President Quezon created the Peoples Homesite Corporation and purchased 15.29 km2 from the vast Diliman Estate of the Tuason family, successfully lobbied the assembly to name the city after the incumbent president. President Quezon allowed the bill to lapse into law without his signature on October 12,1939, instead of opposing it, Caloocan residents willingly gave land to Quezon City in the belief it will benefit the countrys new capital. During the Second World War, Imperial Japanese forces occupied Quezon City in 1942 and this caused the territorial division of Caloocan into two non-contiguous parts, the South section being the more urbanized part, and the North half being sub-rural. On June 16,1950, the Quezon City Charter was revised by Republic Act No,537, changing the citys boundaries to an area of 153.59 km2. Exactly six years after on June 16,1956, more revisions to the land area were made by Republic Act No. 1575, which defined its area as 151.06 km2.33 km2, on October 1,1975, Quezon City was the actual site of the Thrilla in Manila boxing fight between Muhammad Ali and Joe Frazier. On November 7,1975 the promulgation of Presidential Decree No.824 of President Ferdinand Marcos established Metro Manila, Quezon City became one of Metro Manilas 17 cities and municipalities. The next year, Presidential Decree No.940 transferred the capital back to Manila on June 24,1976, on March 31,1978, President Marcos ordered the transfer of the remains of President Quezon from Manila North Cemetery to the completed Quezon Memorial Monument within Elliptical Road. On February 22,1986, the Quezon City portion of the Epifanio de los Santos Avenue became the venue of the bloodless People Power Revolution that overthrew Marcos, on February 23,1998, Republic Act
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Ateneo de Manila University
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The Ateneo de Manila University is a private research university in Quezon City, Philippines. Founded in 1859 by the Society of Jesus, the Ateneo is the third-oldest university in the Philippines, Ateneo offers elementary and secondary education exclusively to male students. The undergraduate and graduate programmes are coeducational and organized into four schools, collectively known as the Loyola Schools, four professional schools occupy campuses in different parts of Metro Manila. Ateneo undergraduates follow a Catholic-rooted liberal arts curriculum throughout their programs in the Humanities, Social Sciences, Science and Engineering, the Loyola Heights campus also hosts two chemistry research centers, Philippine Institute of Pure and Applied Chemistry and National Chemistry Instrumentation Center. The Ateneo offers programmes at the elementary, secondary, undergraduate, as is common in the Philippines, the primary medium of instruction is English, with a few classes taught in Filipino. Aside from teaching and research, the Ateneo de Manila also engages in social outreach, known for its liberal arts tradition, the humanities are a key feature of Ateneo education at all levels of study. In 2015, QS Top Universities placed the undergraduate programmes 461st in the world. The Ateneo Professional Schools is the professional education division of Ateneo de Manila. The Ateneo Graduate School of Business offers a variety of Master of Business Administration concentrations, the Ateneo Law School confers the Juris Doctor and Master of Laws degrees. The Ateneo School of Medicine and Public Health, opened in 2007, offers an integrated Doctor of Medicine, the Ateneo School of Government confers the Master in Public Management and Ph. D. in Leadership Studies degrees. The professional schools also confer certificates for short courses and it confers the Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Science, Bachelor of Fine Arts, Master of Arts, Master of Science, and Doctor of Philosophy degrees. It is composed of four schools, the School of Humanities, the John Gokongwei School of Management, the School of Science and Engineering, a key feature of the Loyola Schools is a liberal arts undergraduate core curriculum, required for all undergraduates. It includes philosophy, English and Filipino literature, theology, history, various branches of sciences. Ateneo follows the semester hour system common in American universities, most classes are held below 40 students and student discussion is encouraged. The Loyola Schools programmes are geared toward student-centreedness, the Ateneo was one of the first schools in the Philippines to enact a Magna Carta for Undergraduates. The Commission on Higher Education has designated several departments and programmes of the Loyola Schools as centres of excellence, Ateneo has Centers of Excellence in, Business Administration, Chemistry, English, Entrepreneurship, Information Technology, Literature, Mathematics, Philosophy, Physics, Psychology and Sociology. It has Centers of Development in Biology, Environmental Science and Filipino, the Ateneo de Manila High School is a Catholic preparatory school for male students. In 2003 the high school opened a Center for Math, Science and Technology containing science and computer labs, classrooms for the math and science classes
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University of the City of Manila
