1.
Canada
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Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
2.
Edmonton
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Edmonton /ˈɛdməntən/ is the capital city of the Canadian province of Alberta. Edmonton is on the North Saskatchewan River and is the centre of the Edmonton Capital Region, the city anchors the north end of what Statistics Canada defines as the Calgary–Edmonton Corridor. The city had a population of 932,546 in 2016, making it Albertas second-largest city, also in 2016, Edmonton had a metropolitan population of 1,321,426, making it the sixth-largest census metropolitan area in Canada. Edmonton is North Americas northernmost city with a population over one million. A resident of Edmonton is known as an Edmontonian, Edmontons historic growth has been facilitated through the absorption of five adjacent urban municipalities and a series of annexations ending in 1982. Known as the Gateway to the North, the city is a point for large-scale oil sands projects occurring in northern Alberta. Edmonton is a cultural, governmental and educational centre and it hosts a year-round slate of festivals, reflected in the nickname Canadas Festival City. It is home to North Americas largest mall, West Edmonton Mall, in 1754, Anthony Henday, an explorer for the Hudsons Bay Company, may have been the first European to enter the Edmonton area. By 1795, Fort Edmonton was established on the north bank as a major trading post for the Hudsons Bay Company. The new forts name was suggested by John Peter Pruden after Edmonton, London, the home town of both the HBC deputy governor Sir James Winter Lake, and Pruden. In 1876, Treaty 6, which includes what is now Edmonton, was signed between the Aboriginal peoples in Canada and Queen Victoria as Queen of Canada, as part of the Numbered Treaties of Canada. The agreement includes the Plains and Woods Cree, Assiniboine, and other governments of First Nations at Fort Carlton, Fort Pitt. The area covered by the treaty represents most of the area of the current provinces of Saskatchewan. The arrival of the CPR and the C&E Railway helped bring settlers and entrepreneurs from eastern Canada, Europe, U. S. the Edmonton areas fertile soil and cheap land attracted settlers, further establishing Edmonton as a major regional commercial and agricultural centre. Some people participating in the Klondike Gold Rush passed through South Edmonton/Strathcona in 1897, in November 1905, the Canadian Northern Railway arrived in Edmonton, accelerating growth. During the early 1900s, Edmontons rapid growth led to speculation in real estate, in 1912, Edmonton amalgamated with the City of Strathcona, south of the North Saskatchewan River, as a result, the city extended south of the North Saskatchewan River for the first time. Just prior to World War I, the boom ended, many impoverished families moved to subsistence farms outside the city, while others fled to greener pastures in other provinces. Recruitment to the Canadian army during the war contributed to the drop in population
3.
Alberta
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Alberta is a western province of Canada. With an estimated population of 4,196,457 as of July 1,2015, it is Canadas fourth-most populous province and its area is about 660,000 square kilometres. Alberta and its neighbour Saskatchewan were districts of the Northwest Territories until they were established as provinces on September 1,1905, the premier has been Rachel Notley since May 2015. Alberta is bounded by the provinces of British Columbia to the west and Saskatchewan to the east, the Northwest Territories to the north, and the U. S. state of Montana to the south. Alberta is one of three Canadian provinces and territories to only a single U. S. state and one of only two landlocked provinces. About 290 km south of the capital is Calgary, the largest city in Alberta, Calgary and Edmonton centre Albertas two census metropolitan areas, both of which have populations exceeding one million, while the province has 16 census agglomerations. Tourist destinations in the province include Banff, Canmore, Drumheller, Jasper, Alberta is named after Princess Louise Caroline Alberta, the fourth daughter of Victoria, Queen of Canada, and Albert, Prince Consort. Princess Louise was the wife of John Campbell, Marquess of Lorne, Lake Louise and Mount Alberta were also named in her honour. Alberta, with an area of 661,848 km2, is the fourth largest province after Quebec, Ontario and British Columbia. To the south, the borders on the 49th parallel north, separating it from the US state of Montana. The province extends 1,223 km north to south and 660 km east to west at its maximum width, with the exception of the semi-arid steppe of the south-eastern section, the province has adequate water resources. There are numerous rivers and lakes used for swimming, fishing, there are three large lakes, Lake Claire in Wood Buffalo National Park, Lesser Slave Lake, and Lake Athabasca which lies in both Alberta and Saskatchewan. The longest river in the province is the Athabasca River which travels 1,538 km from the Columbia Icefield in the Rocky Mountains to Lake Athabasca, the largest river is the Peace River with an average flow of 2161 m3/s. The Peace River originates in the Rocky Mountains of northern British Columbia and flows through northern Alberta and into the Slave River, Albertas capital city, Edmonton, is located approximately in the geographic centre of the province. It is the most northerly city in Canada, and serves as a gateway. The region, with its proximity to Canadas largest oil fields, has most of western Canadas oil refinery capacity, Calgary is located approximately 280 km south of Edmonton and 240 km north of Montana, surrounded by extensive ranching country. Almost 75% of the population lives in the Calgary–Edmonton Corridor. The land grant policy to the served as a means to populate the province in its early years
4.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
5.
Public library
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A public library is a library that is accessible by the general public and is generally funded from public sources, such as taxes. It is operated by librarians and library paraprofessionals, who are civil servants. There are five fundamental characteristics shared by public libraries, Public libraries exist in many countries across the world and are often considered an essential part of having an educated and literate population. Public access to books is not new, romans made scrolls in dry rooms available to patrons of the baths, and tried with some success to establish libraries within the empire. In the middle of the 19th century, the push for public libraries, paid for by taxes. Public libraries were started with a donation, or were bequeathed to parishes, churches. These social and institutional libraries formed the base of many academic and public collections of today. The establishment of circulating libraries in the 18th century, by booksellers and publishers provided a means of gaining profit, the circulating libraries not only provided a place to sell books, but also a place to lend books for a price. These circulating libraries provided a variety of including the increasingly popular novels. Circulating libraries were not exclusively lending institutions and often provided a place for other forms of commercial activity and this was necessary because the circulating libraries did not generate enough funds through subscription fees collected from its borrowers. As a commerce venture, it was important to consider the factors such as other goods or services available to the subscribers. The Malatestiana Library, also known as the Malatesta Novello Library, is a public library dating from 1452 in Cesena, Emilia-Romagna and it was the first European civic library, i. e. belonging to the Commune and open to everybody. It was commissioned by the Lord of Cesena, Malatesta Novello, the works were directed by Matteo Nuti of Fano and lasted from 1447 to 1452. In the early years of the 17th century, many famous collegiate, norwich City library was established in 1608 and Chethams Library in Manchester, which claims to be the oldest public library in the English-speaking world, opened in 1653. Claude Sallier, the French philologist and churchman, operated an early form of library in the town of Saulieu from 1737 to 1750. He wished to make culture and learning accessible to all people, the Załuski Library was built in Warsaw 1747–1795 by Józef Andrzej Załuski and his brother, Andrzej Stanisław Załuski, both Roman Catholic bishops. The library was open to the public and indeed was the first Polish public library, at the start of the 18th century, libraries were becoming increasingly public and were more frequently lending libraries. The 18th century saw the switch from closed parochial libraries to lending libraries, before this time, public libraries were parochial in nature and libraries frequently chained their books to desks
6.
Library
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A library is a collection of sources of information and similar resources, made accessible to a defined community for reference or borrowing. It provides physical or digital access to material, and may be a building or room, or a virtual space. Libraries range in size from a few shelves of books to several million items, in Latin and Greek, the idea of a bookcase is represented by Bibliotheca and Bibliothēkē, derivatives of these mean library in many modern languages, e. g. French bibliothèque. The first libraries consisted of archives of the earliest form of clay tablets in cuneiform script discovered in Sumer. Private or personal libraries made up of books appeared in classical Greece in the 5th century BC. In the 6th century, at the close of the Classical period. A library is organized for use and maintained by a body, an institution. In addition to providing materials, libraries also provide the services of librarians who are experts at finding and organizing information, Libraries often provide quiet areas for studying, and they also often offer common areas to facilitate group study and collaboration. Libraries often provide facilities for access to their electronic resources. Modern libraries are increasingly being redefined as places to get unrestricted access to information in many formats, the first libraries consisted of archives of the earliest form of writing—the clay tablets in cuneiform script discovered in temple rooms in Sumer, some dating back to 2600 BC. These archives, which consisted of the records of commercial transactions or inventories, mark the end of prehistory. Things were much the same in the government and temple records on papyrus of Ancient Egypt, the earliest discovered private archives were kept at Ugarit, besides correspondence and inventories, texts of myths may have been standardized practice-texts for teaching new scribes. There is also evidence of libraries at Nippur about 1900 BC, philosopher Laozi was keeper of books in the earliest library in China, which belonged to the Imperial Zhou dynasty. Also, evidence of catalogues found in some destroyed ancient libraries illustrates the presence of librarians, the Library of Alexandria, in Egypt, was the largest and most significant great library of the ancient world. It flourished under the patronage of the Ptolemaic dynasty and functioned as a center of scholarship from its construction in the 3rd century BC until the Roman conquest of Egypt in 30 BC. The library was conceived and opened either during the reign of Ptolemy I Soter or during the reign of his son Ptolemy II, an early organization system was in effect at Alexandria. The Library of Celsus in Ephesus, Anatolia, now part of Selçuk, Turkey was built in honor of the Roman Senator Tiberius Julius Celsus Polemaeanus by Celsus’ son, the library was built to store 12,000 scrolls and to serve as a monumental tomb for Celsus. Private or personal libraries made up of books appeared in classical Greece in the 5th century BC
7.
