1.
B film
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A B movie is a low-budget commercial movie, but one that is not an arthouse film. In its original usage, during the Golden Age of Hollywood, although the U. S. production of movies intended as second features largely ceased by the end of the 1950s, the term B movie continues to be used in the broader sense it maintains today. In either usage, most B movies represent a particular genre—the Western was a Golden Age B movie staple, while low-budget science-fiction, early B movies were often part of series in which the star repeatedly played the same character. Almost always shorter than the films they were paired with. The term connoted a general perception that B movies were inferior to the more handsomely budgeted headliners, latter-day B movies still sometimes inspire multiple sequels, but series are less common. As the average running time of top-of-the-line films increased, so did that of B pictures, the term is also now used loosely to refer to some higher-budgeted, mainstream films with exploitation-style content, usually in genres traditionally associated with the B movie. From their beginnings to the present day, B movies have provided both for those coming up in the profession and others whose careers are waning. Celebrated filmmakers such as Anthony Mann and Jonathan Demme learned their craft in B movies and they are where actors such as John Wayne and Jack Nicholson first became established, and they have provided work for former A movie actors, such as Vincent Price and Karen Black. Some actors, such as Bela Lugosi, Eddie Constantine and Pam Grier, the term B actor is sometimes used to refer to a performer who finds work primarily or exclusively in B pictures. In 1927–28, at the end of the silent era, the production cost of a feature from a major Hollywood studio ranged from $190,000 at Fox to $275,000 at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. That average reflected both specials that might cost as much as $1 million and films made quickly for around $50,000. These cheaper films allowed the studios to derive value from facilities. Studios in the leagues of the industry, such as Columbia Pictures and Film Booking Offices of America. Their movies, with short running times, targeted theaters that had to economize on rental and operating costs, particularly small-town and urban neighborhood venues. A new programming scheme developed that would become standard practice, a newsreel, a short and/or serial. The second feature, which screened before the main event. The majors clearance rules favoring their affiliated theaters prevented the independents timely access to top-quality films, the low-budget picture of the 1920s thus evolved into the second feature, the B movie, of Hollywoods Golden Age. The major studios, at first resistant to the double feature, all established B units to provide films for the expanding second-feature market
2.
Merton Park Studios
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Merton Park Studios was a British film production studio in South Wimbledon, London. In the 1940s, it was owned by Piprodia Entertainment, Nikhanj Films, opened in 1930, many second features were produced there, and for a time it was home to Radio Luxembourg. Unlike many other studios, it remained open during World War II, in the late 1940s the studios produced several childrens films. In 1958 the first Carry On movie, Carry On Sergeant, was made there, in 1950 Anglo-Amalgamated began making films at Merton Park. From 1957 to 1959 they produced an average of one second-feature a month there and they produced the crime series Scotland Yard, The Edgar Wallace Mysteries and The Scales of Justice at Merton Park. The last film made at Merton Park, in March 1967, was from the Scales of Justice series, the director Ken Hughes made his early films at Merton Park in the 1950s, and the blacklisted American director Joseph Losey made his first British movies there under pseudonyms. Amongst those apprenticed for a time at the studio were the composer David Fanshawe, who trained as an editor there. The actor/author Stanley Morgan has a number of dedicated to the Merton Park films he starred in. List of Merton Park films at IMDb
3.
Anglo-Amalgamated
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Anglo-Amalgamated Productions was a British film production company, run by Nat Cohen and Stuart Levy, which operated from 1945 until roughly 1971. Low-budget and second features, often produced at Merton Park Studios and it was the UK distributor of many films by American International Pictures. Its film distribution subsidiary was Anglo Amalgamated Film Distributors Ltd, Anglo had a film production arm called Insignia Films. In 1962, Associated British Picture Corporation purchased 50% of the shares of Anglo Amalgamated, in 1967 they took over 74%. At its peak Anglo Amalgamated made £3 million a year and its library is now owned by StudioCanal
4.
Edgar Wallace
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Richard Horatio Edgar Wallace was an English writer. Born into poverty as an illegitimate London child, Wallace left school at age 12 and he joined the army at age 21 and was a war correspondent during the Second Boer War, for Reuters and the Daily Mail. Struggling with debt, he left South Africa, returned to London and he signed with Hodder and Stoughton in 1921 and became an internationally recognised author. After an unsuccessful bid to stand as Liberal MP for Blackpool in the 1931 general election, Wallace moved to Hollywood and he died suddenly from undiagnosed diabetes, during the initial drafting of King Kong. Wallace was such a writer that one of his publishers claimed that a quarter of all books in England were written by him. As well as journalism, Wallace wrote screen plays, poetry, historical non-fiction,18 stage plays,957 short stories, more than 160 films have been made of Wallaces work. He is remembered for the creation of King Kong, as a writer of the imagination, for the J. G. Reeder detective stories. Wallace was born at 7 Ashburnham Grove, Greenwich, to actors Richard Horatio Edgar and Mary Jane Polly Richards, Wallaces mother was born in 1843, in Liverpool, to an Irish Catholic family. Marys family had been in business, and she worked in the theatre as a stagehand, usherette. Marys husband, Captain Joseph Richards, was born in Liverpool, in 1838. He and his father John Richards were both Merchant Navy captains, and his mother Catherine Richards came from a mariner family, when Mary was eight months pregnant, in January 1868, her husband died at sea. After the birth, destitute, Mary took to the stage, Richard Horatio Edgar and Polly had a broom cupboard style sexual encounter during an after-show party. During her confinement she had asked her midwife to find a couple to foster the child, the midwife introduced Polly to her close friend, Mrs Freeman, a mother of ten children, whose husband George Freeman was a Billingsgate fishmonger. On 9 April 1875, Polly took Edgar to the semi-literate Freeman family, pollys young son Wallace, then known as Richard Horatio Edgar Freeman, had a happy childhood and a close bond with 20-year-old Clara Freeman, who became a second mother to him. By 1878, Polly could no longer afford the small sum she had been paying the Freemans to care for her son and, instead of placing the boy in the workhouse, Polly never visited Wallace again as a child. By his early teens, Wallace had held numerous jobs such as newspaper-seller at Ludgate Circus near Fleet Street, milk-delivery boy, rubber factory worker, shoe shop assistant. A plaque at Ludgate Circus commemorates Wallaces first encounter with the newspaper business and he was dismissed from his job on the milk run for stealing money. In 1894, he engaged to a local Deptford girl, Edith Anstree
5.