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It was established on June 19,1965 and opened on July 17,1967 to 556 scholars, all coming from the top ten percent of graduates of Manilas public high schools. Based on a study using data from 1999 to 2003 showed that during the said period PLM was among the top five schools nationwide in terms of board exam passing rate. In the same study, it was one among three universities in the top ten category. As a chartered and autonomous university, PLM is governed by a Board of Regents, each member serves a six-year tenure of office. The president oversees the implementation of the university policies and these academic units collectively provide 53 single-degree undergraduate and 49 masters, doctoral, and graduate diploma programs. PLM is the tenth largest university in Metro Manila with a student enrollment of 13,711. For the undergraduate class of 2006-2007, PLM received 40,000 college applications, as for the professional and graduate schools, no specific residency requirements are imposed. Full scholarship is entitled for Manila residents, while fees are charged for non-residents. Other scholarships are available in the university, with funding coming from donations, the government. PLMs endowment in 2008 was valued at PhP500 million, excluding budgetary allocation for its teaching hospital, the Ospital ng Maynila Medical Center. The University spends about four to fives times the average for education. PLM uses a modular system for conducting courses, adopts features of the American credit system, and employs the General Weighted Average system. Students in the College of Nursing render service to 44 city-run health centers as part of their community health nursing internship, senior students live with people in the rural areas for eight weeks and implement several socio-civic and health projects. Although they are not required of service contracts, they are encouraged to render service to the country first before going abroad, physical therapy students in their last year in college are required to apply their learnings in various settings, including rehabilitation centers in marginalized communities. Similar activities are undertaken by the colleges that take on different approaches as in holding outreach programs in their work, off-campus activities. In 2009, PLM launched the Alternative Learning Program, which aims to provide an alternative to formal instruction. The PLM communities have joined the Caritas Manila through Intramuros Consortium Outreach. In 1993, together with Tugon-RESCUE, the universitys Community University Extension Services continued with its programs for the slum communities of Tondo
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Harvard University
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Although never formally affiliated with any denomination, the early College primarily trained Congregationalist and Unitarian clergy. Its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized during the 18th century, james Bryant Conant led the university through the Great Depression and World War II and began to reform the curriculum and liberalize admissions after the war. The undergraduate college became coeducational after its 1977 merger with Radcliffe College, Harvards $34.5 billion financial endowment is the largest of any academic institution. Harvard is a large, highly residential research university, the nominal cost of attendance is high, but the Universitys large endowment allows it to offer generous financial aid packages. Harvards alumni include eight U. S. presidents, several heads of state,62 living billionaires,359 Rhodes Scholars. To date, some 130 Nobel laureates,18 Fields Medalists, Harvard was formed in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1638, it obtained British North Americas first known printing press, in 1639 it was named Harvard College after deceased clergyman John Harvard an alumnus of the University of Cambridge who had left the school £779 and his scholars library of some 400 volumes. The charter creating the Harvard Corporation was granted in 1650 and it offered a classic curriculum on the English university model—many leaders in the colony had attended the University of Cambridge—but conformed to the tenets of Puritanism. It was never affiliated with any denomination, but many of its earliest graduates went on to become clergymen in Congregational. The leading Boston divine Increase Mather served as president from 1685 to 1701, in 1708, John Leverett became the first president who was not also a clergyman, which marked a turning of the college toward intellectual independence from Puritanism. When the Hollis Professor of Divinity David Tappan died in 1803 and the president of Harvard Joseph Willard died a year later, in 1804, in 1846, the natural history lectures of Louis Agassiz were acclaimed both in New York and on the campus at Harvard College. Agassizs approach was distinctly idealist and posited Americans participation in the Divine Nature, agassizs perspective on science combined observation with intuition and the assumption that a person can grasp the divine plan in all phenomena. When it came to explaining life-forms, Agassiz resorted to matters of shape based on an archetype for his evidence. Charles W. Eliot, president 1869–1909, eliminated the position of Christianity from the curriculum while opening it to student self-direction. While Eliot was the most crucial figure in the secularization of American higher education, he was motivated not by a desire to secularize education, during the 20th century, Harvards international reputation grew as a burgeoning endowment and prominent professors expanded the universitys scope. Rapid enrollment growth continued as new schools were begun and the undergraduate College expanded. Radcliffe College, established in 1879 as sister school of Harvard College, Harvard became a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900. In the early 20th century, the student body was predominately old-stock, high-status Protestants, especially Episcopalians, Congregationalists, by the 1970s it was much more diversified
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Massachusetts