University of Alberta
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The University of Alberta is a public research university located in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It was founded in 1908 by Alexander Cameron Rutherford, the first premier of Alberta and its enabling legislation is the Post-secondary Learning Act. The university comprises four campuses in Edmonton, the Augustana Campus in Camrose, the original north campus consists of 150 buildings covering 50 city blocks on the south rim of the North Saskatchewan River valley, directly across from downtown Edmonton. 39,000 students from Canada and 150 other countries participate in 400 programs in 18 faculties, the University of Alberta is a major economic driver in Alberta. The university’s impact on the Alberta economy is an estimated $12.3 billion annually, with more than 15,000 employees, the university is Albertas fourth-largest employer. According to the 2014 QS World University Rankings the top Faculty Area at the University of Alberta is Arts and Humanities, the University of Alberta is also a leading institution for the study of Ukraine and is home to the Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies. The university was modelled on the American state university, with an emphasis on extension work, the president, appointed by the board, was to provide a link between the two bodies and perform institutional leadership. Heated wrangling took place between the cities of Calgary and Edmonton over the location of the capital and of the university. It was stated that the capital would be north of the North Saskatchewan River, the city of Edmonton became the capital and the then-separate city of Strathcona on the south bank of the river, where Premier Alexander Rutherford lived, was granted the university. When the two cities were amalgamated in 1912, Edmonton became both the political and academic capital, with Henry Marshall Tory as its first president, the University of Alberta started operation in 1908. Under Torys guidance, the years were marked by recruitment of professors. Percy Erskine Nobbs & Frank Darling designed the plan for the University of Alberta in 1909–10. Nobbs designed the Arts Building, laboratories and Power House, with Cecil S. Burgess, Nobbs designed the Provincial College of Medicine. Architect Herbert Alton Magoon designed several buildings on campus, including St. Stephens Methodist College, the University of Alberta awarded its first degrees in 1912, the same year it established the Department of Extension. The Faculty of Medicine was established the year, and the Faculty of Agriculture began in 1915. Despite these setbacks, the university continued to grow, by 1920, it had six faculties and two schools. There were 851 male students and 251 female students, and 171 academic staff, in the early part of the 20th century, professional education expanded beyond the traditional fields of theology, law and medicine. Graduate training based on the German-inspired American model of specialized course work, in 1929, the university established a College of Education
8.
MacEwan University
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MacEwan University is a post-secondary educational institution located in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. MacEwan University is the largest transfer-in post-secondary institution in Alberta and it offers nine baccalaureate degrees, two applied degrees and more than 40 diploma and certificate programs. The university’s five faculties and schools offer programming in fine arts and communications, health and community studies, liberal arts and sciences, nursing, during the 2014-2015 academic year,19,606 full- and part-time students were registered in credit programs. Established in 1971 as Grant MacEwan Community College, the institution was named after Dr. J. W. Grant MacEwan, author, educator, the college was established by the Government of Alberta to fill a perceived need for college-level programs that focused on career development. Initial educational offerings included one and two-year certificate and diploma programs, in 1988 the college was granted approval to offer university transfer credit. In 2004, MacEwan became an accredited degree-granting institution offering its first baccalaureate degrees, on September 24,2009, the institution became Alberta’s sixth university and was officially renamed Grant MacEwan University. In September 2013, the university rebranded itself as MacEwan University for all public communication and marketing purposes, legally. The university states it “provides student-focused instruction in a warm and supportive atmosphere and it also says, We focus on teaching, so our students can focus on learning. It’s been a cornerstone of who we are for more than 40 years, and we continue to build on that reputation. ”MacEwan University offers many scholarships, awards, and bursaries to program students pursuing post-secondary education. In the 2014/2015 academic year, the Student Awards Office managed the distribution of $7.4 million dollars, from internal and external sources, MacEwan Universitys sports teams are known as the Griffins. Mens and womens sports include, basketball, hockey, volleyball, soccer, cross country, curling, the Griffins compete in the Alberta Colleges Athletics Conference, against 16 other post-secondary institutions in Alberta as well as in the Canada West conference of U Sports. Student-athletes on all teams are expected to meet requirements and adhere to sport-specific athletic requirements. In 2011, MacEwan’s athletic department submitted an application to Canada West Universities Athletic Association in an effort to transfer to the national U Sports level of competition, MacEwan University was admitted as a probationary member in 2013. As of 2016, MacEwan University has three campuses, City Centre Campus is the largest of the three campuses, currently spanning six city blocks in downtown Edmonton. The Alberta College Campus is also located downtown, in its early years, MacEwan operated out of a number of small store-front-style campuses in Edmonton. The facilities included Old Scona School, the Workmens Compensation building, construction on City Centre Campus began in 1991 on the former site of the Canadian National rail yards on the northern fringe of the downtown Edmonton core. The land was donated by CN, in September 2009, MacEwan Universitys Board of Governors approved a plan to move all of the university’s operations—spread across four campuses at the time—to the main City Centre Campus. The first step of this consolidation was taken with the opening of the University Service Centre in April 2011
9.
Old Strathcona Branch (Edmonton Public Library)
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The Old Strathcona Branch, one of the oldest libraries in Alberta, completed in 1913, was the first library erected in the City of Edmonton. Nevertheless, the Strathcona Library does have a background as to its historical status within the Edmonton Public Library system. It is located on 104th Street, a block off of Whyte Avenue in the heart of Old Strathcona, in 1897, the Strathcona Library Society was formed, with the idea to build a public library in the young city of Strathcona. In 1910, a petition from citizens was eventually presented to the city council, the city quickly bought up the land for $6,250 from a local farmer, and organized the Strathcona Library Board. The American philanthropist Andrew Carnegie eventually offered the city $15,000 to build a small, however, the board did not feel this would provide the library they were hoping to build, and they declined Carnegies offer. Costs for the new library were eventually paid for as part of the agreement when Strathcona, construction began in 1912, and the new library was opened on March 13,1913 by ex-Strathcona Mayor John Joseph Duggan and Edmonton Mayor William Short. Final cost of the library was approximately $27,000, the library was popular upon opening, and boasted an impressive circulation for the size of Edmonton at the time. The first minor renovation was completed in 1948, which converted the original reading room in the basement into a childrens library. The post-WWII years, however, saw a decline in usage as Edmonton rapidly expanded outward in the post-war boom. The completion of the larger and more modern Stanley A. Milner central library downtown in 1967 further perpetuated this decline. By the late 1960s, the aging and poorly maintained building began to require significant upkeep costs, the director of Edmonton Public Library attempted to close the branch in 1970. The early 1970s, however, saw a resurgence of support for the Old Strathcona Branch, proposed south-side to downtown freeways threatened to destroy the remaining historic elements of Old Strathcona around Whyte Avenue. This led to a new interest in preservation and restoration. This resurgence brought great support for the library, and in 1976 the building was declared a Registered Historic Resource of Alberta by the provincial Minister of Culture. Since the mid-1980s, the branch has become one of Edmonton Public Librarys busiest. In 2004, the City of Edmonton named the building a Municipal Historic Resource and this expansion added a large semi-circular addition, modern facilities to provide handicap accessibility, modern and efficient mechanical systems, and nearly doubled the librarys original size. The renovation, however, was careful to maintain the original historical elements. The Old Strathcona branch of the Edmonton Public Library as well as the overall Edmonton Public Library system of branches is celebrating a milestone of 100 years in 2013
10.
Carnegie library
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A Carnegie library is a library built with money donated by Scottish-American businessman and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie. A total of 2,509 Carnegie libraries were built between 1883 and 1929, including some belonging to public and university library systems. At first, Carnegie libraries were almost exclusively in places where he had a connection, namely his home-town in Scotland. Beginning in 1899, Carnegie substantially increased funding to libraries outside of these areas, in later years few towns that requested a grant and agreed to his terms were refused. By the time the last grant was made in 1919, there were 3,500 libraries in the United States, the first of Carnegies public libraries, Dunfermline Carnegie Library was in his birthplace, Dunfermline, Scotland. It was first commissioned or granted by Carnegie in 1880 to James Campbell Walker, the locally quarried sandstone building displays a stylized sun with the carved motto Let there be light at the front entrance. The first library in the United States to be commissioned by Carnegie was in 1886 in his hometown of Allegheny. In 1890, it became the second of his libraries to open in the USA, the building also contained the first Carnegie Music Hall in the World. It was the second Carnegie Library in the United States to be commissioned,1887, an 1893 addition doubled the size of the building and included the third Carnegie Music Hall in the United States. Initially Carnegie limited his support to a few towns in which he had an interest and these would be in Scotland and the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania area. In America,6 out of the first 7,7 of the first 10, until 1898, only one library was commissioned in America outside of Southwestern Pennsylvania—a library in Fairfield, Iowa, commissioned in 1892. Beginning in 1899, his foundation funded an increase in the number of libraries. They led the establishment of 75–80 percent of the libraries in communities across the country, under segregation black people were generally denied access to public libraries in the Southern United States. Rather than insisting on his libraries being racially integrated, Carnegie funded separate libraries for African Americans, for example, in Houston he funded a separate Colored Carnegie Library. The Carnegie Library in Savannah, Georgia, opened in 1914 to serve black residents, the privately organized Colored Library Association of Savannah had raised money and collected books to establish a small Library for Colored Citizens. Having demonstrated their willingness to support a library, the group petitioned for. Future U. S. Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas wrote in his memoirs that he used it as a boy. Most of the buildings were unique, constructed in a number of styles, including Beaux-Arts, Italian Renaissance, Baroque, Classical Revival
11.
ATB Place
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ATB Place formerly TELUS Plaza is an office complex in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, that was completed in 1972. The twin buildings are ATB Place Tower and TELUShouse, the namesake tenant are ATB Financial and Telus. The south tower, TELUShouse, at a cost of C$22 million, for many years the 33rd floor was home to Vista 33, a telephone and telecommunications museum. There was also an observation deck which afforded panoramic views of Edmonton from what was then the citys tallest building, Vista 33 was closed in 1993. ATB Tower is 90 metres tall and was completed in 1969 and it contains retail space at the ground level and via Edmonton Pedway system to the Edmonton LRT in the concourse of ATB Place. The concourse courtyard was added after TELUS moved in and renovated it and it opened as McCauley Plaza, named after the first mayor of Edmonton, in which a bronze bust was displayed. The location was later renamed TELUS Plaza, after the name change to ATB Place, the bust was removed from public viewing. A third building, the ATB Place annex is currently vacant after long time tenant Williams Engineering moved out to its First and Jasper development. Prior to the construction of the AGT buildings this site was the home of the branch of the Edmonton Public Library which stood there from 1923 to 1969. List of tallest buildings in Edmonton TELUS House Triovest profile South Emporis profile
12.