ABC Cinemas
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ABC Cinemas was a cinema chain in the United Kingdom. Originally a wholly owned subsidiary of Associated British Picture Corporation, it operated between the 1930s and the 1980s, the brand name was reused in the 1990s until 2000. ABC Cinemas was established in 1927 by solicitor John Maxwell by merging three smaller Scottish cinema circuits and it became a wholly owned cinema subsidiary of British International Pictures when it was merged with the production arm of British National Studios, which had been formed by Maxwell in 1926. Existing cinemas which could not be re-modelled were usually operated as separate circuits, in 1937, the parent company, BIP was renamed Associated British Picture Corporation. By 1945 it operated over 400 cinemas and was only to Ranks Odeon. By the close of the 1950s ABC had started rebranding most cinemas as ABC, uk exhibition was characterised by alignments between distributors and exhibitors. ABC had access to Warner Brothers, MGM and its own ABPC productions, whereas rival Rank had 20th Century Fox, Paramount, Walt Disney, Columbia, Universal, United Artists and its own productions. Rival ABC, Odeon and Gaumont cinemas in a town showed their own releases, aBC-TV lost its franchises in 1968, and was merged with Reddifusion to become Thames Television. As a result of the many suburban ABC theatres closed. Most of those remaining began, from the late 1950s to lose their individual names and were simply branded ABC, in 1959 Rank abandoned the separate Odeon and Gaumont release and put the best cinemas from each circuit onto a new Rank release. The National release soon ended entirely and there were in future just ABC, in 1967, Seven Arts, the new owners of Warner, decided to dispose of its holdings in ABPC and subsequently EMI launched a successful take-over bid for the company. Associated British Picture Corporation was later to be renamed Thorn-EMI Screen Entertainment Ltd, EMI retained ABPCs lucrative television interests. In the 1940s, ABC set up the first major Saturday cinema club for children, in the early 1990s, on the verge of bankruptcy, Cannon was taken over by Pathe Communications, a holding company which subsequently bought MGM. The new company opening its own multiplexes as MGM Cinemas. MGM Cinemas subsequently changed many times, first becoming Virgin Cinemas. Virgin Cinemas was founded in 1995 when Sir Richard Bransons Virgin Group acquired MGM Cinemas, Virgin Group bought the cinemas for £195m, and subsequently sold 90 of the chains remaining non-multiplex cinemas to Cinven for £70m to concentrate on multiplexes. Virgin then divested itself of the business to French-owned UGC. Subsequently, UGC divested its UK operations to rival operator Cineworld, an exception was the venue at Westover Road, Bournemouth venue which retained the ABC brand until its closure in early 2017
6.
Rank Organisation
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The Rank Organisation is or was a British entertainment conglomerate founded by industrialist J. Arthur Rank in April 1937. It quickly became the largest and most vertically integrated company in Britain. It also diversified into the manufacture of radios, TVs and photocopiers, the company logo, the Gongman, first used in 1935 by the groups distribution company General Film Distributors and seen in the opening titles of the films, became an iconic film emblem. From these modest origins, the British film company emerged in 1937 as Rank sought to consolidate his film-making interests, the company grew quickly, largely through acquisition. 1939 - UK sites of Paramount Cinemas purchased 1941 - Purchase of the Gaumont-British Picture Corporation, which also owned Gainsborough Pictures,251 cinemas and the Lime Grove Studios. In the mid-1940s Two Cities Films became part of the Rank Organisation producing key films such as Odd Man Out, Hamlet, Vice Versa and The Rocking Horse Winner. 1946 - Bought for £1 million+ a 50 per cent share in a chain of 133 cinemas from New Zealander Robert James Kerridge, many of the waning film company assets were hastily converted and pressed into Rank Xerox service. The Company of Youth, the Rank Organisation acting school often referred to as The Charm School, was founded in 1945 and it launched several careers including those of Donald Sinden, Dirk Bogarde, Diana Dors and Christopher Lee. Also under contract to Rank was the Canadian actor Philip Gilbert, despite backing some excellent films, Rank was in crisis by 1949, having built up a debt of £16 million. And reported a loss of £3.5 million, Managing Director John Davis cut staff, reduced budgets. Other studio facilities were closed, sold or leased, the Rank Organisation closed Independent Producers Ltd. In 1949, the company bought the Bush Radio manufacturing facility, in the early 1960s Rank took over Murphy Radio to form the Rank Bush Murphy Group. In 1956 Rank began a partnership with the Haloid Corporation to form Rank Xerox, Rank was also a significant shareholder in the consortium which became Southern Television, the first ITV television contract holder for the south of England. In the late 1950s, Rank set up Rank Records Ltd. in 1960, Top Rank was taken over by EMI, and in 1962 they replaced it with Stateside Records. Top Rank artists included Gary U. S. Bonds, the Shirelles, bumble and the Stingers, Wilbert Harrison, Skip & Flip, Andy Stewart, Craig Douglas and John Leyton. Rank Audio Visual was created in 1960, bringing together Ranks acquisitions in multimedia, including Bell and Howell, Andrew Smith Harkness Ltd, subsequent acquisitions included Strand Electric Holdings and H. J. Leak & Co. In the mid and late 1970s Rank Audio Visual made a 3-in-1 stereo music centre, the production of the classic Rank TV ran in the mid to late 70s, some interim models appeared and the modern Rank TV appeared in the early 80s. The NEC badge did not appear in the PAL/ 220/240 volt countries until the mid-1980s, J. Arthur Rank had stepped down as managing director of the Rank Organisation in 1952, but remained as chairman until 1962
7.
