1.
President of Rutgers University
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The President of Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey /ˈrʌtɡərz/ is the chief administrator of Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey. Rutgers was founded by clergymen affiliated with the Dutch Reformed Church in 1766 as Queens College and was the eighth-oldest of nine colleges established during the American colonial period. Before 1956, Rutgers was a liberal arts college and became a full university in 1924 with the offering of graduate degree programs. Today, Rutgers is a research university with three campuses in the state located in New Brunswick and Piscataway, Newark, and Camden. The states flagship university with approximately 65,000 students and employing 20,000 faculty, since 1785, twenty men have served as the institutions president, beginning with the Reverend Jacob Rutsen Hardenbergh, a Dutch Reformed clergyman who was responsible for establishing the college. Before 1930, most of the presidents were clergymen affiliated with Christian denominations in the Reformed tradition. Two presidents were alumni of Rutgers College—the Rev. William H. S. Demarest, the current president is Dr. Robert L. Barchi, a neuroscientist and physician who has served in this position since 2012. He is charged with implementing board policies with the help and advice of senior administrators, the president is responsible only to those two governing boards—there is no oversight by state officials. Frequently, the president also occupies a professorship in his academic discipline, the following twenty individuals have served as president of Rutgers University from the creation of the office in 1785 to the present. Those marked with their names in bold had graduated from Rutgers and those marked with ↑ died in office. Where years dont overlap there was a gap of a few months while a candidate was found. Rutgers was founded as Queens College on November 10,1766, the university is one of only two colonial colleges that later became public universities. In the early days of Queens College, the trustees wrote to the leadership in Amsterdam. The trustees of the renamed the school in honour of Colonel Rutgers in that year. Rutgers University Office of the President of Rutgers University
2.
Mason Welch Gross
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Mason Welch Gross was an American television quiz show personality and academic who served as the sixteenth President of Rutgers University, serving from 1959 to 1971. He was born in Hartford, Connecticut in 1911 to Hilda Frances Welch and he had two siblings, Spencer Gross and Cornelia Gross. Mason started in the Hartford public grade school system and two years at Hartford High School and he then entered the Taft School, a preparatory school in Watertown, Connecticut in 1925. In 1927 he became ill following his inoculation for scarlet fever and he missed a year of school and spent part of the year at a ranch belonging to his mothers cousin in Arizona. Mason earned his Bachelor of Arts in 1934, and Master of Arts degree in classics in 1937, at Jesus College, while there he rowed under the legendary Steve Fairbairn. He returned to the United States and studied at Harvard University under Alfred North Whitehead and he taught at Columbia University from 1938 to 1942, where he met Julia Kernan, a Vassar graduate, and they married on September 6,1940. They had four children together, Ellen Clarissa Gross who married Frank A. Miles, Katharine Wood Gross who married Clayton H. Farnham, Charles Welles Gross, and Thomas Welch Gross. He then served in World War II in the Army Intelligence Corps, Gross earned the Bronze Star, and was later discharged as a Captain. He then became Assistant Professor of Philosophy and Assistant to the Dean of Arts, clothier resigned his office in 1951 and Gross continued as provost under the newly appointed Lewis Webster Jones. He was then given the title of vice president in 1958. Jones resigned the presidency in August 1958, and in February 1959, on May 6,1959, he became the sixteenth president of Rutgers University. From 1949 to 1950 he was a panelist on the quiz show. He was also a judge for the show, Two for the Money from 1952 to 1955 and he oversaw large-scale development on all the Universitys campuses, including the development of Livingston College from the Armys former Camp Kilmer. Gross served during turbulent times with student protests over the Vietnam War which saw the Rutgers ROTC building burned, during his tenure Rutgers University acquired the Center of Alcohol Studies in 1962, formerly housed at Yale University since the 1920s, and established a medical school. In 1971, after 25 years of service,12 as the university president and he then became the director of the Harry Frank Guggenheim Foundation and served until his death. At the time of his death, he was a resident of Rumson and he died in Riverview Hospital in Red Bank, New Jersey, at age 66 in 1977. The School for the Creative and Performing Arts at Rutgers was renamed as the Mason Gross School of the Arts in 1979 in his honor, in 1980 Rutgers University Press published The Selected Speeches of Mason Welch Gross. New York Times, February 28,1959, Gross Named Rutgers President, Scholar Once a TV Personality, Dr. Gross Named Head of Rutgers
3.
Francis Leo Lawrence
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Francis Leo Lawrence was an American educator and scholar specializing in French literature and university administrator. During his career, Lawrence authored several books and articles on French classical drama, for his contributions to this field, Lawrence was awarded the honor of Chevalier dans LOrdre des Palmes Académiques by the French government. Francis Leo Lawrence, “Fran”, as he was known by all, was born in 1937 in Woonsocket, Rhode Island and he attended Mount Saint Charles High School where he played hockey and was a star pitcher on the baseball team. He was inducted into the Mount Saint Charles Hall of Fame in 2005, Lawrence earned his bachelors degree from St. Louis University in French and Italian in 1959, where he met his future wife Mary Kay at the beginning of his freshman year. He was awarded an NDEA fellowship for study and earned a Doctor of Philosophy degree in French classical literature from Tulane University in 1962. In 1990, he was appointed president of Rutgers, the university of New Jersey. He was married to Mary Kathryn Long Lawrence and they have four children and thirteen grandchildren. Fran died peacefully following an illness on April 16,2013, at his home in Mount Laurel, New Jersey, with his wife of 54 years, Mary Kay, by his side as well as his daughter. In 2002, he announced his plan to return to academia, while on the Rutgers faculty, he authored Leadership in Higher Education, Views from the Presidency, a collection of interviews with presidents and chancellors of leading universities. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy, and the Rutgers-Newark Center for Law, dr. Lawrence was also credited with retaining some members of the distinguished faculty recruited by his predecessor Edward Bloustein, some of whom earned several prestigious awards. He retired from the office of president in 2002, as President Emeritus, he returned to teaching, with an appointment as University Professor at Rutgers. The comments led to calls for his resignation, and student protests, Lawrence repeatedly apologized for the comments which he said were a verbal slip that did not represent his views. Tulane Studies in Romance Languages and Literature, no.2, the Influence of Rhetoric on Seventeenth Century French Literature. Papers on French Seventeenth Century Literature, no.3 Seattle,1975, dom Juan and the Manifest God, Molières Anti-Tragic Hero. Oeuvres et Critiques V.1, Paris, Editions Jean-Michel Place,1981, papers on French Seventeenth Century Literature/Biblio 17, Paris-Seattle-Tuebingen,1982. Leadership in Higher Education, Views from the Presidency, francis L. Lawrence at Rutgers University
4.