Downtown Edmonton
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Downtown Edmonton is the central business district of Edmonton, Alberta. Surrounding neighbourhoods include Oliver to the west, Queen Mary Park, Central McDougall, and McCauley to the north, Boyle Street and Riverdale to the east, and Rossdale to the south. The arts district is in the part of the core with many award winning institutions like the Francis Winspear Centre for Music. Edmonton City Hall is also located here with all buildings facing onto Sir Winston Churchill Square. It is also the site of the new Art Gallery of Alberta, which opened in early 2010, Churchill Square is the main downtown square in Edmonton, and is the heart of the Arts District. The square plays host to a majority of festivals and events in Greater Edmonton. It is bordered on the north by 102A Avenue, on the west by 100 Street, on the south by 102 Avenue, Government Centre is an informal district located at the southwest corner of the downtown core and is the home of the Alberta provincial government. The most notable feature of this part of downtown is the Alberta Legislature Building and its parks, fountains. An underground pedway system connects the Legislature to several of the buildings, including the historic Bowker Building. Federal government offices were housed in the Federal Building at the north-east corner of Government Centre until they relocated to Canada Place, located at the east edge of downtown, in the 1980s. The Federal Building is undergoing a $356 million renovation due to be completed in 2015 for provincial government offices, Transit service is provided by the Government Centre Transit Centre located near the Federal Building and by Grandin LRT Station located just to the west. Jasper Avenue is the main street. It starts at 77 Street in the east, running south west along the edge of Boyle Street until it reaches the downtown core. It then runs due west through downtown and the neighbourhood of Oliver until it reaches 125 Street, Jasper Avenue is a major public transit route as several of Edmontons busiest bus routes travel along it. The LRT travels underneath Jasper Avenue between 99 and 110 Streets, Jasper Avenue has no street number but sits where 101 Avenue would otherwise be. Rice Howard Way comprises 100A Street between Jasper Avenue and 102 Avenue and 101A Avenue between 100 St and 101 St, the portion of 101A Avenue between 100A Street and 101 Street was closed to traffic, making it an open air pedestrian walkway. The rest of Rice Howard Way is open to vehicular traffic, Rice Howard Way has a few prominent office towers like Scotia Place and some restaurants. Rice Howard Ways southern edge has an entrance to the Central LRT Station, the Warehouse District is located between Jasper Avenue and 104 Avenue and between 102 Street and 109 Street
13.
Tram
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A tram is a rail vehicle which runs on tracks along public urban streets, and also sometimes on a segregated right of way. The lines or networks operated by tramcars are called tramways, Tramways powered by electricity, the most common type historically, were once called electric street railways. However, trams were used in urban areas before the universal adoption of electrification. Tram lines may run between cities and/or towns, and/or partially grade-separated even in the cities. Very occasionally, trams also carry freight, Tram vehicles are usually lighter and shorter than conventional trains and rapid transit trains, but the size of trams is rapidly increasing. Some trams may also run on railway tracks, a tramway may be upgraded to a light rail or a rapid transit line. For all these reasons, the differences between the modes of rail transportation are often indistinct. In the United States, the tram has sometimes been used for rubber-tired trackless trains. Today, most trams use electrical power, usually fed by a pantograph, in some cases by a sliding shoe on a third rail. If necessary, they may have dual power systems — electricity in city streets, trams are now included in the wider term light rail, which also includes segregated systems. The English terms tram and tramway are derived from the Scots word tram, referring respectively to a type of truck used in coal mines and the tracks on which they ran. The word tram probably derived from Middle Flemish trame, a Romanesque word meaning the beam or shaft of a barrow or sledge, the identical word la trame with the meaning crossbeam is also used in the French language. The word Tram-car is attested from 1873, although the terms tram and tramway have been adopted by many languages, they are not used universally in English, North Americans prefer streetcar, trolley, or trolleycar. The term streetcar is first recorded in 1840, and originally referred to horsecars, when electrification came, Americans began to speak of trolleycars or later, trolleys. The troller design frequently fell off the wires, and was replaced by other more reliable devices. The terms trolley pole and trolley wheel both derive from the troller, Modern trams often have an overhead pantograph mechanical linkage to connect to power, abandoning the trolley pole altogether. Conventional diesel tourist buses decorated to look like streetcars are sometimes called trolleys in the US, the term may also apply to an aerial ropeway, e. g. the Roosevelt Island Tramway. Over time, the trolley has fallen into informal use
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Bookmobile
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A bookmobile or mobile library is a vehicle designed for use as a library. It is designed to hold books on shelves in such a way that when the vehicle is parked they can be accessed by readers. Mobile libraries are used to provide library services to villages. They can also service groups or individuals who have difficulty accessing libraries, for example, as well as regular books, a bookmobile might also carry large print books, audiobooks, other media, IT equipment, and Internet access. The British Workman reported in 1857 about a library operating in a circle of eight villages. A Victorian merchant and philanthropist, George Moore, had created the project to diffuse good literature among the rural population, the Warrington Perambulating Library, set up in 1858, was another early British mobile library. This horse-drawn van was operated by the Warrington Mechanics Institute, which aimed to increase the lending of its books to enthusiastic local patrons, fairfax County, Virginia had a bookmobile operating in the northwestern part of the county in 1890. County-wide bookmobile service was begun in 1940, in a truck loaned by the Works Progress Administration, the WPA support of the bookmobile ended in 1942, but the service did not. Another early American bookmobile was developed by Mary Lemist Titcomb, as a librarian at the Washington County, Maryland Free Library, Titcomb was concerned that the library was not reaching all the people it could. The annual report for 1902 lists 23 branches, i. e. collections of 50 books in a case placed in stores, the Hennepin County Public Library started operating a bookmobile in 1923. Sometimes they relied on a contact to help them distribute the materials. The Library in Action was a late-1960s Bronx, NY, program aiming to bring books to teenagers of color in under-served neighborhoods, bookmobiles reached their height of popularity in the mid-twentieth century. Bookmobiles are still in use, operated by libraries, schools, activists, the Internet Archive runs its own bookmobile to print out-of-copyright books on demand. The project has spun off similar efforts elsewhere in the developing world, in the U. S. the American Library Association sponsors an annual National Bookmobile Day annually, on the Wednesday of National Library Week, in April. Bookmobiles and similar services are used in countries, in some locations without a vehicle. Some examples include, A Camel Library Service in Kenya is funded by the Kenyan government and as a charity in Garissa and Wajir, near the border with Somalia. The service started with three camels in October 1996 and had 12 in 2006, delivering 7000 books, daily, in English, Somali, masha Hamilton used this service as a background for her novel The Camel Bookmobile. A donkey-drawn mobile library in Zimbabwe not only books but access to the Internet and multimedia
15.
Stanley A. Milner Library
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The Stanley A. Milner Library was the main library for Edmonton Public Library. It was located on the side of Sir Winston Churchill Square in downtown Edmonton, near City Hall, Edmonton City Centre mall, the Francis Winspear Centre for Music. As a central location in Edmonton, the library took part in various events held at Churchill Square. In 2010, the library held a book sale in the square, selling aging. The Stanley A. Milner Library had a number of meeting rooms and a theater in the lower level. The building is connected to the underground pedway network and to Edmontons LRT. A number of ETS bus routes serve the library along Harbin Road and 100 Street. Underground parking, run by the city, is also available, in 2016, the library closed its doors after that the new Enterprise Square Branch would open. The Stanley A. Milner Library was also a centre for assistive services, the Stanley A. Milner Library was opened in 1967 on the southern edge of Churchill Square. The site of the library was home to Market Square, Edmontons main square. Although the square and market were considered a hub of Edmontons community, the library replaced the original downtown library, which was located one block south on Macdonald Drive and 100th Street. The original downtown library was funded by a donation from Andrew Carnegie, the building was small though, and the citys growth boom in the post-WWII years fueled demand for a larger building. The new building was designed in the Brutalist style, common for public buildings constructed in Edmonton in the 1960s. It features a second level above a smaller lower level, exposed concreted, plate glass window walls, podium pillars. It opened in 1967, and was named the Centennial Library in honour of the Canadian Centennial that year. The small public square on the side of the library building was also named Centennial Square. The original downtown library was sold and demolished in 1968, to room for the Alberta Government Telephones Tower. The library closed in 2016 to make way for the Enterprise Square Branch, direct connection to Edmontons underground pedway system was added in 1978 when construction was completed on the original LRT line downtown
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Clareview Town Centre, Edmonton
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Clareview Town Centre, formerly comprising Clareview Business Park and Clareview Campus, is a mixed-use neighbourhood located in the Clareview area of northeast Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. The neighbourhood is bounded on the south by 137 Avenue, on the west by Manning Drive, on the north by 144 Avenue and it was originally two separate neighbourhoods – Clareview Campus east of the Canadian National rail line and Clareview Business Park west of the rail line. In the City of Edmontons 2012 municipal census, Clareview Town Centre had a population of 3,230 living in 1,588 dwellings, with a land area of 0.36 km2, it had a population density of 8,972.2 people/km2 in 2012. According to the 2001 federal census, there was an amount of residential development in the former Clareview Campus neighbourhood during the 1970s. It was at time that one in twenty of the residences in the neighbourhood were built. There was no residential development until the 1990s. The remaining 94. 9% of the residences were built between 1991 and 2000, there has been a significant amount of residential construction since the completion of the 2001 federal census. According to the census, there were 195 residences in the former Clareview Campus neighbourhood. When the municipal census was conducted in 2005, this had increased to 420, the most common type of residence, according to the 2005 municipal census, are rented apartments and apartment style condominiums. These account for seven out of ten of all residences in the neighbourhood, single-family dwellings account for roughly one in eight residences. The remaining 4% are row houses, just over half of the residences are rented and just under half are owner-occupied. The Clareview Arena is located in the neighbourhood, the neighbourhood is served by the Clareview LRT station. The LRT provides access to Northlands Coliseum, Commonwealth Stadium, the core. Clareview Station has park and ride facilities, allowing users to park their cars at the station. Londonderry Mall is located to the west of Clareview Town Centre along 137 Avenue at 66 Street, the Edmonton Police Services North Division headquarters is located at 142 Avenue and 50 Street, just outside Clareview Town Centres west boundary
17.