Odeon Cinemas
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Odeon is a cinema company operating in the United Kingdom and Ireland, which along with UCI Cinemas is part of the Odeon Cinemas Group. It uses the name of the Odeon cinema circuit first introduced in Britain in 1930. The first Odeon cinema was opened by Oscar Deutsch in 1928, in Brierley, Staffordshire, the first cinema to use the Odeon brand name was Deutschs cinema at Perry Barr, Birmingham in 1930. Ten years later Odeon was part of the Rank Organisation who continued their ownership of the circuit for a further sixty years. Through a number of sales and acquisitions in the early 2000s the company was purchased by Terra Firma, most UCI cinemas then took the Odeon brand name in 2006. Terra Firma sold the company to AMC Theatres in November 2016, in 2016, Odeon was the largest cinema chain in the United Kingdom by market share. Odeon Cinemas was created in 1928 by Oscar Deutsch, the name Nickelodeon was coined in 1905 and was widely used to describe small cinemas in the United States during that era. However the company is most associated with J. Arthur Rank, the first cinema opened by Oscar Deutsch was located in Brierley Hill, Staffordshire, England in 1928. The building has long since demolished, but as of 2006. However, its style is more functional than that of original Odeon cinemas, ironically, the first cinema that opened under the Odeon brand was located in Perry Barr, Birmingham. It was designed by Harry Weedon, the frontage was remodelled following damage sustained during the Second World War and, having been a bingo hall, has since been converted into a conference venue. By 1930, Odeon was a name and the cinemas known for their maritime-inspired Art Deco architecture. This style was first used in 1930 on the cinema at Perry Barr in Birmingham and he liked the style so much that he commissioned the architect, Harry Weedon, to design his future buildings. It is currently a club in the Mecca chain. It featured central linear lighting, a feature that became characteristic of his work, in 1935, Oscar Deutsch commissioned John Maltby, a professional photographer, to photograph every cinema in the Odeon chain at that time. The resulting collection, of internal and external photographs, is held in the archive of English Heritage. Deutsch sold the chain to the interests of J. Arthur Rank. By the time of Oscar Deutschs death in 1941,258 Odeons had opened throughout Britain, after the sale to J. Arthur Rank Corporation, Odeon also operated a wholly owned Canadian subsidiary, Odeon Theatres Ltd. with more than a hundred cinemas in Canada, coast-to-coast
8.
Gaumont British
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The Gaumont-British Picture Corporation was a company that produced and distributed films and operated a cinema chain in the United Kingdom. It was founded in 1898 as the British subsidiary of the French Gaumont Film Company and it became independent of its French parent in 1922 when Isidore Ostrer acquired control of Gaumont-British. In 1927 a leading silent film maker, the Ideal Film Company, the companys Lime Grove Studios made films including Alfred Hitchcocks adaptation of The 39 Steps, while its Islington Studios made Hitchcocks The Lady Vanishes. In the 1930s the company employed 16,000 people, in the USA Gaumont-British had its own distribution operation for its films until December 1938, when it outsourced distribution to 20th Century Fox. In 1941 the Rank Organisation bought Gaumont-British and its sister company Gainsborough Pictures and they also took over many smaller cinemas across the country, eventually owning 343 properties. One such property was the Holderness Hall in Hull, built by the pioneering William Morton in 1912, many of the Gaumont cinemas had a theatre organ for entertainment before the show, in the intervals, or after the show. The name Gaumont was adopted to describe the style of the organ console case. Cinema exhibition in the UK was characterised by alignments between exhibitors and distributors, after the Odeon and Gaumont takeovers, Rank had access to the product of 20th Century Fox, Paramount, Walt Disney, Columbia, Universal, United Artists and its own film productions. Rivals ABC had only Warner Brothers, MGM and its own ABPC productions, with ample supply of product, Rank maintained the separate Odeon and Gaumont release pattern for many years. Some Odeon cinemas were renamed Gaumont when transferred to Gaumont release, as attendances declined during the 1950s many cinemas on all circuits were closed and eventually, the booking power of the Gaumont circuit declined. In January 1959 Rank restructured its operation and combined the best Gaumonts. In 1961, Paramount objected to Rank consigning its Dean Martin comedy All in a Nights Work to the national circuit, with the continuing decline in attendances and cinema numbers, the National release died on its feet and henceforth there were two release patterns, Rank and ABC. There was no reason to perpetuate the Gaumont name and in towns that lost their Odeon, even so, the Gaumont name continued to linger until, in January 1987, the last Gaumont, in Doncaster, was renamed Odeon. A subsidiary of Gaumont British — G. B, equipments Ltd made a number of 16 mm film sound projectors in Britain before and during World War II, including models such as the G. B. -Scope A and B, Grosvenor and G. B. Equipments Ltd decided not to manufacture models of their own — instead they began to manufacture, under license and these models, branded as either G. B. -Bell & Howell or Bell & Howell-Gamount in Great Britain, were identical to the American models except in model number. During the 1950s G. B. -Bell & Howell either manufactured, or distributed, in 1888 Abram Kershaw established a business in Leeds making photographic items, including lanterns and projection equipment. Kershaw produced cinema projectors under the Kalee trade name from the 1910s, later, the company became part of Amalgamated Photographic Manufacturers, forming the Kershaw-Soho Ltd group. The brand Kalee continued to be used until the Kershaw group was acquired by Gaumont British to become G. B. -Kalee Ltd
9.
The Shadows
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The group, who were in the forefront of the UK beat-group boom, were the first backing band to emerge as stars. As pioneers of the instrumental format, the band consisted of lead guitar, rhythm guitar, bass guitar. Their range covers pop, rock, surf rock and ballads with a jazz influence, the core members are Hank Marvin, Bruce Welch and Brian Bennett. The sound was produced by Fender and Burns guitars, amplifiers by Vox and echo units Meazzi Echomatic tape, the Shadows, with Cliff Richard, dominated British popular music in the late 1950s and early 1960s in the years before the Beatles. Although they lost ground in the late 60s, the band had a success from the late 70s. The Shadows are the third most successful act in the UK singles chart, behind Elvis Presley, the Shadows and Cliff Richard & the Shadows each have had four No.1 selling EPs. The Shadows, although originally the band for Richard, were later an instrumental combo, following their success with the Jerry Lordan composition. The Shadows disbanded in 1968 but Marvin and Welch formed a trio with John Farrar, as Marvin. Because of low sales and fans demanding Shadows numbers at gigs, the group disbanded in 1990 but reformed in 2004–05 for a UK and continental European tour and again during 2009–10 to tour and release an album with a 50th anniversary reunion with Richard. Samwell wrote the first hit, Move It, often attributed to Cliff Richard. Initially, Norrie Paramor wanted to record using only studio musicians but after persuasion he allowed Smart, two session players, guitarist Ernie Shear and bassist Frank Clark, played on the Move It/Schoolboy Crush single on Paramors insistence to ensure a strong sound. In his memoirs Welch regrets that he and Marvin could not be at the start of making history with Move It, the Drifters signed for Jack Goods Oh Boy. television series. Paramor of EMI signed Richard, and asked Johnny Foster to recruit a better guitarist, Foster went to Sohos 2is coffee bar, known for musical talent performing there, particularly in skiffle, in search of guitarist Tony Sheridan. Sheridan was not there but Fosters attention was caught by another musician, in spring the same year, the US Drifters threatened legal action after the release and immediate withdrawal of Feelin Fine in the US. The second single, Jet Black, was released in the US as the Four Jets to avoid further legal aggravation, the name the Shadows was invented by Harris while he and Marvin were at the Six Bells pub in Ruislip in July 1959. When Hank Marvin and Jet Harris took off on their scooters up to the Six Bells pub at Ruislip, Jet hit upon a name straight away. So we became the Shadows for the first time on Cliffs sixth single Travellin Light, in 1960, Apache, an instrumental by Jerry Lordan, topped the charts for five weeks. Further hits followed, notably Wonderful Land, another Lordan composition with orchestral backing, kon Tiki six months earlier had also reached number one
10.
