1.
Thomas Edison
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Thomas Alva Edison was an American inventor and businessman, who has been described as Americas greatest inventor. He developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and the long-lasting, practical electric light bulb. Edison was an inventor, holding 1,093 US patents in his name, as well as many patents in the United Kingdom, France. Edisons inventions contributed to mass communication and, in particular, telecommunications and these included a stock ticker, a mechanical vote recorder, a battery for an electric car, electrical power, recorded music and motion pictures. His advanced work in these fields was an outgrowth of his career as a telegraph operator. Edison developed a system of generation and distribution to homes, businesses. His first power station was on Pearl Street in Manhattan, New York, Thomas Edison was born in Milan, Ohio, and grew up in Port Huron, Michigan. He was the seventh and last child of Samuel Ogden Edison, Jr. and Nancy Matthews Elliott. His father, the son of a Loyalist refugee, had moved as a boy with the family from Nova Scotia, settling in southwestern Ontario, in a known as Shewsbury, later Vienna. Samuel Jr. eventually fled Ontario because he took part in the unsuccessful Mackenzie Rebellion of 1837 and his father, Samuel Sr. had earlier fought in the War of 1812 as captain of the First Middlesex Regiment. By contrast, Samuel Jr. s struggle found him on the losing side, once across the border, he found his way to Milan, Ohio. His patrilineal family line was Dutch by way of New Jersey and his mother taught him at home. Much of his education came from reading R. G, parkers School of Natural Philosophy and The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art. Edison developed hearing problems at an early age, the cause of his deafness has been attributed to a bout of scarlet fever during childhood and recurring untreated middle-ear infections. In his later years, he modified the story to say the injury occurred when the conductor, in helping him onto a moving train, Edisons family moved to Port Huron, Michigan, after the railroad bypassed Milan in 1854 and business declined. Edison sold candy and newspapers on trains running from Port Huron to Detroit and he briefly worked as a telegraph operator in 1863 for the Grand Trunk Railway at Stratford, Ontario railway at age 16. He was held responsible for a near collision and he also studied qualitative analysis and conducted chemical experiments on the train until he left the job. Edison obtained the right to sell newspapers on the road, and, with the aid of four assistants, he set in type and printed the Grand Trunk Herald
2.
West Orange, New Jersey
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West Orange is a suburban township in central Essex County, New Jersey, United States. West Orange was initially a part of Newark township, and remained so until November 27,1806, on April 13,1807, the first government was elected. On January 31,1860, Orange was incorporated as a town, almost immediately, Orange began fragmenting into smaller communities, primarily because of local disputes about the costs of establishing paid police, fire and street departments. South Orange was organized on April 1,1861, Fairmount on March 11,1862, West Orange was incorporated as a township on April 10,1863, and was reformed as a town on February 28,1900. In 1980, West Orange again became a township to take advantage of federal revenue sharing policies that allocated a share of government aid to municipalities classified as townships. The township derives its name from the city of Orange, which in turn is derived from William III of England or William IV, Prince of Orange. Llewellyn Park, the first planned community in America, is located within West Orange, Llewellyn Park is considered among the best examples of the Romantic Landscape movement of that period. Thomas Edison was one of the many residents, according to the United States Census Bureau, the township had a total area of 12.171 square miles, including 12.046 square miles of land and 0.125 square miles of water. It is located approximately 5 miles west of downtown Newark and 13 miles west of New York City, the West Branch of the Rahway River originates at Crystal Lake and passes through the township in South Mountain Reservation. West Orange borders the Essex County communities of Essex Fells, Livingston, Millburn, Maplewood, Montclair, Orange, Roseland, Verona and South Orange. Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the township include Crestmont, Crystal Lake, Llewellyn Park, Pleasantdale, the township is marked by an eclectic mix of neighborhoods and housing types, which roughly correspond to the townships geographic features. Main Street, in section, is home to the Thomas Edison National Historical Park, as well as the municipal building, police headquarters. The West Orange Public Library is located on Mount Pleasant Avenue in this section, downtown West Orange has the most urban character of the townships neighborhoods, while the Valley is home to a growing arts district and a significant African American community. The housing stock in the neighborhoods of Hutton Park and Gregory is a mixture of Victorian, Jazz Age, and Tudor-style houses, large estates, garden apartments, many blocks on the First Mountain have sweeping views of the Newark and New York City skylines. Pleasantdale, a business district in this part of the township, includes a number of restaurants, office buildings. Pleasantdale is also home to a significant Orthodox Jewish community, the Second Mountain Finally, the westernmost section of West Orange lies along the eastern face of the Second Watchung Mountain, and includes large portions of the South Mountain Reservation. The housing stock in this neighborhood resembles that of Pleasantdale, as well as those of the adjacent suburban townships of Millburn, as of the census of 2010, there were 46,207 people,16,790 households, and 11,753 families residing in the township. The population density was 3,836.0 per square mile, there were 17,612 housing units at an average density of 1,462.1 per square mile
3.
Sound recording and reproduction
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Sound recording and reproduction is an electrical, mechanical, electronic, or digital inscription and re-creation of sound waves, such as spoken voice, singing, instrumental music, or sound effects. The two main classes of sound recording technology are analog recording and digital recording, prior to the development of analog recording, there were mechanical systems for reproducing instrumental music, such as wind-up music boxes and later, in the late 19th century, player pianos. Analog sound reproduction is the process, with a bigger loudspeaker diaphragm causing changes to atmospheric pressure to form acoustic sound waves. Digital recording and reproduction converts the sound signal picked up by the microphone to a digital form by the process of digitization. This lets the audio data be stored and transmitted by a variety of media. Whereas successive copies of an analog recording tend to degrade in quality, as noise is added. A digital audio signal must be reconverted to analog form during playback before it is amplified and connected to a loudspeaker to produce sound, long before sound was first recorded on cylinders or records, music was recorded—first by written music notation, then also by mechanical devices. Fowler, this. cylinder with raised pins on the surface remained the device to produce and reproduce music mechanically until the second half of the nineteenth century. The Banu Musa brothers also invented an automatic flute player, which appears to have been the first programmable machine, according to Fowler, the automata were a robot band that performed. more than fifty facial and body actions during each musical selection. In the 14th century, Flanders introduced a mechanical bell-ringer controlled by a rotating cylinder, similar designs appeared in barrel organs, musical clocks, barrel pianos, and musical boxes. A music box is a musical instrument that produces sounds by the use of a set of pins placed on a revolving cylinder or disc so as to pluck the tuned teeth of a steel comb. They were developed from musical snuff boxes of the 18th century, some of the more complex boxes also have a tiny drum and/or bells, in addition to the metal comb. The fairground organ, developed in 1892, used a system of accordion-folded punched cardboard books, the player piano, first demonstrated in 1876, used a punched paper scroll that could store an long piece of music. The most sophisticated of the rolls were hand-played, meaning that the roll represented the actual performance of an individual. This technology to record a live performance onto a piano roll was not developed until 1904, piano rolls were in continuous mass production from 1896 to 2008. A1908 U. S. Supreme Court copyright case noted that, in 1902 alone, the use of piano rolls began to decline in the 1920s although one type is still being made today. The first device that could record actual sounds as they passed through the air was the phonautograph, the earliest known recordings of the human voice are phonautograph recordings, called phonautograms, made in 1857. They consist of sheets of paper with sound-wave-modulated white lines created by a stylus that cut through a coating of soot as the paper was passed under it
4.
Recording industry
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The modern Western music industry emerged between the 1930s and 1950s, when records replaced sheet music as the most important product in the music business. In the commercial world, the recording industry–a reference to recording performances of songs and pieces, labels outside of these three major labels are referred to as independent labels. The largest portion of the music market for concerts and tours is controlled by Live Nation. Live Nation is a subsidiary of iHeartMedia Inc, which is the largest owner of radio stations in the United States. In the first decades of the 2000s, the industry underwent drastic changes with the advent of widespread digital distribution of music via the Internet. A conspicuous indicator of changes is total music sales, since 2000. In 2011, the largest recorded music retailer in the world was now a digital, Internet-based platform operated by a computer company, printed music in Europe, Music publishing using machine-printed sheet music developed during the Renaissance music era in the mid-15th century. The development of music followed the evolution of printing technologies that were first developed for printing regular books. After the mid-15th century, mechanical techniques for printing music were first developed. The earliest example, a set of chants, dates from about 1465. Prior to this time, music had to be copied out by hand, to copy music notation by hand was a very costly, labor-intensive and time-consuming process, so it was usually undertaken only by monks and priests seeking to preserve sacred music for the church. The few collections of music that are extant were commissioned and owned by wealthy aristocrats. Examples include the Squarcialupi Codex of Italian Trecento music and the Chantilly Codex of French Ars subtilior music, the use of printing enabled sheet music to reproduced much more quickly and at a much lower cost than hand-copying music notation. This helped musical styles to spread to cities and countries more quickly. With music printing, though, a composers music could be printed, as sheet music of major composers pieces and songs began to be printed and distributed in a wider area, this enabled composers and listeners to hear new styles and forms of music. A German composer could buy songs written by an Italian or English composer, and this led to more blending of musical styles from different countries and regions. The pioneer of music printing was Ottaviano Petrucci, a printer and publisher who was able to secure a twenty-year monopoly on printed music in Venice during the 16th century. Venice was one of the business and music centers during this period
5.
Phonograph
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The phonograph is a device invented in 1877 for the mechanical recording and reproduction of sound. In its later forms it is called a gramophone. To recreate the sound, the surface is rotated while a playback stylus traces the groove and is therefore vibrated by it. In later electric phonographs, the motions of the stylus are converted into an electrical signal by a transducer. The phonograph was invented in 1877 by Thomas Edison, while other inventors had produced devices that could record sounds, Edisons phonograph was the first to be able to reproduce the recorded sound. His phonograph originally recorded sound onto a sheet wrapped around a rotating cylinder. A stylus responding to sound vibrations produced an up and down or hill-and-dale groove in the foil, in the 1890s, Emile Berliner initiated the transition from phonograph cylinders to flat discs with a spiral groove running from the periphery to near the center. Later improvements through the years included modifications to the turntable and its system, the stylus or needle. The disc phonograph record was the dominant audio recording format throughout most of the 20th century, from the mid-1980s on, phonograph use on a standard record player declined sharply because of the rise of the cassette tape, compact disc and other digital recording formats. Records are still a favorite format for some audiophiles and DJs, vinyl records are still used by some DJs and musicians in their concert performances. Musicians continue to release their recordings on vinyl records, the original recordings of musicians are sometimes re-issued on vinyl. Usage of terminology is not uniform across the English-speaking world, in more modern usage, the playback device is often called a turntable, record player, or record changer. When used in conjunction with a mixer as part of a DJ setup, the term phonograph was derived from the Greek words φωνή and γραφή. The similar related terms gramophone and graphophone have similar root meanings, the roots were already familiar from existing 19th-century words such as photograph, telegraph, and telephone. In British English, gramophone may refer to any sound-reproducing machine using disc records, the term phonograph was usually restricted to machines that used cylinder records. Gramophone generally referred to a wind-up machine, after the introduction of the softer vinyl records, 33 1⁄3-rpm LPs and 45-rpm single or two-song records, and EPs, the common name became record player or turntable. Often the home record player was part of a system that included a radio and, later, from about 1960, such a system began to be described as a hi-fi or a stereo. In American English, phonograph, properly specific to machines made by Edison, was used in a generic sense as early as the 1890s to include cylinder-playing machines made by others
6.