The Bronx
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The Bronx is the northernmost of the five boroughs of New York City, within the U. S. state of New York. Since 1914, the Bronx has had the boundaries as Bronx County, a county of New York. The Bronx is divided by the Bronx River into a section in the west, closer to Manhattan. East and west street addresses are divided by Jerome Avenue—the continuation of Manhattans Fifth Avenue, the West Bronx was annexed to New York City in 1874, and the areas east of the Bronx River in 1895. Bronx County was separated from New York County in 1914, about a quarter of the Bronxs area is open space, including Woodlawn Cemetery, Van Cortlandt Park, Pelham Bay Park, the New York Botanical Garden, and the Bronx Zoo in the boroughs north and center. These open spaces are situated primarily on land reserved in the late 19th century as urban development progressed north. The name Bronx originated with Jonas Bronck, who established the first settlement in the area as part of the New Netherland colony in 1639, the native Lenape were displaced after 1643 by settlers. This cultural mix has made the Bronx a wellspring of both Latin music and hip hop. The Bronx, particularly the South Bronx, saw a decline in population, livable housing, and the quality of life in the late 1960s. Since then the communities have shown significant redevelopment starting in the late 1980s before picking up pace from the 1990s until today, the Bronx was called Rananchqua by the native Siwanoy band of Lenape, while other Native Americans knew the Bronx as Keskeskeck. It was divided by the Aquahung River, the origin of Jonas Bronck is contested. Some sources claim he was a Swedish born emigrant from Komstad, Norra Ljunga parish in Småland, Sweden, who arrived in New Netherland during the spring of 1639. Bronck became the first recorded European settler in the now known as the Bronx and built a farm named Emmanus close to what today is the corner of Willis Avenue. He leased land from the Dutch West India Company on the neck of the mainland north of the Dutch settlement in Harlem. He eventually accumulated 500 acres between the Harlem River and the Aquahung, which known as Broncks River or the Bronx. Dutch and English settlers referred to the area as Broncks Land, the American poet William Bronk was a descendant of Pieter Bronck, either Jonas Broncks son or his younger brother. More recent research indicates that Pieter was probably Jonas nephew or cousin, the Bronx is referred to with the definite article as The Bronx, both legally and colloquially. The region was named after the Bronx River and first appeared in the Annexed District of The Bronx created in 1874 out of part of Westchester County
5.
Nassau, Bahamas
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Nassau is the capital, largest city, and commercial centre of the Commonwealth of the Bahamas. The city has an population of 274,400 as of 2016. The city is located on the island of New Providence, which much like a business district. Nassau is the site of the House of Assembly and various departments and was considered historically to be a stronghold of pirates. The city was named in honour of William III of England, nassaus modern growth began in the late eighteenth century, with the influx of thousands of American Loyalists and their slaves to the Bahamas following the American Revolutionary War. Many of them settled in Nassau and eventually came to outnumber the original inhabitants, as the population of Nassau grew, so did its populated areas. Today the city dominates the island and its satellite, Paradise Island. However, until the post-Second World War era, the outer suburbs scarcely existed, most of New Providence was uncultivated bush until Loyalists were resettled there following the American Revolutionary War, they established several plantations, such as Clifton and Tusculum. In addition, slaves freed from American ships, such as the Creole case in 1841, were allowed to settle there, Nassau was formerly known as Charles Town, it was burned to the ground by the Spanish in 1684 during one of their frequent wars with the English. The name Nassau derives from the House of Nassau and ultimately from the town of Nassau, due to a lack of effective Governors, Nassau fell on hard times. In 1703 Spanish and French allied forces briefly occupied Nassau, from 1703 to 1718 there was no governor in the colony and by 1713, the sparsely settled Bahamas had become a pirate haven. The Governor of Bermuda stated that there were over 1,000 pirates in Nassau and they proclaimed Nassau a pirate republic, establishing themselves as governors. Examples of pirates that used Nassau as their base are Charles Vane, Thomas Barrow, Benjamin Hornigold, Calico Jack Rackham, Anne Bonny, Mary Read, in 1718, the British sought to regain control of the islands and appointed Captain Woodes Rogers as Royal governor. He successfully clamped down on the pirates, reformed the civil administration, Rogers cleaned up Nassau and rebuilt the fort, using his own wealth to try to overcome problems. In 1720 the Spanish made an attempt to capture Nassau. During the wars in the Thirteen Colonies, Nassau experienced an economic boom, with funds from privateering, a new fort, street lights and over 2300 sumptuous houses were built and Nassau was extended. In addition to this, mosquito breeding swamps were filled, in 1778 after an overnight invasion, American raiders led by Captain Rathburn, left with ships, gunpowder and military stores after stopping in Nassau for only two days. In 1782 Spain captured Nassau for the last time when Don Juan de Cagigal, governor-general of Cuba, attacked New Providence with 5000 men
6.