ITV (TV network)
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ITV is a commercial TV network in the United Kingdom. Since the passing of the Broadcasting Act 1990 its legal name has been Channel 3, to distinguish it from the analogue channels at the time, namely BBC1, BBC2. ITV is a network of channels that operate regional television services as well as sharing programmes between each other to be displayed on the entire network. In recent years, several of companies have merged so currently the fifteen franchises are in the hands of two companies. With the exception of Northern Ireland, the ITV brand is the used by ITV plc for the Channel 3 service in these areas. In Northern Ireland, ITV plc uses the brand name UTV, STV Group plc, uses the STV brand for its two franchises of central and northern Scotland. The origins of ITV lie in the passing of the Television Act 1954, the act created the Independent Television Authority to heavily regulate the industry and to award franchises. The first six franchises were awarded in 1954 for London, the Midlands, the first ITV network to launch was Londons Associated-Rediffusion on 22 September 1955, with the Midlands and North services launching in February 1956 and May 1956 respectively. Following these launches, the ITA awarded more franchises until the country was covered by fourteen regional stations. Following the 1993 changes, ITV as a network began to consolidate with several companies doing so to save money by ceasing the duplication of services present when they were all separate companies. The ITV Network is not owned or operated by one company, since 2016 the fifteen licences are held by two companies, with the majority held by ITV Broadcasting Limited, part of ITV plc. The network is regulated by the media regulator Ofcom who is responsible for awarding the broadcast licences, the last major review of the Channel 3 franchises was in 1991, with all operators licences having been renewed between 1999 and 2002 and again from 2014 without a further contest. However, due to amalgamation of several of companies since the creation of ITV Network Limited. Approved by Ofcom, this results in ITV plc commissioning and funding the network schedule, all licensees have the right to opt out of network programming, however many do not due to pressures from the parent company or because of limited resources. The network also needs to produce accessible output containing subtitles, signing, in exchange for this programming, the ITV network is available on all platforms free to air and can be found at the top of the EPG of all providers. Since the launch of the platform in 1998, all of the ITV licensees have received gifted capacity on the terrestrial television platform. At present, the companies are able to broadcast additional channels and all choose to broadcast the ITV plc owned ITV2, ITV3, ITV4 and CITV in their region. UTV and STV previously broadcast their own services – UTV2 in Northern Ireland and S2 in central and northern Scotland – until 2002, the broadcasters all make use of the Digital 3&4 multiplex, shared with Channel 4
11.
Independent Television Authority
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The Authority began its operations on 4 August 1954, a mere four days after the Television Act received Royal Assent, under the Chairmanship of Sir Kenneth Clark. The Authoritys first Director General, Sir Robert Fraser was appointed by Clark a month later on 14 September. The physics of VHF broadcasting meant that a small number of transmitters could cover the majority of the population of Britain. The ITA determined that the first three areas would cover the London area, the English Midlands, and the North of England. Franchises were awarded initially between 1954 and 1961, with the new television stations usually beginning their broadcasting 1-2 years later. In January 1955 the ITA authorised the creation of ITN, an owned and operated by the ITV companies collectively. On 22 September 1955 the ITV service opened in the London area, the first commercial on British television was for Gibbs SR toothpaste. The Central Scotland franchise was awarded to Scottish Television, from three applications, the South Wales and West of England franchise was awarded to Television Wales and the West, TWW, from ten applications. The South of England franchise was awarded to Southern Television, from thirteen applications, the North East England franchise was awarded to Tyne Tees Television, from eleven applications. The East of England franchise was awarded to Anglia Television, from eight applications, the Northern Ireland franchise was awarded to Ulster Television, from four applications. The South West England franchise was awarded to Westward Television, from fifteen applications, the franchise for the English-Scottish Border and the Isle of Man was awarded to Border Television, from two applications. The franchise for North East Scotland was awarded to Grampian Television, the franchise for West and North Wales was awarded to the Wales Television Association, Teledu Cymru, transmitting as WWN, Wales Television. When WWN went on the air on 14 September 1962, the ITV Network was completed, the 1967 franchise review involved substantial changes, All weekday/weekend split franchises were ended except in London. The North of England franchise was split between North West England, awarded to Granada Television, and the three Ridings of Yorkshire to create Yorkshire Television, the new 7-day franchise in the Midlands was awarded to Associated TeleVision. The ITA asked ABC and Associated-Rediffusion to merge, forming Thames Television which was awarded the London Weekday franchise, LWT was awarded the London Weekend franchise. Most controversially, TWW lost its franchise for Wales and the West of England to Harlech Television, the 1967 franchises were subsequently extended in stages to expire in 1976, then 1979, and finally to expire on 31 December 1981. See the entry for the IBA for details of the 1981, history of ITV Sendall, Bernard Independent Television in Britain, Volume 1 - Origin and Foundation 1946-62 London, The Macmillan Press Ltd 1982 ISBN 0-333-30941-3
12.