Blue Amberol Records
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Blue Amberol Records was the trademark name for cylinder records manufactured by Thomas A. Edison, Inc. in the US from 1912 to 1929. They replaced the 4-minute black wax Amberol cylinders introduced in 1908, Blue Amberols can play for as long as 4 minutes and 45 seconds and have a surface layer of the indestructible plastic celluloid, which Edison tinted a trademark blue color. Edison brand phonographs designed to play Amberol cylinders were named Amberolas, the four-minute Amberol cylinder made its début in 1908. Amberols were made of a brittle, black wax-like compound which was harder than the original 1902 black wax and this Amberol wax was also used for 2-minute Standard records from 1908 until the Blue Amberol appeared in 1912. The introduction of the Amberol started a resurgence of interest in cylinder records, Amberols crack rather easily and could break during playback. Amberols often shattered when they broke, unlike some kinds of 2-minute wax cylinders that would simply crack into a few pieces, another problem was that wax Amberols wore out too quickly. Some Amberols mistracked or played with a wavering pitch due to shrinkage during the manufacturing process. By 1912, the shortcomings of the wax Amberol were obvious, Edison, who did not want to pay royalties to Thomas B. Lambert for his celluloid cylinder patent, eventually bought it and changed production over to a thin, the introduction of these Blue Amberols helped to bring cylinder sales up. The dubbing technique used was non-electronic until December 1927, when electronic dubbing was introduced and this resulted in a somewhat hollow dead sound on the cylinders compared to the original discs. On many dubbed cylinders, when the cylinders own 160 rpm surface noise is low enough,80 rpm disc surface noise can be heard starting up shortly before the music begins, Edison Blue Amberols are made of celluloid on a molded plaster core. The celluloid surface is able to withstand hundreds of playings with only an increase in surface noise if played on a well-maintained machine with a stylus in good condition. Blue Amberols have a playing time of about 4 minutes and 45 seconds. Like the preceding black wax Amberols, they provide twice the time of 2-minute cylinders by using a finer groove with a pitch of 200 lines per inch instead of 100. Thomas A. Edison, Inc. sold kits with gear assemblies, the Edison company also marketed new models capable of playing both. Internal horn Edison phonographs designed to play 4-minute cylinders were called Amberolas, there is at least one known example of an early Model M reproducer also fitted with a flattened fishtail weight. Upon the introduction of Blue Amberols in 1912, the M reproducer was supplanted by the Diamond A reproducer and its small-tipped conical diamond stylus and increased stylus pressure would seriously damage wax cylinders. External horn Edison phonographs were available with the Diamond B reproducer, several other Amberola models less expensive than the IA were available, such as the V, VI, and X
7.
Thomas A. Edison, Inc.
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Thomas A. Edison, Incorporated was the main holding company for the various manufacturing companies established by the inventor and entrepreneur Thomas Edison. It operated between 1896 and 1957, when it merged with McGraw Electric to form McGraw-Edison, the National Phonograph Company was incorporated on 27 January 1896. It was restructured and reincorporated as Thomas A. Edison, Inc. on 28 February 1911, the Edison Manufacturing Company became a division of Thomas A. Edison, Inc. at this time. The company had a research laboratory in West Orange, New Jersey where up to 200 people were employed in the rapid. Frank L. Dyer was president until December 1912, when Thomas Edison took over the position himself, wilson, general manager, was also vice president from 1912. Edison resigned as president in August 1926 in favor of his son, Charles Edison, the company had divisions handling different products such as phonographs, Ediphone and storage batteries. One of the first products were Blue Ambersol cylinders and the Amberola player and this was followed by the Edison Diamond Disc. Other Edison companies were absorbed in the years followed, including Edison Phonograph Works, Edison Storage Battery Company. In the 1920s the recording began to lag in technical innovation. An attempt to market a long playing record in 1926 did not succeed, in 1928 the company finally moved into radio with the purchase of the Splitdorf Radio Corp. On 1 November 1929 Edison halted production of records apart from dictation records made by the Voicewriter division, in the late 1920s the Edicraft line of high-quality consumer appliances was developed at the laboratory and manufactured by Thomas A. Edison, Inc. Production of appliances was discontinued in 1934 due to lack of demand for luxury goods during the Great Depression, max McGraw, founder and president of McGraw Electric, had always been an admirer of Thomas Alva Edison, and had his picture hanging in his office. In 1956 he arranged a meeting with his son Charles Edison, former Governor of New Jersey and Secretary of the Navy and they spent a few days at the Broadmoor resort in Colorado Springs, Colorado and came to an agreement. The merge was effective 2 January 1957, the combined company was named the McGraw-Edison Company. Max McGraw would joke after the merger that his name now appeared before Edisons on the New York Stock Exchange, Edison Records Edison Studios Media related to Videos from Edison Manufacturing at Wikimedia Commons
8.
Electric light
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An electric light is a device that produces visible light by the flow of electric current. It is the most common form of lighting and is essential to modern society, providing interior lighting for buildings and exterior light for evening. In technical usage, a component that produces light from electricity is called a lamp. Compact lamps are commonly called light bulbs, for example, the incandescent light bulb, lamps usually have a base made of ceramic, metal, glass or plastic, which secures the lamp in the socket of a light fixture. The electrical connection to the socket may be made with a screw-thread base, before electric lighting became common in the early 20th century, people used candles, gas lights, oil lamps, and fires. Humphry Davy developed the first incandescent light in 1802, followed by the first practical electric arc light in 1806, by the 1870s, Davys arc lamp had been successfully commercialized, and was used to light many public spaces. The energy efficiency of electric lighting has increased radically since the first demonstration of arc lamps, modern electric light sources come in a profusion of types and sizes adapted to myriad applications. Most modern electric lighting is powered by centrally generated electric power, battery-powered light is often reserved for when and where stationary lights fail, often in the form of flashlights, electric lanterns, and in vehicles. *Color temperature is defined as the temperature of a body emitting a similar spectrum. The most efficient source of light is the low-pressure sodium lamp. It produces, for all purposes, a monochromatic orange/yellow light. For this reason, it is reserved for outdoor public lighting usages. Low-pressure sodium lights are favoured for public lighting by astronomers, since the pollution that they generate can be easily filtered. The modern incandescent light bulb, with a filament of tungsten, was commercialized in the 1920s developed from the carbon filament lamp introduced in about 1880. Sri Lanka has already banned importing filament bulbs because of use of electricity. Less than 3% of the energy is converted into usable light. Nearly all of the energy ends up as heat that, in warm climates, must then be removed from the building by ventilation or air conditioning. In colder climates where heating and lighting is required during the cold and dark winter months, halogen lamps are usually much smaller than standard incandescents, because for successful operation a bulb temperature over 200 °C is generally necessary
9.
Phonograph cylinder
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Phonograph cylinders are the earliest commercial medium for recording and reproducing sound. In the 1910s, the disc record system triumphed in the marketplace to become the dominant commercial audio medium. The phonograph was invented by Thomas Edison and his team on July 18,1877 and his first successful recording and reproduction of intelligible sounds, achieved early in the following December, used a thin sheet of tin foil wrapped around a hand-cranked grooved metal cylinder. Tin foil was not a recording medium for either commercial or artistic purposes. Edison moved on to developing a practical incandescent electric light and the improvements to sound recording technology were made by others. After this system was demonstrated to Edisons representatives, Edison quickly resumed work on the phonograph and he settled on a thicker all-wax cylinder, the surface of which could be repeatedly shaved down for reuse. Both the Graphophone and Edisons Perfected Phonograph were commercialized in 1888, eventually, a patent-sharing agreement was signed and the wax-coated cardboard tubes were abandoned in favor of Edisons all-wax cylinders as an interchangeable standard format. Beginning in 1889, prerecorded wax cylinders were marketed and these have professionally made recordings of songs, instrumental music or humorous monologues in their grooves. Each cylinder can easily be placed on and removed from the mandrel of the used to play them. Unlike later, shorter-playing high-speed cylinders, early recordings were usually cut at a speed of about 120 rpm. They were made of a soft wax formulation and would wear out after they were played a few dozen times. The buyer could then use a mechanism which left their surfaces shaved smooth so new recordings could be made on them, Cylinder machines of the late 1880s and the 1890s were usually sold with recording attachments. In the earliest stages of phonograph manufacturing various competing incompatible types of recordings were made. A standard system was decided upon by Edison Records, Columbia Phonograph, the standard cylinders are about 4 inches long, 2¼ inches in diameter, and play about two minutes of music or other sound. Over the years the type of wax used in cylinders was improved and hardened so that cylinders could be played with good quality over 100 times, in 1902 Edison Records launched a line of improved hard wax cylinders marketed as Edison Gold Molded Records. The impressive mention of gold referred only to the extremely thin gold coating deposited onto the wax cylinder to make it electrically conductive. Originally all cylinders sold had to be recorded live on the softer brown wax which wore out in as few as twenty playings, later cylinders were reproduced either mechanically or by linking phonographs together with rubber tubes. Although not completely satisfactory, the result was enough to be sold
10.
Dictaphone
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Dictaphone was an American company founded by Alexander Graham Bell that produced dictation machines. It is now a division of Nuance Communications based in Burlington, although the name Dictaphone is a trademark, it has become genericized as a means to refer to any dictation machine. The Volta Laboratory was established by Alexander Graham Bell in Washington, the name Dictaphone was trademarked by the Columbia Graphophone Company in 1907, which soon became the leading manufacturer of such devices. This perpetuated the use of wax cylinders for voice recording, which had otherwise been eclipsed by disc-based technology, Dictaphone was spun off into a separate company in 1923 under the leadership of C. King Woodbridge. In 1947, having relied on wax-cylinder recording to the end of World War II and this cut a mechanical groove into a Lexan plastic belt instead of a wax cylinder. The advantage of the Lexan belt was that recordings were permanent, eventually IBM introduced a dictating machine using an erasable belt made of magnetic tape which enabled the user to correct dictation errors rather than marking errors on a paper tab. Dictaphone in turn added magnetic recording models while still selling the models recording on the Lexan belts, the size of the cassette was important as it enabled the manufacturer to reduce the size of portable recorders. In 1952 Walter D. Fuller became the director of the company, in 1969 he was appointed as chairman. In Japan, JVC was licensed to produce machines designed and developed by Dictaphone, Dictaphone and JVC later developed the picocassette, released in 1985, which was even smaller than a microcassette but retained a good recording quality and duration. Dictaphone also developed endless loop recording using magnetic tape, introduced in the mid-seventies as the Thought Tank, the recording medium did not need to be moved from where the dictation took place to the location such as a typing pool where the typists were located. This was normally operated via a dedicated in house telephone system enabling dictation to be made from a variety of locations within the hospital or other organizations with typing pools, one version calculated each typists turnaround time and allocated the next piece of dictation accordingly. Dictaphone was prominent in the provision of multi-channel recorders, used extensively in the services to record emergency telephone calls. In the 1980s, these recorders also started to be used in the industry to record conversations in dealing rooms. The recordings were made on reel-to-reel tape and could be located and replayed by date, by the late 1980s, digital recording began to be offered as an alternative and soon became the medium of choice. Additionally, Dictaphone at one point expanded their line to market a line of electronic calculators. In 1979, Dictaphone was purchased by Pitney Bowes and kept as a wholly owned, Dictaphone bought Dual Display Word Processor, a competitor to Wang Laboratories, the industry leader. In 1982 they marketed a word processor from Symantec, the hardware sold for $5,950 in 1982. The software was an additional $600, the advent of the personal computer, MS-DOS, and general-purpose word-processing software saw the demise of the dedicated word-processor, and the division was closed
11.
African Americans
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African Americans are an ethnic group of Americans with total or partial ancestry from any of the Black racial groups of Africa. The term may also be used to only those individuals who are descended from enslaved Africans. As a compound adjective the term is usually hyphenated as African-American, Black and African Americans constitute the third largest racial and ethnic group in the United States. Most African Americans are of West and Central African descent and are descendants of enslaved peoples within the boundaries of the present United States. On average, African Americans are of 73. 2–80. 9% West African, 18–24% European, according to US Census Bureau data, African immigrants generally do not self-identify as African American. The overwhelming majority of African immigrants identify instead with their own respective ethnicities, immigrants from some Caribbean, Central American and South American nations and their descendants may or may not also self-identify with the term. After the founding of the United States, black people continued to be enslaved, believed to be inferior to white people, they were treated as second-class citizens. The Naturalization Act of 1790 limited U. S. citizenship to whites only, in 2008, Barack Obama became the first African American to be elected President of the United States. The first African slaves arrived via Santo Domingo to the San Miguel de Gualdape colony, the ill-fated colony was almost immediately disrupted by a fight over leadership, during which the slaves revolted and fled the colony to seek refuge among local Native Americans. De Ayllón and many of the colonists died shortly afterwards of an epidemic, the settlers and the slaves who had not escaped returned to Haiti, whence they had come. The first recorded Africans in British North America were 20 and odd negroes who came to Jamestown, as English settlers died from harsh conditions, more and more Africans were brought to work as laborers. Typically, young men or women would sign a contract of indenture in exchange for transportation to the New World, the landowner received 50 acres of land from the state for each servant purchased from a ships captain. An indentured servant would work for years without wages. The status of indentured servants in early Virginia and Maryland was similar to slavery, servants could be bought, sold, or leased and they could be physically beaten for disobedience or running away. Africans could legally raise crops and cattle to purchase their freedom and they raised families, married other Africans and sometimes intermarried with Native Americans or English settlers. By the 1640s and 1650s, several African families owned farms around Jamestown and some became wealthy by colonial standards and purchased indentured servants of their own. In 1640, the Virginia General Court recorded the earliest documentation of slavery when they sentenced John Punch. One of Dutch African arrivals, Anthony Johnson, would own one of the first black slaves, John Casor
12.
