1.
Public university
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A public university is a university that is predominantly funded by public means through a national or subnational government, as opposed to private universities. Whether a national university is considered public varies from one country to another, in Egypt, Al-Azhar University opened in 975 AD as the second oldest university in the world. In Nigeria Public Universities can be established by both the Federal Government and by State Governments, students are enrolled after completing the 8-4-4 system of education and attaining a mark of C+ or above. They are also eligible for a low interest loan from the Higher Education Loan Board and they are expected to pay back the loan after completing higher education. South Africa has 23 public tertiary institutions, either categorised as a traditional university or a comprehensive university. Almost entire national universities in Brunei are public universities and these are major universities in Brunei, University of Brunei Darussalam Brunei Technological University Sultan Sharif Ali Islamic University There are 40 public universities in Bangladesh. The University Grant Commission is the body for all the public universities in Bangladesh. The universities do not deal directly with the government, but with the University Grants Commission, recently many private universities are established under the Private University Act of 1992. In mainland China, nearly all universities and research institutions are public and currently, the public universities are usually run by the provincial governments, there are also circumstances where the municipal governments administer the universities. Some public universities are national, which are administered by the central government. Private undergraduate colleges do exist, which are vocational colleges sponsored by private enterprises. The majority of universities are not entitled to award bachelors degrees. Public universities usually enjoy higher reputation domestically, eight institutions are funded by the University Grants Committee. The Academy for Performing Arts also receives funding from the government, the Open University of Hong Kong is also a public university, but it is largely self-financed. The Shue Yan University is the private institution with the status of a university. There are public and private institutes in Indonesia. The government provide public universities, institutes, high schools and academies in each province, the private educational institution usually provided by religious organizations, public organizations, and some big companies. In India, most universities and nearly all research institutions are public, There are some private undergraduate colleges, mostly engineering schools, but a majority of these are affiliated to public universities
2.
Tanya Byron
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Tanya Byron is a British psychologist, writer, and media personality, best known for her work as a child therapist on television shows Little Angels and The House of Tiny Tearaways. She also co-created the BBC2 sitcom The Life and Times of Vivienne Vyle with Jennifer Saunders, in 2008, she became Professor of the Public Understanding of Science at Edge Hill University and is the first and current Chancellor of the same institution. Byron was born in the UK and her father was the film and television director John Sichel, later the founder of ARTTS International in Yorkshire. Her mother was a sister and a model. When Byron was 15 years old, her German-born paternal grandmother was murdered by being battered to death by a woman who abused illicit drugs and her grandmother knew the woman, who was in pursuit of money. Byron was perplexed by this cruelty, and at about time she began to try to understand how anyone could do such a terrible thing. Byron was educated at North London Collegiate School, University of York, University College London and her PhD thesis was entitled The evaluation of an outpatient treatment programme for stimulant drug misuse, and was completed at University College Hospital. Prior to training in Clinical Psychology, Byron worked as a researcher on the BBCs Video Diaries documentary series. Once she qualified, Byron worked in the British National Health Service for 18 years in a number of public areas such as drug addiction, STDs. In 2005, Byron was featured on French and Saunders Christmas Special as herself, subsequently, she co-wrote two series of The Life and Times of Vivienne Vyle with Jennifer Saunders. This was published in March 2008 as Safer Children in a Digital World, in April 2008, Byron fronted a four-part show called Am I Normal. Exploring the boundaries of acceptable behaviour, in May 2008, she was elected as the first Chancellor of Edge Hill University, in Lancashire and installed at a ceremony in December 2008. Edge Hill University also appointed her to the post of Professor of the Public Understanding of Science, in 2009, Byron was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of York. Byron is the patron of Prospex, a charity which works with people in North London. She is also a partner in a company, Doris Partnership. She has published The Skeleton Cupboard, The Making of a Clinical Psychologist in 2015, Byron married The Bill actor Bruce Byron in Barnet, London, in 1997. They have a daughter and a son, Tanya and Bruce met when Bruce applied to the very first ARTTS course. Tanya Byron, Stephen Briers, Rachel Morris and Laverne Antrobus, monitor the behaviour of the family and they then discuss a course of action with them and later they coach them in how to change their own and their childrens behaviour to improve the situation
3.
Postgraduate education
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In North America, this level is generally referred to as graduate school. The organization and structure of education varies in different countries. This article outlines the types of courses and of teaching and examination methods. There are two types of degrees studied for at the postgraduate level, academic and vocational degrees. The term degree in this means the moving from one stage or level to another. University studies took six years for a degree and up to twelve additional years for a masters degree or doctorate. The first six years taught the faculty of the arts, which was the study of the seven liberal arts, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music theory, grammar, logic, the main emphasis was on logic. Once a Bachelor of Arts degree had been obtained, the student could choose one of three faculties—law, medicine, or theology—in which to pursue masters or doctors degrees. Because theology was thought to be the highest of the subjects, the main significance of the higher, postgraduate degrees was that they licensed the holder to teach. In most countries, the hierarchy of postgraduate degrees is as follows, in Scottish Universities, the Master of Philosophy degree tends to be by research or higher masters degree and the Master of Letters degree tends to be the taught or lower masters degree. In many fields such as social work, or library science in North America. Professional degrees such as the Master of Architecture degree can last to three and a years to satisfy professional requirement to be an architect. Professional degrees such as the Master of Business Administration degree can last up to two years to satisfy the requirement to become a business leader. These are often divided into academic and professional doctorates. An academic doctorate can be awarded as a Doctor of Philosophy degree or as a Doctor of Science degree, a doctorate is the terminal degree in most fields. In the United States, there is distinction between a Doctor of Philosophy degree and a Doctor of Science degree. In the second half of the 19th century, however, US universities began to follow the European model by awarding doctorates, in the UK, an equivalent formation to doctorate is the NVQ5 or QCF8. Most universities award degrees, usually at the postgraduate level
4.
Ormskirk
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Ormskirk is a market town in West Lancashire, England,13 miles north of Liverpool,11 miles northwest of St Helens,9 miles southeast of Southport and 18 miles southwest of Preston. Ormskirk is famous for its gingerbread, Ormskirk is an unparished area, surrounded by the parishes of Bickerstaffe, Aughton, Scarisbrick, Burscough, Lathom and Lathom South. The town is located in the district of West Lancashire and is the site of the headquarters of West Lancashire Borough Council, Ormskirk is home to Edge Hill University. The name Ormskirk is Old Norse in origin and is derived from Ormres kirkja, from a name, Ormr. Ormr may have been a Viking who settled here, became a Christian and founded the church but there are no records or archaeological evidence to support this. There is no reference to Ormskirk in the Domesday Book of 1086, in about 1189, the lord of Lathom granted the church of Ormskirk to Burscough Priory, which does suggest that Ormskirk had been subordinate to Lathom before that date. An open market is held twice-weekly, on Thursdays and Saturdays, the location was originally the junction of the main roads to Preston, Liverpool and Wigan, and was marked by a market cross going back to medieval times. This was moved to the junction of St Helens Road and Moor Street to make room for the erection of the tower in 1876. The fountain was moved again to opposite the Drill Hall down Southport Road in the 1890s when space was needed to site the Disraeli statue. The market was established by a Royal Charter that was granted by Edward I of England in 1286 to the monks of Burscough Priory, thursday has been market day in Ormskirk since at least 1292. The King also granted a charter to Ormskirk at about the same time. The Ormskirk Poor Law Union was established in 1837, covering 21 parishes and townships from Tarleton to Simonswood, Ormskirk Union Workhouse was built in 1853 on Wigan Road and later became Ormskirk District General Hospital. An engineering industry, based on making and mending agricultural machinery also developed, the town became known for its gingerbread over the years when local women would bake the gingerbread in their own homes and then take it to the staging inns to sell to passengers. When the railway arrived in the mid 19th century, the local gingerbread sellers found a new market and they were allowed to sell their product to passengers travelling through the station. One particular customer Edward, Prince of Wales, later Edward VII enjoyed the local gingerbread so much he sent orders to the town, the baking of gingerbread became part of the retail history of the town, with several local bakers claiming to have the original gingerbread recipe. A well known woman, Sally Woods, was a recognisable figure on the market selling her gingerbread. The parish church of St Peter and St Paul is believed to be on the site of the kirk, on a sandstone outcrop. Its exact age is unknown, the building does contain some fragments of Norman architecture, the parish church has many connections with the Earls of Derby and the Stanley family
5.
Lancashire
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Lancashire is a non-metropolitan ceremonial county in north west England. The county town is Lancaster although the administrative centre is Preston. The county has a population of 1,449,300, people from Lancashire are known as Lancastrians. The history of Lancashire begins with its founding in the 12th century, in the Domesday Book of 1086, some of its lands were treated as part of Yorkshire. The land that lay between the Ribble and Mersey, Inter Ripam et Mersam, was included in the returns for Cheshire, when its boundaries were established, it bordered Cumberland, Westmorland, Yorkshire, and Cheshire. Lancashire emerged as a commercial and industrial region during the Industrial Revolution. Liverpool and Manchester grew into its largest cities, dominating global trade, the county contained several mill towns and the collieries of the Lancashire Coalfield. By the 1830s, approximately 85% of all cotton manufactured worldwide was processed in Lancashire, Accrington, Blackburn, Bolton, Burnley, Bury, Chorley, Colne, Darwen, Manchester, Nelson, Oldham, Preston, Rochdale and Wigan were major cotton mill towns during this time. Blackpool was a centre for tourism for the inhabitants of Lancashires mill towns, the detached northern part of Lancashire in the Lake District, including the Furness Peninsula and Cartmel, was merged with Cumberland and Westmorland to form Cumbria. Lancashire lost 709 square miles of land to other counties, about two fifths of its area, although it did gain some land from the West Riding of Yorkshire. Today the county borders Cumbria to the north, Greater Manchester and Merseyside to the south and North and West Yorkshire to the east, with a coastline on the Irish Sea to the west. The county palatine boundaries remain the same with the Duke of Lancaster exercising sovereignty rights, including the appointment of lords lieutenant in Greater Manchester, the county was established in 1182, later than many other counties. During Roman times the area was part of the Brigantes tribal area in the zone of Roman Britain. The towns of Manchester, Lancaster, Ribchester, Burrow, Elslack, in the centuries after the Roman withdrawal in 410AD the northern parts of the county probably formed part of the Brythonic kingdom of Rheged, a successor entity to the Brigantes tribe. During the mid-8th century, the area was incorporated into the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Northumbria, in the Domesday Book, land between the Ribble and Mersey were known as Inter Ripam et Mersam and included in the returns for Cheshire. Although some historians consider this to mean south Lancashire was then part of Cheshire and it is also claimed that the territory to the north formed part of the West Riding of Yorkshire. It bordered on Cumberland, Westmorland, Yorkshire, and Cheshire, the county was divided into hundreds, Amounderness, Blackburn, Leyland, Lonsdale, Salford and West Derby. Lonsdale was further partitioned into Lonsdale North, the part north of the sands of Morecambe Bay including Furness and Cartmel
6.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
7.