Alma mater
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Alma mater is an allegorical Latin phrase for a university or college. In modern usage, it is a school or university which an individual has attended, the phrase is variously translated as nourishing mother, nursing mother, or fostering mother, suggesting that a school provides intellectual nourishment to its students. Before its modern usage, Alma mater was a title in Latin for various mother goddesses, especially Ceres or Cybele. The source of its current use is the motto, Alma Mater Studiorum, of the oldest university in continuous operation in the Western world and it is related to the term alumnus, denoting a university graduate, which literally means a nursling or one who is nourished. The phrase can also denote a song or hymn associated with a school, although alma was a common epithet for Ceres, Cybele, Venus, and other mother goddesses, it was not frequently used in conjunction with mater in classical Latin. Alma Redemptoris Mater is a well-known 11th century antiphon devoted to Mary, the earliest documented English use of the term to refer to a university is in 1600, when University of Cambridge printer John Legate began using an emblem for the universitys press. In English etymological reference works, the first university-related usage is often cited in 1710, many historic European universities have adopted Alma Mater as part of the Latin translation of their official name. The University of Bologna Latin name, Alma Mater Studiorum, refers to its status as the oldest continuously operating university in the world. At least one, the Alma Mater Europaea in Salzburg, Austria, the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, has been called the Alma Mater of the Nation because of its ties to the founding of the United States. At Queens University in Kingston, Ontario, and the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, British Columbia, the ancient Roman world had many statues of the Alma Mater, some still extant. Modern sculptures are found in prominent locations on several American university campuses, outside the United States, there is an Alma Mater sculpture on the steps of the monumental entrance to the Universidad de La Habana, in Havana, Cuba. Media related to Alma mater at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of alma mater at Wiktionary Alma Mater Europaea website
7.
New York University
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New York University is a private nonprofit research university based in New York City. Founded in 1831, NYU is considered one of the worlds most influential research universities, University rankings compiled by Times Higher Education, U. S. News & World Report, and the Academic Ranking of World Universities all rank NYU amongst the top 32 universities in the world. NYU is a part of the creativity, energy and vibrancy that is Manhattan, located with its core in Greenwich Village. Among its faculty and alumni are 37 Nobel Laureates, over 30 Pulitzer Prize winners, over 30 Academy Award winners, alumni include heads of state, royalty, eminent mathematicians, inventors, media figures, Olympic medalists, CEOs of Fortune 500 companies, and astronauts. NYU alumni are among the wealthiest in the world, according to The Princeton Review, NYU is consistently considered by students and parents as a Top Dream College. Albert Gallatin, Secretary of Treasury under Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, declared his intention to establish in this immense, a system of rational and practical education fitting and graciously opened to all. A three-day-long literary and scientific convention held in City Hall in 1830 and these New Yorkers believed the city needed a university designed for young men who would be admitted based upon merit rather than birthright or social class. On April 18,1831, an institution was established, with the support of a group of prominent New York City residents from the merchants, bankers. Albert Gallatin was elected as the institutions first president, the university has been popularly known as New York University since its inception and was officially renamed New York University in 1896. In 1832, NYU held its first classes in rented rooms of four-story Clinton Hall, in 1835, the School of Law, NYUs first professional school, was established. American Chemical Society was founded in 1876 at NYU and it became one of the nations largest universities, with an enrollment of 9,300 in 1917. NYU had its Washington Square campus since its founding, the university purchased a campus at University Heights in the Bronx because of overcrowding on the old campus. NYU also had a desire to follow New York Citys development further uptown, NYUs move to the Bronx occurred in 1894, spearheaded by the efforts of Chancellor Henry Mitchell MacCracken. The University Heights campus was far more spacious than its predecessor was, as a result, most of the universitys operations along with the undergraduate College of Arts and Science and School of Engineering were housed there. NYUs administrative operations were moved to the new campus, but the schools of the university remained at Washington Square. In 1914, Washington Square College was founded as the undergraduate college of NYU. In 1935, NYU opened the Nassau College-Hofstra Memorial of New York University at Hempstead and this extension would later become a fully independent Hofstra University. In 1950, NYU was elected to the Association of American Universities, in the late 1960s and early 1970s, financial crisis gripped the New York City government and the troubles spread to the citys institutions, including NYU
8.
Bachelor of Arts
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A Bachelor of Arts is a bachelors degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both. Bachelor of Arts degree programs take three to four years depending on the country, academic institution, and specific specializations, majors or minors. The word baccalaureus or baccalarium should not be confused with baccalaureatus, degree diplomas generally are printed on high-quality paper or parchment, individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees. In Pakistan, the Bachelor of Arts degree can also be attained within two years as an external degree, in colleges and universities in Australia, New Zealand, Nepal and South Africa, the BA degree can be taken over three years of full-time study. Unlike in other countries, students do not receive a grade for their Bachelor of Arts degree with varying levels of honours. Qualified students may be admitted, after they have achieved their Bachelors program with an overall grade point average. Thus, to achieve a Bachelor Honours degree, a postgraduate year. A student who holds a Honours degree is eligible for entry to either a Doctorate or a very high research Master´s degree program. Education in Canada is controlled by the Provinces and can be different depending on the province in Canada. Canadian universities typically offer a 3-year Bachelor of Arts degrees, in many universities and colleges, Bachelor of Arts degrees are differentiated either as Bachelors of Arts or as honours Bachelor of Arts degree. The honours degrees are designated with the abbreviation in brackets of. It should not be confused with the consecutive Bachelor of Arts degree with Honours, Latin Baccalaureatus in Artibus Cum Honore, BA hon. de jure without brackets and with a dot. It is a degree, which is considered to be the equivalent of a corresponding maîtrise degree under the French influenced system. Going back in history, a three-year Bachelor of Arts degree was called a pass degree or general degree. Students may be required to undertake a long high-quality research empirical thesis combined with a selection of courses from the relevant field of studies. The consecutive B. cum Honore degree is essential if students ultimate goal is to study towards a two- or three-year very high research masters´ degree qualification. A student holding a Baccalaureatus Cum Honore degree also may choose to complete a Doctor of Philosophy program without the requirement to first complete a masters degree, over the years, in some universities certain Baccalaureatus cum Honore programs have been changed to corresponding master´s degrees. In general, in all four countries, the B. A. degree is the standard required for entry into a masters programme, in science, a BA hons degree is generally a prerequisite for entrance to a Ph. D program or a very-high-research-activity master´s programme
9.