Ada Jones
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Ada Jane Jones was a popular singer who made her first recordings in 1893 on Edison cylinders. She is among the earliest female singers to be recorded and she was born in Lancashire, England but moved with her family to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania at the age of six in 1879. She started performing on stage, including roles in the 1880s. She sang in a contralto, learning songs by ear, and her repertoire included ballads, ragtime, vaudeville, and comedy in a variety of dialects. During 1893–1894, she recorded for Edison Records on wax cylinders and she sang with Billy Murray, Billy Watkins, Cal Stewart, Len Spencer, the American Quartet, and with her 12-year-old daughter Sheilah. Touring was made due to epilepsy. In 1893 or 1894 she recorded some musical performances for the North American Phonograph Company, including Sweet Marie, Ada Jones recorded The Yama Yama Man in 1909 for the Victor Light Opera Company. The lyrics for two and three were changed from the original, verse two being more bawdy. It was the most popular song of her career, spending five weeks at number one, Jones died in Rocky Mount, North Carolina on May 22,1922 of kidney failure. Beatrice Fairfax, Tell Me What to Do, under the Anheuser Bush Lets Take an Old-Fashioned Walk School Days Cuddle up a Little Closer, Lovey Mine The Boy Who Stuttered and the Girl Who Lisped Wouldnt You Like to Have Me for a Sweetheart. Blue Feather Cant You See I Love You Googy-oo I Cant Say Youre the Only One Oh You Kid, backyard Conversation Between Mrs. Reilly and Mrs. Finnegan at Project Gutenberg Ada Jones at Find a Grave
13.
Recording studio
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A recording studio is a facility for sound recording and mixing. Ideally both the recording and monitoring spaces are designed by an acoustician or audio engineer to achieve optimum acoustic properties. The engineers and producers listen to the music and the recorded tracks on monitor speakers and/or headphones. Major recording studios typically have a range of large, heavy, Isolation booths are small sound-insulated rooms with doors, designed for instrumentalists. This equipment may interfere with the recording process, Recording studios are carefully designed around the principles of room acoustics to create a set of spaces with the acoustical properties required for recording sound with precision and accuracy. This will consist of both room treatment and soundproofing to prevent sound from leaving the property. Even though sound isolation is a key goal, the musicians, singers, audio engineers and record producers still need to be able to see other, to see cue gestures. As such, the room, isolation booths, vocal booths. Some smaller studios do not have instruments, and bands and artists are expected to bring their own instruments, having musical instruments and equipment in the studio creates additional costs for a studio, as pianos have to be tuned and instruments need to be maintained. However, it makes it convenient for recording artists, as they do not have to bring in large. As well, less costly studio time is spent moving in gear, drummers bring their own snare drum, cymbals and sticks/brushes. The types and brands of equipment owned by a studio depends on the styles of music for the bands. A studio that mainly records heavy metal music will be likely to have large, powerful guitar amp heads, in contrast, a studio which mainly records country bands will likely have a selection of small, vintage combo amps. A studio that records a lot of 1970s-style funk may have an electric piano. General purpose computers have rapidly assumed a role in the recording process. A computer thus outfitted is called a Digital Audio Workstation, or DAW, other software applications include Ableton Live, Mixcraft, Cakewalk Sonar, ACID Pro, FL Studio, Adobe Audition, Auto-Tune, Audacity, and Ardour. While Apple Macintosh is used for most studio work, there is a breadth of available for Microsoft Windows. If no mixing console is used and all mixing is done using only a keyboard and mouse, the OTB is used when mixing with other hardware and not just the PC software
14.
New Jersey
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New Jersey is a state in the Northeastern and mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by New York, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania, New Jersey is the fourth-smallest state but the 11th-most populous and the most densely populated of the 50 United States. New Jersey lies entirely within the statistical areas of New York City. New Jersey was inhabited by Native Americans for more than 2,800 years, in the early 17th century, the Dutch and the Swedes made the first European settlements. New Jersey was the site of decisive battles during the American Revolutionary War in the 18th century. In the 19th century, factories in cities such as Camden, Paterson, Newark, Trenton, around 180 million years ago, during the Jurassic Period, New Jersey bordered North Africa. The pressure of the collision between North America and Africa gave rise to the Appalachian Mountains, around 18,000 years ago, the Ice Age resulted in glaciers that reached New Jersey. As the glaciers retreated, they left behind Lake Passaic, as well as rivers, swamps. New Jersey was originally settled by Native Americans, with the Lenni-Lenape being dominant at the time of contact, scheyichbi is the Lenape name for the land that is now New Jersey. The Lenape society was divided into clans that were based upon common female ancestors. These clans were organized into three distinct phratries identified by their animal sign, Turtle, Turkey, and Wolf and they first encountered the Dutch in the early 17th century, and their primary relationship with the Europeans was through fur trade. The Dutch became the first Europeans to lay claim to lands in New Jersey, the Dutch colony of New Netherland consisted of parts of modern Middle Atlantic states. Although the European principle of ownership was not recognized by the Lenape. The first to do so was Michiel Pauw who established a patronship called Pavonia in 1630 along the North River which eventually became the Bergen, peter Minuits purchase of lands along the Delaware River established the colony of New Sweden. During the English Civil War, the Channel Island of Jersey remained loyal to the British Crown and it was from the Royal Square in St. Helier that Charles II of England was proclaimed King in 1649, following the execution of his father, Charles I. The North American lands were divided by Charles II, who gave his brother, the Duke of York, the region between New England and Maryland as a proprietary colony. James then granted the land between the Hudson River and the Delaware River to two friends who had remained loyal through the English Civil War, Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkeley of Stratton, the area was named the Province of New Jersey. Since the states inception, New Jersey has been characterized by ethnic, New England Congregationalists settled alongside Scots Presbyterians and Dutch Reformed migrants
15.
Tin Pan Alley
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The start of Tin Pan Alley is usually dated to about 1885, when a number of music publishers set up shop in the same district of Manhattan. The end of Tin Pan Alley is less clear cut, the origins of the name Tin Pan Alley are unclear. One account claims that it was a reference to the sound of many pianos. Others claim it arose from songwriters modifying their pianos to produce a percussive sound. After many years, the term came to refer to the U. S. music industry in general, various explanations have been advanced to account for the origins of the term Tin Pan Alley. This article has not been found, simon Napier-Bell quotes an account of the origin of the name which was published in a 1930 book about the music business. In this version, popular songwriter Harry von Tilzer was being interviewed about the area around 28th Street and Fifth Avenue, von Tilzer had modified his expensive Kindler & Collins piano by placing strips of paper down the strings to give the instrument a more percussive sound. The journalist told von Tilzer, Your Kindler & Collins sounds exactly like a tin can, ill call the article Tin Pan Alley. With time, this nickname was popularly embraced and came to describe the American music publishing industry in general, the term then spread to the United Kingdom, where Tin Pan Alley is also used to describe Denmark Street in Londons West End. In the 1920s the street known as Britains Tin Pan Alley because of its large number of music shops. In the mid-19th century, copyright control of melodies was not as strict, with stronger copyright protection laws late in the century, songwriters, composers, lyricists, and publishers started working together for their mutual financial benefit. Songwriters would literally bang on doors of Tin Pan Alley to get new material, the two most enterprising New York publishers were Willis Woodard and T. B. Harms, the first companies to specialize in popular songs rather than hymns or classical music. Naturally, these firms were located in the entertainment district, which, Witmark was the first publishing house to move to West 28th Street as the entertainment district gradually shifted uptown, and by the late 1890s most publishers had followed their lead. When a tune became a significant local hit, rights to it were purchased from the local publisher by one of the big New York firms. The song publishers who created Tin Pan Alley frequently had backgrounds as salesmen, the background of Isadore Witmark was selling water filters. Leo Feist had sold corsets, and Joe Stern and Edward B, marks had sold neckties and buttons respectively. The music houses in lower Manhattan were lively places, with a stream of songwriters, vaudeville and Broadway performers, musicians. Aspiring songwriters came to demonstrate tunes they hoped to sell, when tunes were purchased from unknowns with no previous hits, the name of someone with the firm was often added as co-composer, or all rights to the song were purchased outright for a flat fee
16.
National Phonograph Company
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Thomas A. Edison, Incorporated was the main holding company for the various manufacturing companies established by the inventor and entrepreneur Thomas Edison. It operated between 1896 and 1957, when it merged with McGraw Electric to form McGraw-Edison, the National Phonograph Company was incorporated on 27 January 1896. It was restructured and reincorporated as Thomas A. Edison, Inc. on 28 February 1911, the Edison Manufacturing Company became a division of Thomas A. Edison, Inc. at this time. The company had a research laboratory in West Orange, New Jersey where up to 200 people were employed in the rapid. Frank L. Dyer was president until December 1912, when Thomas Edison took over the position himself, wilson, general manager, was also vice president from 1912. Edison resigned as president in August 1926 in favor of his son, Charles Edison, the company had divisions handling different products such as phonographs, Ediphone and storage batteries. One of the first products were Blue Ambersol cylinders and the Amberola player and this was followed by the Edison Diamond Disc. Other Edison companies were absorbed in the years followed, including Edison Phonograph Works, Edison Storage Battery Company. In the 1920s the recording began to lag in technical innovation. An attempt to market a long playing record in 1926 did not succeed, in 1928 the company finally moved into radio with the purchase of the Splitdorf Radio Corp. On 1 November 1929 Edison halted production of records apart from dictation records made by the Voicewriter division, in the late 1920s the Edicraft line of high-quality consumer appliances was developed at the laboratory and manufactured by Thomas A. Edison, Inc. Production of appliances was discontinued in 1934 due to lack of demand for luxury goods during the Great Depression, max McGraw, founder and president of McGraw Electric, had always been an admirer of Thomas Alva Edison, and had his picture hanging in his office. In 1956 he arranged a meeting with his son Charles Edison, former Governor of New Jersey and Secretary of the Navy and they spent a few days at the Broadmoor resort in Colorado Springs, Colorado and came to an agreement. The merge was effective 2 January 1957, the combined company was named the McGraw-Edison Company. Max McGraw would joke after the merger that his name now appeared before Edisons on the New York Stock Exchange, Edison Records Edison Studios Media related to Videos from Edison Manufacturing at Wikimedia Commons
17.