Universities UK
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Universities UK is an advocacy organisation for universities in the United Kingdom. The current president is Dame Julia Goodfellow, vice-chancellor of the University of Kent, the current Chief Executive is Nicola Dandridge. In 1918 the first consultative meeting of all vice-chancellors was held, at that time, the committee consisted of just twenty-two universities and university colleges. In the early 1980s, they commissioned the Jarratt report, published in 1985, on 1 December 2000, CVCP’s name, logo and identity were changed to Universities UK in order to reflect changes which had taken place in the organisation in recent years. Universities UKs task is to support the work of universities and promote their interests, there is also an additional group, Universities Scotland, whose membership comprises the Universities UK members in Scotland. Universities Scotland promotes and supports the work of Universities UK, the percentage of state educated school students at the prestigious Russell Group universities has been falling. State educated secondary school pupils eligible for school meals are very much less likely to go to Oxbridge than privately educated pupils. Overall more young people are entering university than previously and it is hoped this will improve social mobility, cutbacks in government funding for students may deter poorer potential students from going to university according to the education charity, Sutton Trust. Following comments by Prime Minister David Cameron that universities should not enforce gender segregation on audiences the case study which triggered this debate was withdrawn. The Efficiency and effectiveness in higher education, A report by the Universities UK Efficiency, in response to the report the Efficiency Exchange was set up to help higher education institutions to share ideas and good practice. The Exchange facilitates the sharing of resources, Universities UK health work programme addresses the NHS education reforms, research and innovation and AHSNs, healthcare employment and health education regulation. In 2012 A picture of health and education was published which depicts the vital connections between higher education and healthcare, in July 2015 UUK launched a campaign in support of the UKs continuing membership of the EU which generated wide media coverage. This was criticised by some Conservative and UKIP Members of the European Parliament who said such political activity undertaken by a registered charity which is largely state-funded was wrong
8.
Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council
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Her Majestys Most Honourable Privy Council, usually known simply as the Privy Council, is a formal body of advisers to the Sovereign of the United Kingdom. Its membership mainly comprises senior politicians, who are present or former members of either the House of Commons or the House of Lords, the Council also holds the delegated authority to issue Orders of Council, mostly used to regulate certain public institutions. The Council advises the sovereign on the issuing of Royal Charters, which are used to grant special status to incorporated bodies, otherwise, the Privy Councils powers have now been largely replaced by the Cabinet of the United Kingdom. The Judicial Committee consists of judges appointed as Privy Counsellors, predominantly Justices of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. The Privy Council of the United Kingdom was preceded by the Privy Council of Scotland, the key events in the formation of the modern Privy Council are given below, Witenagemot was an early equivalent to the Privy Council of England. During the reigns of the Norman monarchs, the English Crown was advised by a court or curia regis. The body originally concerned itself with advising the sovereign on legislation, administration, later, different bodies assuming distinct functions evolved from the court. The courts of law took over the business of dispensing justice, nevertheless, the Council retained the power to hear legal disputes, either in the first instance or on appeal. Furthermore, laws made by the sovereign on the advice of the Council, powerful sovereigns often used the body to circumvent the Courts and Parliament. During Henry VIIIs reign, the sovereign, on the advice of the Council, was allowed to enact laws by mere proclamation, the legislative pre-eminence of Parliament was not restored until after Henry VIIIs death. Though the royal Council retained legislative and judicial responsibilities, it became an administrative body. The Council consisted of forty members in 1553, but the sovereign relied on a smaller committee, by the end of the English Civil War, the monarchy, House of Lords, and Privy Council had been abolished. The remaining parliamentary chamber, the House of Commons, instituted a Council of State to execute laws, the forty-one members of the Council were elected by the House of Commons, the body was headed by Oliver Cromwell, de facto military dictator of the nation. In 1653, however, Cromwell became Lord Protector, and the Council was reduced to thirteen and twenty-one members, all elected by the Commons. In 1657, the Commons granted Cromwell even greater powers, some of which were reminiscent of those enjoyed by monarchs, the Council became known as the Protectors Privy Council, its members were appointed by the Lord Protector, subject to Parliaments approval. In 1659, shortly before the restoration of the monarchy, the Protectors Council was abolished, Charles II restored the Royal Privy Council, but he, like previous Stuart monarchs, chose to rely on a small group of advisers. Under George I even more power transferred to this committee and it now began to meet in the absence of the sovereign, communicating its decisions to him after the fact. Thus, the British Privy Council, as a whole, ceased to be a body of important confidential advisers to the sovereign and it is closely related to the word private, and derives from the French word privé
9.
Edge Hill, Liverpool
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Edge Hill is a district of Liverpool, England. It is located to the south east of Liverpool city centre, bordered by the city centre, Kensington, Wavertree, Edge Hill University was founded here, but moved to Ormskirk in the 1930s. The area was first developed in the late 18th/early 19th century, many of the Georgian houses of the time still survive. Edge Hill was designated a Conservation Area in 1979, most of the Georgian property around St. Marys Church is now English Heritage listed. The later terraces, of the Victorian era, have largely been demolished. Although some modern housing has been built, the still has a depopulated appearance, with many vacant lots and derelict pubs. A notable resident was Joseph Williamson a tobacco magnate who was responsible for much of the building in the area during the early 19th century. He is remembered as the Mole of Edge Hill due to his hundreds of men to construct a network of tunnels beneath the Edge Hill area. Part of the network is now open to the public as a tourist attraction. In the early 19th century, Edge Hill was the site of two railway works, locomotives continued to be built at Edge Hill until 1851. The Liverpool and Manchester was absorbed by the Grand Junction in 1845, the first Edge Hill station was built in 1830 on a site about 150m from its present location. There was a Moorish Arch with a stationary engine hauling trains up, the current station dates from 1836 when the main city railway terminus was moved to Lime Street. The station retains its buildings but is very quiet owing to the sheer lack of population or industry in the area. These buildings are the oldest in the still open to the public at a working railway station. Formerly all trains stopped at Edge Hill at the entrance to the tunnel to Lime Street station, herbert Rowse Armstrong, the Hay poisoner lived at 52 Durning Road, Edge Hill whilst practising as a solicitor in the city. Crown Street Resource Centre is a health resource centre in Edge Hill opened in 1982 and run by Liverpool social services. Edge Hill University began work in the area in 1885 as a training college. Edge Hill Today War time WW2 Factory in Edge Hill Liverpool Street Gallery - Liverpool 7
10.
Liverpool
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Liverpool is a major city and metropolitan borough in North West England.24 million people in 2011. Liverpool historically lay within the ancient hundred of West Derby in the south west of the county of Lancashire and it became a borough from 1207 and a city from 1880. In 1889 it became a county borough independent of Lancashire, Liverpool sits on the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary and its growth as a major port is paralleled by the expansion of the city throughout the Industrial Revolution. Along with general cargo, freight, raw materials such as coal and cotton, the city was also directly involved in the Atlantic slave trade. Liverpool was home to both the Cunard and White Star Line, and was the port of registry of the ocean liner RMS Titanic and others such as the RMS Lusitania, Queen Mary, and Olympic. The city celebrated its 800th anniversary in 2007, and it held the European Capital of Culture title together with Stavanger, Norway, several areas of Liverpool city centre were granted World Heritage Site status by UNESCO in 2004. The Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City includes the Pier Head, Albert Dock, tourism forms a significant part of the citys economy. Liverpool is also the home of two Premier League football clubs, Liverpool and Everton, matches between the two being known as the Merseyside derby, the world-famous Grand National horse race takes place annually at Aintree Racecourse on the outskirts of the city. The city is home to the oldest Black African community in the country. Natives of Liverpool are referred to as Liverpudlians and colloquially as Scousers, a reference to scouse, the word Scouse has also become synonymous with the Liverpool accent and dialect. Pool is a place name element in England from the Brythonic word for a pond, inlet, or pit, cognate with the modern Welsh. The derivation of the first element remains uncertain, with the Welsh word Llif as the most plausible relative and this etymology is supported by its similarity to that of the archaic Welsh name for Liverpool Llynlleifiad. Other origins of the name have suggested, including elverpool. The name appeared in 1190 as Liuerpul, and it may be that the place appearing as Leyrpole, in a record of 1418. King Johns letters patent of 1207 announced the foundation of the borough of Liverpool, the original street plan of Liverpool is said to have been designed by King John near the same time it was granted a royal charter, making it a borough. The original seven streets were laid out in an H shape, Bank Street, Castle Street, Chapel Street, Dale Street, Juggler Street, Moor Street, in the 17th century there was slow progress in trade and population growth. Battles for the town were waged during the English Civil War, in 1699 Liverpool was made a parish by Act of Parliament, that same year its first slave ship, Liverpool Merchant, set sail for Africa. Since Roman times, the city of Chester on the River Dee had been the regions principal port on the Irish Sea
11.
Bingley
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Bingley is a market town in the metropolitan borough of the City of Bradford, in West Yorkshire, England. It is situated on the River Aire and the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, the town has a population of 19,884 according to the 2001 Census, reducing to 18,294 at the 2011 Census. Local travel links include Bingley railway station in the centre and Leeds Bradford International Airport. The B6265, connecting Bingley to Keighley, runs through the town centre, historically a part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, Bingley appears in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Bingheleia. Bingley was probably founded about the time of the Saxons, certainly its name is Saxon in origin, Bingley was founded by a ford on the River Aire. This crossing gave access to Harden, Cullingworth and Wilsden on the side of the river. In the Domesday Book of 1086, Bingley is listed as Bingheleia, with the following entry, Gospatric iiij car tra e ad gld. tra ad ii car Ernegis de burun ht. Silva past ii leu lg & i lat, tot m e iiij leu lg & ii lat Which roughly translated reads, In Bingheleia, Gospatric has a manor of four carucate of land to be taxed, land for two ploughs. Ernegis de Burun has it and it is waste, in the time of King Edward the Confessor it was valued at four pounds. Woodland pasture two leagues long and one broad, All the manor is four long and two broad. The ford was superseded by Ireland Bridge, in medieval times Bingley was a manor which extended several miles up and down the Aire valley, extending upstream to Marley on the outskirts of Keighley and downstream to Cottingley. Bingley became a town with the grant of a Market Charter in 1212 by King John. According to the tax returns of 1379, Bingley had 130 households. The nearby towns of Bradford, Leeds and Halifax had about half this population, at this time Bingley was the largest town in the area. No records tell of how Bingley fared in the Black Death that swept Europe in the 14th century, approximately one third of all the people in Europe died of this plague, sometimes wiping out whole towns and villages. According to the 1379 Poll tax records, the town of Boulton had no survivors worth taxing. It seems Bingley may have got off relatively lightly, in 1592 Bingley was shown on a map by Yorkshire map-maker Christopher Saxton as a single street with about 20 houses on each side. The church sits at the west end of the street opposite a large house
12.