University of Oxford
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The University of Oxford is a collegiate research university located in Oxford, England. It grew rapidly from 1167 when Henry II banned English students from attending the University of Paris, after disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209, some academics fled north-east to Cambridge where they established what became the University of Cambridge. The two ancient universities are frequently referred to as Oxbridge. The university is made up of a variety of institutions, including 38 constituent colleges, All the colleges are self-governing institutions within the university, each controlling its own membership and with its own internal structure and activities. Being a city university, it not have a main campus, instead, its buildings. Oxford is the home of the Rhodes Scholarship, one of the worlds oldest and most prestigious scholarships, the university operates the worlds oldest university museum, as well as the largest university press in the world and the largest academic library system in Britain. Oxford has educated many notable alumni, including 28 Nobel laureates,27 Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom, the University of Oxford has no known foundation date. Teaching at Oxford existed in form as early as 1096. It grew quickly in 1167 when English students returned from the University of Paris, the historian Gerald of Wales lectured to such scholars in 1188 and the first known foreign scholar, Emo of Friesland, arrived in 1190. The head of the university had the title of chancellor from at least 1201, the university was granted a royal charter in 1248 during the reign of King Henry III. After disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209, some academics fled from the violence to Cambridge, the students associated together on the basis of geographical origins, into two nations, representing the North and the South. In later centuries, geographical origins continued to many students affiliations when membership of a college or hall became customary in Oxford. At about the time, private benefactors established colleges as self-contained scholarly communities. Among the earliest such founders were William of Durham, who in 1249 endowed University College, thereafter, an increasing number of students lived in colleges rather than in halls and religious houses. In 1333–34, an attempt by some dissatisfied Oxford scholars to found a new university at Stamford, Lincolnshire was blocked by the universities of Oxford and Cambridge petitioning King Edward III. Thereafter, until the 1820s, no new universities were allowed to be founded in England, even in London, thus, Oxford and Cambridge had a duopoly, the new learning of the Renaissance greatly influenced Oxford from the late 15th century onwards. Among university scholars of the period were William Grocyn, who contributed to the revival of Greek language studies, and John Colet, the noted biblical scholar. With the English Reformation and the breaking of communion with the Roman Catholic Church, recusant scholars from Oxford fled to continental Europe, as a centre of learning and scholarship, Oxfords reputation declined in the Age of Enlightenment, enrolments fell and teaching was neglected
10.
Cornell University
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Cornell University is an American private Ivy League and land-grant doctoral university located in Ithaca, New York. These ideals, unconventional for the time, are captured in Cornells motto, the university also administers two satellite medical campuses, one in New York City and one in Education City, Qatar. Cornell is one of three private land grant universities in the nation and the one in New York. Of its seven colleges, three are state-supported statutory or contract colleges through the State University of New York system, including its agricultural. Of Cornells graduate schools, only the college is state-supported. As a land grant college, Cornell operates a cooperative extension program in every county of New York. The Cornell University Ithaca Campus comprises 745 acres, but is larger when the Cornell Botanic Gardens are considered. Since its founding, Cornell has been a co-educational, non-sectarian institution where admission has not been restricted by religion or race, the student body consists of more than 14,000 undergraduate and 7,000 graduate students from all 50 American states and more than 120 countries. Cornell University was founded on April 27,1865, the New York State Senate authorized the university as the land grant institution. Senator Ezra Cornell offered his farm in Ithaca, New York, as a site, fellow senator and experienced educator Andrew Dickson White agreed to be the first president. During the next three years, White oversaw the construction of the first two buildings and traveled to attract students and faculty, the university was inaugurated on October 7,1868, and 412 men were enrolled the next day. Cornell developed as an innovative institution, applying its research to its own campus as well as to outreach efforts. For example, in 1883 it was one of the first university campuses to use electricity from a dynamo to light the grounds. Cornell has had active alumni since its earliest classes and it was one of the first universities to include alumni-elected representatives on its Board of Trustees. Today the university has more than 4,000 courses, since 2000, Cornell has been expanding its international programs. In 2004, the university opened the Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar and it has partnerships with institutions in India, Singapore, and the Peoples Republic of China. Former president Jeffrey S. Lehman described the university, with its international profile. On March 9,2004, Cornell and Stanford University laid the cornerstone for a new Bridging the Rift Center to be built, Cornells main campus is on East Hill in Ithaca, New York, overlooking the town and Cayuga Lake
11.