Celluloid
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Celluloids are a class of compounds created from nitrocellulose and camphor, with added dyes and other agents. Generally considered the first thermoplastic, it was first created as Parkesine in 1856 and as Xylonite in 1869, Celluloid is easily molded and shaped, and it was first widely used as an ivory replacement. The main use was in movie and photography industries, which used only celluloid films prior to acetate films that were introduced in the 1950s. Celluloid is highly flammable, difficult and expensive to produce and no longer used, although its most common uses today are in table tennis balls, musical instruments. Collodion, invented in 1848 and used as a wound dressing, Parkes patented his discovery after realising a solid residue remained after evaporation of the solvent from photographic collodion. Parkes patented it as a clothing waterproofer for woven fabrics in the same year, later Parkes showcased Parkesine at the 1862 International Exhibition in London, where he was awarded a bronze medal for his efforts. The introduction of Parkesine is generally regarded as the birth of the plastics industry and he used cloth, ivory dust, and shellac, and on April 6,1869, patented a method of covering billiard balls with the addition of collodion. With assistance from Peter Kinnear and other investors, Hyatt formed the Albany Billiard Ball Company in Albany, New York, in 1870, John and his brother Isaiah patented a process of making a horn-like material with the inclusion of cellulose nitrate and camphor. Isaiah Hyatt dubbed his material celluloid in 1872, english inventor Daniel Spill had worked with Parkes and formed the Xylonite Co. to take over Parkes patents, describing the new plastic products as Xylonite. He took exception to the Hyatts claims and pursued the brothers in a number of cases between 1877 and 1884. The judge ruled all manufacturing of celluloid could continue both in Spills British Xylonite Company and Hyatts Celluloid Manufacturing Company, Hyatt used heat and pressure to simplify the manufacture of these compounds. Over the years, celluloid has become the term used for this type of plastic. English photographer John Carbutt founded the Keystone Dry Plate Works in 1879 with the intention of producing gelatin dry plates, the Celluloid Manufacturing Company was contracted for this work by means of thinly slicing layers out of celluloid blocks and then removing the slice marks with heated pressure plates. After this, the strips were coated with a photosensitive gelatin emulsion. It is not certain exactly how long it took for Carbutt to standardize his process, a 15-inch-wide sheet of Carbutts film was used by William Dickson for the early Edison motion picture experiments on a cylinder drum Kinetograph. However, the film base produced by this means was still considered too stiff for the needs of motion picture photography. By 1889, more flexible celluloids for photographic film were developed and this ability to produce photographic images on a flexible material was a crucial step toward the advent of motion pictures. Most movie and photography films prior to the move to acetate films in the fifties were made of celluloid
18.
Gioachino Rossini
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Gioachino Antonio Rossini was an Italian composer who wrote operas, as well as some sacred music, songs, chamber music and piano pieces. A precocious composer of operas, he made his debut at the age of eighteen. His best-known operas include the Italian comedies Il barbiere di Siviglia, Litaliana in Algeri and he also wrote a string of serious operas in Italian, including works such as Tancredi, Otello and Semiramide. The semi-serious opera La Gazza Ladra has one of Rossinis most celebrated overtures, after moving to Paris in 1824, he eventually started to write in French. His last opera, the epic Guillaume Tell, replete with its iconic overture, after composing thirty-nine significant operas in nineteen years Rossini retired from the theatre in 1829. Later, he was affected by physical and mental illnesses and for decades wrote relatively little apart from a setting of the Stabat Mater. A return to Paris from Italy in 1855 was followed by better health, during these, he presented salon music in the form of songs, piano pieces and small chamber ensembles that he called Sins of Old Age. He considered the last of these Sins to be the unusually scored Petite messe solennelle that he wrote in 1863, Rossini had been the most popular opera composer in history, and he was one of the most renowned public figures of his time. A rapid and prolific composer, he was quoted as joking, Give me the laundress bill, a tendency for inspired, song-like melodies is evident throughout his scores, earning him the nickname The Italian Mozart. Use of a build up of orchestral sound over a repeated phrase—commonly known as a Rossini crescendo—also prompted the nickname Signor Crescendo. Gioachino Antonio Rossini was born into a family of musicians in Pesaro and his father, Giuseppe, was a horn player and inspector of slaughterhouses. His mother, Anna, was a singer and a bakers daughter, Rossinis father was sympathetic to the French Revolution and welcomed Napoleons troops when they arrived in northern Italy. When Austria restored the old regime, Rossinis father was sent to prison in 1799, Rossinis mother took him to Bologna, making a living as leading singer at various theatres of the Romagna region. Her husband would ultimately join her in Bologna, during this time, Rossini was frequently left in the care of his aging grandmother, who had difficulty supervising the boy. He remained at Bologna in the care of a pork butcher while his father played the horn in the orchestras of the theatres at which his wife sang and these qualities made him a subject for ridicule in the eyes of the young Rossini. He was eventually taken from Prinetti and apprenticed to a blacksmith, in Angelo Tesei, he found a congenial music master, and learned to sight-read, play accompaniments on the piano and sing well enough to take solo parts in the church when he was ten years of age. Important products of this period are six sonate a quattro, or string sonatas, the original scores, dating from 1804 when the composer was twelve, were found in the Library of Congress in Washington D. C. In 1805, he appeared at the theatre of the Commune in Ferdinando Paers Camilla and he was also a capable horn player, treading in the footsteps of his father
19.
Semiramide
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Semiramide is an opera in two acts by Gioachino Rossini. The libretto by Gaetano Rossi is based on Voltaires tragedy Semiramis, the opera was first performed at La Fenice in Venice on 3 February 1823. Semiramide was Rossinis final Italian opera and according to Richard Osborne, as in Tancredi, Rossis libretto was based on a Voltaire tragedy. The music took the form of a return to vocal traditions of Rossinis youth, the ensemble-scenes and choruses are of a high order, as is the orchestral writing, which makes full use of a large pit. After this splendid work, one of his finest in the genre, Rossini turned his back on Italy and moved to Paris. Apart from Il viaggio a Reims, which is still in Italian, after making his mark with a number of brilliant comic operas, Rossini turned more and more to serious opera. During the years 1813 until 1822 he wrote a series of them, mostly for the Teatro di San Carlo. One reason for his new interest in the genre was his connection with the great dramatic soprano Isabella Colbran. Work began with the librettist in October 1822, composer and librettist taking Voltaires story, actual composition took Rossini 33 days to complete the score. It reached London on 15 July 1824, was given its US premiere at the St. Charles Theatre in New Orleans on 1 May 1837, for 25 years after 1830, Giulia Grisi triumphed in the role notably in St Petersburg in 1849 and New York in 1854. By the late 1800s, the opera had virtually disappeared from the repertoire, the Metropolitan Opera revived Semiramide in 1892,1894, and 1895. 20th century and beyond It took until 1932 until the opera was revived in Rostock. Although the overture is one of several of Rossinis to be widely recorded and it starred Marilyn Horne as Arsace. In 2004, the opera was mounted in concert form by the Radio Symphony Orchestra, Vienna, time, Antiquity or Some 2,000 Years before the Christian era Place, Babylon Overture Semiramide has its own overture, which was almost certainly composed last. Unlike many operatic overtures of the day, it borrowed musical ideas from the opera itself, temple of Baal, Babylon The High Priest Oroe invites all to enter the temple, and Babylonians do so carrying offerings to Baal. Assur states that the day has come for the Queen to choose a successor, Idreno expresses surprise at Assurs aspirations and all express their individual concerns and fears. Semiramide enters to the acclaim of all, but Idreno and Assur individually speculate as to who will be chosen. They press the queen to announce her decision, but at the same time Semiramide herself is fearful about making that decision, suddenly, the temple is plunged into darkness and there is general consternation amidst fears of its imminent collapse
20.
Edison Disc Record
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The Edison Diamond Disc Record is a type of phonograph record marketed by Thomas A. Edison, Inc. on their Edison Record label from 1912 to 1929. They were named Diamond Discs because the matching Edison Disc Phonograph was fitted with a precision-made semi-permanent diamond stylus for playing them, Diamond Discs were incompatible with ordinary disc record players, the disposable steel needles of which would damage them while extracting hardly any sound. Uniquely, they are about 1/4 inch thick, an Edison Disc Phonograph is distinguished by the diaphragm of the reproducer being parallel to the surface of the record. The diaphragm of a used for playing ordinary records is at a right angle to the surface. In 1929 Edison also produced a series of ordinary thin lateral-cut needle type disc records. The record industry began in 1889 with some production of professionally recorded wax cylinder records. Soon, some affluent individuals who could afford expensive toys were customers, by the late 1890s, relatively inexpensive spring-motor-driven phonographs were available and becoming a fixture in middle-class homes. Their quality was soon improved, and by about 1910 the cylinder was clearly losing this early format war. In 1912, Thomas Edison, who had made only cylinders, entered the disc market with his Diamond Disc Phonograph system. Like cylinder records, the sound in a Diamond Discs groove was recorded by the hill-and-dale method, at that time, with the notable exception of Pathé Records, which used yet another incompatible format, a discs groove was normally of constant depth and modulated laterally, side-to-side. The vertical format demanded a perfectly flat surface for best results and they consisted of a thin coating of a hard plastic virtually identical to Bakelite on a core of compressed wood flour, and later also china clay. With very rare exceptions, all were about ten inches in diameter, a feed screw mechanism inside the player moved the reproducer across the record at the required rate, relieving the groove of that work and thus reducing record wear. Above all, there was, and still is, general agreement that the Diamond Disc system produced the clearest, most present sound of any non-electronic disc recording technology, Diamond Discs enjoyed their greatest commercial success from the mid-1910s to the early 1920s, with sales peaking in 1920. Although they arguably had better audio fidelity, they were more expensive than and incompatible with other makers products, not least among the factors contributing to their downfall was Thomas Edisons insistence on imposing his own musical tastes on the catalog. It was not until mid-decade that he ceded control to a younger generation. A special reproducer and modified feed screw mechanism were required to play them, there were problems with skipping, groove wall breakdown, and overall low volume. Only 14 different Edison Long Play discs were issued before they were discontinued, in August 1927, electrical recording began, making Edison the last major record company to adopt it, over two years after Victor, Columbia, and Brunswick had converted from acoustical recording. Edison Records Brunswick Records Victor Records Columbia Records Gramophone record Unusual types of gramophone records
21.
1929 in music
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This is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1929. January 1 – Pianist and composer Abram Chasins makes his debut playing his own piano concerto with the Philadelphia Orchestra. January 11 – Karol Szymanowskis Stabat Mater is premiered, may 17 – Sergei Prokofievs Symphony No.3 is premiered in Paris. May 21 Season opening of Sergei Diaghilevs Ballets Russes, in Paris, with the first performances of Igor Stravinskys Renard and Sergei Prokofievs Le Fils prodigue. June 27 – First London performances of two ballets by Igor Stravinsky, Apollon musagète and Le Baiser de la fée, conducted by the composer at the Kingsway Hall, september 11 - Louis Armstrong records his hit song When Youre Smiling. Manuel de Falla relocates to Granada, the Musashino Academia Musicae is founded in Tokyo, Japan. Edison Records closes, ending production of Diamond Discs and Blue Amberols, a Bundle of Old Love Letters, recorded by James Melton, by Lewis James, and by Charles Kaley Am I A Passing Fancy. by Pete Woolery Am I Blue. Andy Razaf m. Thomas Fats Waller & Harry Brooks After A Million Dreams w. m, Walter Donaldson and Edgar Leslie All That Im Asking Is Sympathy w. m. Benny Davis and Joe Burke Am I Blue, W. Grant Clarke m. Harry Akst Any Old Time w. m. Jimmie Rodgers Around The Corner w. Gus Kahn m. Art Kassel The Banjo w. m. Cole Porter Barnacle Bill The Sailor w. m, carson Robison & Frank Luther Big City Blues w. Sidney D. Mitchell m. Archie Gottler & Con Conrad Black and Blue w. Andy Razaf m. Thomas Fats Waller Blue, nacio Herb Brown Can Broadway Do Without Me. w. m. Jimmy Durante Cant We Be Friends, kay Swift Chant Of The Jungle w. Arthur Freed m. Introduced by Joan Crawford in the film Untamed, Sam Coslow Dear Little Cafe w. m. Noël Coward Deep Night w. Rudy Vallee m, Victor Schertzinger Every Little Moment w. m. Vivian Ellis Feeling Sentimental w. Ira Gershwin m. George Gershwin Find Me A Primitive Man w. m. Cole Porter Funny, Dear, Charles Straight, Joe Bennett & George Little Gee Baby, Aint I Good To You. W. Andy Razaf & Don Redman m, W. Billy Rose & Edward Eliscu m. Vincent Youmans Happy Days Are Here Again w. Jack Yellen m. Milton Ager Have A Little Faith In Me w. Sam M. Lewis & Joe Young m. Harry Warren Here Am I w. Oscar Hammerstein II m. Jerome Kern Hes A Good Man To Have Around w. Jack Yellen m
22.