Yorkshire
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Yorkshire, formally known as the County of York, is a historic county of Northern England and the largest in the United Kingdom. Due to its size in comparison to other English counties, functions have been undertaken over time by its subdivisions. Throughout these changes, Yorkshire has continued to be recognised as a geographical territory, Yorkshire has sometimes been nicknamed Gods Own County or Gods Own Country. Yorkshire Day, held on 1 August, is a celebration of the culture of Yorkshire. Yorkshire is now divided between different official regions, most of the county falls within Yorkshire and the Humber. The extreme northern part of the county falls within North East England, Small areas in the west of the historic county now form part of North West England, following boundary changes in 1974. Yorkshire or the County of York was so named as it is the shire of the city of York local /ˈjɔːk/ or Yorks Shire, York comes from the Viking name for the city, Jórvík. Shire is from Old English, scir meaning care or official charge, the shire suffix is locally pronounced /-ʃə/ shuh, or occasionally /-ʃiə/, a homophone of sheer. Early inhabitants of Yorkshire were Celts, who formed two tribes, the Brigantes and the Parisi. The Brigantes controlled territory which later became all of the North Riding of Yorkshire, the tribe controlled most of Northern England and more territory than any other Celtic tribe in England. That they had the Yorkshire area as their heartland is evident in that Isurium Brigantum was the town of their civitas under Roman rule. Six of the nine Brigantian poleis described by Claudius Ptolemaeus in the Geographia fall within the historic county, the Parisi, who controlled the area that would become the East Riding of Yorkshire, might have been related to the Parisii of Lutetia Parisiorum, Gaul. Their capital was at Petuaria, close to the Humber estuary, initially, this situation suited both the Romans and the Brigantes, who were known as the most militant tribe in Britain. Queen Cartimandua left her husband Venutius for his bearer, Vellocatus. Cartimandua, due to her relationship with the Romans, was able to keep control of the kingdom. At the second attempt, Venutius seized the kingdom, but the Romans, under general Petillius Cerialis, the fortified city of Eboracum was named as capital of Britannia Inferior and joint-capital of all Roman Britain. During the two years before the death of Emperor Septimius Severus, the Roman Empire was run from Eboracum by him, another emperor, Constantius Chlorus, died in Yorkshire during a visit in 306 AD. This saw his son Constantine the Great proclaimed emperor in the city, in the early 5th century, the Roman rule ceased with the withdrawal of the last active Roman troops
13.
Liverpool Blitz
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The Liverpool Blitz was the heavy and sustained bombing of the British city of Liverpool and its surrounding area, during the Second World War by the German Luftwaffe. The government was concerned to hide from the Germans just how much damage had been inflicted upon the docks, around 4,000 people were killed in the Merseyside area during the Blitz. This death toll was only to London, which suffered 30,000 deaths by the end of the war. Liverpool, Bootle and the Wallasey Pool complex were strategically very important locations during the Second World War. The large port had for years been the United Kingdoms main link with North America. Liverpool was the end of a Transatlantic chain of supplies from North America. The evacuation of children at the start of the war, in September 1939, was a measure to save the population of urban or military areas from German aerial bombing. The evacuations were organised by Liverpool Corporation and though some children were transported to smaller towns nearby, many went to areas in North Wales. The first major air raid on Liverpool took place in August 1940 and this assault continued over the next three nights, then regularly for the rest of the year. There were 50 raids on the city during this three-month period, some of these were minor, comprising a few aircraft, and lasting a few minutes, with others comprising up to 300 aircraft and lasting over ten hours. On 18 September,22 inmates at Walton Gaol were killed when high-explosive bombs demolished a wing of the prison,28 November saw a heavy raid on the city, and the most serious single incident, when a hit on an air-raid shelter in Durning Road caused 166 fatalities. Winston Churchill described it as the single worst incident of the war, the air assault in 1940 came to a peak with the Christmas blitz, a three-night bombardment towards the end of December. A series of heavy raids took place in December 1940, referred to as the Christmas blitz, on 21 December another hit on a shelter killed 74 people. The bombing decreased in severity after the new year, may 1941 saw a renewal of the air assault on the region, a seven-night bombardment that devastated the city. The first bomb landed upon Seacombe, Wallasey, Wirral, at 22,15 on 1 May, the peak of the bombing occurred from 1 –7 May 1941. It involved 681 Luftwaffe bombers,2,315 high explosive bombs and 119 other explosives such as incendiaries were dropped, the raids put 69 out of 144 cargo berths out of action and inflicted 2,895 casualties and left many more homeless. Another landed on the front steps without exploding but incendiaries destroyed equipment in the yard at the west end. One incident on 3 May involved the SS Malakand, a ship carrying munitions which was berthed in the Huskisson Dock, although its eventual explosion is often attributed to a burning barrage balloon, this fire was put out
14.
West Lancashire
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West Lancashire is a non-metropolitan district with the status of a borough in Lancashire, England. Its council is based in Ormskirk, the other town in the borough is Skelmersdale. The population of the District taken at the 2011 census was 110,685, political Composition - The main towns of Ormskirk and Skelmersdale are unparished areas. There is a parish meeting, West Lancashire is twinned with, Cergy-Pontoise, France Erkrath
15.
Preston, Lancashire
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Preston /ˈprɛstən/ is a city and the administrative centre of Lancashire, England. The district obtained city status in 2002, becoming Englands 50th city in the 50th year of Queen Elizabeth IIs reign, Preston has a population of 114,300, the City of Preston district 132,000 and the Preston Built-up Area 313,322. The Preston Travel To Work Area, in 2011, had a population of 420,661 compared to 354,000 in the previous census. Preston and its area have provided evidence of ancient Roman activity. The Angles established Preston, its name is derived from the Old English meaning priests settlement, in the Middle Ages, Preston was a parish and township in the hundred of Amounderness and was granted a Guild Merchant charter in 1179, giving it the status of a market town. Textiles have been produced since the century when locally produced wool was woven in peoples houses. Flemish weavers who settled in the area in the 14th century helped develop the industry, in the early-18th century, Edmund Calamy described Preston as a pretty town with an abundance of gentry in it, commonly called Proud Preston. Sir Richard Arkwright, inventor of the frame, was born in the town. The most rapid period of growth and development coincided with the industrialisation and expansion of textile manufacturing, Preston was a boomtown of the Industrial Revolution, becoming a densely populated engineering centre, with large industrial plants. Preston is recorded in the Domesday Book as Prestune in 1086, various other spellings occur in early documents, Prestonam, Prestone, Prestona, Presteton, and Prestun. The modern spelling occurs in 1094,1176,1196,1212 and 1332, the towns name is derived from Old English Presta and Tun, the Tun of the Presta. During the Roman period, Roman roads passed close to what is now the centre of Preston. For example, the road from Luguvalium to Mamucium crossed the River Ribble at Walton-le-Dale, 3⁄4 mile southeast of the centre of Preston, at Withy Trees,1 1⁄2 miles north of Preston, the road crossed another Roman road from Bremetennacum to the coast. An explanation of the origin of the name is that the Priests Town refers to a set up by St Wilfrid near the Ribbles lowest ford. This idea is supported by the similarity of the Paschal lamb on Prestons crest with that on St Wilfrids, when first mentioned in the 1086 Domesday Book, Preston was already the most important town in Amounderness. When assessed for tax purposes in 1218 –19 it was the wealthiest town in the whole county and it is the only Guild still celebrated in the UK. Before 1328 a celebration had been held on an irregular basis, after this, there were breaks in the pattern for various reasons, but an unbroken series were held from 1542 to 1922. A full 400 year sequence was frustrated by the cancellation of the 1942 Guild due to World War II, the expression every Preston Guild, meaning very infrequently, has passed into fairly common use, especially in Lancashire
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Chorley
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The towns wealth came principally from the cotton industry. Chorley is the home of the Chorley cake, at the 2011 Census, it had a population of 34,667. The name Chorley comes from two Anglo-Saxon words, Ceorl and ley, probably meaning the peasants clearing, ley is a common element of place-name, meaning a clearing in a woodland. Ceorl refers to a person of similar to a freeman or a yeoman. There was no known occupation in Chorley until the Middle Ages, there are various remains of prehistoric occupation on the nearby Anglezarke Moor, including the Round Loaf tumulus which is believed to date from 3500 BC. During the Roman era a Roman road ran near Chorley between Wigan and Walton-le-Dale, hoards dating from the Roman period have also been found at nearby at Whittle-le-Woods and Heapey. Chorley was not listed in the Domesday Book, though it is thought to be one of the twelve berewicks in the Leyland Hundred. Chorley first appears in records in the mid thirteenth century as part of the portion of the Croston Lordship acquired by William de Ferrers, Earl of Derby. The Earl established Chorley as a borough comprising a two row settlement arranged along what later became Market Street. It appears that the borough was short-lived as it not appear in a report of a commission on the Leyland Hundred in 1341. The manorial history of Chorley is complex as the manor had no single lord throughout most of period as it had been split into moieties and was managed by several different families. It is believed the borough of Chorley was not a success in this period because of the lack of manorial leadership and the dispersed nature of the small population. As happened in other instances following the dissolution of the monasteries. A market was held every Tuesday in Chorley and a fair was held annually on the feast of St Lawrence since 1498, Chorley, like most Lancashire towns, gained its wealth from the Industrial Revolution of the 19th century which was also responsible for the towns growth. Chorley was a cotton town with many mills littering the skyline up to the late twentieth century. Most mills were demolished between the 1950s and 2000s with those remaining converted for business purposes. Today only a minority remain in use for actual manufacturing, also Chorley in its location on the edge of Lancashire Coalfield was vital in coal mining. Several pits existed in Duxbury Woods, the Gillibrand area and more numerously in Coppull, chisnall Hall Colliery at Coppull was considered the biggest Lancashire pit outside of Wigan and one of many located in the Chorley suburb
17.