The Meadows, Edmonton
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The Meadows is a residential district in the City of Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Located in southeast Edmonton, The Meadows is bounded by Whitemud Drive to the north,34 Street to the west, the residential district of Mill Woods is immediately west of The Meadows across 34 Street, while Strathcona County is located to the east across Anthony Henday Drive. The Meadows Area Structure Plan planned for seven separate neighbourhoods, the Meadows area includes the following, Aster, Larkspur, Laurel, Maple, Silver Berry, Tamarack, and Wild Rose. The naming theme applied to neighbourhoods within The Meadows area are Trees, Flowers, the Meadows is home to the following three schools. RioCan Meadows is a development at the southwest corner of Whitemud Drive and 17 Street on the northern edge of The Meadows. It features retailers of varying sizes and includes such as Best Buy, Home Depot. A smaller commercial development is located in the portion of The Meadows on 23 Avenue. It includes a Save-On-Foods and numerous small retailers, directly east of RioCan Meadows is another similar sized commercial development under Dream Centres. It is being developed in three sections, Edmonton Tamarack SE, Edmonton Tamarack NE, and Edmonton Tamarack N, the largest store include, GoodLife Fitness, Walmart Super Center, and a Shoppers Drug Mart. With many smaller stores within the same area Southeast of Silver Berry in Meadows District Park, the Meadows Community Recreation Centre amenities include, Aquatic Centre, Fitness Centre, Gymnasium,2 NHL-sized arenas, and Outdoor Sport Fields along with programs corresponding to them. The Meadows Transit Centre operated by ETS opened in September 2010 on the east side of 17 Street across from RioCan Meadows, the transit centre has a park and ride, public washrooms, and 24-hour video surveillance. Four main arterial roads,34 Street,23 Avenue,17 Street, Silver Berry Road runs though the Silver Berry Neighborhood ending at an intersection with 17 Street. Two highways including Anthony Henday Drive on the south and east, list of neighbourhoods in Edmonton Edmonton Federation of Community Leagues. Archived from the original on 2007-04-03
18.
Londonderry Mall
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Londonderry Mall is a shopping centre located in north Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It contains over 150 stores and services with seven major tenants, the mall opened in 1972 and has been expanded and renovated since. The mall is undergoing a renovation that is scheduled for completion in 2017. Londonderry Mall opened in 1972 with 85 stores and services, when it opened, it was the largest two-floor enclosed shopping centre in western Canada. Original tenants included The Bay, Woolco, and a movie theatre, later, it would expand to include Safeway. The mall underwent its first major expansion in late 1979, then again in the later 1980s, the mall added a wing to the west, and then to the south, which included Eatons, and the Edmonton Public Library. The mall expanded to 150 stores and services, and increased in popularity, a renovation was completed in 1990 which saw the opening of a brand new food court in the centre of the mall. The renovation completely upgraded the mall from dark, and enclosed to an open, beautiful. In the late 1990s, Eatons closed, and left an empty space, save-On-Foods took that spot and is still there today. 2012 marked the 40th anniversary of the malls opening, the mall launched a large campaign around the anniversary, and hosted events such as contests and outdoor movie nights. The main contest was titled 40 Days Of Giveaways and at the end a car was given away, in late 2013, the relocation and closing of many major tenants and small stores left the mall with many unoccupied spaces. In late 2014, the mall announced a complete mall renovation, in September 2014, Londonderry Mall publicly announced a renovation and remerchandising project. This renovation is being designed by MMC Architects and GH+A Design, amongst the list of comparable malls are, St
19.
Mill Woods Town Centre
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Mill Woods Town Centre is a shopping centre located in south Edmonton, Alberta in the neighbourhood of Mill Woods. It contains 85 retailers including Canadian Tire, CO-OP, and Shoppers Drug Mart, some surrounding satellite stores are located in and around the malls exterior properties such as Petcetera and a medical centre. There is also an ETS transit centre on the side of the property. Development for the mall started in the late 1970s, it was designed so that people would not have to leave Mill Woods to get access to department stores. In 2012, Zellers closed to become Target, in 2013, Safeway closed and became a Co-Op. The Edmonton Public Library branch closed in 2015 and moved to a nearby location, list of Edmonton malls Mill Woods Town Centre Page
20.
Southgate Centre
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Southgate Centre is a shopping centre located in south Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, covering just under 90,000 square metres. It contains 165 retailers including Hudsons Bay, Aritzia, Zara, Michael Kors, BCBGMAXAZRIA, Coach, browns Shoes and Edmontons only Restoration Hardware and Crate & Barrel. Apple opened a store in Edmonton at Southgate Centre on May 28,2010. The Centre is located adjacent to Whitemud Drive and 111 Street, and is located across from a transit bus station. Following major expansion, the mall marked its reopening in August 2009, including a new food court and added parking. These expansions included 40 new stores under a new parking deck. An Edmonton Public Library branch operated until 2002, when it relocated to nearby Whitemud Crossing, Hudsons Bay 21,976 square metres Safeway 4,884 square metres Sears 24,435 square metres On August 12,2010, Southgate celebrated the 40th anniversary of its opening. In 1993, Woodwards went bankrupt, its space was converted to Eatons, in addition, Safeway occupied the food floor of the former Woodwards. Southgate Centre Ivanhoe Cambridge Leasing Fact Page
21.
Edmonton Public Schools
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Edmonton Public Schools is the largest public school district in Edmonton, the second largest in Alberta, and the sixth largest in Canada. The district offers a variety of alternative and special needs programs, as a public system, Edmonton Public Schools accepts all students who meet age and residency requirements. Edmonton Public Schools operates 199 schools, the proposed operating budget is $939.5 million for the 2011-2012 fiscal year. Over 83,000 students attend Edmonton Public Schools and there are over 7,000 full-time staff equivalencies, a group of nine elected trustees sit on the Board of Trustees for Edmonton Public Schools. Each trustee represents one ward in the city and they are elected every four years, in the regular municipal election. In the election, Edmonton voters can vote for a trustee to one of the two main school boards. The last election was held in October 21,2013, the public and Catholic systems operate independently of each other, and are both under the direct authority of the provincial government of Alberta. Edmontons first schoolhouse was built in 1881, the wooden frame building is situated on the same grounds as historic McKay Avenue School. Known now as the 1881 Schoolhouse, it was the first free school in Alberta. While in use, until 1904, it served as a courthouse. Edmonton Public Schools Archives and Museum is located in historic McKay Avenue School, the buildings cornerstone was laid in 1904 by the Governor General of Canada, Lord Minto. The year 1904 marked the beginning of an important new era of growth and prosperity in Alberta, the design included unique features such as the Ionic Romanesque pillared entranceways. McKay Avenue School served as the site of the first two sessions of the Alberta Legislature and it was in the third floor Assembly Hall that the important decision was made to make Edmonton the capital of Alberta. McKay Avenue School was designated a Provincial Historic Resource in 1976, Edmonton Public Schools pioneered the concept of site-based decision making in Canada. In 1976, the district initiated a project in seven of its schools. Today, school-based management is functioning successfully in other educational jurisdictions across Canada, rideau Park School Edmonton Public Schools offers Regular programs, Alternative programs and Special education programs. There are more than 30 Alternative programs available with a focus on a type of arts, athletics, language, faith. This includes, Aboriginal education, Cogito, American Sign Language, Hockey Training, Waldorf and this program supports children with mild/moderate and severe disabilities, aged 2½ to 4½ years
22.
Edmonton Catholic School District
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Edmonton Catholic Separate School District No.7 or the Edmonton Catholic School District is the Catholic school board in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. The Edmonton Catholic School District has 41,338 students,1,910 certificated staff, ECSD has a total of 88 schools. In 1888, three sisters from the order of the Faithful Companions of Jesus began teaching 23 Catholic students in the very first Catholic school in Edmonton, in August 1888, Edmonton Catholic parents applied to organize a separate school district for their children. In October of that year three sisters from the Faithful Companions of Jesus sailed from France to open a convent and a school in Edmonton. They began teaching at the newly formed St. Joachim Catholic School on 2 November 1888 and that first year the sisters taught 23 students. At that time compulsory schooling began at age seven and was complete by the age of 12, from then they have grown from one school with 23 students to 88 schools with more than 41,000 students. Edmonton Catholic Schools offers a program for children aged 3 1/1 and 4 1/2 called the 100 Voices program which is available at a number of different schools in the district. The Edmonton Catholic School District offers a number of language programs, anne Fitzgerald Annunciation Archbishop Joseph MacNeil Ben Calf Robe/St. Clare Cardinal Léger Father Michael Troy Fresh Start Mill Woods & Guardian Angel Outreach Fresh Start Northwest & Guardian Angel Outreach H. E, beriault Holy Cross Holy Family J. H. Picard J. J
23.