Paraffin wax
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Paraffin wax is a white or colourless soft solid derivable from petroleum, coal or oil shale, that consists of a mixture of hydrocarbon molecules containing between twenty and forty carbon atoms. It is solid at room temperature and begins to melt above approximately 37 °C, common applications for paraffin wax include lubrication, electrical insulation, and candles, dyed paraffin wax can be made into crayons. It is distinct from kerosene, another product that is sometimes called paraffin. Paraffin candles are odorless, and bluish-white in color, paraffin wax was first created in the 1850s, and marked a major advancement in candlemaking technology, as it burned more cleanly and reliably than tallow candles, and was cheaper to produce. In chemistry, paraffin is used synonymously with alkane, indicating hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n+2, the name is derived from Latin parum + affinis, meaning lacking affinity or lacking reactivity, referring to paraffins unreactive nature. Paraffin wax is mostly found as a white, odorless, tasteless, waxy solid and it is insoluble in water, but soluble in ether, benzene, and certain esters. Paraffin is unaffected by most common chemical reagents but burns readily and its heat of combustion is 42 kJ/g. Paraffin wax is an excellent electrical insulator, with a resistivity of between 1013 and 1017 ohm metre and this is better than nearly all other materials except some plastics. It is a neutron moderator and was used in James Chadwicks 1932 experiments to identify the neutron. Paraffin wax is an excellent material for storing heat, with a heat capacity of 2. 14–2.9 J g−1 K−1. Paraffin wax phase-change cooling coupled with retractable radiators was used to cool the electronics of the Lunar Rover, wax expands considerably when it melts and this allows its use in wax thermostatic element thermostats for industrial, domestic and, particularly, automobile purposes. Paraffin wax was first created in the 1850s when chemists first developed the means to efficiently separate, paraffin represented a major advance in the candlemaking industry because it burned more cleanly and reliably, and was cheaper to manufacture than any other candle fuel. Paraffin wax initially suffered from having a low melting point, however, the production of paraffin wax enjoyed a boom in the early 20th century as a result of the growth of the meatpacking and oil industries, which created paraffin and stearic acid as byproducts. The feedstock for paraffin is slack wax, which is a mixture of oil and wax, the first step in making paraffin wax is to remove the oil from the slack wax. The oil is separated through crystallization, most commonly, the slack wax is heated, mixed with one or more solvents such as a ketone and then cooled. As it cools wax crystallizes out of the solution, leaving only oil in the solution and this mixture is filtered into two streams, solid and liquid. After the solvent is recovered by distillation, the products are called product wax. The lower the percentage of oil in the wax the more refined it is considered, the product wax may be further processed to remove colors and odors
23.
Carnauba wax
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It is known as queen of waxes and in its pure state, usually comes in the form of hard yellow-brown flakes. It is obtained from the leaves of the palm by collecting and drying them, beating them to loosen the wax. Carnauba consists mostly of aliphatic esters, diesters of 4-hydroxycinnamic acid, ω-hydroxycarboxylic acids, the compounds are predominantly derived from acids and alcohols in the C26-C30 range. Distinctive for carnauba wax is the content of diesters as well as methoxycinnamic acid. Carnauba wax is sold in several grades, labeled T1, T3, purification is accomplished by filtration, centrifugation, and bleaching. Use for paper coatings is the most common application in the United States and it was commonly used in its purest form as a coating on speedboat hulls in the early 1960s to enhance speed and aid in handling in salt water environments. It is also the ingredient in surfboard wax, combined with coconut oil. It is also used to make cutlers resin and it is the finish of choice for most briar tobacco or smoking pipes. It produces a high gloss finish when buffed on to wood and this finish dulls with time rather than flaking off. It is also used in the industry as a tablet-coating agent. Adding the carnauba wax aids in the swallowing of tablets for patients, a very small amount is sprinkled onto a batch of tablets after they have been sprayed and dried. The wax and tablets are then tumbled together for a few minutes before being discharged from the tablet-coating machine, in 1890, Charles Tainter patented the use of carnauba wax on phonograph cylinders as a replacement for a mixture of paraffin and beeswax. Carnauba wax may be used as a release agent for manufacture of fibre-reinforced plastics. An aerosol mold release agent is formed by dissolving carnauba wax in a solvent, unlike silicone or PTFE, carnauba is suitable for use with liquid epoxy, epoxy molding compounds, and some other plastic types and generally enhances their properties. Carnauba wax is not very soluble in chlorinated or aromatic hydrocarbons, Carnauba is used in melt/castable explosives to produce an insensitive explosive formula such as Composition B, which is a blend of RDX and TNT. In 2006, Brazil produced 22,409 tons of wax, of which 14% was solid wax. There are 20-25 exporters of carnauba wax in Brazil who buy the carnauba wax from middlemen or directly from farmers, the exporters refine the wax before exporting it to the rest of the world. The four largest exporters of carnauba wax are Pontes, Brasil Ceras, Foncepi, and Carnauba do Brasil, melting point, 82–86 °C, among the highest of natural waxes, higher than beeswax, 62–64C
24.
Stearic acid
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Stearic acid is a saturated fatty acid with an 18-carbon chain and has the IUPAC name octadecanoic acid. It is a solid and its chemical formula is C17H35CO2H. Its name comes from the Greek word στέαρ stéar, which means tallow, the salts and esters of stearic acid are called stearates. As its ester, stearic acid is one of the most common saturated fatty acids found in nature following palmitic acid, the triglyceride derived from three molecules of stearic acid is called stearin. Stearic acid is obtained from fats and oils by the saponification of the triglycerides using hot water, the resulting mixture is then distilled. Commercial stearic acid is often a mixture of stearic and palmitic acids, fats and oils rich in stearic acid are more abundant in animal fat than in vegetable fat. The important exceptions are cocoa butter and shea butter, where the acid content is 28–45%. In terms of its biosynthesis, stearic acid is produced from carbohydrates via the fatty acid synthesis machinery wherein acetyl-CoA contributes two-carbon building blocks, the combination leads to uses as a surfactant and softening agent. Stearic acid undergoes the reactions of saturated carboxylic acids, a notable one being reduction to stearyl alcohol. This is used in a range of manufactures, from simple to complex electronic devices. Stearic acid is used in the production of detergents, soaps. Soaps are not made directly from stearic acid, but indirectly by saponification of triglycerides consisting of stearic acid esters, esters of stearic acid with ethylene glycol, glycol stearate, and glycol distearate are used to produce a pearly effect in shampoos, soaps, and other cosmetic products. They are added to the product in molten form and allowed to crystallize under controlled conditions, detergents are obtained from amides and quaternary alkylammonium derivatives of stearic acid. In view of the texture of the sodium salt, which is the main component of soap. Lithium stearate is an important component of grease, the stearate salts of zinc, calcium, cadmium, and lead are used to soften PVC. Stearic acid is used along with oil for preparing softeners in textile sizing. They are heated and mixed with caustic potash or caustic soda, related salts are also commonly used as release agents, e. g. in the production of automobile tires. In this use, powdered stearic acid is mixed in water and this reacts with the calcium in the plaster to form a thin layer of calcium stearate, which functions as a release agent
25.
Beeswax
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Beeswax is a natural wax produced by honey bees of the genus Apis. The wax is formed into scales by eight wax-producing glands in the segments of worker bees. The hive workers collect and use it to cells for honey-storage. Chemically, beeswax consists mainly of esters of fatty acids and various long-chain alcohols, Beeswax has long-standing applications in human food and flavoring. For example, it is used as an agent, a sweetener. It is edible, in the sense of having similar negligible toxicity to plant waxes, and is approved for use in most countries. However, the wax monoesters in beeswax are poorly hydrolysed in the guts of humans and other mammals, some birds, such as honeyguides, can digest beeswax. Beeswax is the diet of Wax moth larvae. The wax is formed by worker bees, which secrete it from eight wax-producing mirror glands on the sides of the sternites on abdominal segments 4 to 7. The sizes of these wax glands depend on the age of the worker, and after many daily flights, the new wax is initially glass-clear and colourless, becoming opaque after mastication and adulteration with pollen by the hive worker bees. Also, the wax becomes progressively more yellow or brown by incorporation of pollen oils, the wax scales are about 3 mm across and 0.1 mm thick, and about 1100 are required to make a gram of wax. Honey bees use the beeswax to build cells in which their young are raised with honey. For the wax-making bees to secrete wax, the ambient temperature in the hive must be 33 °C to 36 °C, the amount of honey used by bees to produce wax has not been accurately determined. The book, Beeswax Production, Harvesting, Processing and Products, suggests 1 pound of beeswax is used to store 22 pounds honey, according to Whitcombs 1946 experiment,6.66 to 8.80 pounds of honey yields 1 pound of wax. Another study estimated that 24 to 30 pounds of honey is produced per pound of wax, when beekeepers extract the honey, they cut off the wax caps from each honeycomb cell with an uncapping knife or machine. Its color varies from white to brownish, but most often a shade of yellow, depending on purity, the region. Wax from the comb of the honey bee hive tends to be darker than wax from the honeycomb. Impurities accumulate more quickly in the brood comb, due to the impurities, the wax must be rendered before further use
26.
Columbia Records
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Columbia Records is an American record label owned by Sony Music Entertainment, a subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America, Inc. the United States division of Sony Corporation. It was founded in 1887, evolving from an enterprise named the American Graphophone Company. Columbia is the oldest surviving brand name in the sound business. Columbia Records went on to release records by an array of singers, instrumentalists. It is one of Sony Musics three flagship record labels alongside RCA Records and Epic Records, rather, as above, it was connected to CBS, a broadcasting media company which had purchased the company in 1938, and had been co-founded in 1927 by Columbia Records itself. Though Arista Records was sold to Bertelsmann Music Group, it would become a sister label of Columbia Records through its mutual connection to Sony Music. The Columbia Phonograph Company was founded in 1887 by stenographer, lawyer and New Jersey native Edward Easton and it derived its name from the District of Columbia, where it was headquartered. At first it had a monopoly on sales and service of Edison phonographs and phonograph cylinders in Washington. As was the custom of some of the regional companies, Columbia produced many commercial cylinder recordings of its own. Columbias ties to Edison and the North American Phonograph Company were severed in 1894 with the North American Phonograph Companys breakup, thereafter it sold only records and phonographs of its own manufacture. In 1902, Columbia introduced the XP record, a brown wax record. According to Gracyk, the molded brown waxes may have sold to Sears for distribution. Columbia began selling records and phonographs in addition to the cylinder system in 1901, preceded only by their Toy Graphophone of 1899. For a decade, Columbia competed with both the Edison Phonograph Company cylinders and the Victor Talking Machine Company disc records as one of the top three names in American recorded sound. In order to add prestige to its catalog of artists. The firm also introduced the internal-horn Grafonola to compete with the extremely popular Victrola sold by the rival Victor Talking Machine Company, during this era, Columbia used the famous Magic Notes logo—a pair of sixteenth notes in a circle—both in the United States and overseas. Columbia was split into two companies, one to make records and one to make players, Columbia Phonograph was moved to Connecticut, and Ed Easton went with it. Eventually it was renamed the Dictaphone Corporation, in late 1923, Columbia went into receivership
27.
Ozokerite
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Ozokerite or ozocerite, archaically referred to as earthwax or earth wax, is a naturally occurring odoriferous mineral wax or paraffin found in many localities. Specimens have been obtained from Scotland, Northumberland, Wales, as well as from about thirty different countries, the sole sources of commercial supply are in Galicia, at Boryslav, Dzwiniacz and Starunia, though the mineral is found at other points on both flanks of the Carpathians. As found native, ozokerite varies from a soft wax to a black mass as hard as gypsum. Its specific gravity ranges from 0.85 to 0.95 and it is soluble in ether, petroleum, benzene, turpentine, chloroform, carbon disulfide and others. Galician ozokerite varies in color light yellow to dark brown. It usually melts at 62 °C, chemically, ozokerite consists of a mixture of various hydrocarbons, containing 85-87% by weight of carbon and 14-13% of hydrogen. In these mines there are the main shafts and galleries. The wax, as it reaches the surface, varies in purity and this is again melted without water, and the impurities are skimmed off, the material being then run into slightly conical cylindrical moulds, and thus made into blocks for the market. The crude ozokerite is refined by treatment first with acid, and subsequently with charcoal. There are also obtained in the light oils and a product resembling vaseline. The residue in the consists of a hard, black, waxy substance. From the residue a form of the known as heel-ball, used to impart a polished surface to the heels. This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh. Oil Empire, Visions of Prosperity in Austrian Galicia
28.