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It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south, New Hampshire and Vermont to the north, and New York to the west. The state is named for the Massachusett tribe, which inhabited the area. The capital of Massachusetts and the most populous city in New England is Boston, over 80% of Massachusetts population lives in the Greater Boston metropolitan area, a region influential upon American history, academia, and industry. Originally dependent on agriculture, fishing and trade, Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution, during the 20th century, Massachusetts economy shifted from manufacturing to services. Modern Massachusetts is a leader in biotechnology, engineering, higher education, finance. Plymouth was the site of the first colony in New England, founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims, in 1692, the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of Americas most infamous cases of mass hysteria, the Salem witch trials. In 1777, General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory, which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances, in 1786, Shays Rebellion, a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans, influenced the United States Constitutional Convention. In the 18th century, the Protestant First Great Awakening, which swept the Atlantic World, in the late 18th century, Boston became known as the Cradle of Liberty for the agitation there that led to the American Revolution. The entire Commonwealth of Massachusetts has played a commercial and cultural role in the history of the United States. Before the American Civil War, Massachusetts was a center for the abolitionist, temperance, in the late 19th century, the sports of basketball and volleyball were invented in the western Massachusetts cities of Springfield and Holyoke, respectively. Many prominent American political dynasties have hailed from the state, including the Adams, both Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, also in Cambridge, have been ranked among the most highly regarded academic institutions in the world. Massachusetts public school students place among the top nations in the world in academic performance, the official name of the state is the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. While this designation is part of the official name, it has no practical implications. Massachusetts has the position and powers within the United States as other states. Massachusetts was originally inhabited by tribes of the Algonquian language family such as the Wampanoag, Narragansett, Nipmuc, Pocomtuc, Mahican, and Massachusett. While cultivation of crops like squash and corn supplemented their diets, villages consisted of lodges called wigwams as well as longhouses, and tribes were led by male or female elders known as sachems. Between 1617 and 1619, smallpox killed approximately 90% of the Massachusetts Bay Native Americans, the first English settlers in Massachusetts, the Pilgrims, arrived via the Mayflower at Plymouth in 1620, and developed friendly relations with the native Wampanoag people. This was the second successful permanent English colony in the part of North America that later became the United States, the event known as the First Thanksgiving was celebrated by the Pilgrims after their first harvest in the New World which lasted for three days
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United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
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GMA News and Public Affairs
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GMA News and Public Affairs is the news and public affairs programming division of GMA Network Inc. GMA News and Public Affairs is currently headed by Marissa Flores and is headquartered at the Ground Floor of GMA Network Center in Quezon City, the GMA News division traces its origin from the Republic Broadcasting System, established by Robert Stewart in 1950. The programming of its flagship AM radio station, DZBB, depended mostly on news reports, the station covered the eruption of Mt. Hibok-Hibok in 1951 and the election and death of the former Philippine president Ramon Magsaysay. While RBS Channel 7 was established in 1961, it was in the 1970s that GMA became one of the television news source in the country. In 1983, Channel 7 was the first to break the news of Ninoy Aquinos death, the channel also became the first station to broadcast the Ramos-Enrile break-away that led to the People Power Revolution, also known as EDSA Revolution. In 1998, GMA teamed up with The Philippine Daily Inquirer to produce the coverage of that years election, GMA News became a pioneer in local television news in many ways. GMA became the first TV network to be fully reporting the news in Filipino language with their late-night newscast GMA Network News in 1992 which was anchored by Mike Enriquez, GMA was one of the pioneers of women in broadcast journalism. During the time of Martial Law by then-President Ferdinand Marcos, GMA was the first to broadcast a news bulletin program. GMA News Roundup aired from 1974 to 1976 the program was replaced by GMA News Digest in 1976, GMA News Live in 1987, GMA Flash Report in 2002. The station was also the first to use a ticker for breaking news, in 1995, GMA News was the first to use Electronic News Gathering Vans in the country. In 2004, it began to use Satellite News Gathering facilities to reach more remote areas. GMA News also covered events in the country such as the World Youth Day 1995,2000 Today and 2003 World Meeting of Families. In 2006, GMA News was praised by the former President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo for its news coverage, in the 2006 SWS Media Trust survey, GMA News garnered 60% of public trust, second only to rival ABS-CBN with 68%. But a similar Pulse Asia survey shows that GMA News is the more credible in the country, now with more than 500 news personnel—here and abroad—and producing 16 of the most awarded programs on Philippine television today. Weekend with Velez was the first network-produced public affairs program on GMA, the first Peabody was given for Kidney for Sale, an investigative work on the selling of kidneys in a depressed area along the coast of Manila Bay. When the Philippine longest-running noontime show, Eat Bulaga, celebrated its silver anniversary in 2004, Public Affairs co-produced Eat Bulaga. Silver Special with the programs production company, TAPE Inc. Arnold Clavio hosted the program with his fellow Unang Hirit host Rhea Santos, Clavio was a contestant in a former segment of the noontime show
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