Edmonton Transit Service
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The Edmonton Transit System, also called ETS, is the public transit service owned and operated by the city of Edmonton, Alberta. It operates Edmontons bus and light rail systems, ETS provides service on buses and light-rail transit within the City of Edmonton limits, in addition to Fort Saskatchewan, Spruce Grove, and the Edmonton Garrison at Namao. It also provides connections to transit services operated by the City of St. Albert. Another trial service to Beaumont in 2003-2004 was discontinued due to low ridership, ETS provides service to the Edmonton International Airport, while Leduc Transit provides bus service to Leduc. ETS operates a fleet of accessible low floor buses, which have been progressively introduced into the system since 1993. These include the 858 40-foot New Flyer D40LF, and the 33 60-foot D60LF articulated models, ETS uses the timed-transfer system, where suburban feeder routes run to a transit centre, and passengers can then transfer to a base route/LRT to the city centre or the university. Some feeder routes provide express service to and from the city centre. The Ookspress was an express route that ferried people from Churchill Station directly to the main NAIT campus that primarily used electric buses. The Ookspress was cancelled when the Metro Line opened on September 6,2015, as of November 2014, there are 22 routes equipped. A mobile app, ETS Live to Go, has been released, over 750 buses have Smart Bus technology as of May 2016. Mobile data terminals inform the drivers how to drive a route if they are unfamiliar, the buses equipped have internal covert cameras to monitor safety. City council has approved funding for Smartbus deployment on all bus routes as of 2019 and 2020, on September 4th 2016, all 928 busses in the ETS fleet had been fully equipped with Smart bus technology, earlier than initially planned. Late Night Owl Service Night service began in September 2015, routes 1,4,8, and 9 and 512. These buses operate until 3,30 AM, morning service then resumes around 5,00 AM. LRT route night service is provided by Route 512 which stops close to each Capital Line LRT station overnight, other routes end service at varying times. In May 2007, Edmonton Transit Security were appointed Peace Officers under the Alberta Peace Officer Act, Transit Peace Officers can hand out tickets for Provincial Statutes and Edmonton bylaws on Transit property. Transit Security uses Crown Victoria Police Interceptor cruisers as their source of transportation. Routes numbered 30-99 are south Edmonton routes, while routes 100-199 run north of the river, for example, routes 60 to 79 are located in Mill Woods, while routes 160-179 are located in Castle Downs
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Coat of arms of Edmonton
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The coat of arms of Edmonton was granted on 28 October 1994. Crest, features a mace at the top representing Edmonton as Albertas capital. Shield, The sun emblazoned on the shield represents Edmontons above-average amount of sunshine, the citys importance as an aviation and industrial centre is illustrated by a winged wheel. A wavy ribbon symbolises the North Saskatchewan River, supporters, On the left, a métis explorer, a reminder of the citys fur trading past, looks to the future. On the right, Athena, the goddess of wisdom, represents education, compartment, The compartment or base is a simple grassy mount. Motto, A scroll below the arms reads Industry – Integrity – Progress Flag of Edmonton Coat of arms of Alberta
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Demographics of Edmonton
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According to the 2011 census, the City of Edmonton had a population of 812,201 residents, compared to 3,645,257 for all of Alberta, Canada. The total population of the Edmonton census metropolitan area was 1,159,869, making it the sixth-largest CMA in Canada, in 2014, a municipal census indicated the city had a population of 877,926. In the five years between 2006 and 2011, the population of the City of Edmonton grew by 11. 2%, the population density of the City of Edmonton averaged 1,186.8 km2, compared with an average of 5.7 km2 for Alberta altogether. In mid-2006,11. 9% of Edmontons population were of retirement age compared with 13. 7% in Canada, the median age was 35.3 years of age, compared to 37.6 years of age for all of Canada. Also, according to the 2006 census,50. 5% of the population within the City of Edmonton were female, while 49. 5% were male, children under five accounted for approximately 5. 6% of the resident population of Edmonton. This compares with 6. 2% in Alberta, and almost 5. 2% for Canada overall, in 2011, people of European ethnicities formed the largest cluster of ethnic groups in Edmonton, mostly of English, Scottish, German, Irish, Ukrainian, and French origin. Also in 2011, visible minorities accounted for 30% of the population, the 2011 National Household Survey identified 55. 8% of Edmontonians as Christian, while 31. 1% of residents were identified as having no religion. ^2 All percentages are rounded to nearest 0. 1%
26.
Edmonton Journal
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The Edmonton Journal is a daily newspaper in Edmonton, Alberta. It is part of the Postmedia Network, the Journal was founded in 1903 by three local businessmen — John Macpherson, Arthur Moore and J. W. Cunningham — as a rival to Albertas first newspaper, the 23-year-old Edmonton Bulletin. Within a week, the Journal took over another newspaper, The Edmonton Post, in 1912, the Journal was sold to the Southam family. It remained under Southam ownership until 1996, when it was acquired by Hollinger International, the Journal was subsequently sold to Canwest in 2000, and finally came under its current ownership, Postmedia Network Inc. in 2010. In 1905, The Journal began operating from a building on the corner of a lot on 102nd Avenue and its present location at 101st Street and 100th Avenue was established in 1921, and Albertas first radio station, CJCA, began broadcasting from the building a year later. After the Bulletin folded in 1951, the Journal was left as Edmontons oldest, the monopoly continued until The Edmonton Sun began publishing in 1978. Today, the Journal publishes six days a week, with sections including News, Sports, Opinion, A&E, Life. It also supports community events such as the Canspell National Spelling Bee, according to the Canadian Newspaper Association, the Journal boasts a weekly circulation of 583,328 as of 2013. The Journal has also begun operating under a new commitment to digital media in addition to traditional print, list of newspapers in Canada Official website Historical Columnists Blogs Subscription Information
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Religion in Edmonton
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Religion in Edmonton consists of the diverse religious traditions of the people who live in Edmonton, the capital of Alberta. As of the 2011 National Household Survey,55. 8% of Edmonton residents Christian and 25. 9% are Catholic. 12. 5% belong to other Christian denominations,5. 5% are Muslim,2. 6% are Sikh,2. 1% are Buddhist, and 31. 1% have no religious affiliation. One of Albertas three Baháí Centres is located in Edmonton, the two centres are situated in Sylvan Lake, Alberta and Athabasca, Alberta. The first mosque established in Canada-the Al-Rashid Mosque, founded by Abdullah Yusuf Ali—is situated in Edmonton, Edmonton has an Ahmadiyya mosque, named Baitul Hadi Mosque. Edmonton also hosts a Maronite Catholic church, on 76th Avenue/98th Street, with services in English on Saturdays, the Lebanese community also has a Druze Community Centre on the north side of the city. The Edmonton Alberta Temple of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints was dedicated on December 11,1999, the Hindu Community in Edmonton is served by the Hindu Society of Alberta and the Maha Ganapathy Society of Alberta. The Sikh community in Edmonton is served by four Gurudawaras, the Jewish Community in Edmonton is served by Jewish Federation of Edmonton. The region is served by five synagogues, Edmonton is the home several episcopal sees, or the official headquarters of a Christian bishop located at a cathedral, including, Demographics of Edmonton
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History of Edmonton
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Edmonton, like many places in North America had been inhabited for thousands of years by indigenous groups. First permanent settlement by Europeans is known to have started around 1795, in the early 19th century, the fort was moved to near the current legislature site. The fort served as headquarters for the Hudsons Bay Companys North American fur trade operations in the vast Saskatchewan District of Ruperts Land,1885 Street at Fort Edmonton Park represents the early hamlet of Edmonton. The Town of Edmonton was established in 1894, the town encompassed modern Boyle Street and McCauley neighbourhoods. The first outpost of The Hudsons Bay Company was named Edmonton House in honor of the Companys Deputy Governor Sir James Winter Lakes manor in a town in England of the same name. In 1870, the Hudsons Bay Company had been granted a reserve on much of the present downtown, but by 1913, Edmonton got its first railway in 1903 when a branch-line from Calgary via southside Strathcona was built to cross the Low Level Bridge. Edmonton became a city in 1904 and shortly after, with a mere 5,000 people became Albertas capital. With the new land west of Queens Avenue available to the city, the city grew tremendously, many new communities like Glenora, Highlands, and Westmount were built in this time as the economy started to gain momentum. And during the early 1910s, Edmonton grew very rapidly, causing rising speculation in real estate prices, in 1912, Edmonton amalgamated with the city of Strathcona, south of the North Saskatchewan River, as a result, the city extended south of the river. Just prior to World War I, the real estate boom ended suddenly, the high rate of volunteer enlistment to the army during the war contributed to the drop in population. The city slowly grew in population and economy during the 1920s and 1930s, until taking off during, the first licensed airfield in Canada, Blatchford Field, commenced operation in 1929. During World War II saw Edmontons becoming a base for the construction of the Alaska Highway. The first major oil discovery in Alberta was made on February 13,1947, near the town of Leduc, as early as 1914, oil reserves were known to exist in the southern parts of Alberta, but they produced very little oil compared to those around Edmonton. Additional oil reserves were discovered in the late 1940s and the 1950s near the town of Redwater, because most of Albertas oil reserves were concentrated in central and northern Alberta, Edmonton became home to most of Albertas oil industry. The subsequent oil boom gave Edmonton new status as the Oil Capital of Canada, and during the 1950s, in 1981, West Edmonton Mall, the worlds largest at the time, opened. On July 31,1987, a tornado hit the city. The storm hit the areas of Beaumont, Mill Woods, Bannerman, Fraser, the day became known as Black Friday. Then-mayor Laurence Decore cited the communitys response to the tornado as evidence that Edmonton was a city of champions, the city entered a recent period of economic recovery and prosperity in the late 1990s, aided by a strong recovery in oil prices and further economic diversification
29.
1983 Summer Universiade
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The 1983 Summer Universiade, also known as the 1983 World University Games or XII Summer Universiade, took place in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada between July 1 and 12,1983. Over 2400 athletes from 73 countries participated and it was the first time Canada hosted these Games. Edmonton also hosted the 1978 Commonwealth Games, charles, Prince of Wales, who opened the Universiade, and Princess Diana visited the Universiade, as did other dignitaries and celebrities. In October 2005, Edmonton was also selected as a potential bid candidate to host the 2011 Summer Universiade by the Canadian Interuniversity Sport
30.
Edmonton City Centre (Blatchford Field) Airport
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Edmonton City Centre Airport, was located within the city of Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It was bordered by Yellowhead Trail to the north, Kingsway to the south,121 Street to the west, and it encompassed approximately 144 acres of land just north of the Edmonton city centre. In all cases, the three letter YXD code continued to be used for the airport by all of the serving the airfield over the years. The airport was closed in November 2013 and has been redeveloped for housing, the airport has a rich aviation history, being the first licensed airfield in Canada. Characters such as Wop May helped pioneer aviation in Alberta and Northern Canada, wiley Post landed there during both of his circumnavigations. A full history can be gathered at the Alberta Aviation Museum, a weather station was established in 1937. Over the years since then, its site had witnessed increasing influence by the heat island effect. By the mid-1970s, Edmonton Municipal A. was regularly recording some of the longest frost-free periods in the Prairie Provinces with the first fall frost often not coming before October, the fate of the Edmonton City Centre Airport was embroiled in a fierce debate for several decades. In the 1950s, the need for a set of runways in order to accommodate the larger aircraft on the air travel horizon was clear. With no ability to expand CYXD, the search was on for a new airport site, upon completion of a new passenger terminal at CYEG in 1963, CYXD was to be closed. Edmonton then entered into a 50-year airport debate concerning CYXD that shaped logistics, transportation, according to the June 1,1958 Trans-Canada Air Lines system timetable, the air carrier was also operating five nonstop departures a day to Calgary with Viscount propjets. Several types of jet aircraft were operated into CYXD, notably the Boeing 737-200. Other jet service came in the form of the British Aerospace BAe 146-200 as Air Canada Connector flights operated by Air BC on behalf of Air Canada, mcDonnell Douglas DC-9-30s in Air Canada livery operated briefly out of YXD in the early 1980s but left due to field/weight limitations. Both the Twin Otter and Dash 7 have short takeoff and landing capabilities so runway length was not an issue for these aircraft types. By 1985, Pacific Western was operating up to sixteen nonstop Boeing 737-200 departures a day from the airport to Calgary on its Chieftain Airbus shuttle schedule linking the two cities, the airline had become an all-jet air carrier with a fleet of 737 aircraft at this time. The airport also had service to the U. S. during the mid 1980s, in 1985, Pacific Western was operating direct, no change of plane Boeing 737-200 jet service to Seattle via intermediate stops at Calgary and Vancouver. In 1987, Continental Airlines in conjunction with Pacific Western was operating two flights a day to Texas with direct service to Dallas/Fort Worth and Houston, in the 1992 municipal election, the City of Edmonton held a plebiscite with the question of Are you in favour of bylaw No. 10,205, The Edmonton Municipal Airport Referendum bylaw and this bylaw kept CYXD open to all traffic that the field could legally handle, 54% approved
31.