Pantograph
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A pantograph is a mechanical linkage connected in a manner based on parallelograms so that the movement of one pen, in tracing an image, produces identical movements in a second pen. If a line drawing is traced by the first point, an identical, enlarged, using the same principle, different kinds of pantographs are used for other forms of duplication in areas such as sculpture, minting, engraving and milling. Because of the shape of the device, a pantograph also refers to a kind of structure that can compress or extend like an accordion. This can be found in extension arms for wall-mounted mirrors, temporary fences, scissor lifts, the first pantograph was constructed in 1603 by Christoph Scheiner, who used the device to copy and scale diagrams, but he wrote about the invention over 27 years later, in Pantographice. One arm of the pantograph contained a pointer, while the other held a drawing implement, and by moving the pointer over a diagram. By changing the positions of the arms in the linkage between the arm and drawing arm, the scale of the image produced can be changed. In 1821, Professor William Wallace invented the eidograph to improve upon the practical utility of the pantograph, the eidograph relocates the fixed point to the center of the parallelogram and uses a narrow parallelogram to provide improved mechanical advantages. The original use of the pantograph was for copying and scaling line drawings, modern versions are sold as toys. By adjusting the needles different enlargement or reduction ratios can be achieved, chevertons machine was fitted with a rotating cutting bit to carve reduced versions of well-known sculptures. Of course a three-dimensional pantograph can also be used to enlarge sculpture by interchanging the position of the model, another version is still very much in use to reduce the size of large relief designs for coins down to the required size of the coin. One advantage of phonograph and gramophone discs over cylinders in the 1890s—before electronic amplification was available—was that large numbers of discs could be stamped quickly and cheaply, when molding improved somewhat, molded cylinders were used as pantograph masters. This was employed by Edison and Columbia in 1898, and was used until about January 1902, some companies like the United States Phonograph Co. of Newark, New Jersey, supplied cylinder masters for smaller companies so that they could duplicate them, sometimes pantographically. Pantographs could turn out about 30 records per day and produce up to about 150 records per master, in theory, pantograph masters could be used for 200 or 300 duplicates if the master and the duplicate were running in reverse and the record would be duplicated in reverse. This, in theory, could extend the usability of a master by using the unworn/lesser worn part of the recording for duplication. Pathé employed this system with mastering their vertically-cut records until 1923 and this was done as the resulting cylinder was considerably loud and of very high fidelity. This system resulted in some fidelity reduction and rumble, but relatively high quality sound, Edison Diamond Disc Records were made by recording directly onto the wax master disc. If the milling head was mounted on a pantograph, a part could be cut simply by tracing a template. This was essentially the same concept as reproducing documents with a pen-equipped pantograph, Pantograph routing, which is conceptually identical to pantograph milling, also exists
29.
Mandrel
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Exhaust pipes for automobiles are frequently bent using a mandrel during manufacture. The mandrel allows the exhaust pipes to be bent into smooth curves without undesirable creasing, kinking, molten glass may be shaped in this way as well. Another type of mandrel is the chuck that a lathe uses to hold pieces of wood, in this way, rods can be threaded, furniture legs are turned to have æsthetic patterns, and irregularly-shaped objects can be given a round shape. There are several types of mandrels used with lathes, original expanding mandrels have a slightly tapered wedge that will expand to hold the item. The Xpandrel method of expanding mandrels was introduced in the mid-1990s and this method uses basic mechanical principles of deformation to achieve expansion of a non-tapered mandrel. Other commercial mandrels are very slightly tapered, and the hollow object slides down the taper until it sticks, the shop-made mandrel shown in the photo is designed to clamp a hollow tube or gear between the two tapered plugs. Mandrels of this type are usually set in the lathe on centers, the third type of mandrel discussed here is that which is used to hold circular saw blades, buffing wheels, and sanding discs onto drills, circular saws, and similar power tools. While most mandrels are driven by direct connection to a motor or engine, other mandrels are driven by attachment to a bearing-supported. Mandrels are also used in industrial composite fabrication such as in filament winding, during the manufacturing process, resin-impregnated filaments are wound around a mandrel to create a composite material structure or part. The structure is cured and the mandrel is removed, one problem with this type of process is that the mandrel can be very difficult to remove once the part has been cured. As a result, engineers have created a new type of mandrel that has the ability to change shape, when heated above a certain temperature, the mandrel becomes elastic and can be manipulated into the desired shape and then cooled to become rigid again in the new shape. It can then be used in the filament winding process, once the composite part is cured, the mandrel can be reheated until elastic and easily removed from the cured part. These types of mandrels can be used repeatedly, in the production of steel core used for flexible drives, the centre wire upon which the subsequent layers are wound is referred to as a Mandrel. This centre wire may itself be composed of either a wire or layers. A hole saw usually attaches to a mandrel, basically a drill bit with threads to secure the saw, metal machining utilizing the spinning process has been recorded as far back as ancient Egyptian times. In metal spinning, a wood or metal spinning mandrel is used and this method securely clamps the raw material and allows for accurate machining into the desired final form. Since the material is clamped internally, there is no interference to the operator from the assembly during production. The traversing mandrel was primarily employed by clockmakers and ornamental turners during this era, eventually the device was superseded by a mandrel-driven device called a leadscrew, which uses a train of gears that can be altered as required for the turning application
30.
Worthington pump
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The Worthington Corporation was a diversified American manufacturer that had its roots in Worthington and Baker, a steam pump manufacturer founded in 1845. In 1967 it was merged with Studebaker and Wagner Electric to form Studebaker-Worthington and this company was in turn acquired by McGraw-Edison in 1979. Worthington and Baker, manufacturers of machinery such as steam pumps and meters, was founded by Henry R Worthington. Worthington was the inventor of the direct acting steam pump, the first foundry was near the Brooklyn Navy Yard. In 1854 the partners moved to Van Brunt street in Brooklyn, the partnership was dissolved around 1860 when Baker died. A new partnership called Henry R. Worthington, or Worthington Hydraulic Pump Works, was formed in 1862, the US Navy used Worthington pumps to pump bilge water aboard various ships during the American Civil War, including the USS Monitor. After Henry Worthington died in 1880 he was succeeded by his son Charles Campbell Worthington, while head of the company, Worthington contributed many useful improvements to pumps, compressors, and other machines. The company left Brooklyn in 1904 and moved to Harrison, New Jersey, the British pump suppliers could not deliver the pumps fast enough. The British company James Simpson & Co, the British companys pumps were sold in the English and Colonial markets. Guggenheim founded the International Steam Pump Company, the ISPC was organized by the Seward legal firm in 1899. The ISPC merged Blake and Knowles Steam Pump Works, Ltd, Worthington Pump Works and other companies that together made up a large part of total American capacity for making steam pumps. The companys products were diverse, including the elevators for the Eiffel Tower, Worthington Pump Works was the largest of the merged firms. Charles Campbell Worthington was president of the company until he retired in 1900, Guggenheim became president of the ISPC. The ISPC soon ran into difficulties, and Guggenheim invested increasing amounts of capital to keep it afloat. In its 1901 Annual Report the ISPC reported holding £200,000 of ordinary shares in BKSPW, the George F. Blake Manufacturing Company, an ISPC subsidiary, had liabilities that included $1 million of mortgage bonds and $500,000 of preferred stock of BKSPW. The ISPC1904 Annual Report noted that BKSPW had been dissolved in 1903, in 1903 Guggenheim founded a factory in Milwaukee to manufacture mining machinery. In 1906 it was merged into the ISPC, by 1909 the ISPC as a whole was employing 10,000 men. In May 1910 Benjamin Guggenheim reported strong results with net earnings of about $2 million, the company had purchased the JeanesvilIe Iron Works Company and had obtained a controlling interest in the Denver Rock Drill and Machinery Company, adding at least 30% to capacity
31.
Billy Murray (singer)
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William Thomas Billy Murray was one of the most popular singers in the United States in the early decades of the 20th century. While he received star billing in Vaudeville, he was best known for his work in the recording studio. Billy Murray was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to Patrick and Julia Murray, immigrants from County Kerry and his parents moved to Denver, Colorado, in 1882, where he grew up. He became fascinated with the theater and joined a vaudeville troupe in 1893. He also performed in minstrel shows early in his career, in 1897 Murray made his first recordings for Peter Bacigalupi, the owner of a phonograph company in San Francisco. As of 2010 none of Murrays Bacigalupi cylinder records are known to have survived, in 1903 he started recording regularly in the New York City and New Jersey area, when the nations major record companies as well as the Tin Pan Alley music industry were concentrated there. In 1906 he recorded the first of his duets with Ada Jones. He also performed with Aileen Stanley, the Haydn Quartet, the American Quartet, nicknamed The Denver Nightingale, Murray had a strong tenor voice with excellent enunciation and a more conversational delivery than common with bel canto singers of the era. On comic songs he often deliberately sang slightly flat, which he helped the comic effect. Although he often performed romantic numbers and ballads which sold well, his comedy, Murray was a devoted baseball fan, and he is said to have played with the New York Highlanders in exhibition games. He also supposedly sometimes called in sick to recording sessions in order to go to the ballpark, Murrays popularity faded as public taste changed and recording technology advanced, the rise of the electric microphone in the mid-1920s coincided with the era of the crooners. His hammering style, as he called it, essentially yelling the song into a recording horn, did not work in the electrical era. Though his singing style was less in demand, he continued to recording work. By the late 1920s and early 1930s, the music from his days was considered nostalgic. He did voices for animated cartoons, especially the popular follow the bouncing ball sing-along cartoons, in 1929, Murray and Walter Scanlon provided the voices for the Fleischer short animation film Finding His Voice, produced by Western Electric. Murray made his last recordings for Beacon Records on February 11,1943 with Jewish dialect comedian Monroe Silver and he retired the next year to Freeport, Long Island, New York, because of heart problems. He died at nearby Jones Beach of an attack in 1954 at the age of 77. Murray had married three times, the first two ending in divorce and he was survived by his third wife, Madeleine, and is buried in the Cemetery of the Holy Rood in Westbury, New York
32.
Jack Norworth
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Jack Norworth was a U. S. songwriter, singer and vaudeville performer. Norworth is credited as co-writer of a number of Tin Pan Alley hits and he wrote the lyrics to Take Me Out to the Ball Game in 1908, his most long lasting hit. It wasnt until 1940 that he witnessed a Major League Baseball game and his Shine On, Harvest Moon was a bigger hit at the time. There is some disagreement about his involvement in its creation, another possibility for the music could lie with George Gershwin, who was also a piano player for this vaudeville troup. Albert Koch, of Wisconsin, also a songwriter, claims to have written the song himself. Turn Off Your Light, Mr. Moon Man is a sequel to Shine on, born John Godfrey Knauff in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Theodore Christian Knauff and Louise H. Knauff, he changed his name to Jack Norworth when he went into show business. His father was a builder and also a choir director at St. The theater was not a career in that time especially coming from a religious family. Following a few years at sea, he landed in New York City at age 20 to embark on a business career. In 1908 he married Nora Bayes, with whom he performed in vaudeville, following the Ziegfeld Follies, Norworth appeared in a number of Broadway theater productions and was heard on early radio, such as his March 1928 guest appearance on Acousticon Hour. After Bayes, he was married to actress Louise Dresser and he appeared in early sound films with his third wife, Dorothy Adelphi. He was portrayed by Dennis Morgan in the 1944 musical film Shine On, Harvest Moon and by Ron Husmann in the 1978 Ziegfeld biopic Ziegfeld and he is a member of the Songwriters Hall of Fame. Jack Norworth died of an attack in Laguna Beach, California and is interred at Melrose Abbey Memorial Park in Anaheim, California. On July 11,2010, a 3-foot-tall black granite monument, paid for by concerned fans, was installed about 100 feet from Jacks actual headstone
33.