Doctor of Philosophy
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A Doctor of Philosophy is a type of doctoral degree awarded by universities in many countries. Ph. D. s are awarded for a range of programs in the sciences, engineering. The Ph. D. is a degree in many fields. The completion of a Ph. D. is often a requirement for employment as a university professor, researcher, individuals with an earned doctorate can use the title of Doctor with their name and use the post-nominal letters Ph. D. The requirements to earn a Ph. D. degree vary considerably according to the country, institution, a person who attains a doctorate of philosophy is automatically awarded the academic title of doctor. A student attaining this level may be granted a Candidate of Philosophy degree at some institutions. A Ph. D. candidate must submit a project, thesis or dissertation often consisting of a body of academic research. In many countries, a candidate must defend this work before a panel of examiners appointed by the university. Universities award other types of doctorates besides the Ph. D. such as the Doctor of Musical Arts, a degree for music performers and the Doctor of Education, in 2016, ELIA launched The Florence Principles on the Doctorate in the Arts. The Florence Principles have been endorsed are supported also by AEC, CILECT, CUMULUS, the degree is abbreviated PhD, from the Latin Philosophiae Doctor, pronounced as three separate letters. In the universities of Medieval Europe, study was organized in four faculties, the faculty of arts. All of these faculties awarded intermediate degrees and final degrees, the doctorates in the higher faculties were quite different from the current Ph. D. degree in that they were awarded for advanced scholarship, not original research. No dissertation or original work was required, only lengthy residency requirements, besides these degrees, there was the licentiate. According to Keith Allan Noble, the first doctoral degree was awarded in medieval Paris around 1150, the doctorate of philosophy developed in Germany as the terminal Teachers credential in the 17th century. Typically, upon completion, the candidate undergoes an oral examination, always public, starting in 2016, in Ukraine Doctor of Philosophy is the highest education level and the first science degree. PhD is awarded in recognition of a contribution to scientific knowledge. A PhD degree is a prerequisite for heading a university department in Ukraine, upon completion of a PhD, a PhD holder can elect to continue his studies and get a post-doctoral degree called Doctor of Sciences, which is the second and the highest science degree in Ukraine. Scandinavian countries were among the early adopters of a known as a doctorate of philosophy
12.
Bachelor of Laws
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The Bachelor of Laws is an undergraduate degree in law originating in England and offered in most common law jurisdictions. The LL. of the abbreviation for the degree is from the genitive plural legum, creating an abbreviation for a plural, especially from Latin, is often done by doubling the first letter, thus LL. B. Stands for Legum Baccalaureus in Latin, today in Canada the predominant first degree in common law is the Juris Doctor degree having replaced the LL. B. Bachelor of Laws is also the name of the first degree in Scots law and South African law awarded by a number of universities in Scotland and South Africa, the first academic degrees were all law degrees in medieval universities, and the first law degrees were doctorates. The foundations of the first universities were the glossators of the 11th century, the first university, that of Bologna, was founded as a school of law by four famous legal scholars in the 12th century who were students of the glossator school in that city. The University of Bologna served as the model for law schools of the medieval age. The bachelors degree originated at the University of Paris, whose system was implemented at Oxford, the arts designation of the degree traditionally signifies that the student has undertaken a certain amount of study of the classics. On continental Europe the bachelors degree was phased out in the 18th or early 19th century but it continued at Oxford, the teaching of law at Oxford University was for philosophical or scholarly purposes and not meant to prepare one to practise law. The original method of education at the Inns of Court was a mix of moot court-like practice and lecture, as well as court proceedings observation. By the seventeenth century, the Inns obtained a status as a kind of university akin to the University of Oxford, with the frequent absence of parties to suits during the Crusades, the importance of the lawyer role grew tremendously, and the demand for lawyers grew. The apprenticeship programme for solicitors thus emerged, structured and governed by the rules as the apprenticeship programmes for the trades. The training of solicitors by apprenticeship was formally established by an act of parliament in 1729, therefore, formal schools of law were called for, but not finally established until later in the century, and even then the bar did not consider a university degree in admission decisions. When law degrees were required by the English bar and bar associations in other common law countries, historically, law students studied both canon law and civil law. Today, this is less common. In most common law countries, the Bachelor of Laws programme is generally entered directly after completion of secondary school, Masters courses are also offered to university graduates, those who graduate from such courses are entitled to use the initials LL. M. Additionally, of the thirty-six Law Schools thirteen of those universities have started offering the Juris Doctor as a Graduate entry degree. Bangladesh is a common law country, like other Common Law countries, Bachelor of Laws degree is a condition precedent to practise as an Advocate in the Courts of Law of Bangladesh. Both LL. B. and LL. B. degrees are offered in different Public, only seven Public Universities offer LL. B. degree
13.
Rutgers University
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Rutgers was chartered as Queens College on November 10,1766. It is the eighth-oldest college in the United States and one of the nine colonial colleges chartered before the American Revolution, for most of its existence, Rutgers was a private liberal arts college affiliated with the Dutch Reformed Church. The college expanded its role in research and instruction in agriculture, engineering and it gained university status in 1924 with the introduction of graduate education and further expansion. However, Rutgers evolved into a public research university after being designated The State University of New Jersey by the New Jersey Legislature in laws enacted in 1945 and 1956. It is one of two colonial colleges that later became public universities. Rutgers has three campuses located throughout New Jersey, the New Brunswick campus in New Brunswick and adjacent Piscataway, the Newark campus, the university has additional facilities elsewhere in New Jersey. Instruction is offered by 9,000 faculty members in 175 academic departments to over 45,000 undergraduate students and more than 20,000 graduate, through several years of effort by the Rev. Theodorus Jacobus Frelinghuysen and Rev. The Grammar School, today the private Rutgers Preparatory School, was a part of the community until 1959. New Brunswick was chosen as the location over Hackensack because the New Brunswick Dutch had the support of the Anglican population, despite the religious nature of the early college, the first classes were held at a tavern called the Sign of the Red Lion. When the Revolutionary War broke out and taverns were suspected by the British as being hotbeds of rebel activity, in its early years, due to a lack of funds, Queens College was closed for two extended periods. Early trustees considered merging the college with the College of New Jersey, in Princeton, in 1808, after raising $12,000, the college was temporarily reopened and broke ground on a building of its own, called Old Queens, designed by architect John McComb, Jr. The colleges third president, the Rev. Ira Condict, laid the cornerstone on April 27,1809, shortly after, the New Brunswick Theological Seminary, founded in 1784, relocated from Brooklyn, New York, to New Brunswick, and shared facilities with Queens College. During those formative years, all three institutions fit into Old Queens, in 1830, the Queens College Grammar School moved across the street, and in 1856, the Seminary relocated to a seven-acre tract less than one-half miles away. According to the Board of Trustees, Colonel Rutgers was honored because he epitomized Christian values, the Rutgers Scientific School would expand over the years to grow into the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station and divide into the College of Engineering and the College of Agriculture. Rutgers created the New Jersey College for Women in 1918, with the development of graduate education, and the continued expansion of the institution, the collection of schools became Rutgers University in 1924. Rutgers College continued as an arts college within the university. Rutgers was designated the State University of New Jersey by acts of the New Jersey Legislature in 1945 and 1956, shortly after, the University of Newark was merged with Rutgers in 1946, as were the College of South Jersey and South Jersey Law School, in 1950. These two institutions became Rutgers University–Newark and Rutgers University–Camden, respectively, on September 10,1970, after much debate, the Board of Governors voted to admit women into Rutgers College
14.