Channel 4
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Channel 4 is a British public-service television broadcaster that began transmission on 2 November 1982. With the conversion of the Wenvoe transmitter group in Wales to digital on 31 March 2010, before Channel 4 and S4C, Britain had three terrestrial television services, BBC1, BBC2, and ITV. The Broadcasting Act 1980 began the process of adding a fourth, after some months of test broadcasts, it began scheduled transmissions on 2 November 1982. Indeed, television sets throughout the 1970s and early 1980s had a spare channel called ITV/IBA2. It was most likely politics which had the biggest impact in leading to a delay of almost three decades before the commercial channel became a reality. The campaign was taken so seriously by Gwynfor Evans, former president of Plaid Cymru, the result was that Channel 4 as seen by the rest of the United Kingdom would be replaced in Wales by Sianel Pedwar Cymru. Operated by a specially created authority, S4C would air programmes in Welsh made by HTV, since then, carriage on digital cable, satellite and digital terrestrial has introduced Channel 4 to Welsh homes where it is now universally available. The first programme to air on the channel was the game show Countdown. The first person to be seen on Channel 4 was Richard Whiteley with Ted Moult being the second, the first woman on the channel, contrary to popular belief, was not Carol Vorderman and was a lexicographer only ever identified as Mary. Whiteley opened the show with the words, On its first day, Channel 4 also broadcast controversial soap opera Brookside, which ran until 2003. On its launch, Channel 4 committed itself to providing an alternative to the existing channels, Channel 4 co-commissioned Robert Ashleys ground-breaking television opera Perfect Lives, which it premiered over several episodes in 1984. The channel often did not receive mass audiences for much of period, however. Channel 4 for many years had a poorer quality signal compared to other channels, Channel 4 also began the funding of independent films, such as the Merchant-Ivory docudrama The Courtesans of Bombay, during this time. In 1992, Channel 4 also faced its first libel case by Jani Allan, a South African journalist, who objected to her representation in the documentary The Leader, His Driver and the Drivers Wife. After control of the station passed from the Channel Four Television Company to the Channel Four Television Corporation in 1993, instead of aiming for the fringes of society, it began to focus on the edges of the mainstream, and the centre of the mass market itself. It began to show many US programmes in peak viewing time and it gave such shows as Friends and ER their UK premières. In the early 2000s, Channel 4 began broadcasting reality formats such as Big Brother and obtained the rights to broadcast mass appeal sporting events like cricket and this new direction increased ratings and revenues. In addition, the corporation launched a number of new channels through its new 4Ventures offshoot, including Film4, At the Races, E4
13.
Bravo (UK TV channel)
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Bravo was a British television channel owned by Living TV Group, a subsidiary of BSkyB. Its target audience was males in their 20s to early 40s and it broadcast a variety of both archive programming and original productions. The Bravo channel ceased broadcasting on 1 January 2011, Bravo was launched on December 31,1985, as a cable only channel, created by United Artists Programming broadcasting mainly black & white B-movies from the 1950s and 1960s. Initially, the channel was a service provided to cable headends for automatic play-out. In 1991, United Artists merged with their largest shareholder TCI, TCI and US West announced a joint venture and, in 1992, the joint venture company became Telewest Communications. In 1993, talks were held with Tele-Communications Inc. which resulted in Flextech acquiring TCIs European programming business in exchange for shares, on July 22,1993, Bravo launched on the Astra 1C satellite in anticipation of the launch of Sky Multichannels in September 1993. European Business News time shared with the channel on weekdays and Living on weekends until 2001 and its programming output was altered around the same time, when the channel obtained many of the ITC Entertainment productions which included the cult series The Avengers. It upgraded its on-screen image with a station identifier of a modernist skyscraper under rolling thunderclouds. It used both Roger Moore and Tony Curtis to feature in specialty shot trails, armstrong and Miller first made their broadcast television appearance on Bravo in a series of presentation promotions during its Cult Weekend on 5 August 1995. In 1996, a change to withdraw the black & white shows contributed to the channel moving on to specialize in science fiction. It then became known for showing crime documentaries by day and adult programming at night and it subsequently decreased the adult content and increased sports and imported shows such as Alias. On 28 August 2005, the channel started showing Serie A Italian football, bringing back the Channel 4 format Football Italia. on 5 January 2008, TNA iMPACT was moved to Bravo with replays of the show on Bravo 2. From 3 June 2008 onward, Bravo, along with the other Living TV Group owned channels began broadcasting in widescreen and this was coupled with a redesign of the on-screen graphic, the word BRAVO was shown rather than the logo. On 25 May 2010, Virgin Media Television unveiled new branding for Bravo to coincide with a major new series Spartacus, Blood. It involved a new logo to match the content and ambition of the channel along with a new strapline, Bravo. On 15 September 2010, BSkyB announced that it would close Bravo as well as its sister channel Bravo 2, for November 2010, Bravo rebranded as Brav-Mo to celebrate Movember. From December 24-31,2010, Bravo celebrated its final week with a marathon of its most popular shows called Bravo, on 1 January 2011 at 4, 00am, Bravo ceased broadcasting on all platforms. The last program aired was Worlds Most Amazing Videos, in August 2013, it was revealed that BSkyB had registered the trademark for Sky Bravo, paving the way for a possible relaunch of the channel, although nothing has been heard about it since
14.
Talking Pictures TV
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Talking Pictures TV is a British free-to-air film nostalgia channel which launched on 26 May 2015 on Sky Television platform channel 343. The channel was founded by Sarah Cronin-Stanley and is run by her with assistance from her father, former producer Noel Cronin, and her husband Neill. It runs for 24 hours a day and specializes in British films, during the twilight hours the schedule often changes to American drive-in movies or straight-to-video oddities. A wide range of movies from different genres are shown including horror, comedy, drama, Cronin-Stanley and her father have for years run a DVD membership club, The Renown Film Club, for fans of B-movie classics. Many of the films now shown on Talking Pictures TV are available through The Renown Film Club, Renown Pictures also own much of the Southern Television library, hence its inclusion on Talking Pictures. The channel was first only available via satellite on the Sky platform in the United Kingdom. Since 15 September 2015 it has also been available on Freeview Channel 81, it is broadcast in standard definition on a Freeview HD multiplex and it became available on Freesat Channel 306 in 2016. A list of selected films shown on Talking Pictures TV Au Pair Girls Bad Blood Be My Guest The Beach Girls Beat Girl Blood Mania Blood of the Vampire Blue Money Can You Keep It Up For A Week. The channel also has themed days, such as Music Hall Monday, Talking Pictures TV features several classic television series from American broadcasters ABC, CBS and NBC, as well as British series from Southern Television productions for the ITV network. Tell Me Another Together The Westerner List of television stations in the United Kingdom Official site TalkingPicturesTV on Facebook TalkingPicturesTV on Twitter Renown Films
15.