Nora Bayes
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Nora Bayes was a popular American singer, comedian and actress of the early 20th century. Born Eleanora Sarah Goldberg to Elias and Rachel Goldberg, with Dora being a pet or nickname, to a Jewish family in Joliet, Illinois, she had a brother, Harry, Bayes was performing professionally in vaudeville in Chicago by age 18. She toured from San Francisco, California to New York City, in 1908, she married singer-songwriter Jack Norworth. Bayes and Norworth divorced in 1913, after America entered World War I Bayes became involved with morale boosting activities. George M. Cohan asked that she be the first to record a performance of his patriotic song Over There and her recording was released in 1917 and became an international hit. She also performed shows for the soldiers, in 1919, she recorded How Ya Gonna Keep em Down on the Farm. for Columbia which became a hit for that year. Bayes made many records for the Victor and Columbia labels. From 1924–28, her accompanist was pianist Louis Alter, who composed the popular songs Manhattan Serenade, Nina Never Knew. Bayes established her own theater, The Nora Bayes Theater, on West 44th Street in New York and her first husband was Otto Gressing, a Chicago businessman, and Norworth was her second. Husband number three was a dancer named Harry Clarke who also performed with her in vaudeville, husband number four was New York business man Arthur Gordoni. Her fifth and last husband was Benjamin Friedland, a New York City businessman, Bayes bore no biological children in any of her marriages. The oldest was Norman Bayes, adopted by Bayes and Gordoni in March 1918, Bayes second adopted child was a daughter named Lea Nora, adoption date July 25,1919. Her third adopted child was Peter Oxley Bayes, born March 9,1921 in London, in 1928, Nora Bayes was diagnosed with cancer and died following surgery. She was buried 18 years later with her husband, Ben Friedland, in the Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx, New York, although inexplicably. On April 11,2006, under the terms of the National Recording Preservation Act of 2000, the citation stated that she was Inextricably associated in popular imagination with World War I. Bayes was portrayed by Ann Sheridan in the 1944 musical biopic Shine On, Harvest Moon and she was also portrayed by Frances Langford in the movie Yankee Doodle Dandy, where she and James Cagney perform Over There. In the 1941 play, Arsenic and Old Lace, drama critic Mortimer Brewster arrives home from reviewing a play and he then says, My God – Im still there. The 1980 Garson Kanin novel Smash is about an attempt to make a Broadway musical out of Nora Bayes life, the novel serves as the inspiration for the 2012 television series Smash, although the subject of the shows fictional musical is not Bayes but Marilyn Monroe
34.
Shine On, Harvest Moon
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Shine on, Harvest Moon is a popular early-1900s song credited to the married vaudeville team Nora Bayes and Jack Norworth. It was one of a series of Moon-related Tin Pan Alley songs of the era, the song was debuted by Bayes and Norworth in the Ziegfeld Follies of 1908 to great acclaim. It became a pop standard, and continues to be performed and recorded even in the 21st century, during the vaudeville era, songs were often sold outright, and the purchaser would be credited as the songwriter. John Kenricks Whos Who In Musicals credits the songs actual writers as Edward Madden, however, David Ewens All the Years of American Popular Music credits Dave Stamper, who contributed songs to 21 editions of the Ziegfeld Follies and was Bayes pianist from 1903 to 1908. Vaudeville comic Eddie Cantor also credited Stamper in his 1934 book Ziegfeld - The Great Glorifier, the earliest commercially successful recordings were made in 1909 by Harry Macdonough and Elise Stevenson, Ada Jones and Billy Murray, Frank Stanley and Henry Burr, and Bob Roberts. Note, The months in the chorus have been sung in different orders, the Ada Jones and Billy Murray recording linked on this article has it as April, January, Ju-u-une or July. Flanagan and Allen, Mitch Miller and Leon Redbone used January, February, the song has had a long history with Hollywood movies. In 1932, animation great Dave Fleischer directed a short titled Shine on Harvest Moon, a 1938 Roy Rogers western was named after the song, as was a 1944 biographical film about Bayes and Norworth. The song has featured in dozens of movies, including Along Came Ruth. Laurel and Hardy performed a routine to the song in their 1939 RKO film The Flying Deuces. The song was featured in A Tree Grows in Brooklyn, The Eddy Duchin Story. There was also a popular British 1980s comedy drama called Shine on Harvey Moon, the song was featured in the 2013 video game BioShock Infinite. It was referenced by Don Rickles in the 1971 Friars Club roast of Jerry Lewis when he said, Just hope and pray, and Gidney and Cloyd the moon creatures performed a the first line of the refrain on an episode of Rocky and his Friends in 1959-60. 1992 – Kirsten Cooke and Arthur Bostrom perform it as the characters Michelle Dubois, carmen Silvera as Madame Edith also sings the number during the closing credits of the same episode
35.
Phonograph record
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The groove usually starts near the periphery and ends near the center of the disc. The phonograph disc record was the medium used for music reproduction until late in the 20th century. It had co-existed with the cylinder from the late 1880s. Records retained the largest market share even when new formats such as compact cassette were mass-marketed, by the late 1980s, digital media, in the form of the compact disc, had gained a larger market share, and the vinyl record left the mainstream in 1991. The phonograph record has made a resurgence in the early 21st century –9.2 million records were sold in the U. S. in 2014. Likewise, in the UK sales have increased five-fold from 2009 to 2014, as of 2017,48 record pressing facilities remain worldwide,18 in the United States and 30 in other countries. The increased popularity of vinyl has led to the investment in new, only two producers of lacquers remains, Apollo Masters in California, USA, and MDC in Japan. Vinyl records may be scratched or warped if stored incorrectly but if they are not exposed to heat or broken. The large cover are valued by collectors and artists for the space given for visual expression, in the 2000s, these tracings were first scanned by audio engineers and digitally converted into audible sound. Phonautograms of singing and speech made by Scott in 1860 were played back as sound for the first time in 2008, along with a tuning fork tone and unintelligible snippets recorded as early as 1857, these are the earliest known recordings of sound. In 1877, Thomas Edison invented the phonograph, unlike the phonautograph, it was capable of both recording and reproducing sound. Despite the similarity of name, there is no evidence that Edisons phonograph was based on Scotts phonautograph. Edison first tried recording sound on a paper tape, with the idea of creating a telephone repeater analogous to the telegraph repeater he had been working on. The tinfoil was wrapped around a metal cylinder and a sound-vibrated stylus indented the tinfoil while the cylinder was rotated. The recording could be played back immediately, Edison also invented variations of the phonograph that used tape and disc formats. A decade later, Edison developed a greatly improved phonograph that used a wax cylinder instead of a foil sheet. This proved to be both a better-sounding and far more useful and durable device, the wax phonograph cylinder created the recorded sound market at the end of the 1880s and dominated it through the early years of the 20th century. Berliners earliest discs, first marketed in 1889, but only in Europe, were 12.5 cm in diameter, both the records and the machine were adequate only for use as a toy or curiosity, due to the limited sound quality
36.
Victor Talking Machine Company
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The Victor Talking Machine Company was an American flagship record company headquartered in Camden, New Jersey. The company was founded by Eldridge R. Johnson, who had previously made gramophones to play Emile Berliners disc records, Victor Talking Machine Co. was incorporated officially in 1901 shortly before agreeing to allow Columbia Records use of its disc record patent. Victor had acquired the Pan-American rights to use the trademark of the fox terrier Nipper listening to a gramophone when Berliner. Barraud noticed that whenever he played a recorded by his brother. Barrauds original depicts Nipper staring intently into the horn of an Edison-Bell while both sit on a wooden surface. The London branch was managed by an American, William Barry Owen, Barraud paid a visit with a photograph of the painting and asked to borrow a horn. Owen gave Barraud an entire gramophone and asked him to paint it into the picture, the original painting still shows the contours of the Edison-Bell phonograph beneath the paint of the gramophone when viewed in the correct light. Only 13 originally commissioned His Masters Voice paintings were commissioned by the company, in 1915, the His Masters Voice logo was rendered in immense circular leaded-glass windows in the tower of the Victrola factory building. The tower remains today with replica windows installed during Radio Corporation of Americas ownership of the plant in its later years, today, one of the original windows is located at the Smithsonian museum in Washington, D. C. There are different accounts as to how the Victor name came about, a second account is that Johnson emerged as the Victor from the lengthy and costly patent litigations involving Berliner and Frank Seamans Zonophone. A third story is that Johnsons partner, Leon Douglass, derived the word from his wifes name Victoria, finally, a fourth story is that Johnson took the name from the popular Victor bicycle, which he had admired for its superior engineering. Of these four accounts the first two are the most generally accepted, perhaps coincidentally, the first use of the Victor title on a letterhead, on March 28,1901, was only nine weeks after the death of British Queen Victoria. Before 1925, recording was done by the purely mechanical. No microphone was involved and there was no means of amplification, the recording machine was essentially an exposed-horn acoustical record player functioning in reverse. The sound-vibrated center of the diaphragm was linked to a stylus that was guided across the surface of a very thick wax disc. The wax was too soft to be played back even once without seriously damaging it, although test recordings were sometimes made, although sound quality was gradually improved by a series of small refinements, the process was inherently insensitive. From the start, Victor innovated manufacturing processes and soon rose to preeminence by recording famous performers, in 1903, it instituted a three-step mother-stamper process to produce more stampers and records than previously possible. These new celebrity recordings bore red labels, and were marketed as Red Seal records, for many years these records were single-sided, only in 1923 did Victor begin offering Red Seals in double-sided form
37.
Ernie Hare
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Thomas Ernest Hare was an American singer who recorded prolifically during the 1920s and 1930s, finding fame as a radio star on the Happiness Boys radio program. Hares recording career began in 1918 and he was Al Jolsons understudy in the Broadway musical Sinbad during 1919–20. He recorded with the Cleartone Four, the Crescent Trio, the Harmonizers Quartet, and he made a series recordings with Al Bernard in the late 1910s and the start of the 1920s. As a soloist, he worked under a variety of names, after he met Billy Jones in 1919, they teamed in 1920 when Brunswick executive Gus Haenschen had them sing an accompaniment on a Brunswick recording. They went on to do numerous recordings together for Brunswick, Edison, similarities between the two singers were often noted, same height, same weight, and birthdays a few days apart. They began on radio October 18,1921 on WJZ in Newark, sponsored by Happiness Candy, they were heard as the Happiness Boys beginning August 22,1923 on New Yorks WEAF, moving to NBC for a run from 1926–1929. As the Happiness Boys, they sang popular tunes, mostly light fare and comic songs, with jokes, by 1928, they were the highest-paid singers in radio, earning $1,250 a week. After Hares death in 1939 of bronchopneumonia, Jones continued to perform, teaming in 1939–40 with Hares 16-year-old daughter, Marilyn Hare went on to a career as an actress in films, Soundies, and television, and she also toured as a vocalist
38.
Billy Jones (1930s singer)
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William Reese Billy Jones was a tenor who recorded during the 1920s and 1930s, finding fame as a radio star on The Happiness Boys radio program. Jones worked in occupations as mining, banking, and blacksmithing before his 1918 recording debut. He recorded with the Cleartone Four, the Crescent Trio, the Harmonizers Quartet and the Premier Quartet, after he met Ernie Hare in 1919, they teamed in 1920 when Brunswick executive Gus Haenschen had them sing an accompaniment on a Brunswick Records recording. They went on to do numerous recordings together for Brunswick, Edison and they began on radio October 18,1921 on WJZ. Sponsored by the chain of Happiness Candy stores, they were heard on The Happiness Boys program beginning August 22,1923 on New Yorks WEAF, moving to NBC from a run from 1926 to 1929. As The Happiness Boys, they sang popular tunes, mostly light fare and comic songs, by 1928, they were the highest paid singers in radio, earning $1,250 a week. The partnership ended with Hares death on March 9,1939, Jones continued to perform, teaming with Hares 16-year-old daughter, Marilyn Hare, in 1939-40. Hoffmann, Carty, Billy Murray, The Phonograph Industrys First Great Recording Artist Kinkle, the Complete Encyclopedia of *Popular Music and Jazz, 1900-1950 Gracyk, Tim, The Encyclopedia of Popular American Recording Pioneers, 1895-1925 Joseph Dinneen. How Bob Emery Became Big Brother to 12,000 Youngsters, boston Globe, March 1,1925, p. E6. The Happiness Boys Billy Jones at the Internet Movie Database
39.