James Monroe High School (New York City)
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James Monroe High School is a former comprehensive high school located at 1300 Boynton Avenue at East 172nd Street in the Soundview section of the Bronx, New York City. Opened in 1924, the school ran for seventy years before being shut down in 1994 for poor performance. The building also used to house a school, The Bronx Little School. The building was designed by William H. Gompert, who was the New York City Superintendent of School Buildings. The building was built by the T. A. Clarke Co. and is identical to a handful of other high school buildings that were built in the city at the same time. Danny Aiello, actor, who attended Monroe for two weeks before dropping out to enlist in the National Guard, saul Bass, noted graphic designer, movie title sequence designer, and film maker. Edward J. Bloustein was the president of Rutgers University. Milton Cardona James Monroe graduate 1963, popular Conguero who recorded with Willie Colon, Hector Lavoe and Tito Puente. Darren Carrington, former NFL player 8-year veteran, played in two Super Bowls Cornelius H. Charlton, U. S. Army soldier and Medal of Honor recipient in the Korean War Judy Craig, Patricia Bennett, and Barbara Lee of the singing group the Chiffons. Jules Feiffer, cartoonist for the Village Voice, won the Pulitzer Prize in editorial cartooning, paul A. Fino, GOP Congressman and State Senator, representing the Bronx Art Fleming, original host of TVs Jeopardy. and former Monroe football star. Stan Getz, pioneer jazz musician in cool, bossa nova, during hot Bronx summers, Getz developed a love for swimming at Crotona Park. Nathan Glazer, sociologist who co-authored Beyond the Melting Pot, hank Greenberg, major league baseball player with the Detroit Tigers, AL MVP, and a Hall of Famer. Greenberg led Monroe to the PSAL basketball championship in 1927 and to the PSAL baseball title in 1929 and he was a three-sport All-City selection at Monroe in soccer, basketball and baseball. Lenny Hambro, jazz musician, notably with the bands of Gene Krupa, Glenn Miller, Machito, jonathan Harris, actor, the conniving Dr. Smith in the television series Lost In Space, who graduated from Monroe at age 16. Robert Johnson is the first Black American to serve as District Attorney Bronx County in the history of New York State, in 2005, he became the longest serving District Attorney in Bronx County history. Mr. Johnson is a United States Navy Veteran, martin J. Nesmith played professionally overseas and in the USBL and has been featured in numerous Nike commercials that display his ball-handling skills. He played collegiately for Utah State University before earning a tryout with the Golden State Warriors of the NBA in 1995 and he was the final player released by the team that summer. Estelle Reiner - ], wife of Carl Reiner, mother of Rob Reiner, and actress in When Harry Met Sally, Art Shay, photographer for Life, Time, Fortune, Sports Illustrated, Saturday Evening Post, Author and Playwright
15.
United States Army
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The United States Armed Forces are the federal armed forces of the United States. They consist of the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, from the time of its inception, the military played a decisive role in the history of the United States. A sense of unity and identity was forged as a result of victory in the First Barbary War. Even so, the Founders were suspicious of a permanent military force and it played an important role in the American Civil War, where leading generals on both sides were picked from members of the United States military. Not until the outbreak of World War II did a standing army become officially established. The National Security Act of 1947, adopted following World War II and during the Cold Wars onset, the U. S. military is one of the largest militaries in terms of number of personnel. It draws its personnel from a pool of paid volunteers. As of 2016, the United States spends about $580.3 billion annually to fund its military forces, put together, the United States constitutes roughly 40 percent of the worlds military expenditures. For the period 2010–14, the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute found that the United States was the worlds largest exporter of major arms, the United States was also the worlds eighth largest importer of major weapons for the same period. The history of the U. S. military dates to 1775 and these forces demobilized in 1784 after the Treaty of Paris ended the War for Independence. All three services trace their origins to the founding of the Continental Army, the Continental Navy, the United States President is the U. S. militarys commander-in-chief. Rising tensions at various times with Britain and France and the ensuing Quasi-War and War of 1812 quickened the development of the U. S. Navy, the reserve branches formed a military strategic reserve during the Cold War, to be called into service in case of war. Time magazines Mark Thompson has suggested that with the War on Terror, Command over the armed forces is established in the United States Constitution. The sole power of command is vested in the President by Article II as Commander-in-Chief, the Constitution also allows for the creation of executive Departments headed principal officers whose opinion the President can require. This allowance in the Constitution formed the basis for creation of the Department of Defense in 1947 by the National Security Act, the Defense Department is headed by the Secretary of Defense, who is a civilian and member of the Cabinet. The Defense Secretary is second in the chain of command, just below the President. Together, the President and the Secretary of Defense comprise the National Command Authority, to coordinate military strategy with political affairs, the President has a National Security Council headed by the National Security Advisor. The collective body has only power to the President
16.