Network Distributing
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Network Distributing is a video publishing company that specialises in classic British television programmes. The company holds the rights to a number of archive British programmes, predominantly from ITV, though it holds rights for some programmes shown by the BBC. The company is developing a catalogue of world cinema titles through its film arm Network Releasing. Network was founded in 1997 as a video sell-through label specialising in television programmes. Its first releases were Charley Says, Robin of Sherwood and Catweazle and it has gone on to become one of the most successful independent DVD distributors in the UK, with a library of 3,000 unique film and TV properties. The company has built up a reputation for including extensive special features on many of its DVD box sets and it has also moved into releasing new feature films in cinemas. Network won two HEW Awards in 2008 for Best TV DVD release for The Prisoner 40th Anniversary Special Edition, the latter award was shared with The Mighty Boosh Series 3. In 2004 Network signed a deal with Granada Ventures, giving the company the rights to release all non-core ITV brands on DVD in the UK. At the same time Network sourced its sales function to Fremantle Media, in return Network acquired the DVD rights to the Fremantle library, which includes the Thames Television library. This means that the majority of ITV shows are released via Network DVD rather than ITVs commercial division, the American-made series Baywatch is also part of the Fremantle library and Network DVD holds UK DVD rights to the series. Notable films include Sign o’ the Times, Oliver Stones Talk Radio, Black Narcissus, The Last Seduction, in 2007 the company moved into new releases following a re-release of The Ipcress File at UK cinemas nationwide in 2006. The company acquired Hou Hsiao Hsien’s Flight of the Red Balloon starring Juliette Binoche, in 2008 it acquired four new films from the Cannes Film Festival, Afterschool, Rumba, Soi Cowboy and Tony Manero, which were all released in the UK in 2009. It established its world cinema website networkreleasing. com the same year, in July 2010 it released Lymelife, a coming-of-age feature executive-produced by Martin Scorsese and starring Alec Baldwin, Rory and Kieran Culkin, Cynthia Nixon and Emma Roberts. In 2011, it released the Asian slasher movie Dream Home, networks release schedule and catalogue availability were temporarily affected by the Sony warehouse fire in Enfield, North London, during the riots in England in 2011
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Urge to Kill (film)
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Urge to Kill is a 1960 British B-movie serial killer film, directed by Vernon Sewell and starring Patrick Barr, Ruth Dunning and Terence Knapp. The film is based on the novel Hughie Roddis and play Hand in Glove, while making her way home from the cinema one night in a particularly grey and drab town, a young woman is murdered in an unusually brutal and sadistic manner. Hughie lives in the house run by his aunt, along with a selection of boarders including a kindly elderly gent with a penchant for Bible-bashing. Hughie is questioned by the police, but Superintendent Allen releases him as there is no evidence against him. A few days later another girl is killed in the town, again, Allens instincts tell him that Hughie is basically a harmless if odd soul, and is not responsible for the killings. He starts to look closely at other individuals connected to Hughie. While the townsfolk continue their vendetta, Allen quietly observes and finds his attention focussed on a likely suspect. He shadows the individual as he walks the streets of the one night and catches the guilty party almost in the act. Patrick Barr as Superintendent Allen Ruth Dunning as Auntie B, Terence Knapp as Hughie Howard Pays as Charles Ramskill Anna Turner as Lily Willis Christopher Trace as Sgt
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The Clue of the New Pin (1961 film)
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The Clue of the New Pin is a British crime film directed by Allan Davis and starring Paul Daneman, Bernard Archard and James Villiers. It was one of the series of Edgar Wallace Mysteries, British second-features and this film is an adaptation of the 1923 novel The Clue of the New Pin by Edgar Wallace, which was also made into a film in 1929. TV journalist Tab Holland assists Scotland yard with the murder of a millionaire whose corpse is discovered locked in a vault. The key to the vault is mysteriously found on the table beside the corpse, the Clue of the New Pin at the Internet Movie Database
18.
Never Back Losers
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Never Back Losers is a 1961 British film directed by Robert Tronson and starring Jack Hedley, Jacqueline Ellis and Patrick Magee. The film is based on The Green Ribbon by Edgar Wallace and it was one of the Edgar Wallace Mysteries, British second-features, produced at Merton Park Studios in the 1960s. Horse racing jockey Wally Sanders loses a race, crashes his car, jim Matthews, a shrewd insurance investigator, follows up the companys suspicion of foul play and finds himself deep in a web of gambling and corruption surrounding the racetrack. Never Back Losers at the Internet Movie Database Never Back Losers at BFI Screenonline
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The Sinister Man
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The Sinister Man is a 1961 British drama film directed by Clive Donner and starring Patrick Allen, Gerald Anderson and Edward Atienza. It was one of the series of Edgar Wallace Mysteries, British second-features, the body of an Oxford professor is found floating in the river Thames. He had previously been studying an archeological artefact known as the Kytang Wafers, john Bentley who took the lead as Superintendent Willis was a popular actor in the late fifties and early sixties but is all but forgotten these days. The Sinister Man at the Internet Movie Database
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IMDb
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In 1998 it became a subsidiary of Amazon Inc, who were then able to use it as an advertising resource for selling DVDs and videotapes. As of January 2017, IMDb has approximately 4.1 million titles and 7.7 million personalities in its database, the site enables registered users to submit new material and edits to existing entries. Although all data is checked before going live, the system has open to abuse. The site also featured message boards which stimulate regular debates and dialogue among authenticated users, IMDb shutdown the message boards permanently on February 20,2017. Anyone with a connection can read the movie and talent pages of IMDb. A registration process is however, to contribute info to the site. A registered user chooses a name for themselves, and is given a profile page. These badges range from total contributions made, to independent categories such as photos, trivia, bios, if a registered user or visitor happens to be in the entertainment industry, and has an IMDb page, that user/visitor can add photos to that page by enrolling in IMDbPRO. Actors, crew, and industry executives can post their own resume and this fee enrolls them in a membership called IMDbPro. PRO can be accessed by anyone willing to pay the fee, which is $19.99 USD per month, or if paid annually, $149.99, which comes to approximately $12.50 per month USD. Membership enables a user to access the rank order of each industry personality, as well as agent contact information for any actor, producer, director etc. that has an IMDb page. Enrolling in PRO for industry personnel, enables those members the ability to upload a head shot to open their page, as well as the ability to upload hundreds of photos to accompany their page. Anyone can register as a user, and contribute to the site as well as enjoy its content, however those users enrolled in PRO have greater access and privileges. IMDb originated with a Usenet posting by British film fan and computer programmer Col Needham entitled Those Eyes, others with similar interests soon responded with additions or different lists of their own. Needham subsequently started an Actors List, while Dave Knight began a Directors List, and Andy Krieg took over THE LIST from Hank Driskill, which would later be renamed the Actress List. Both lists had been restricted to people who were alive and working, the goal of the participants now was to make the lists as inclusive as possible. By late 1990, the lists included almost 10,000 movies and television series correlated with actors and actresses appearing therein. On October 17,1990, Needham developed and posted a collection of Unix shell scripts which could be used to search the four lists, at the time, it was known as the rec. arts. movies movie database