Vaudeville
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Vaudeville is a theatrical genre of variety entertainment. It was especially popular in the United States and Canada from the early 1880s until the early 1930s, a typical vaudeville performance is made up of a series of separate, unrelated acts grouped together on a common bill. A vaudeville performer is often referred to as a vaudevillian, Vaudeville developed from many sources, including the concert saloon, minstrelsy, freak shows, dime museums, and literary American burlesque. Called the heart of American show business, vaudeville was one of the most popular types of entertainment in North America for several decades, the origin of this term is obscure, but is often explained as being derived from the French expression voix de ville. A second speculation is that it comes from the songs on satire by poet Olivier Basselin. Some, however, preferred the term variety to what manager Tony Pastor called its sissy. Thus, vaudeville was marketed as variety well into the 20th century, with its first subtle appearances within the early 1860s, vaudeville was not initially a common form of entertainment. The form gradually evolved from the saloon and variety hall into its mature form throughout the 1870s and 1880s. This more gentle form was known as Polite Vaudeville, in the years before the American Civil War, entertainment existed on a different scale. Certainly, variety theatre existed before 1860 in Europe and elsewhere, in the US, as early as the first decades of the 19th century, theatregoers could enjoy a performance consisting of Shakespeare plays, acrobatics, singing, dancing, and comedy. As the years progressed, people seeking diversified amusement found a number of ways to be entertained. Vaudeville was characterized by traveling companies touring through cities and towns, a significant influence also came from Dutch minstrels and comedians. Vaudeville incorporated these various itinerant amusements into a stable, institutionalized form centered in Americas growing urban hubs, pastors experiment proved successful, and other managers soon followed suit. B. F. Keith took the step, starting in Boston. Later, E. F. Albee, adoptive grandfather of the Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright Edward Albee, circuits such as those managed by Keith-Albee provided vaudevilles greatest economic innovation and the principal source of its industrial strength. They enabled a chain of allied vaudeville houses that remedied the chaos of the booking system by contracting acts for regional and national tours. These could easily be lengthened from a few weeks to two years, Albee also gave national prominence to vaudevilles trumpeting polite entertainment, a commitment to entertainment equally inoffensive to men, women and children. Acts that violated this ethos were admonished and threatened with expulsion from the remaining performances or were canceled altogether
40.
Carnegie Hall
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Designed by architect William Burnet Tuthill and built by philanthropist Andrew Carnegie in 1891, it is one of the most prestigious venues in the world for both classical music and popular music. Carnegie Hall has its own programming, development, and marketing departments. It is also rented out to performing groups, the hall has not had a resident company since 1962, when the New York Philharmonic moved to Lincoln Centers Philharmonic Hall. Carnegie Hall has 3,671 seats, divided among its three auditoriums, Carnegie Hall presented about 200 concerts in the 2008–2009 season, up 3 percent from the previous year. Its stages were rented for an additional 600 events in the 2008–2009 season, Carnegie Hall contains three distinct, separate performance spaces. The Isaac Stern Auditorium seats 2,804 on five levels and was named after violinist Isaac Stern in 1997 to recognize his efforts to save the hall from demolition in the 1960s, the hall is enormously high, and visitors to the top balcony must climb 137 steps. All but the top level can be reached by elevator, the main hall was home to the performances of the New York Philharmonic from 1892 until 1962. Known as the most prestigious concert stage in the U. S. almost all of the classical music. After years of wear and tear, the hall was extensively renovated in 1986. The Ronald O. Perelman Stage is 42 feet deep, the First Tier and Second Tier consist of sixty-five boxes, the First Tier has 264 seats at eight seats per box and the Second Tier seats 238, with boxes ranging from six to eight seats each. Second from the top is the Dress Circle, seating 444 in six rows, at the top, the balcony seats 837. Although seats with obstructed views exist throughout the auditorium, only the Dress Circle level has structural columns, Zankel Hall, which seats 599, is named after Judy and Arthur Zankel. Originally called simply Recital Hall, this was the first auditorium to open to the public in April 1891, following renovations made in 1896, it was renamed Carnegie Lyceum. The completely reconstructed Zankel Hall is flexible in design and can be reconfigured in several different arrangements to suit the needs of the performers, the 599 seats in Zankel Hall are arranged in two levels. The Parterre level seats a total of 463 and the Mezzanine level seats 136, each level has a number of seats which are situated along the side walls, perpendicular to the stage. These seats are designated as boxes, there are 54 seats in six boxes on the Parterre level and 48 seats in four boxes on the Mezzanine level, the boxes on the Parterre level are raised above the level of the stage. Zankel Hall is accessible and its stage is 44 feet wide and 25 feet deep — the stage occupies approximately one fifth of the performance space, the Joan and Sanford I. Weill Recital Hall seats 268 and is named after Sanford I. Weill, a chairman of the board, and his wife Joan
41.
Marie Rappold
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Marie Rappold, née Winterrath was a German-born American operatic soprano. She sang with the Metropolitan Opera from 1905 to 1920 and she was born in Barmen, Germany on 17 August 1872. She appeared on stage in London at the age of five before moving with her parents to Brooklyn, New York, on 22 November 1905, Rappold made her debut at the Metropolitan Opera as Sulamith in Karl Goldmarks Die Königin von Saba. She continued to appear at the Met until 1920, during which time and her first husband, Dr. Julius Rappold, objected to her career, and she divorced him in 1907. In 1913, she married tenor Rudolf Berger, at various stages during the performances, all lights in the theater would be darkened and the audience challenged to guess whether they were hearing a live performance or a recording. Written accounts of the time said that much of the audience was astonished when the lights went back up to reveal only the Edison phonograph on stage. She recorded for Edison and Victor Records, and appeared in films for Universal Studios. She also appeared in a film made by Lee De Forest in his Phonofilm sound-on-film process in 1922. In June 1925, Rappold played the lead in the premiere of Frank Pattersons opera The Echo with tenor Forrest Lamont. She died on 12 May 1957 at Victory Hospital in North Hollywood, on October 11,2010, Rappolds former home in Upstate New York was featured on History Channels series American Pickers
42.
Metropolitan Opera
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The Metropolitan Opera, commonly referred to as The Met, is a company based in New York City, resident at the Metropolitan Opera House at the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts. The company is operated by the non-profit Metropolitan Opera Association, with Peter Gelb as general manager, the music director position is in transition as of 2016. The music director designate is Yannick Nézet-Séguin and the director emeritus is James Levine. The Met was founded in 1880 as an alternative to the previously established Academy of Music opera house, the Metropolitan Opera is the largest classical music organization in North America. It presents about 27 different operas each year in a season lasts from late September through May. The operas are presented in a rotating schedule with up to seven performances of four different works staged each week. Moving to the new Lincoln Center location in 1966, performances are given in the evening Monday through Saturday with a matinée on Saturday, several operas are presented in new productions each season. Sometimes these are borrowed from or shared with other opera houses, the rest of the years operas are given in revivals of productions from previous seasons. The 2015-16 season comprised 227 performances of 25 operas, the operas in the Mets repertoire consist of a wide range of works, from 18th-century Baroque and 19th-century Bel canto to the Minimalism of the late 20th century. These operas are presented in staged productions that range in style from those with elaborate traditional decors to others that feature modern conceptual designs, the Mets performing company consists of a large symphony-sized orchestra, a chorus, childrens choir, and many supporting and leading solo singers. The company also employs numerous free-lance dancers, actors, musicians, the Mets roster of singers includes both international and American artists, some of whose careers have been developed through the Mets young artists programs. The Metropolitan Opera Company was founded in 1880 to create an alternative to New Yorks old established Academy of Music opera house, the subscribers to the Academys limited number of private boxes represented the highest stratum in New York society. By 1880, these old families were loath to admit New Yorks newly wealthy industrialists into their long-established social circle. Frustrated with being excluded, the Metropolitan Operas founding subscribers determined to build a new house that would outshine the old Academy in every way. A group of some 22 men assembled at Delmonicos restaurant on April 28,1880 and they elected officers and established subscriptions for ownership in the new company. The first Met subscribers included members of the Morgan, Roosevelt, the new Metropolitan Opera House opened on October 22,1883, and was an immediate success, both socially and artistically. The Academy of Musics opera season folded just three years after the Met opened, in its early decades the Met did not produce the opera performances itself but hired prominent manager/impresarios to stage a season of opera at the new Metropolitan Opera House. Henry Abbey served as manager for the season, 1883–84
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B. A. Rolfe
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Benjamin Albert Rolfe was an American musician known as The Boy Trumpet Wonder who went on to be a bandleader, recording artist, radio personality and film producer. Born in Brasher Falls, New York, Rolfe was the son of a music director, at a young age he played the piccolo and cornet in his fathers band, touring the U. S. East Coast as well as Europe, after high school, he worked as a musical clown in a traveling circus until joining the Majestic Theater Orchestra in Utica, New York. His work led to a position at the Utica Conservatory of Music where he was head of the brass instrument department, however, drawn back to show business, in the early part of the 20th century, he worked in vaudeville, producing a revue and serving as bandleader. In 1914, Rolfe turned his talents to the motion picture business, establishing his own production company. Although he filmed in California, Rolfes productions were made in and around Fort Lee, New Jersey. Rolfes company produced more than 50 silent films, several of which were collaborations with director/screenwriter Oscar A. C, lund, including the 1916 drama Dorians Divorce starring Lionel Barrymore. His film companys last production was the 15-part mystery serial, The Master Mystery and she also starred in Man and Woman. After leaving the business, B. A. Rolfe quickly reestablished himself as a performing soloist, music instructor. He worked with Vincent Lopez in 1924 and 1925, inspired by Paul Whiteman, by 1926 he had assembled his own New York City dance orchestra to perform at a Broadway cabaret called the Palais DOr. Soon billed as B. A. Rolfe and his Palais DOr Orchestra, by 1928 he was performing on radio and recording as B. A. Rolfe, Rolfe was an exclusive Edison artist from 1926 through October,1929, when Edison suspended its recording operation. Rolfe made electrical transcriptions in the early 1930s and made two Vitaphone shorts in 1934 and in 1935, in 1935–36, Rolfe was the leader of The Goodrich Silvertown Orchestra. His radio broadcasts ran until the late 1930s during which time he, Rolfe also narrated the shows, providing an on-air description of a Robert Ripley tale of wonder. With the onset of World War II, Rolfe organized an orchestra to perform patriotic songs. At the age of 76, he died of cancer in Walpole, Massachusetts
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Harry Reser
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Harry F. Reser was an American banjo player and bandleader. Born in Piqua, Ohio, Reser was best known as the leader of The Clicquot Club Eskimos and he was regarded by some as the best banjoist of the 1920s. Harrison Franklin Reser was born in Piqua, Ohio on Friday, January 17,1896 to William Scott Reser, the couple had another child, Ruth. Reser was a first cousin to Orville & Wilbur Wright, the Wright brothers, inventors of the aeroplane, when he was 2 years of age, his father moved the family to Dayton, Ohio. It was here that his musical talents fast became apparent, and his parents realized they had a child prodigy. A special guitar was made for him suited to his small size. By the age of 8 he was entertaining and it never seemed in the least remarkable or extraordinary that I played at the age of eight. About this time he began learning piano and also started a study of music which was to form the basis for his natural genius. He remained with the two until the age of fourteen, Reser attended Steele High School in Dayton, and it was during these years that he decided what his vocation would be. On April 8,1916 when he was just over twenty, he married Grace Tharp of Dayton in Newport, Ky. It was during this time that he was seeing the banjo make its presence felt more strongly with dance bands and therefore felt he should learn how to play it as quickly as possible. He practiced diligently until he was able to play the instrument to a high standard to supplement his piano playing with it. In the summer of 1920 he played in a Dayton dance band under the leadership of Paul Goss, by this time he was playing the banjo more regularly. He soon relocated to Buffalo, New York to appear at the Hippodrome, playing primarily violin, just after Christmas of 1920 he relocated again, this time to New York City. He sought out engagements and soon found himself in demand, some of the early bands he was involved with included those of Ben Selvin, Bennie Krueger, Sam Lanin, Nathan Glantz, Mike Markel and many others. Though there is no supporting evidence, Resers first broadcast is said to have been from the Statue of Liberty, Bedloes Island, by 1922, he had recorded a half dozen pieces, including Crazy Jo and Zez Confreys Kitten On the Keys. In early autumn of the year, he considered starting his own band to record under. Soon a contract was drawn up with Okeh and his first band came into being during September/October 1922, the Okeh Syncopators