Fulbright Fellowship
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The program was established to increase mutual understanding between the people of the United States and other countries through the exchange of persons, knowledge, and skills. It is one of the most prestigious scholarships in the world, the Fulbright Program provides 8,000 grants annually to undertake graduate study, advanced research, university lecturing, and classroom teaching. The Fulbright Program is administered by cooperating organizations like the Institute of International Education and it operates in over 160 countries around the world. The U. S. Department of States Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs sponsors the Fulbright Program from an appropriation from the U. S. Congress. Additional direct and in-kind support comes from governments, foundations, corporations. In each of 49 countries, a bi-national Fulbright Commission administers, in countries without a Fulbright Commission but that have an active program, the Public Affairs Section of the U. S. Embassy oversees the Fulbright Program. More than 360,000 persons have participated in the program since it began, fifty-four Fulbright alumni have won Nobel Prizes, eighty-two have won Pulitzer Prizes. In 1945, Senator J. William Fulbright proposed a bill to use the proceeds from selling surplus U. S. government war property to international exchange between the U. S. and other countries. The bill devised a plan to forgo the debts foreign countries amassed during the war and it was through the belief that this program would be an essential vehicle to promote peace and mutual understanding between individuals, institutions and future leaders wherever they may be. If we do not want to die together in war, we must learn to live together in peace. On August 1,1946, President Harry S. Truman signed the bill into law, since it began, the program has operated on a bi-national basis, each country active in the Fulbright Program has entered into an agreement with the U. S. government. The first countries to sign agreements were Cuba in 1947 and Burma, the Philippines, Educational exchange can turn nations into people, contributing as no other form of communication can to the humanizing of international relations. The Fulbright Program works two ways, U. S. citizens may receive funding to go to a foreign country, citizens may come to the U. S. Fulbright grants are offered in almost all academic disciplines except clinical medical research involving patient contact. Fulbright grantees fields of study span the arts, humanities, social sciences, mathematics, natural and physical sciences. Student Program offers fellowships for U. S. graduating seniors, graduate students, young professionals and artists to research, study, the Fulbright Foreign Student Program enables graduate students, young professionals and artists from abroad to conduct research and study in the United States. Some scholarships are renewed after the year of study. This program is currently on hiatus, the Fulbright-mtvU Fellowships award up to four U. S. students the opportunity to study the power of music as a cultural force abroad. Fellows conduct research for one year on projects of their own design about a chosen musical aspect
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Brooklyn College
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Brooklyn College is a senior college of the City University of New York, located in the Midwood neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York City. Brooklyn Colleges origin began in 1910 with the establishment of a division of the City College for Teachers. The school then began offering evening classes for male college students in 1917. With the merger of these branches, Brooklyn College became the first public coeducational liberal arts college in New York City, the colleges 26-acre campus is known for its beauty, and is often regarded as the poor mans Harvard because of its low tuition and reputation for respectable academics. In 1932, the architect Randolph Evans drafted a plan for the campus on a large plot of land his employer owned in the Midwood section of Brooklyn. He sketched out a Georgian-style campus facing a central quadrangle, Evans presented the sketches to the president of the college at the time, Dr. William A. Boylan. Boylan was pleased with the plans, and the lot of land was purchased for $1.6 million, construction of the new campus began in 1935, with a groundbreaking ceremony attended by then Mayor Fiorello La Guardia and Brooklyn Borough President Raymond Ingersoll. In 1936, then-President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt went to Brooklyn College to lay the cornerstone of the Brooklyn College Gymnasium, President Boylan, Borough President Ingersoll, and President Roosevelt all had buildings on Brooklyn Colleges campus named after them. The campus located in Midwood became the only Brooklyn College campus after the schools Downtown Brooklyn campus was shut down during the 1975 budget emergency, Brooklyn Colleges campus East Quad today looks much as it did when it was originally constructed. The campus also serves as home to the Brooklyn Center for the Performing Arts complex and its four theaters, the demolition of Gershwin Hall, replaced by The Leonard & Claire Tow Center for the Performing Arts, is the most recent construction on an evolving campus. Other changes to the design include the demolition of Plaza Building, due to its inefficient use of space, poor ventilation. To replace Plaza Building the college constructed West Quad Center, designed by the notable Uruguayan architect Rafael Viñoly, the new building contains classroom space, offices, gymnasiums and a swimming pool. It houses the offices of Registration, Admissions, Financial Aid, the grounds contain a quadrangle with grassy areas and trees. New façades are being constructed on Roosevelt and James halls where they connected with Plaza Building. The 2009–10 CUNYAC championship mens team now plays its home games in the West Quad Center. This follows a major renovation that saw the library moved to a temporary home while construction took place. The Brooklyn College library is now located in its location in a completely renovated and expanded LaGuardia Hall. Noted as one of the most beautiful in the United States, in 2006, the Core Curriculum was revamped, and the 13 required courses were replaced with 15 courses in 3 disciplines, from which students were required to take 11
18.
Bureau of Intelligence and Research
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It was founded as the Research and Analysis Branch of the Office of Strategic Services in 1942, and was transferred to the Department of State in 1945 at the end of World War II. The Bureau of Intelligence and Research is part of the U. S, the current number of employees and its budget are classified. The bureau is headed by the Assistant Secretary of State for Intelligence and Research, in July 2004, the United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence issued a scathing report on prewar intelligence on Iraq. The bureau is being studied as an example, as Congress debates how to best reform U. S. intelligence agencies in the wake of the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Myers’ arrest was the culmination of a three-year joint FBI/Department of State Diplomatic Security investigation, myers worked in the INR from 2000 until October 2007. The primary mission of the Bureau of Intelligence and Research is to provide intelligence support to U. S. diplomats. The Bureau is at the nexus of intelligence and foreign policy, INRs portfolio is as broad and diverse as the Secretarys global agenda. This requires that INR have on board experts who understand current policy concerns as well as the context to provide value-added input to policymakers. INR performs several functions including all-source analysis, intelligence policy and coordination, polling and media analysis. INR is the Departments principal liaison with the Office of the Director of National Intelligence, since the creation of the ODNI, there have been many changes in the IC – more attention to customer needs, new standards for information sharing, and initiatives regarding analytic standards. INR participates in a variety of working groups and committees on behalf of the Department of State. The Assistant Secretary articulates requirements for collection and analysis in support of diplomacy. The Assistant Secretary maintains information management systems to ensure efficient, timely receipt, processing, and dissemination of intelligence materials. The Assistant Secretary facilitates requests to other agencies from Department offices for declassification, release, or exceptional use of information derived from intelligence sources. ”The Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary for Intelligence and Research serves as the senior deputy. The PDAS has the authority to act on the Assistant Secretary’s behalf in his or her absence, the PDAS provides overall management for the bureau. The PDAS, in consultation with the Assistant Secretary, plans, the PDAS represents the bureau in Department and interagency groups. The PDAS supervises six offices, as directed by the Assistant Secretary, iNR/PDAS/EX serves as the INR coordinator for internal controls management, Department inspections and audits, and other reporting requirements. Reports to the Executive Director, INR, and Serves as the Department’s focal point for coordinating personnel, Government experts, and outside experts on intelligence topics and countries
19.