Robin Saxby
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Sir Robin Keith Saxby FREng FRS is an engineer who was Chief Executive and then Chairman of ARM Holdings which he built to become a dominant supplier of embedded systems. Saxby was born in 1947 in Derbyshire and was educated at Chesterfield Grammar School and he attended the University of Liverpool, where he gained a Bachelor of Engineering degree in Electronics in 1968. Saxby had a kit at the age of eight and a television repair business at the age of 14. Reflecting on this in 2006, he considered himself destined for the electronics industry and he worked at Rank Bush Murphy, Pye, Motorola and Henderson Security. Immediately prior to his appointment at ARM, he worked at European Silicon Structures, in 1991 he joined Cambridge-based ARM as their first Chief Executive Officer and built it to a global giant with offices round the world. He was Chief Executive from 1991-2001, and subsequently Chairman from 2001-2006 and it was at ARM that he made his real impact on the electronic industry. When he was appointed CEO in 1991 he took 12 engineers from Acorn Computers into the newly formed joint venture between Acorn and Apple Inc. With a limited budget of a $1. 5m investment from Apple he made those 12 engineers into one of the most formidable management teams in the industry. In a memorable early meeting he persuaded one of the engineers to volunteer to become the Vice president marketing, another the VP sales, Saxby also introduced the licensing model for selling microprocessors which led to a 95% market share in the mobile phone sector. With a similar success in other sectors he has made ARM into the worlds most successful company with over 50bn units shipped to date. During his 10 years as CEO he made ARM the most valuable company in the Cambridge cluster with a capitalisation of over $10bn. ARM under his leadership became a company with offices in many countries and licences taken by all significant semiconductor companies in the world. This is an achievement for a British company, especially in electronics. Since his retirement from ARM he has become a promoter of young entrepreneurs and is involved in a number of start-up companies which he supports with advice, finance. He has dedicated time to mentoring young entrepreneurs, helping them through difficult times, Saxby is a chartered engineer, an Honorary fellow of the FIET and a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering. He has honorary doctorates from the University of Liverpool, Loughborough University and he received the Faraday Medal of the IEE. He was knighted in the 2002 New Year Honours List and he became President of the IET on 1 October 2006 and stepped down on 30 September 2007. In 2013 he presented the IET prestigious Pinkerton Lecture and he was President of the Old Cestrefeldians Society 2012/13
18.
Sophie, Countess of Wessex
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Sophie, Countess of Wessex, GCVO, is the wife of Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex, the youngest son of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. Married in 1999, she worked in public relations until 2002, the Earl and Countess have two children, James, Viscount Severn, and Lady Louise Windsor, who are respectively tenth and eleventh in line to the British throne. She has a brother, David, and was named after her fathers sister, Helen. Her godfather, actor Thane Bettany, is her fathers stepbrother, Sophie was raised in a four-bedroom 17th-century farmhouse in Brenchley, Kent. She then trained as a secretary at West Kent College, Tonbridge and she also worked as a ski representative in Switzerland and spent a year travelling and working in Australia. In 1996, Rhys-Jones launched her public relations agency, RJH Public Relations, while working at Capital Radio, Sophie met Prince Edward, the youngest son of the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh, for the first time in 1987 when he was dating her friend. She met Prince Edward again at a charity event in 1993, and their engagement was announced on 6 January 1999. Edward proposed to Sophie with an engagement ring featuring a two-carat oval diamond flanked by two heart-shaped gemstones set in 18-carat white gold and this engagement ring was made by Asprey and Garrard and is worth an estimated £105,000. Following their union, the moved to Bagshot Park, their home in Surrey. The Earl and Countess have two children, Lady Louise Windsor and James, Viscount Severn, in December 2001, the Countess was taken to the King Edward VII Hospital after feeling unwell. It was discovered that she was suffering from an ectopic pregnancy, the Countess returned to Frimley Park Hospital on 17 December 2007, to give birth, again by caesarean section, to her son, James, Viscount Severn. The Countess of Wessexs first overseas tour after her marriage was to the Canadian province of Prince Edward Island in 2000 and she also became patron of a number of organisations, including the SAFC Foundation and Girlguiding UK. In 2003, she became Patron of Tomorrows People Trust, in 2006, she also lent her support to the Born in Bradford research project, which is investigating causes of low birth weight and infant mortality. In December 2011, the Countess of Wessex joined her husband visiting troops in Afghanistan, on the same trip, the royal couple visited Bahrain, and received two gifts of jewels from the Bahraini royal family and Prime Minister. Given concern about human rights abuses in Bahrain, this gift attracted controversy, with calls for the jewels to be sold, on 26 March 2015, she attended the reburial of Richard III of England in Leicester Cathedral. Buckingham Palace immediately issued a statement saying, This mornings story in The Sun is an invasion of privacy. Prime Minister Tony Blair also condemned the publication of the photograph, the Palace made an official complaint to the Press Complaints Commission. According to Sophies business partner the incident had left her distressed, tarrant later said, There was never, ever the slightest hint of romance between Sophie and myself, let alone these snidey insinuations
19.
Katarina Johnson-Thompson
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Katarina Mary Johnson-Thompson is an English track and field athlete specialising in the heptathlon. She represented Great Britain in the heptathlon at the 2012 Olympic Games in London, finishing 15th, in the Long jump, she is the 2012 World Junior champion and the 2014 World Indoor silver medallist. In 2015, she became the European Indoor champion in the pentathlon with a British record of 5000 points, Johnson-Thompson was born in Woolton, Liverpool, Merseyside. Her mother Tracey was a dancer and she attended St Julies Catholic High School in Woolton and John Moores University in Liverpool. Johnson-Thompson represents Liverpool Harriers and was coached by Mike Holmes. Her development was in part funded by the Wells Sports Foundation set up by Barrie Wells, at the 2009 World Youth Championships in Athletics in Brixen, Italy, she won the gold medal in the heptathlon. She missed most of the 2010 athletics season suffering from patellar tendinopathy, Johnson-Thompson broke Jessica Ennis British junior record at the Multistars competition held in Desenzano del Garda, Italy in May 2012. Her score of 6007 points was enough to take position at the event behind Sofía Ifadídou of Greece. The score also meant she had surpassed the B qualifying standard for the 2012 Olympics, at the meeting she set six new personal bests across the seven events to beat her previous best score by 241 points.81 metres—and the 100 metres hurdles. Johnson-Thompson competed for Great Britain at the 2012 Summer Olympics in the womens heptathlon alongside compatriots Jessica Ennis and she finished in 15th place with a score of 6267. In early April 2012, alongside Tiffany Porter and Yamile Aldama, in September, Johnson-Thompson was nominated for the European Athletics Rising Star award. In October, she won the Lillian Board Memorial Award at the 2012 British Athletics Writers Association Awards, in the 2013 IAAF World Championships heptathlon, Katarina Johnson-Thompson finished in 5th place. After a first day which left her in 5th place, with a PB in the 200m, she had an excellent second day with PBs in the Long Jump, Javelin and the 800m. However she admitted afterwards that she wished she had set her target of finishing in the Top 8 with more ambition, having finished just 28 points away from bronze medallist Dafne Schippers. On 11 July 2014, Johnson-Thompson set a new long jump personal best of 6. 92m at the Glasgow Diamond League meeting, taking her to number 2 on the British all-time list for the event. Prior to Johnson-Thompson, Debbie Martis 1.95 metre jump had held the record since 1997, on 21 February 2015, Johnson-Thompson set a new indoor British long jump record with a distance of 6.93 m at the Birmingham Indoor Grand Prix. In August 2015, Johnson-Thompson finished in 28th place in the heptathlon at the 2015 World Championships in Beijing after three jumps in the long jump. She had been lying in place to Jessica Ennis-Hill after the first day of events
20.
2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony
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The opening ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympic Games took place on the evening of Friday 27 July in the Olympic Stadium, London. As mandated by the Olympic Charter, the proceedings combined the formal opening of this international sporting event with an artistic spectacle to showcase the host nations culture. The 2012 Games were formally opened by Queen Elizabeth II, the spectacle was entitled Isles of Wonder and directed by Academy Award-winning British film director Danny Boyle. Prior to London 2012 there had been considerable apprehension about Britains ability to stage a ceremony that could reach the standard set at the Beijing Summer Games of 2008. The 2008 ceremony had been noted for its scale, extravagance and expense, hailed as the greatest ever, in contrast, London spent an estimated £27m, which was nevertheless about twice the original budget. Nonetheless, the London opening ceremony was seen as a tremendous success, widely praised as a masterpiece. The ceremony began at 21,00 BST and lasted almost four hours and it was watched by an estimated worldwide television audience of 900 million, becoming the most-viewed Olympic opening ceremony in both the UK and US. The content had largely been kept secret before the performance, despite involving thousands of volunteers, two shorter sections drew particular comment, involving a filmed cameo appearance of the Queen, and a live performance by the London Symphony Orchestra joined by comedian Rowan Atkinson. These were widely ascribed to Britains sense of humour, the ceremony featured children and young people in most of its segments, reflecting the inspire a generation aspiration of Londons original bid for the Games. The London Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games approached Danny Boyle to be the director of the ceremony in June 2010 and he said it felt weirdly more like a. civic or national responsibility to take the job. He said. obviously Im not going to try and build on Beijing and we cant, and you wouldnt want to, so were going back to the beginning. Were going to try and give the impression that were rethinking and restarting, theyve tried to top themselves each time and you cant do that after Beijing. Beijings budget had been £65m, whereas Londons final budget was £27m, the London stadium had the same number of seats as Beijings, but was half the size, this intimacy of scale meant that Boyle felt he could achieve something personal and connecting. K. Chesterton aphorism, The world shall not for lack of wonders. In July 2010 Boyle started brainstorming ideas with designer Mark Tildesley, writer Frank Cottrell Boyce and they considered what was essentially British, with the non-British Larlarb able to offer a view of what the world thought Britain meant. Cottrell Boyce had given Boyle a copy of Pandaemonium, by Humphrey Jennings and it had become traditional during the opening ceremony to produce the Olympic rings in a spectacular manner. Boyle decided that the journey from the pastoral to the industrial, at the same time the team moved to the Three Mills studio complex in east London, where a 4x4 metre scale model of the stadium was built. For security reasons, a single CGI-assisted version of the ceremony was kept on editor Sascha Dhillons laptop, the cast included professional performers and 7,500 volunteers
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Frank Cottrell Boyce
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Frank Cottrell-Boyce is an English screenwriter, novelist and occasional actor, known for his childrens fiction and for his collaborations with film director Danny Boyle. He has achieved fame as the writer for the 2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony and for sequels to Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, The Magical Car, Cottrell-Boyce was born in 1959 Liverpool to a Catholic family. He attended nearby St Bartholomews Primary School and West Park secondary and he was an undergraduate at Keble College, Oxford and then completed a doctorate in English, also at Oxford University. He wrote criticism for the magazine Living Marxism and he is married and the father of seven children. He is also a patron of the Insight Film Festival, a biennial, interfaith festival held in Manchester, UK, to make contributions to understanding, respect. His favourite foods are fish finger sandwiches, marmite and wine gums After he met Michael Winterbottom, Winterbottom made five further films based on screenplays written by Cottrell Boyce, Butterfly Kiss, Welcome to Sarajevo, The Claim,24 Hour Party People and Code 46. Their 2005 collaboration, A Cock and Bull Story, is their last according to Cottrell-Boyce, who asked that his contribution be credited to Martin Hardy and he told Variety, I just had to move on. What better way to walk away than by giving Winterbottom a good script for free, other film directors Cottrell-Boyce has worked with include Danny Boyle, Alex Cox, Richard Laxton and Anand Tucker. Cottrell-Boyce has been praised by Roger Ebert as one of the few truly inventive modern-day screenwriters and he has spoken against the three-act structure and the heros journey formulas, which are often regarded as axiomatic truths in the business. In addition to scripts, Cottrell-Boyce has also adapted novels for the screen and written childrens fiction. His first novel Millions was based on his own screenplay for the film of the same name, Cottrell-Boyce won the annual Carnegie Medal from the British librarians, recognising it as the years best childrens book published in the U. K. His next novel Framed, he made the shortlist for both the Carnegie and the Whitbread Childrens Book Award and he adapted it as a screenplay for a 2009 BBC television film. He made the Carnegie shortlist again for Cosmic and he wrote and staged his first original theatre production Proper Clever at the Liverpool Playhouse during the citys European Capital of Culture Year, in 2008. On 19 September 2011, he co-presented the Papal Visit at Hyde Park with TV personality Carol Vorderman, in June 2012, he assumed the position of Professor of Reading at Liverpool Hope University. Cottrell-Boyce was the writer of the 2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony and he also wrote the brochure, the stadium announcements and the media guide for presenter Huw Edwards. Three months later, Cottrell-Boyce won the 2012 Guardian Childrens Fiction Prize for The Unforgotten Coat and that story of a crosscultural friendship was inspired by a Mongolian girl he met as a writer visiting her school, whose family was subsequently deported by the British immigration office. It was commissioned by Reader Organisation of Liverpool and 50,000 copies were given away, the Guardian Prize is judged by a panel of British childrens writers and recognises the years best book by an author who has not yet won it. Interviewed by the newspaper, Cottrell Boyce told The Guardian that Im definitely a childrens writer thats what I want to be
22.