Fort Edmonton
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Fort Edmonton was the name of a series of trading posts of the Hudsons Bay Company from 1795 to 1891, all of which were located in central Alberta, Canada. From 1795 to 1821 it was paired with the North West Companys Fort Augustus, the fifth and final Fort Edmonton was the one that evolved into present-day Edmonton. Fort Edmonton was also called Fort-des-Prairies, by French-Canadians trappers and coureurs des bois, in the late 18th century, the Hudsons Bay Company was in fierce competition with the North West Company for the trade of animal furs in Ruperts Land. As one company established a fur trading post, the other would counter by building another post in close proximity, expansion down the Saskatchewan River began in the 1790s. In the summer of 1795, the North West Company constructed Fort Augustus where the Sturgeon River meets the North Saskatchewan River near the city of Fort Saskatchewan. In the following autumn, Hudsons Bay constructed Edmonton House nearby, Fort Edmonton was named by John Peter Pruden, clerk to the HBCs George Sutherland. The Fort was named after Edmonton, Middlesex, England, birthplace of both Pruden and HBC Deputy Governor Sir James Winter Lake and this area had been a gathering place for aboriginals in the region for thousands of years. The first woman of European descent to live in this region was the French-Canadian Marie-Anne Gaboury and she had accompanied her fur trader husband, Jean-Baptiste Lagimodière, into the west, and was known to take part in hunting expeditions. They lived in Fort Augustus from 1807 to 1811, John Rowand, chief factor at Fort Edmonton from 1823 to 1854, first worked at Fort Augustus from 1804 to 1806, he was stationed there again from 1808 onward. The two posts shared a palisade from this time forward, Fort Edmonton and Fort Augustus moved back to the second site at the Rossdale flats, it having proven to be a site more amenable for the tribes to visit. The name Fort Augustus was dropped following the merger of the Hudsons Bay Company, the former Nor Wester John Rowand was placed in charge of Edmonton in 1821 as chief trader. In 1823, Rowand was promoted to chief factor, Rowand managed Saskatchewan District from Fort Edmonton until his death in 1854. Due to floods in the late 1820s, the Fort on the Rossdale flats had to be moved to higher ground and this fifth and final fort was built on the site that is now inhabited by the Alberta Legislature Building. At this time, a member of the HBC, John Edward Harriott. The two gained family ties when Harriott married one of Rowands daughters, on a couple of occasions when Rowand joined HBC Inland Governor George Simpson for travel abroad, Harriott acted as chief factor. Rowands administration from the 1830s onward coincided with a change in the Saskatchewan District. For the first time, missionaries, artists, and curious travellers came to Edmonton to visit, sometimes for extended periods, prior to this time, the only Europeans to come that far into the west were men on some sort of company business. With Rowand having made Edmonton his home, the became an important centre in the west
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Fort Edmonton Park
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Fort Edmonton Park is an attraction in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Named for the first enduring European post in the area of modern-day Edmonton and it includes both original and rebuilt historical structures representing the history of Edmonton, and is staffed during the summer by costumed historical interpreters. The history of Fort Edmonton Parks conception goes back as far as 1915, a renewed interest after the Second World War began the momentum that saw the park begin construction in 1969 under the direction of the Fort Edmonton Foundation. This original plan speculated that the park would be spread over ten phases. The fort was the first portion of the park to open in 1974,1885 Street opened by the late 1970s, followed by 1905 Street in the early 1980s, and then 1920 Street by the beginning of the 1990s. A working steam train has transported visitors from the entrance to the fort since 1977. Each street was opened as a work in progress, and the latest version of the development plan calls for still more additions. As of 2008, Fort Edmonton Park is made up of four sections, each representing an era, the park is located along the south bank of the North Saskatchewan River in southwestern Edmonton. The first era is represented by the fort of 1846, followed by 1885 Street,1905 Street, aside from the train, visitors may also ride horse-drawn carriages, streetcars, and automobiles in the appropriate eras. From May long weekend through to Labour Day, and Sundays in September and these personnel utilize a variety of techniques to reveal the lifestyles and attitudes of the era that they represent. Additionally, throughout the year, public tours may be booked with non-costumed interpreters, chronologically, the first phase of Fort Edmonton Park is the eponymous Hudsons Bay Company fort, representing the fur trade era. The fort is not the original, it has been using a scale plan diagram drawn by British Lieutenant Mervin Vavasour. Other accounts, such as the journals of the forts denizens, a Cree camp is found just outside the forts palisade, itself a representation of the indigenous First Nations, whose trade of furs and provisions was vital to the historical forts operation. York Boat A replica York boat is displayed near the river and is moored in the water. Another York boat may be seen under construction within the walls of the fort, the Rowand House The imposing residence of John Rowand and his family, this massive structure was one of the largest houses in present-day western Canada in its own time. The house has four levels, and they are, one for servants, one for dining and business, one for the family and guest rooms, and a garret for storage. The Mens Quarters Directly opposite of the Rowand House on the forts courtyard, some quarters are also the workspace of the forts skilled tradesmen. Many beds furnish these quarters, as each small apartment was to several working men and, if married
33.
Heritage buildings in Edmonton
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Heritage buildings in Edmonton, as elsewhere in Canada, may be designated by any of the three levels of government, the Government of Canada, the Government of Alberta, or the City of Edmonton. Only National Historic Sites commemorate buildings, and there is only one National Historic Site in Edmonton, there are also four plaques for National Historic People and National Historic Events in the city. The federal government also has a heritage register for buildings it owns. The only other heritage recognition provided to buildings by the government is that of Heritage Railway Station. The former Strathcona Canadian Pacific Railway Station is one such station, Historic designation in Alberta is governed by the Historic Resources Act. Sites owned and run by the government as a functioning historic site or museum are known as Provincial Historic Sites. The two Provincial Historic Sites in Edmonton are the Royal Alberta Museum, and Rutherford House, there are 45 Provincial Historic Resources and 30 Registered Historic Resources listed with the Alberta Register of Historic Places within Edmonton city boundaries. Since 2007 the provincial government has recognized the Old Strathcona district as a Provincial Historic Area. Sites can be put on the Register, which is simply a list of buildings the city deems historic, however the owner must be notified and city council must vote to approve designating a building as a Municipal Historic Resources. Only Municipal Historic Resources are protected from demolition, in addition to this the City publishes a list of historic resources that were demolished after being added to the register. In the last report 27 historic buildings were listed as demolished, list of tallest buildings in Edmonton Reginas historic buildings and precincts
34.
Hotel Macdonald
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The Fairmont Hotel Macdonald is a hotel in Edmonton, Alberta. It was built by the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway, and has been owned by Canadian National Railway, Canadian Pacific Hotels. Construction began in 1911, and was completed in 1915, allowing the hotel to open in July of that year, the hotel is an Edmonton landmark, and overlooks the North Saskatchewan River Valley, the largest urban parkway in North America. It is one of Canadas chateau-style hotels built in the late 19th, prior to the construction of the Hotel Macdonald, the site was home to a squatters camp. The squatters often lived in tents or in caves dug into the side of the river valley wall. Local residents nicknamed the site the Galician Hotel due to the fact many of the squatters were Ukrainian-speaking immigrants from the Austro-Hungarian province of Galicia. Ross and Macdonald, the architectural firm that designed many of Canadas landmark hotels. Construction was completed on July 5,1915, and the structure was named after Canadas first prime minister, the original seven-story Grand Trunk Pacific hotel was built in a distinctive chateau style adapted from 16th century French castles. The building is faced with Indiana limestone and roofed with copper, construction and furnishings cost about $2,250,000. In 1953, the constructed a 300-bedroom, 16-story addition to keep up with the rising demand for hotel accommodations in the city. Together, the hotel and the addition were dubbed The Mac, the Hotel MacDonald fell into disrepair and closed in 1983, and there was talk of demolition. The City of Edmonton designated the building as a Municipal Heritage Resource, five areas were included in the designation, the building exterior, the Confederation Lounge, the lobby, the Wedgewood Room, and the Empire Ballroom. The 1953 addition was demolished in 1986, Canadian Pacific Hotels purchased the hotel in 1988, and began a restoration campaign. The hotel reopened in 1991 after work totaling $28 million, with the addition of the 18 suites, the hotel now has 199 rooms on 11 floors, and stands a total of 51 metres high. In 1999, CP Hotels merged with Fairmont Hotels, and began operating the hotel under the Fairmont banner, the chain was later sold, and Fairmont Hotels and Resorts is now owned by Kingdom Holding Company
35.
North Saskatchewan River flood of 1915
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The North Saskatchewan River flood of 1915 was one of the largest floods in the history of Edmonton. On 28 June, the Edmonton Bulletin reported the river had risen 10 feet in as many hours, a frantic telegram from Rocky Mountain House alerted local authorities to the floods arrival. Thousands of Edmonton residents watched the flood destroy lumber mills along the river valley. Like all rivers, the North Saskatchewan River is subject to flooding, beginning with rapid snowmelt in the mountains or prolonged periods of rain in the river basin. City of Edmonton - The Flood of 1915 Look Out Edmonton short documentary
36.