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The Four Just Men (novel)
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The Four Just Men is a detective thriller published in 1905 by the British writer Edgar Wallace. The eponymous Just Men appear in several sequels, Edgar Wallace formed the idea of The Four Just Men — four wealthy gentleman vigilantes who punish wrong-doers who are beyond the reach of the Law – while returning to England in 1905. He had to create his own publishing company, Tallis, to publish it, Wallace intended to advertise the book on an unprecedented scale, not just in Britain itself but across the Empire. He approached the proprietor, Lord Harmsworth for the loan of the £1,000 and was promptly refused, Wallace had advertisements placed on buses, hoardings, flyers, and so forth, running up an incredible bill of £2,000. Enthusiastic, but without any substantial managerial skill, Wallace had also made a far more serious error, unfortunately during this period the number of entrants correctly guessing the right answer continued to rise inexorably. Wallaces response was to ignore the situation, but circumstances were ominous. As 1906 began and continued without any list of prize winners being printed, in addition, for a working-class Edwardian family, £250 was a fortune and since those who were winners knew it they had been waiting impatiently for the prize to be paid out. Harmsworth, having refused the initial £1,000 loan, was furious at having now to loan over £5,000 to protect the newspapers reputation because Wallace couldnt pay. Wallace went bankrupt and hastily sold the rights to the novel for £75 to Sir George Newnes to provide token amounts to his creditors, in later books, Wallace develops their backstory. The original fourth man, Merel, had died in Bordeaux, after The Great War, they are pardoned on condition that they remain within the law, and Poiccart retires to Spain. Gonsalez and Manfred continue to operate a detective agency. The Four Just Men was adapted as a silent film in 1921, a film in 1939 and as a British television series in 1959
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Kate Plus Ten
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Kate Plus Ten is a 1917 British crime novel written by Edgar Wallace. In 1938 it was made into a film Kate Plus Ten, in 1967 it was adapted for the film The Trygon Factor starring Stewart Granger. Attempts to capture eighteen-year-old criminal mastermind Kate Wasthanger, a colonels niece and these include stealing a complete and valuable railway goods train. Each one is bigger than the last – but never once have we traced the crime to her door
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The Crimson Circle (novel)
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The Crimson Circle is a 1922 crime novel by the British writer Edgar Wallace. Scotland Yard tackle a secret league of blackmailers known as The Crimson Circle, the Novel was first published in The Peoples Story Magazine, March 10,1922. The first UK book edition was by Hodder & Stoughton, London,1922, when James Beardmore receives a letter demanding £100,000 he refuses to pay—even though it is his last warning. It is his son Jack who finds him dead, can the amazing powers of Derrick Yale, combined with the methodical patience of Inspector Parr, discover the secret of the Crimson Circle. Who is its head and who is the stranger who lies in wait. Twice in a lifetime a ruthless criminal faces the executioner, title, The crimson circle Author, Edgar Wallace Editor Hodder and Stoughton,1929 Page Nº,128 p The novel has been adapted into films on four occasion
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The Valley of Ghosts (novel)
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The Valley of Ghosts is a crime novel by the British writer Edgar Wallace which was first published in 1922. The novel was serialised in The Popular Magazine, Jul 20-Sep 7,1922, in four installments. Small, Maynard & Company published the first US book edition, in New York, murder comes to a quiet settlement of the English countryside, and with more than one ghost. Why was Stella Nelson with the victim in the middle of the night, who was the mysterious blackmailer who held all England in their grasp. Why didnt the famous detective, Andy MacLeod, do his duty, in 1928 the novel was adapted into a silent film directed by G. B. Samuelson and starring Miriam Seegar and Ian Hunter and it was one of a number of adaptations of Wallaces novels in the late 1920s and early 1930s
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The Clue of the New Pin (novel)
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The Clue of the New Pin is a 1923 crime novel by the British writer Edgar Wallace. It was first published by Hodder & Stoughton in London,1923, the novel has been adapted for the cinema three times, The Clue of the New Pin directed by Arthur Maude. This film was filmed in British Phototone, a system using 12-inch discs. In March 1929, Pin was trade-shown with The Crimson Circle made in the Phonofilm sound-on-film process, the Clue of the New Pin directed by Allan Davis. What Have You Done to Solange, directed by Massimo Dallamano, is an Italian Giallo thriller loosely based on the novel. Jesse Trasmere is a penny-pincher who doesnt trust banks, therefore he keeps his money in his house and his nephew Rex Lander received an allowance from his uncle, which he finds too short to keep his extravagant life style. Trasmere decided to go out of town to avoid an unwanted situation, but his body was suspiciously found days later in a locked vault
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The Hound of the Baskervilles (1932 film)
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The Hound of the Baskervilles is a 1932 British mystery film directed by Gareth Gundrey and starring John Stuart, Robert Rendel and Frederick Lloyd. It is based on the novel The Hound of the Baskervilles by Arthur Conan Doyle, Sherlock Holmes is called in to investigate a suspicious death on Dartmoor. It was made by Gainsborough Pictures, the novelist Edgar Wallace worked as a screenwriter. The very first talking version of The Hound of the Baskervilles. On 28 February 1931 Lustleigh railway station, on the then-Great Western Railway, was used as the location for Baskerville station at which Sherlock Holmes, for many years, it was believed that only the picture negative of this movie still existed. However, in 1991, a set of negatives and soundtracks were donated to the British Film Institute by the Rank Corporation. As such, the film now survives intact in the BFI archives
27.