John Dalton
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John Dalton FRS was an English chemist, physicist, and meteorologist. He is best known for his work in the development of modern atomic theory and his research into colour blindness. John Dalton was born into a Quaker family in Eaglesfield, near Cockermouth and he received his early education from his father and from Quaker John Fletcher, who ran a private school in the nearby village of Pardshaw Hall. With his family too poor to support him for long, he began to earn his living at the age of ten in the service of a wealthy local Quaker, Elihu Robinson. It is said he began teaching at a school at age 12. He joined his older brother Jonathan at age 15 in running a Quaker school in Kendal, around age 23 Dalton may have considered studying law or medicine, but his relatives did not encourage him, perhaps because being a Dissenter, he was barred from attending English universities. He acquired much scientific knowledge from informal instruction by John Gough, at age 27 he was appointed teacher of mathematics and natural philosophy at the New College in Manchester, a dissenting academy. He remained there until age 34, when the colleges worsening financial situation led him to resign his post and begin a new career as a tutor for mathematics. During his years in Kendal, Dalton contributed solutions of problems and questions on subjects to The Ladies Diary. In 1787 at age 21 he began to keep a diary in which, during the succeeding 57 years. He also rediscovered George Hadleys theory of atmospheric circulation around this time, Daltons first publication was Meteorological Observations and Essays at age 27 in 1793, which contained the seeds of several of his later discoveries. However, in spite of the originality of his treatment, little attention was paid to them by other scholars, a second work by Dalton, Elements of English Grammar, was published at age 35 in 1801. In fact, a shortage of colour perception in people had not even been formally described or officially noticed until Dalton wrote about his own. Since both he and his brother were colour blind, he recognized that this condition must be hereditary, examination of his preserved eyeball in 1995 demonstrated that Dalton actually had a less common kind of colour blindness, deuteroanopia, in which medium wavelength sensitive cones are missing. The altitude achieved was estimated using a barometer and this meant that, until the Ordnance Survey started publishing their maps for the Lake District in the 1860s, Dalton was one of the few sources of such information. Dalton was often accompanied by Jonathan Otley, who was one of the few other authorities on the heights of the Lake District mountains and he became both an assistant and a friend. These four essays were presented between 2 and 30 October 1801 and published in the Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester in 1802. It seems, therefore, that general laws respecting the absolute quantity and he thus enunciated Gay-Lussacs law, published in 1802 at age 36 by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac
23.
Anne Jemima Clough
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Anne Jemima Clough was an early English suffragist and a promoter of higher education for women. She was the first principal of Newnham College, Clough was born at Liverpool, Lancashire, the daughter of a cotton merchant. She was the sister of Arthur Hugh Clough, the poet, when two years old she was taken with the rest of the family to Charleston, South Carolina. It was not till 1836 that she returned to Britain, and though her ambition was to write and her fathers failure in business led her to open a school in 1841. This was carried on until 1846, in 1852, after making some technical studies in London and working at the Borough Road and the Home and Colonial schools, she opened another small school of her own at Ambleside in Westmorland. Giving this up some ten years later, she lived for a time with the widow of her brother Arthur Hugh Clough—who had died in 1861 – in order that she educate his children. Keenly interested in the education of women, she made friends with Emily Davies, Barbara Bodichon, Frances Buss and others. After helping to found the North of England council for promoting the education of women, she acted as its secretary from 1867 to 1870. It led to the organisation of lectures by the universities. The higher local examinations for women had started in 1869. The plan was most successful, women coming long distances to attend the lectures and it was therefore determined to open a house of residence in Cambridge University to accommodate the students, and Miss Clough was asked to be its head. She began work at a house in Regent Street, Cambridge, in October 1871 with five students, in 1872 Miss Clough removed to the more convenient premises known as Merton Hall, but the number of students so increased that in 1874 a new house again became imperative. It was decided to build one, a sum of £10,000. was subscribed by friends of womens education, Newnham Hall, the old hall of the present Newnham College, was opened in 1875. More room was, however, soon needed, and Newnham College was established on its present basis, under the principalship of Miss Clough, in 1880. As the college developed Miss Clough acquired the position of a leader in the education of women. Cloughs personal charm and high aims, together with the development of the college under her care and she was cared for at the end of her life by her niece BA Clough and her friend Edith Sharpley who was the classics lecturer. They were both present when she died at Cambridge on 27 February 1892, two portraits of Clough are at Newnham College, one by Sir William Blake Richmond, the other by James Jebusa Shannon. Edge Hill University has a hall of residence called Clough in honour of her contribution to higher education, blanche Athena Clough, Memoir of Anne Jemima Clough,1897
24.
Newnham College
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Newnham College is a women-only constituent college of the University of Cambridge. The college was founded in 1871 by Henry Sidgwick, and was the second Cambridge college to admit women after Girton College, the co-founder of the college was Millicent Garrett Fawcett. The history of Newnham begins with the formation of the Association for Promoting the Higher Education of Women in Cambridge in 1869, the progress of women at Cambridge University owes much to the pioneering work undertaken by the philosopher Henry Sidgwick, fellow of Trinity. He persuaded Anne Jemima Clough, who had run a school in the Lake District. The following year, this moved to Merton House on Queens Road, demand continued to increase and the supporters of the enterprise formed a limited company to raise funds, lease land and build on it. In 1875 the first building for Newnham College was built on the site off Sidgwick Avenue where the college remains, in 1876 Henry Sidgwick married Elizabeth Balfour who was already a supporter of womens education. They lived at Newnham from 1893, the college formally came into existence in 1880 with the amalgamation of the Association and the Company. Women were admitted to titles of degrees from 1881, the demand from prospective students remained buoyant and the Newnham Hall Company built steadily, providing three more halls, a laboratory and a library, in the years up to the First World War. The architect Basil Champneys was employed throughout this period and designed the buildings in the Queen Anne style to much acclaim, so Newnhams founders allowed the young women to work at and to a level which suited their attainments and abilities. Some of them, with a years preparation, did indeed go on to degree-level work. In 1890 the Newnham student Philippa Fawcett was ranked above the Senior Wrangler, by the First World War the vast majority of Newnham students were going straight into degree-level courses. In tailoring the curriculum to the students, Newnham found itself at odds with the other Cambridge college for women, Girton, emily Davies, Girtons founder, believed passionately that equality could only be expressed by women doing the same courses as the men, on the same time-table. This meant that Girton attracted a much smaller population in its early years, in 1948 Newnham, like Girton, attained the full status of a college of the university. The university as an institution at first took no notice of these women, in 1868 Cambridges Local Examinations Board allowed women to take exams for the first time. By 1881, however, a permission to sit examinations was negotiated. Undergraduates demonstrating against the women and their supporters did hundreds of pounds worth of damage in the market square, the First World War brought a catastrophic collapse of fee income for the mens colleges and Cambridge and Oxford both sought state financial help for the first time. In Oxford this was secured in 1920 but in Cambridge the women went down to again in 1921, having to settle for the titles - the much-joked-about BA tit -. This time the male undergraduates celebrating victory over the women used a handcart as a ram to destroy the lower half of the bronze gates at Newnham
25.
Princess Margaret
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Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon, CI, GCVO, GCStJ was the younger daughter of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth of the United Kingdom and the only sibling of Queen Elizabeth II. Margaret spent much of her childhood in the company of her older sister and her life changed dramatically in 1936, when her paternal uncle, King Edward VIII, abdicated to marry a divorcée, Wallis Simpson. Margarets father became King, and her sister became heir presumptive. During World War II, the two stayed at Windsor Castle, despite suggestions to evacuate them to Canada. During the war years, Margaret was considered too young to perform any official duties, after the war, Margaret fell in love with Group Captain Peter Townsend. In 1952, Margarets father died, her sister became Queen, early the following year, he proposed to Margaret. Many in the government believed he would be a husband for the Queens 22-year-old sister. Margaret eventually abandoned her plans with him and in 1960, she accepted the proposal of the photographer Antony Armstrong-Jones, Margaret was often viewed as a controversial member of the British royal family. Her divorce earned her publicity, and she was romantically associated with several men. Her health gradually deteriorated in the two decades of her life. A heavy smoker for most of her life, she had a lung operation in 1985, a bout of pneumonia in 1993. She died at King Edward VII Hospital on 9 February 2002, Margaret was born on 21 August 1930 at Glamis Castle in Scotland, her mothers ancestral home, and was affectionately known as Margot within the royal family. The Home Secretary, J. R. Clynes, was present to verify the birth, the registration of her birth was delayed for several days to avoid her being numbered 13 in the parish register. At the time of her birth, she was fourth in the line of succession to the British throne and her father was Prince Albert, Duke of York, the second son of King George V and Queen Mary. Her mother was Elizabeth, Duchess of York, the youngest daughter of the 14th Earl, King George V disliked the name Ann but approved of the alternative Margaret Rose. Margaret was baptised in the chapel of Buckingham Palace on 30 October 1930 by Cosmo Lang. Margarets early life was spent primarily at the Yorks residences at 145 Piccadilly and she was educated alongside her sister, Princess Elizabeth, by their Scottish governess Marion Crawford. Margarets education was supervised by her mother, who in the words of Randolph Churchill never aimed at bringing her daughters up to be more than nicely behaved young ladies
26.