Princess Theatre (Edmonton)
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The Princess Theatre is a two-screen art-house cinema located at 10337 Whyte Avenue in Edmonton’s historic Old Strathcona neighbourhood. The building was designed by prominent Edmonton architects Wilson and Herrald and it became Edmontons oldest surviving theatre after the demolition of the Gem Theatre in 2006. The building currently houses the main 400-seat theatre as well as the 100-seat Princess II and it was originally known as the McKernan Block, after John W. McKernan, the buildings original financier, owner, and manager. McKernan was already a recognized theatre operator having previously run two other south side theatres before the Princess, the south side Gem and the South Side Bijou, only the Princess was to survive the collapse of Strathcona’s building boom in 1913. The building and the theatre within has changed several times. It spent a dozen years as a space from 1958–1970. The Princess was operated successfully as a theatre from 1978 to late 1996. Until 2016, the Princess was operated as a first run theatre by Edmonton’s native Magic Lantern Theatres, from January 2016 the Cinema is being operated by Plaza Entertainment. The building was known as the McKernan Block, after John W. McKernan. The McKernans were a family of property developers in boomtown Strathcona, John’s father developed and ran the historically important Dominion Hotel, for his part, J. W. McKernan is considered an important trailblazer in Edmonton entertainment. He opened two other south side theatres before the Princess, the South Side Gem and the South Side Bijou, the Princess Theatre opened as a single-screen cinema on March 8,1915 to rave reviews. It had cost McKernan CDN$75,000 and had taken 10 months to build, the theatre opened with 660 seats and the largest live performance stage in a cinema west of Winnipeg. It was at the time the cinema on Edmonton’s south side. Opening night was a concert for The Imperial Order of the Daughters of the Empire, associated with the 19th Alberta Dragoons. The program proudly included newsreels “featuring actual war scenes”, the house’s first feature film, The Eagle’s Mate starring Mary Pickford, was screened the following night. At the time, the Princess was considered a showpiece of elegance and it was the first building west of Winnipeg to be faced with marble. The Edmonton Journal remarked on the quality of the “photoplay house’s” finishings, remarking on the marble facade, frescoes, brass mirrors. On the technical side, two projectors were housed in their own fireproof machine room
37.
Strathcona, Alberta
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Strathcona was a city in Alberta, Canada, located on the south side of the North Saskatchewan River across from the City of Edmonton. Strathconas recorded history began in the 1870s and its first residents were an offshoot of the hangers-on and self-employed contractors who resided near the old Fort Edmonton on the north side of the river. This mixed community of British, Québécois, Cree and Metis fur trade employees, pioneer farmers, hunters, the Calgary and Edmonton Railway arrived in 1891, establishing an urban hamlet centred on what is now Whyte Avenue. The townsite Plan I was registered September 25,1891 and it was thought that South Edmonton would overwhelm Old Edmonton on the north side but Strathconas geographic difficulties prevented this. However, Strathcona was in good position for businesses near the railway station to prosper. Over the following 20 years the centres buildings were replaced by more substantial two-storey wood or even brick buildings. On May 29,1899, Strathcona was incorporated as a named after Lord Strathcona. Smith was a prominent official in the Hudsons Bay Company and the Canadian Pacific Railway, that operated the Calgary and Edmonton Railway, the first mayor of Strathcona was Thomas Bennett. In the 1911 census, Strathcona had a population of 5,579, the amalgamation of the two cities went into effect on February 1,1912, resulting in increased policing and more affordable transit for Strathcona. Whitemud Creek comprised the brief portion of the citys west boundary between 68 Avenue and the river and this included land annexed by Strathcona that was not fully developed until after the Second World War, well after the merger. Also, the commercial core of the former City of Strathcona has been designated as the Old Strathcona Provincial Historic Area. List of mayors of Strathcona, Alberta
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Timeline of Edmonton history
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This is a timeline of the history of Edmonton, Canada. 1754 – Anthony Henday, an explorer working for the Hudsons Bay Company,1795 – Fort Edmonton was established on the north bank of the river, as a major trading post for the Hudsons Bay Company. 1871 – The first private buildings outside the walls of Fort Edmonton,1879 – Edmontons first local exhibition. 1886 – Edmontons coldest temperature is recorded as −49.4 °C January 19,1891 – Community of South Edmonton established south of the river upon opening of the Calgary and Edmonton Railway. 1892 – Second McDougall Church was built at site of first church,1892 – Edmonton was incorporated as a town, with a population of 700. 1897 – Edmonton was a point for people hoping to cash in on the Klondike Gold Rush. 1900 – Low Level Bridge completed, Methodist Church Board founds Alberta College 1904 – Incorporated as a city in 1904 with a population of 8,350. 1905 Edmonton became the capital of Alberta, as Alberta joined Confederation, Canadian Northern Railway arrived in Edmonton, accelerating growth. 1907-14 – The first real estate boom had begun suddenly, with new land from the Hudson Bay Co reserve now being a part of Edmonton, blossomed the population of Edmonton proper to 72,500. But just prior to World War I the population sharply declined causing the population to go from over 72,500 in 1914 to under 54,000 only two years later. 1907 – Six workers die in a fire at the Strathcona Coal Company,1908 Edmonton Eskimos hockey team makes the citys first appearance at the Stanley Cup finals. Strathcona Canadian Pacific Railway Station completed,1910 – Third McDougall Church completed, dedicated in the honour of George McDougall. 1912 Edmonton amalgamated with the city of Strathcona, south of the North Saskatchewan River, as a result, North Saskatchewan River flood of 1915 leaves 2000 homeless. 1918–1919 – Spanish Flu kills 614 Edmontonians,1920 – Edmonton Symphony Orchestra holds its first performance. 1922 CJCA begins broadcasting as citys first radio station, Edmonton Grads win the Canadian Basketball Championship. The wins this competition each year from 1922 to 1940,1923 – Edmonton Grads win the World Basketball Championships. 1924 – The Edmonton Art Gallery opened for the first time,1929 – Blatchford Field commenced operation. 1937 – Edmontons hottest temperature is recorded as 37.2 °C on June 29,1947 – The first major oil discovery in Alberta was made near the town of Leduc, south of Edmonton
39.
Edmonton tornado
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It was one of seven other tornadoes in central Alberta the same day. The tornado remained on the ground for an hour, cutting a swath of destruction 30.8 kilometres long and up to a 1,300 metres wide in places, and peaking at F4 on the Fujita scale. The tornado killed 27 people, injured more than 300 people, destroyed more than 300 homes, the loss of life, injuries and destruction of property made it the worst natural disaster in Albertas recent history and one of the worst in Canadas history. Environment Canada responded swiftly upon receipt of the first report of a touchdown from a resident of Leduc County which is immediately adjacent to Edmontons southern boundary. In the week preceding July 31, a low pressure system sitting over southwestern British Columbia fed warm, daytime heating along with near-record dewpoints over Alberta triggered a series of strong thunderstorms that persisted throughout the week. On July 31, a cold front developed over western Alberta, forecasters recognized the elevated risk for severe weather early in the day. Weatheradio broadcasts and interviews with the media stressed vicious thunderstorms and extremely strong, severe thunderstorms developed rapidly over the foothills early in the day and quickly moved eastward. The first severe weather watches were issued over central Alberta late in the morning, at 1,40 PM, a severe weather watch was issued for the Edmonton area, including Leduc County, Parkland County, and Strathcona County. The watch was upgraded to a warning at 2,45 PM as the line of storms approached the area. As the cluster of storms approached the Leduc area, a violent cell rapidly developed ahead of the line of storms. The storm passed east of Leduc, where the first tornado report made by a spotter at 2,59 PM. The tornado was on the ground briefly before dissipating, shortly after 3 PM, the tornado again touched down in the Beaumont area, tossing granaries and farm equipment as it grew in size and strength. At 3,04 PM, a warning was issued for the city. The tornado moved into the southeast portion of the city as a multiple-vortex tornado, the tornado continued northward crossing the Sherwood Park Freeway and eventually hitting the Refinery Row area at F4 intensity. The tornado tossed several large oil tanks, leveled several industrial buildings, grass scouring and windrowing of debris occurred, and damage in that area may have been borderline F5, but was never officially ranked as such. The tornado weakened slightly as it passed over an area between Baseline Road and the North Saskatchewan River. Still, it maintained F2 to F3 intensity as it tore through parts of Clareview toward 4,00 PM, causing heavy damage to several homes in Kernohan, Bannerman. The tornado persisted as it headed northeast toward the Evergreen Mobile Home Park, there, the tornado completely destroyed nearly 200 mobile homes in the area, killed 15 people and injured numerous others
40.