King Kong (1933 film)
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King Kong is a 1933 American pre-Code monster adventure film directed and produced by Merian C. Cooper and Ernest B. The screenplay by James Ashmore Creelman and Ruth Rose was from an idea conceived by Cooper and it stars Fay Wray, Bruce Cabot and Robert Armstrong, and opened in New York City on March 2,1933, to rave reviews. It has been ranked by Rotten Tomatoes as the greatest horror film of all time, the film tells of a gigantic, prehistoric, island-dwelling ape called Kong who dies in an attempt to possess a beautiful young woman. King Kong is especially noted for its stop-motion animation by Willis OBrien, in 1991 it was deemed culturally, historically and aesthetically significant by the Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry. It has been remade twice, in 1976 and 2005, while a reboot, Kong, due to set sail that night, Denham searches the streets of New York for a suitable woman. He meets penniless Ann Darrow and convinces her to him for what he proposes as the adventure of a lifetime. The Venture quickly gets underway and, during the voyage, the surly first mate, Jack Driscoll, after weeks of secrecy, Denham finally tells Englehorn and Driscoll that their destination is Skull Island, an uncharted land shown on a map in Denhams possession. Denham also cryptically alludes to some monstrous creature rumored to dwell on the island, when they find the island and anchor offshore, they see a native village, separated from the rest of the island by an enormous ancient stone wall. A landing party, including the crew and Ann, witnesses a group of natives preparing to sacrifice a young maiden as the bride of Kong. The intruders are spotted and the native chief angrily stops the ceremony, when he sees the blonde Ann, he offers to trade six of his tribal women for the golden woman. They rebuff him and return to the Venture and that night, a band of natives kidnap Ann from the ship and lead her through a huge wooden gate in the wall. Tied to an altar, she is offered to Kong, who turns out to be an enormous gorilla-like ape, Kong carries her off into the jungle as the Venture crew, alerted to Anns abduction, arrive. They open the gate and Denham, Driscoll and some enter the jungle in hopes of rescuing Ann. They soon discover that Kong is far from the giant prehistoric creature on the island when they are charged by a Stegosaurus. After constructing a raft in order to cross a swamp, a Brontosaurus capsizes their supplies, fleeing through the jungle, they soon encounter Kong, who tries to stop them from crossing a ravine by shaking them off a fallen tree that bridges it. Only Driscoll and Denham, on sides, survive. A Tyrannosaurus threatens Ann, but Kong kills it after a colossal battle, Driscoll continues to shadow Kong and Ann while Denham returns to the village for more ammunition. Upon arriving in Kongs lair in a cave, Ann is menaced by a snake-like Elasmosaurus
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The Mind of Mr. Reeder
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The Mind of Mr. Reeder is a 1939 British, black-and-white, crime, mystery, directed by Jack Raymond and starring Ronald Shiner as Sam Hackett. It was produced by Jack Raymond Productions, allmovie lists the U. S. film title of The Mysterious Mr. Reeder. Also, Ronald Shiner, Will Fyffe and Jack Raymond were all involved in another Mr. Reeder film, the film is based on a novel by Edgar Wallace. Will Fyffe makes another appearance as Mr. Reeder, the seemingly absent-minded Scotland Yard sleuth created by Edgar Wallace and this time, the canny Reeder is hot on the trail of a counterfeiting gang. In his own disheveled fashion, he puts the criminals off guard long enough to swoop in for the kill in the final reel, among the suspects is Welford, the eye-twitching murderer from Alfred Hitchcocks Young and Innocent. In keeping with his characters essential Britishness, Will Fyffe dispenses with his trademarked Scottish accent in this outing
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The Missing People
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The Missing People is a 1940 British, black-and-white, mystery film directed by Jack Raymond and starring Ronald Shiner as Sam Hackett and Will Fyffe as Mr. J. G. Reeder. It was produced by Jack Raymond Productions, Ronald Shiner, Will Fyffe and Jack Raymond were also all involved in another Mr. Reeder film, The Mind of Mr. Reeder. The film is based on a novel by Edgar Wallace, Mr. Reeder begins solving the disappearance of 27 people, after they had each received large sums of money from their respective families. Is the criminal-featured Joseph Bronstone, the guilty party, J. G. Otherwise, the plot is unbelievable but makes for some light-hearted fun. The Missing People at AllMovie The Missing People at the British Film Institutes Film and TV Database The Missing People at the Internet Movie Database
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The Four Just Men (1939 film)
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The Four Just Men, also known as The Secret Four, is a 1939 British thriller film directed by Walter Forde and starring Hugh Sinclair, Griffith Jones, Edward Chapman and Frank Lawton. It is based on the novel The Four Just Men by Edgar Wallace, there was a previous silent film version in 1921. The film was made at Ealing Studios, with sets designed by Wilfred Shingleton, the Four Just Men was re-released in 1944 with an updated ending featuring newsreel of Winston Churchill and the Allied war effort as a fulfilment of the ideals of the Four. The adviser on the House of Commons of the United Kingdom scenes was Aneurin Bevan, the Four Men are British World War I veterans who unite to work in secret against enemies of the country. They arent above a spot of murder or sabotage to achieve their ends, but in all other respects its a rollicking boys own adventure, with some of the most fiendishly comic-book murders you will ever see. The Four Just Men at the Internet Movie Database
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The Four Just Men (TV series)
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The Four Just Men was a 1959 television series produced by Sapphire Films for ITC Entertainment. It was broadcast for one season of 39 half-hour monochrome episodes, the men later reassemble, and decide to fight for justice and against tyranny, using money donated for the purpose by their late commanding officer. Their reputation as the Four Just Men is well known, the series is unusual in having the four main actors appear alternately, one or occasionally two makes a brief appearance in each others episode, often using a telephone. Honor Blackman as Nicole, Tim Colliers French girlfriend and secretary, andrew Keir as Jock, Ben Manfreds manservant and best friend. Lisa Gastoni as Giulia, Ricco Poccaris secretary, robert Rietti as Francesco, Poccaris butler. At the time Four Just Men was the most ambitious film series yet made for British TV and it was produced by Sapphire Films at Walton Studios, and on location in Britain, France and Italy. None of its four stars had been cast as regulars for a series before. John Schlesinger was credited as exterior unit or second unit director on a number of episodes, airdate is for ATV Midlands ITV regions varied date and order. Each story featured one star and often brief appearances of the others, DD = Dan Dailey JH = Jack Hawkins RC = Richard Conte VS = Vittorio De Sica. Network DVD released the 39 episodes during August 2010 in a 5 DVD region 2 set, the Four Just Men at the Internet Movie Database epguides. com Dinosaur TV