Eleanor Rathbone
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Eleanor Florence Rathbone was an independent British member of parliament and long-term campaigner for womens rights. She was a member of the noted Rathbone family of Liverpool, Rathbone was the daughter of the social reformer William Rathbone VI and his second wife, Emily Lyle. Her family encouraged her to concentrate on social issues, Rathbone went to Kensington High School, London, and later went to Somerville College, Oxford, over the protests of her mother, and supported by Classics coaching from Lucy Mary Silcox. After graduation, Rathbone worked alongside her father to investigate social and industrial conditions in Liverpool and they also opposed the Second Boer War. In 1903 Rathbone published their Report on the results of a Special Inquiry into the conditions of Labour at the Liverpool Docks, in 1905 she assisted in establishing the School of Social Science at the University of Liverpool, where she lectured in public administration. Her connection with the university is recognised by the Eleanor Rathbone building, lecture theatre. In 1897, Rathbone became the Honorary Secretary of the Liverpool Womens Suffrage Society Executive Committee in which she focussed on campaigning for women to get the right to vote. Rathbone was elected as an independent member of Liverpool City Council in 1909 for the seat of Granby Ward and she wrote a series of articles to a suffragist magazine The Common Cause. In 1913 with Nessie Stewart-Brown she co-founded the Liverpool Women Citizens Association to promote involvement in political affairs. At the outbreak of the World War I, Rathbone organised the Town Hall Soldiers and Sailors Families Organisation to support wives, Rathbone formed the 1918 Club in Liverpool, reputedly the oldest womens forum still meeting. From 1918 onwards, Rathbone was arguing for a system of family allowances paid directly to mothers and she also opposed violent repression of rebellion in Ireland. She was instrumental in negotiating the terms of inclusion in the 1918 Representation of the People Act. She became the first chair of PSS and she also campaigned for womens rights in India. In 1922 she contested the General Election as an Independent candidate at Liverpool East Toxteth against the sitting Unionist MP and was defeated, later she exposed insurance regulations that reduced married womens access to unemployment benefits and health insurance. In 1929 Rathbone entered parliament as an independent MP for the Combined English Universities, one of her first speeches was about clitoridectomy in Kenya. During the Depression, she campaigned for cheap milk and better benefits for the children of the unemployed, in 1931 she helped to organise the defeat of a proposal to abolish the university seats in the parliament and won re-election in 1935. Rathbone realised the nature of Nazi Germany and in the 1930s joined the British Non-Sectarian Anti-Nazi Council to support human rights, in 1936 she began to warn about a Nazi threat to Czechoslovakia. She became a critic of appeasement in Parliament
27.
Alexander Balfour
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Alexander Balfour was a Scottish merchant and founder of the Liverpool shipping company Balfour Williamson. Balfour was born in Leven, Fife, the son of Henry Balfour and he was educated at the High School of Dundee and St Andrews University, and in 1844 moved to Liverpool, where in 1851 he founded Balfour Williamson with Stephen Williamson and David Duncan. He was a committed philanthropist, and founded the Duke Street Home, to better conditions for sailors. He co-founded Edge Hill University in 1885, the first non-denominational teacher training college for women in England, there is a Halls of Residence called Balfour in his honour. He bought an estate at Mount Alyn, at Rossett. There is a statue of him by Albert Bruce-Joy in St Johns Gardens, oxford Dictionary of National Biography Methil Heritage website
28.
Ethel Annakin
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Ethel Snowden, Viscountess Snowden, born Ethel Annakin, was a British socialist, human rights activist, and feminist politician. From a middle-class background, she became a Christian Socialist through a radical preacher and initially promoted temperance and she aligned to the Fabian Society and later the Independent Labour Party, earning an income by lecturing in Britain and abroad. Snowden was one of the campaigners for womens suffrage before the First World War, then founding The Womens Peace Crusade to oppose the war. After a visit to the Soviet Union she developed a criticism of its system. Snowden married the prominent Labour Party politician and future Chancellor of the Exchequer and she rose up the social scale in the 1920s, much to her pleasure, and she welcomed appointment as a Governor of the BBC and as a Director of the Royal Opera House. Although her husband received a Viscountcy, money became tight and she led the way in caring for him, after his death, Ethel Annakin was the daughter of Richard Annakin, a building contractor. Her father also involved in politics and later served as Alderman of Harrogate. She is described by Philip Snowdens biographer Colin Cross as a woman of strong will and she trained as a teacher at Edge Hill College in Liverpool, and while there joined the congregation of radical preacher Rev Dr C. F. Aked, after listening to his sermon on Can a Man be a Christian on £1 a week and she became a socialist and joined with Akeds social work in the slums of Liverpool promoting teetotalism. She also joined the Fabian Society, Harrogate, a spa town not dependent on the milling industry, was regarded as a higher class area and it was rare for someone of Ethels background to be a socialist. She took her first lecture on behalf of the Yorkshire Independent Labour Party at Keighley Labour Institute in September 1903, a story told within the ILP and generally believed was that Ethel had proposed to Philip, which was against the marriage customs of the time. It is also thought that both families were opposed, and Philip Snowden did not tell his mother until he sent a telegram after the marriage had taken place. Ethel and Philip Snowden set up home at Spencer Place in Leeds and she lectured in South Wales on socialism and womens suffrage in autumn 1905, but was ill during the 1906 election campaign and unable to help Philip in his successful election contest in Blackburn. The Snowdens gave up their Leeds home during this tour and moved to Barons Court Road in west London and her strong views seemed to influence her husband, although Snowden was always a suffragist and never endorsed the violent tactics of the suffragettes. The Snowdens left Britain for a long, world-wide, lecture tour in July 1914, while they were in Canada, Philip Snowden asked whether he should return but was told not to, possibly because of his known pacifism which Ethel shared. While in Portland, Oregon Ethel gave an interview which produced a headline reading Briton M. P. advises British Soldiers to Shoot Their Officers which her husband considered damaging. She was near to being a complete pacifist, and joined her husband in campaigning for a peace in 1916. At the end of the war, Snowden was elected to the National Executive Committee of the Labour Party in its Womens Section
29.
Stuart Maconie
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Stuart Maconie is an English radio DJ and television presenter, writer, journalist, and critic working in the field of pop music and popular culture. The pair had previously presented a show on BBC Radio 2. Maconie used to present his own show on Saturday afternoons from April 2006 until 29 March 2008. He also hosts BBC Radio 6 Music programmes The Freak Zone, on Sundays from 8pm to 10pm and The Freakier Zone, on Saturday night/Sunday mornings from midnight to 1am. While still at St John Rigby school in the form, Maconie formed a band named Les Flirts, featuring Maconie on guitar/vocals, Nigel Power on bass. They performed at Wigan venues like the BierKellar and Trucks, performance style was influenced by the early Elvis Costello school of delivery. Set highlights included the self-penned Little Flirts and a cover of Satellite of Love. In September 2008, he began a new column for Cumbria Life magazine. Maconie previously worked as an English and sociology teacher at Skelmersdale College and he has written screenplays for television and films. Maconie is also the author of Cider With Roadies, an autobiography of his experiences as a music journalist. Pies and Prejudice, In Search of the North, a book that discusses the modern reality of the North of England, was published in February 2007. Maconie, himself a northerner, uses his own childhood experiences alongside anecdotes from recent visits to illuminate the book, a third book, Adventures on the High Teas, In Search of Middle England was published in March 2009. Maconies March 2012 book, Never Mind the Quantocks, is a collection of more than 50 humorous essays from his column at Country Walking magazine. The stories first appeared as blatant jokes in a spoof NME Believe It or Not feature and he also claims to have coined the well used phrase Britpop in the 1990s. Im sure someone must have used the expression before me about the Hollies, or the Beatles, but I was the first person to use it about bands like Oasis and Blur. He was a reporter for Mark Goodiers Evening Session on BBC Radio 1. From 1994 to 2001, he presented the news review The Treatment. In addition to this, in October 1996, Maconie took over a weekly show on Radio 1 on Sunday nights
30.
Helena Normanton
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Helena Florence Normanton, QC was the first woman to practise as a barrister in England. In November 1922, she was the woman to be called to the Bar of England and Wales. Normanton was born in London, the daughter of a piano maker, after her father was found dead in a railway tunnel in 1886, her mother began letting rooms in the family home, before moving to Brighton run a grocery and later a boarding house. Normanton won a scholarship to York Place Science School in Brighton and she trained as a teacher at Edge Hill Teacher Training College in Liverpool between 1903 and 1905. There is a Halls of Residence called Normanton at the university in her honour and she lectured in history at Glasgow University and London University, and began to speak and write about feminist issues. She spoke at meetings of the Womens Freedom League and supported the Indian National Congress, Normanton held ambitions to become a barrister from a young age. An application to become a student at Middle Temple in 1918 was refused and she reapplied in 1919, within hours of the Sex Disqualification Act 1919 coming into force, and was admitted to Middle Temple. She married Gavin Bowman Watson Clark in 1921, but preserved her maiden name for professional reasons, in 1924, she became the first married British woman to be issued a passport in her maiden name. She was the woman to be called to the bar, on 17 November 1922. In 1949, along with Rose Heilbron, she was one of the first two women Kings Counsel at the English Bar and she was also a pacifist, later being a supporter of CND. Normanton formed a body called the Council of Married Women. She founded the Magna Carta Society and she was a pacifist throughout her life, and demonstrated against the nuclear bomb after the Second World War. She died in London and her remains were buried near those of her husband in Ovingdean. Duncan,1945 The archives of Helena Normanton are held at The Womens Library at the Library of the London School of Economics, ref 7HLN
31.
Jonathan Pryce
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Jonathan Pryce, CBE is a Welsh actor and singer. After studying at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art and meeting his girlfriend, English actress Kate Fahy, in 1974. His work in theatre, including a performance in the title role of the Royal Court Theatres Hamlet, led to several supporting roles in film. His breakthrough screen performance was in Terry Gilliams 1985 cult film Brazil, initially in 2015, Pryce was a guest actor in the HBO series Game of Thrones as the High Sparrow before becoming a regular cast member in 2016. Born John Price in Carmel, Flintshire, he is the son of Margaret Ellen and Isaac Price, a former coal miner who, along with his wife, ran a small general grocery shop. He was educated at Holywell Grammar School, and, at the age of 16, he went to art college, while studying, he took part in a college theatre production. An impressed tutor suggested he should become an actor and, on Pryces behalf, applied to the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art for an application form, Pryce was awarded a scholarship to RADA. When he joined Equity he used Jonathan Pryce as his name because Equity will only have one actor with any particular name on its books. While at RADA Pryce worked as a salesman of velvet paintings. Pryce was part of a new wave of actors to emerge from the Academy, others included Bruce Payne, Juliet Stevenson, Alan Rickman, Anton Lesser, Kenneth Branagh and Fiona Shaw. To gain his Equity card to work in Liverpool, he made his first screen appearance in a role on a 1972 episode of the British science fiction programme Doomwatch. He then starred in two films, both directed by Stephen Frears, Daft as a Brush and Playthings. It was around this time that he appeared in his first movie role, playing the character Joseph Manasse in the film drama Voyage of the Damned, starring Faye Dunaway. He did not, however, abandon the stage, appearing from 1978 to 1979 in the Royal Shakespeare Companys productions of The Taming of the Shrew as Petruchio, and Antony and Cleopatra as Octavius Caesar. In 1980, his performance in the role of Hamlet at the Royal Court Theatre won him an Olivier Award. Around the same time, he appeared in the film Breaking Glass. Pryce played the role of the sinister Mr. Dark in Something Wicked This Way Comes, after Brazil, Pryce appeared in the historical thriller The Doctor and the Devils and then in the Gene Wilder-directed film Haunted Honeymoon. From 1986 to 1987 Pryce played the part in the Royal Shakespeare Companys production of Macbeth
32.