Mindbender (Galaxyland)
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The Mindbender is the worlds largest indoor triple-loop roller coaster. It is located in Galaxyland Amusement Park, a major attraction inside West Edmonton Mall, in Edmonton, Alberta, Mindbender was designed by Germanys Werner Stengel and built by Anton Schwarzkopf. Mindbender is a pseudo mirror-image of Dreier Looping, and is slightly taller, Mindbender features shorter trains, with three pilot cars, whereas Dreier Looping usually ran with five trailer cars and one pilot car, occasionally rising to seven-car trains at busy funfairs. The rides layout features many twisting drops, three vertical loops and an upward helix finale. The ride twists underneath, in between and around its supports and it also goes underneath the former UFO Maze attraction, which has been removed to make way for another roller coaster, Gerstlauers Galaxy Orbiter, during the helix. Often in high season, the last car on one of the trains is reversed, after boarding the Mindbender, riders put on their seatbelt and lap restraints. Also, the operator lowers large shoulder restraints over the riders. All of the keep the riders firmly secured in the seat. After ascending the curving wheel driven lift hill, the train descends a sharp, the train negotiates a second left-hand drop that is immediately followed by two vertical loops. The aforementioned process happens yet again, but the height of the coaster is decreased, upon completing the final loop, the coaster train shoots along a two-layered upward before running behind the Galaxy Quest 7D theater and into the exit/entry area. The ride length from the initial drop should normally range from one minute five seconds to one minute twenty-five seconds, circuits times as little as 59 seconds are possible through extensive waxing of the track, and reduction in tension on the bogey wheels. This increase in speed is not permitted during public rides, as the forces on the riders becomes severe. During testing of the trains in 1987, the maximum g-force of a normal run was measured on equipment bolted into the train at 5.5 Gs. On the evening of June 14,1986, after the yellow train completed the second inverted loop, missing bolts on the left inside wheel assembly of the last car of the four-car train caused the bogie assembly to disengage the track with a full load of riders. This caused the car to fishtail wildly, disengaging the lap bars as it collided with support structures, thereby throwing off passengers. The train entered the third and final inverted loop, but did not have the speed to complete the loop, the train stalled at the top, then slid backwards, crashing into a concrete pillar. Three people were killed during the accident and a person was seriously injured. At the time of the accident, the park was packed with people who were attending a concert, the ride had shut down twice, as the operator had heard a metallic noise from the train prior to the accident
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Aspen parkland
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This is the largest boreal-grassland transition zone in the world and is a zone of constant competition and tension as prairie and woodlands struggle to overtake each other within the parkland. This article focuses on this biome in North America, similar biomes also exist in Russia north of the steppes and in northern Europe. According the Ecological Framework of Canada, published in 1999, the Aspen Parkland ecoregion is the largest and northernmost section of Prairies Ecozone and this definition is the arc-shapped region. Partly, defined by climate, it had an annual temperature of approximately 1. 5°C circa 1999. By this definition, there are approximately 5,500,000 hectares of this ecoregion in the province of Alberta and these ecoregions lie in both the Boreal Plains Ecozone and the Prairies Ecozone. The Boreal sections are Manitoba Lowlands, Aspen-Oak, Aspen Grove, Mixedwood, the aspen parkland biome runs in a thin band no wider than 500 km through the Prairie Provinces, although it gets broader to the west, especially in Alberta. This is a landscape with many small lakes and ponds. There are three sections of aspen parkland, Peace River, Central, and Foothills. The Foothills parkland covers the Foothills of the Rocky Mountains as far south as Waterton Lakes National Park, the region has a Humid continental climate accompanied by a subhumid low boreal transitional grassland ecoclimate. Summers are warm and short and winters can be long and cold, the Mean annual temperatures range from 0.5 to 2.5 °C, with Summers ranging 13 to 16 °C, and winters ranging −14.5 to −12.5 °C. The Peace River Country in northwestern Alberta and northeastern areas of the North Interior in British Columbia has the coolest climate, annual precipitation is usually between 375 to 700 millimetres. Chinook winds off the foothill is also winter, mainly effecting Alberta, four significantly different habitats are common in the aspen parklands, The fescue prairie, the woodlands, the ravines and the wetlands and lakes. A rarer habitat type, tallgrass aspen parkland, occurs only in the southeastern corner of the aspen parklands biome. The fescue prairie is a meadowland rich in vegetation variety which forms the cover for the development of the soils that underlie the parklands. The close association with woodlands and wetlands makes this a choice location for many plants, the richer soil and increased precipitation favours the natural growth of fescue grass. However, varying conditions such as level and grazing pressures allow for the invasion of secondary plant species. There are numerous grasses and sedges in the fescue prairie, gravelly and rocky terrain is a good location for parry oat grass. Dry areas favour June, porcupine and spear grass, wet areas are often covered with slender wheat grass and timber oat grass
42.
Edmonton Metropolitan Region
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The ECRs commonly known boundaries are coincident with those of the Edmonton census metropolitan area as delineated by Statistics Canada. However, its boundaries are defined differently for Capital Region Board administrative purposes, the ECR is considered a major gateway to northern Alberta and the Canadian North, particularly for many companies, including airlines and oil/natural gas exploration. Located within central Alberta and at the end of the Calgary–Edmonton Corridor. The Edmonton CMA is the largest CMA in Canada by area at 9,426.73 km2, in the 2011 Census, it had a population of 1,159,869, making it the sixth largest CMA in Canada by population. The Edmonton CMA comprises the majority of Statistics Canadas Division No.11 in Alberta, a fragmentation in regional cooperation and partnership has long played a divisive role within the ECR. As a result, Premier Ed Stelmach announced in December 2007 that a governing board would be established for Edmontons Capital Region. Four months later, the Capital Region Board was formed with the passing of the Capital Region Board Regulation by Order in Council 127/2008 under the authority of the Municipal Government Act. The CRB was originally established with 25 participating or member municipalities –23 of which were within the Edmonton CMA and two of which were outside the CMA. The number of municipalities was reduced to 24 on September 10,2010 after the Village of New Sarepta dissolved to hamlet status under the jurisdiction of Leduc County on September 1,2010. Of the 35 census subdivisions within the Edmonton CMA, the Village of Spring Lake, in March,2010, Growing Forward, The Capital Region Growth Plan, consisting of individual plans for these four components and two addenda, was approved by the Government of Alberta. The CRGP includes a population and employment forecast for the Capital Region, with a base population of 1.12 million in 2009, the CRB has forecasted the population of the Capital Region to reach 1.31 million by 2019. However, the 2019 population estimate was reached and exceeded by 2014, the CRGP also designates priority growth areas and cluster country residential areas within the Capital Region. The following is a list of municipalities in the Edmonton Capital Region, the Town of Lamont, Lamont County and members of the CRB are indicated accordingly. ^ Strathcona Countys 2011 federal census population of 92,490 includes 64,733 in the Sherwood Park urban service area, ^ Strathcona Countys 2015 municipal census population of 95,597 includes 68,782 in Sherwood Park. ^ The combined Wabamun 133A and 133B population of 1,086 includes 1,069 in Wabamun 133A and 17 in Wabamun 133B, ^ Population including Lamont and Lamont County. At the moment, two major industrial areas are in the final stages of establishment. Calgary-Edmonton Corridor Calgary Region Capital Region Board Edmonton. com - Portal to Greater Edmonton EEDC - Edmonton Economic Development Corporation Edmontons International Region
43.
North Saskatchewan River
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The North Saskatchewan River is a glacier-fed river that flows east from the Canadian Rockies to central Saskatchewan. It is one of two rivers that join to make up the Saskatchewan River. The Saskatchewan River system is the largest shared between the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan and it includes most of southern Alberta and southern Saskatchewan, before crossing into central Manitoba. North Saskatchewan River has a length of 1,287 kilometres, at its end point at Saskatchewan River Forks it has a mean discharge of 245 cubic metres per second. The yearly discharge at the Alberta–Saskatchewan border is more than 7 cubic kilometres, the river begins above 1,800 metres at the toe of the Saskatchewan Glacier in the Columbia Icefield, and flows southeast through Banff National Park alongside the Icefields Parkway. At the junction of the David Thompson Highway, it turns northeast for 10 kilometres before switching to a more direct eastern flow for about 30 kilometres. At this point, it turns north where it arrives at Abraham Lake. Bighorn Dam constricts the north end of Abraham Lake, where the North Saskatchewan emerges to track eastward to Rocky Mountain House, at Rocky Mountain House, the river abruptly turns north again for 100 kilometres where it switches east towards Edmonton, Alberta. From the border, the river flows southeast between North Battleford and Battleford and on in the direction of Saskatoon, about 40 kilometres northwest of Saskatoon, near Langham, the river veers to the northeast where it passes through the City of Prince Albert. About 30 kilometres downstream of Prince Albert, the North Saskatchewan River joins the South Saskatchewan River at Saskatchewan River Forks to become the Saskatchewan River, from there, the river flows east to Tobin Lake and into Manitoba, eventually emptying into Lake Winnipeg. The river course can be divided into five distinct sections, the first, the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains, is the smallest area geographically, although the largest in terms of run-off and contributed water flow. The glaciers and perpetual snows of the mountain feed the river year-round. Mountains, with vegetation, experience fast-melting snow cover. The second section of the river comprises the foothills region, the terrain is hilly and rough, with a deeper and more defined valley. This area is covered with forest and muskeg, and run-off into the river is much more constant. From Edmonton to the mouth of the Vermilion River, the North Saskatchewan flows through the plains-parkland divide, the North Saskatchewan River valley parks system, the largest expanses of urban parkland in Canada. Cutting across Edmonton and the Capital Region, the valley of the river is much wider, and the river itself spreads out across shallow water and flows over many shifting sand bars. Low-lying, flat areas, border the river for much of this section, the final section of the river, from Prince Albert to the Saskatchewan River Forks, has many rapids
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North Saskatchewan River valley parks system
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The North Saskatchewan River valley parks system is a continuous collection of urban parks in the North Saskatchewan River valley of Edmonton, Alberta. Edmontons river valley comprises over 20 major parks and attractions and forms the largest expanses of urban parkland in Canada, the public river valley parks provide a unique urban escape area with park styles ranging from fully serviced urban parks to campsite-like facilities with few amenities. At 7,400 ha in size and 48 km in length, the valley parks system consists of 22 ravines. Most of the city has bike and walking trail connections and these trails are also part of the 235 km Waskahegan walking trail. Several golf courses, both public and private, are located in the river valley. The long summer daylight hours of this northern city provide for extended play well into the evening, golf courses and the park system become a winter recreation area during this season. Cross-country skiing and skating are popular during the long winter, four downhill ski slopes are located in the river valley as well, two within the city and two immediately outside. The City of Edmonton has named five parks in its river valley system in honour of each of The Famous Five. The river valley parks in particular are part of the Waskahegan, Edmontons river valley park system is home to porcupines, deer, coyotes, skunks, muskrats, rabbits, and beavers. Jack Pine, Lodgepole Pine, White Spruce, White Birch, Aspen, Green Ash, Basswood, various poplars and willows, introduced tree species include Blue Spruce, Norway Maple, Red Oak, Sugar Maple, Common Horse-chestnut, McIntosh Apple, and Evans Cherry. Three walnut species -- Butternut, Manchurian Walnut and Black Walnut—have survived in Edmonton, the idea of uniting the parks of the river valley into one parks system dates back to at least the 1970s. The River Valley Alliance is a grouping of municipal governments in the Edmonton region that have committed to expanding the River Valley Parks System outside of Edmontons city limits. The plan calls for a 18, 000-acre zone to be called the Capital Region Valley Park stretched over 88 kilometres running from Devon to Fort Saskatchewan. In January 2008, the City of Edmonton paid a record C$7 million to buy a parcel of land to fill in a gap in the continuous chain of parks. The city further promised to spend C$20 million of pedestrian bridges and trails, but said that the as yet unnamed park would be left in an undeveloped state