Shirley Williams
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Shirley Vivian Teresa Brittain Williams, Baroness Williams of Crosby, CH, PC is a British politician and academic who represents the Liberal Democrats. Originally a Labour Member of Parliament and Cabinet Minister, she was one of the Gang of Four rebels who founded the Social Democratic Party in 1981. Between 2001 and 2004, she served as Leader of the Liberal Democrats in the House of Lords and, from 2007 to 2010, born in Chelsea, London, Williams was the daughter of political scientist and philosopher Sir George Catlin and the feminist and pacifist writer Vera Brittain. During the Second World War, she was evacuated to Minnesota in the United States for three years, in 1950, she became the first woman to chair the Oxford University Labour Club. After graduating as a Bachelor of Arts in Philosophy, Politics and Economics, Williams was awarded a Fulbright Scholarship, on returning to Britain, she began her career as a journalist, working firstly for the Daily Mirror and then for the Financial Times. In 1960, she became General Secretary of the Fabian Society, in government, she rose quickly to a junior ministerial position and, between 1971 and 1973, served as Shadow Home Secretary. In 1974, she became Secretary of State for Prices and Consumer Protection in Harold Wilsons cabinet, when Wilson was succeeded by James Callaghan in 1976, she became Secretary of State for Education and Paymaster General, holding both cabinet positions at the same time. While in office between 1976 and 1979, Williams advocated the comprehensive system and the abolition of grammar schools. In June 2012, she cited comprehensive schools as her greatest achievement, stating, I have never in any way regretted them, the problem was that in many places they were heavily skimmed because people kept grammar schools in place beside them. As her daughter Rebecca approached secondary school age, Williams moved into the catchment area of the state-subsidised Godolphin and Latymer School, Williams lost her seat when the Labour Party was defeated in the 1979 general election. Her defeat was one of the most prominent of the election, since then, she has appeared on many television and radio discussion programmes in Britain – in particular, the BBCs Question Time, where she has made more appearances than anyone else. They were joined by 28 other Labour MPs and one Conservative, later that year, following the death of the Conservative MP Sir Graham Page, she won the Crosby by-election and became the first SDP member elected to Parliament. Two years later, however, having become the SDPs President, in the 1987 general election, Williams stood for the SDP in Cambridge, but lost to the sitting Conservative candidate Robert Rhodes James. She then supported the SDPs merger with the Liberal Party that formed the Liberal Democrats, nonetheless, she remained active in politics and public service in Britain, the United States and internationally. During these years, Williams helped draft constitutions in Russia, Ukraine, upon Shirley Williams elevation to the House of Lords in 1993, she returned to the United Kingdom and continued a more public life, but has maintained a close association with Harvard University. Baroness Williams remained a member of the House of Lords. Williams served as United Nations Special Representative to the Former Yugoslavia, Williams was also an attendee of the 2013 and the 2010 Bilderberg conferences in Watford, Hertfordshire, England, and Sitges, Spain, respectively. Her interest and commitment to education continued, and she served as Chair of Judges of the British Teaching Awards, Williams was a member of the Top Level Group of UK Parliamentarians for Multilateral Nuclear Disarmament and Non-proliferation, established in October 2009
33.
County Palatine
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A county palatine or palatinate was an area ruled by a hereditary nobleman possessing special authority and autonomy from the rest of a kingdom or empire. The name derives from the Latin adjective palatinus, relating to the palace, from the noun palatium and it thus implies the exercise of a quasi-royal prerogative within a county, that is to say a jurisdiction ruled by an earl, the English equivalent of a count. A duchy palatine is similar but is ruled over by a duke, the nobleman swore allegiance to the king yet had the power to rule the county largely independently of the king. It should therefore be distinguished from the barony, held from the king. Rulers of counties palatine did however create their own feudal baronies, to be directly from them in capite. County palatine jurisdictions were created in England under the rule of the Norman dynasty, on continental Europe, they have an earlier date. For the English sovereign in Norman times this applied to northern England, Wales, as the authority granted was hereditary, some counties palatine legally survived well past the end of the feudal period. Palatinates emerged in England in the following the Norman conquest, as various earls or bishops were granted palatine powers. However, palatine powers were granted over areas such as the Isle of Ely which were not near any frontier. Palatine powers over Cheshire were acquired by the Earls of Chester, Chester had its own parliament, consisting of barons of the county, and was not represented in Parliament until 1543, while it retained some of its special privileges until 1830. Exceptional powers were granted to the Bishops of Durham, who during the aftermath of the Norman conquest had been put in charge of secular administration in what became County Durham. The bishops mitre which crowns the bishop of Durhams coat of arms is encircled with a coronet which is otherwise used only by dukes. Palatine powers over Lancashire were conferred on the first Duke of Lancaster in 1351 and this was only the second dukedom created in England, following that of Cornwall in 1337, which also became associated with palatine powers. The rights exercised through the Duchy rather than the Crown included its palatine powers over Lancashire, in the county palatine of Lancaster, the loyal toast is to the Queen, Duke of Lancaster. The kings writs did not run in these three counties until the nineteenth century and, until the 1970s, Lancashire and Durham had their own courts of chancery. The appeal against a decision of the County Court of a County Palatine had, in the first instance, to be to the Court of Common Pleas of that County Palatine. In the history of Wales in the Norman era, the term most often used is Marcher Lord, which is similar to, but not strictly the same as, nevertheless, a number of strictly Palatine jurisdictions were created in Wales. There were several palatine districts in Ireland of which the most notable were those of the Earls of Desmond, the latter continued in legal existence until the County Palatine of Tipperary Act 1715
34.
Leonora Carrington
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Leonora Carrington OBE was an English-born Mexican artist, surrealist painter, and novelist. She lived most of her life in Mexico City, and was one of the last surviving participants in the Surrealist movement of the 1930s. Leonora Carrington was also a member of the Women’s Liberation Movement in Mexico during the 1970s. Carrington was born in Clayton Green, Chorley, Lancashire, England and her father was a wealthy textile manufacturer, and her mother, Maureen, was Irish. She had three brothers, Patrick, Gerald, and Arthur, in 1927, at the age of ten, she saw her first Surrealist painting in a Left Bank gallery and later met many Surrealists, including Paul Éluard. Her father opposed her career as an artist, but her mother encouraged her and she returned to England and was presented at Court, but according to her, she brought a copy of Aldous Huxleys Eyeless in Gaza to read instead. In 1935, she attended the Chelsea School of Art in London for one year, some works are still hanging at James former family home, currently West Dean College in West Dean, West Sussex. When she returned to Britain, she enrolled in the art school established by the French modernist Amédée Ozenfant. In 1936, Leonora saw the work of the German surrealist Max Ernst at the International Surrealist Exhibition in London and was attracted to the Surrealist artist before she met him. In 1937, Carrington met Ernst at a party held in London, the artists bonded and returned together to Paris, where Ernst promptly separated from his wife. In 1938, leaving Paris, they settled in Saint Martin dArdèche in southern France, the new couple collaborated and supported each others artistic development. The two artists created sculptures of animals to decorate their home in Saint Martin dArdèche. In 1939, Carrington painted a portrait of Max Ernst, as a tribute to their relationship, the portrait was her first Surrealist work, and it was called The Inn of the Dawn. It is now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the person in the painting is a cross between a male and a female, who is seated in a room with a rocking horse on the wall. Carrington had a an interest in animals, myth, and symbolism and this interest became stronger when she moved to Mexico and started a relationship with the émigré Spanish artist Remedios Varo. The two studied alchemy, the kabbalah, and the mytho-historical writings Popol Vuh- known today as Guatemala, with the outbreak of World War II Ernst, who was German, was arrested by the French authorities for being a hostile alien. With the intercession of Paul Éluard, and other friends, including the American journalist Varian Fry, soon after the Nazis invaded France, Ernst was arrested again, this time by the Gestapo, because his art was considered by the Nazis to be degenerate. He managed to escape and, leaving Carrington behind, fled to America with the help of Peggy Guggenheim, after Ernsts arrest, Carrington was devastated and fled to Spain
35.
Emmeline Pankhurst
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Emmeline Pankhurst was a British political activist and leader of the British suffragette movement who helped women win the right to vote. She was widely criticised for her militant tactics, and historians disagree about their effectiveness, born in Moss Side, Manchester to politically active parents, Pankhurst was introduced at the age of 14 to the womens suffrage movement. On 18 December 1879, she married Richard Pankhurst, a barrister 24 years older than her known for supporting womens right to vote, they had five children over the next ten years. He supported her activities outside the home, and she founded and became involved with the Womens Franchise League, while working as a Poor Law Guardian, she was shocked at the harsh conditions she encountered in Manchesters workhouses. In 1903, five years after her husband died, Pankhurst founded the Womens Social and Political Union, the group identified as independent from – and often in opposition to – political parties. It became known for physical confrontations, its members smashed windows, Pankhurst, her daughters, and other WSPU activists received repeated prison sentences, where they staged hunger strikes to secure better conditions. As Pankhursts eldest daughter Christabel took leadership of the WSPU, antagonism between the group and the government grew, eventually the group adopted arson as a tactic, and more moderate organisations spoke out against the Pankhurst family. In 1913 several prominent individuals left the WSPU, among them Pankhursts daughters Adela, Emmeline was so furious that she gave a ticket, £20, and a letter of introduction to a suffragette in Australia, and firmly insisted that she emigrate. Adela complied and the rift was never healed. With the advent of the First World War, Emmeline and Christabel called a halt to militant suffrage activism in support of the British governments stand against the German Peril. They urged women to aid industrial production and encouraged men to fight. In 1918 the Representation of the People Act granted votes to all men over the age of 21 and this discrepancy was intended to ensure that men did not become minority voters as a consequence of the huge number of deaths suffered during the First World War. Pankhurst transformed the WSPU machinery into the Womens Party, which was dedicated to promoting womens equality in public life, in her later years, she became concerned with what she perceived as the menace posed by Bolshevism and joined the Conservative Party. She was selected as the Conservative candidate for Stepney in 1927 and she died on 14 June 1928, only weeks before the Conservative governments Representation of the People Act extended the vote to all women over 21 years of age on 2 July 1928. She was commemorated two years later with a statue in Londons Victoria Tower Gardens, Emmeline Pankhurst was born on 15 July 1858 in the Manchester suburb of Moss Side. Although her birth certificate states otherwise, she believed that her birthday was a day earlier, most biographies, including those written by her daughters, repeat this claim. Feeling a kinship with the revolutionaries who stormed the Bastille, she said in 1908. The reason for the discrepancy remains unclear, the family into which she was born had been steeped in political agitation for generations
36.
William Roscoe
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He was born in Liverpool, where his father, a market gardener, kept a public house called the Bowling Green at Mount Pleasant. Roscoe left school at the age of twelve, having learned all that his schoolmaster could teach and he assisted his father in the work of the garden, but spent his leisure time on reading and study. If I were now asked whom I consider to be the happiest of the race, I should answer. At fifteen he began to look for a suitable career, a months trial of bookselling was unsuccessful, and in 1769 he was articled to a solicitor. Although a diligent student of law, he continued to read the classics, in 1774 he went into business as a lawyer, and in 1781 married Jane, second daughter of William Griffies, a Liverpool tradesman, they had seven sons and three daughters. Roscoe had the courage to denounce the African slave trade in his town, where, at that time. Roscoe was a Unitarian and Presbyterian and his outspokenness against the slave trade meant that abolitionism and Presbyterianism were linked together in the public mind. In 1796 Roscoe gave up practice, and toyed with the idea of going to the bar. Between 1793 and 1800 he paid attention to agriculture, and helped to reclaim Chat Moss, near Eccles. He also succeeded in restoring to good order the affairs of a house in which his friend William Clark. This led to his introduction to the business, which proved disastrous. Roscoe was elected member of parliament for Liverpool in 1806, but the House of Commons was not for him, during his brief stay however, he was able to cast his vote in favour of the successful abolition of the slave trade. In the 1830s the garden was moved to Wavertree Botanic Gardens, the commercial troubles of 1816 brought into difficulties the banking house with which he was connected, and forced the sale of his collection of books and pictures. Spiker, the king of Prussias librarian, visited Roscoe at this difficult time, Roscoe said he still desired to write a biography of Erasmus but lacked both leisure and youth. The project was never carried out, around this time Roscoe was asked to investigate the claims of the blind girl Margaret MAvoy who was said to be able to read using her fingers at the request of Sir Joseph Banks. Roscoe concluded that her abilities were due to the fact that she was not blind. After five years struggling to discharge the liabilities of the bank, for a time Roscoe was in danger of arrest, but ultimately he received an honourable discharge. On the dispersal of his library, the volumes most useful to him were secured by friends, the sum of £2,500 was also invested for his benefit
37.
L. S. Lowry
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Laurence Stephen Lowry RBA RA was an English artist. Many of his drawings and paintings depict Pendlebury, Lancashire, where he lived and worked for more than 40 years, Lowry is famous for painting scenes of life in the industrial districts of North West England in the mid-20th century. He developed a style of painting and is best known for his urban landscapes peopled with human figures often referred to as matchstick men. He painted mysterious unpopulated landscapes, brooding portraits and the unpublished marionette works, a large collection of Lowrys work is on permanent public display in The Lowry, a purpose-built art gallery on Salford Quays named in his honour. Lowry rejected five honours during his life, including a knighthood in 1968, on 26 June 2013 a major retrospective opened at the Tate Britain in London, his first at the Tate, and in 2014 his first solo exhibition outside the UK was held in Nanjing, China. Lowry was born on 1 November 1887 at 8 Barrett Street and it was a difficult birth, and his mother Elizabeth, who hoped for a girl, was uncomfortable even looking at him at first. Later she expressed envy of her sister Mary, who had three splendid daughters instead of one clumsy boy, Lowrys father Robert, who was of northern Irish descent, worked as a clerk for the Jacob Earnshaw and Son Property Company and was a withdrawn and introverted man. Lowry once described him as a fish and realised he had a life to live. After Lowrys birth, his mothers health was too poor for her to continue teaching and she is reported to have been talented and respected, with aspirations of becoming a concert pianist. She was an irritable, nervous woman brought up to high standards by her stern father. Like him, she was controlling and intolerant of failure and she used illness as a means of securing the attention and obedience of her mild and affectionate husband and she dominated her son in the same way. Lowry maintained, in interviews conducted later in his life, that he had an unhappy childhood, although his mother demonstrated no appreciation of her sons gifts as an artist, a number of books Lowry received as Christmas presents from his parents are inscribed to Our dearest Laurie. At school he made few friends and showed no academic aptitude and his father was affectionate towards him but was, by all accounts, a quiet man who was at his most comfortable fading into the background as an unobtrusive presence. Here the landscape comprised textile mills and factory chimneys rather than trees, Lowry later recalled, At first I detested it, and then, after years I got pretty interested in it, then obsessed by it. One day I missed a train from Pendlebury - I had ignored for seven years —, the huge black framework of rows of yellow-lit windows standing up against the sad, damp charged afternoon sky. I watched this scene — which Id looked at times without seeing — with rapture. After leaving school, Lowry began a career working for the Pall Mall Company and he would spend some time in his lunch hour at Buile Hill Park and in the evenings took private art lessons in antique and freehand drawing. In 1905, he secured a place at the Manchester School of Art, in 1915 he moved on to the Royal Technical Institute, Salford where his studies continued until 1925 There he developed an interest in industrial landscapes and began to establish his own style
38.
Robert Peel
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Sir Robert Peel, 2nd Baronet, FRS, PC, a British statesman and member of the Conservative Party, served twice as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and twice as Home Secretary. He is regarded as the father of modern British policing and as one of the founders of the modern Conservative Party and he entered the House of Commons in 1809 under the tutelage of his father and of Sir Arthur Wellesley, the future Duke of Wellington. Peel was widely seen as a star in the Conservative Party and served in various junior ministerial offices, becoming Chief Secretary for Ireland. He cut tariffs to stimulate trade, to replace the lost revenue he pushed through a 3% income tax and he played a central role in making free trade a reality and set up a modern banking system. In 1830 the Whigs finally returned to power and Peel became a member of the Opposition for the first time, Peel then issued the Tamworth Manifesto, laying down the principles upon which the modern British Conservative Party is based. His first ministry was a minority government, dependent on Whig support, after only four months, his government collapsed and he served as Leader of the Opposition during the second government of the Viscount Melbourne. Peel declined to head another minority government in May 1839, prompting a political crisis and he finally became Prime Minister again after the 1841 general election. His second government ruled for five years - its major legislation included the Mines and Collieries Act 1842, the Income Tax Act 1842, the Factories Act 1844, Peels government was weakened by anti-Irish and anti-Catholic sentiment following the controversial Maynooth Grant of 1845. After the outbreak of the Great Irish Potato Famine, his decision to join with Whigs, Peel remained an influential backbench MP and leader of the Peelite faction until his death in 1850. Peel often started from a traditional Tory position in opposition to a measure, then reversed his stance, Peel, a Conservative, achieved repeal with the support of the Whigs in Parliament, overcoming the opposition of most of his own party. Many critics accordingly saw him as a traitor to the Tory cause, or as a Liberal wolf in sheeps clothing, taylor says, Peel was in the first rank of 19th century statesman. He carried Catholic Emancipation, he repealed the Corn Laws, he created the modern Conservative Party on the ruins of the old Toryism. Peel was born at Chamber Hall, Bury, Lancashire, to the industrialist and parliamentarian Sir Robert Peel, 1st Baronet and his father was one of the richest textile manufacturers of the early Industrial Revolution. Peel was educated briefly at Bury Grammar School, at Hipperholme Grammar School, then at Harrow School and finally Christ Church, Oxford and he was a law student at Lincolns Inn in 1809 before entering Parliament. Peel saw part-time military service as a Captain in the Manchester Regiment of Militia in 1808, Peel entered politics in 1809 at the age of 21, as MP for the Irish rotten borough of Cashel, Tipperary. With a scant 24 electors on the rolls, he was elected unopposed and his sponsor for the election was the Chief Secretary for Ireland, Sir Arthur Wellesley, the future Duke of Wellington, with whom Peels political career would be entwined for the next 25 years. Peel made his speech at the start of the 1810 session. His speech was a sensation, famously described by the Speaker, Charles Abbot, as chief secretary in Dublin in 1813, he proposed the setting up of a specialist police force, later called peelers
39.
Ellen Wilkinson
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Ellen Cicely Wilkinson PC was a British Labour Party politician who served as Minister of Education from July 1945 until her death. Although unsuccessful at that time, the march provided an image for the 1930s. Wilkinson was born into a poor though ambitious Manchester family, after graduating from the University of Manchester she worked for a womens suffrage organisation and later as a trade union officer. She was elected Labour MP for Middlesbrough East in 1924, in the 1929–31 Labour government she served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to the junior Health Minister. Following her defeat at Middlesbrough in 1931, Wilkinson became a prolific journalist and she was a strong advocate for the Republican faction in the Spanish Civil War, and made several visits to the battle zones. During the Second World War Wilkinson served in Churchills wartime coalition as a junior minister and she supported Morrisons attempts to replace Clement Attlee as the Labour Partys leader, nevertheless, when he formed his postwar government Attlee appointed Wilkinson as Minister of Education. By this time her health was poor, the legacy of years of overwork, much of her energy was applied to organising the raising of the school leaving age from 14 to 15. In the exceptionally cold English winter of 1946–47, she succumbed to a bronchial disease, Ellen Wilkinson was born on 8 October 1891, at 41 Coral Street in the Manchester district of Chorlton-on-Medlock. She was the child and second daughter of Richard Wilkinson, a cotton worker who became an insurance agent. Entirely self-educated, he ensured that his children received the best schooling available, encouraged them to read widely, at the age of six Ellen began attending what she described as a filthy elementary school with the five classes in one room. A series of illnesses kept her at home for two years, but she used the time learning to read. On her return to school she made progress, and at the age of 11 won a scholarship to Ardwick Higher Elementary Grade School. Outspoken and often rebellious, after two years she transferred to Stretford Road Secondary School for Girls, an experience she later remembered as horrid and she made up for the schools shortcomings by reading, with her fathers encouragement, the works of Haeckel, Thomas Huxley and Darwin. Teaching was one of the few careers then open to educated working-class girls, for half the week she attended the Manchester Day Training College, and during the other half taught at Oswald Road Elementary School. Her classroom approach—she sought to interest her pupils, rather than learning by rote—led to frequent clashes with her superiors. At the college, where she was encouraged to more widely and to engage with the issues of the day. By this time she was impatient with religion, socialism provided a timely, thirty years later Wilkinson told her colleague George Middleton that Glasier had brought me into the Socialist movement. It always makes me humble to think of her indomitable courage, after meeting the suffragist Hannah Mitchell, Wilkinson took up the cause of womens suffrage, the major womens rights issue of the day