United States Department of State
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The Department was created in 1789 and was the first executive department established. The Department is headquartered in the Harry S Truman Building located at 2201 C Street, NW, the Department operates the diplomatic missions of the United States abroad and is responsible for implementing the foreign policy of the United States and U. S. diplomacy efforts. The Department is also the depositary for more than 200 multilateral treaties, the Department is led by the Secretary of State, who is nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate and is a member of the Cabinet. The current Secretary of State is Rex Tillerson, beginning 1 February 2017, the Secretary of State is the second Cabinet official in the order of precedence and in the presidential line of succession, after the Vice President of the United States. This legislation remains the law of the Department of State. In September 1789, additional legislation changed the name of the agency to the Department of State and these responsibilities grew to include management of the United States Mint, keeper of the Great Seal of the United States, and the taking of the census. President George Washington signed the new legislation on September 15, most of these domestic duties of the Department of State were eventually turned over to various new Federal departments and agencies that were established during the 19th century. On September 29,1789, President Washington appointed Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, then Minister to France, from 1790 to 1800, the State Department had its headquarters in Philadelphia, the capital of the United States at the time. It occupied a building at Church and Fifth Streets, in 1800, it moved from Philadelphia to Washington, D. C. where it first occupied the Treasury Building and then the Seven Buildings at 19th Street and Pennsylvania Avenue. It moved into the Six Buildings in September 1800, where it remained until May 1801 and it moved into the War Office Building due west of the White House in May 1801. It occupied the Treasury Building from September 1819 to November 1866 and it then occupied the Washington City Orphan Home from November 1866 to July 1875. It moved to the State, War, and Navy Building in 1875, since May 1947, it has occupied the Harry S. Truman Building in the Foggy Bottom neighborhood of Washington, the State Department is therefore sometimes metonymically referred to as Foggy Bottom. Madeleine Albright became the first woman to become the United States Secretary of State, condoleezza Rice became the second female secretary of state in 2005. Hillary Rodham Clinton became the female secretary of state when she was appointed in 2009. In 2014, the State Department began expanding into the Navy Hill Complex across 23rd Street NW from the Truman Building, the Executive Branch and the U. S. Congress have constitutional responsibilities for U. S. foreign policy. Within the Executive Branch, the Department of State is the lead U. S, the Department advances U. S. objectives and interests in the world through its primary role in developing and implementing the Presidents foreign policy. It also provides an array of important services to U. S. citizens, the total Department of State budget, together with Other International Programs, costs about 45 cents a day for each resident of the United States. Keeping the public informed about U. S. foreign policy and relations with other countries, providing automobile registration for non-diplomatic staff vehicles and the vehicles of diplomats of foreign countries having diplomatic immunity in the United States
20.
Marxism
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It originates from the mid-to-late 19th century works of German philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. As the contradiction becomes apparent to the proletariat through the alienation of labor, Marxism has since developed into different branches and schools of thought, and there is now no single definitive Marxist theory. Marxism has been adopted by a number of academics and theorists working in various disciplines. Critics have taken issue with particular Marxist claims or accused Marxism as a whole of being inconsistent, refuted based on new information. The Marxian analysis begins with an analysis of the material conditions, the economic system and these social relations form a base and superstructure. As forces of production, most notably technology, improve, existing forms of social organization become inefficient, from forms of development of the productive forces these relations turn into their fetters. Then begins an era of social revolution and these inefficiencies manifest themselves as social contradictions in society in the form of class struggle. Under the capitalist mode of production, this struggle materializes between the minority who own the means of production, and the vast majority of the population who produce goods, the socialist system would succeed capitalism as humanitys mode of production through workers revolution. According to Marxism, especially arising from crisis theory, socialism is a historical necessity, in a socialist society private property, in the form of the means of production, would be replaced by co-operative ownership. A socialist economy would not base production on the creation of private profits, Society does not consist of individuals, but expresses the sum of interrelations, the relations within which these individuals stand. The historical materialist theory of history analyses the causes of societal development. All constituent features of a society are assumed to stem from economic activity, the base and superstructure metaphor portrays the totality of social relations by which humans produce and re-produce their social existence. According to Marx, The sum total of the forces of production accessible to men determines the condition of society and this relationship is reflexive, at first the base gives rise to the superstructure and remains the foundation of a form of social organization. As Friedrich Engels clarified, The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles, accordingly, Marx designated human history as encompassing four stages of development in relations of production. Primitive Communism, as in tribal societies. Slave Society, a development of tribal to city-state, aristocracy is born, feudalism, aristocrats are the ruling class, merchants evolve into capitalists. Capitalism, capitalists are the class, who create and employ the proletariat. According to the Marxist theoretician and revolutionary Vladimir Lenin, the content of Marxism was Marxs economic doctrine
21.
East Germany
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East Germany, formally the German Democratic Republic, was an Eastern Bloc state during the Cold War period. The Soviet zone surrounded West Berlin, but did not include it, as a result, the German Democratic Republic was established in the Soviet Zone, while the Federal Republic was established in the three western zones. East Germany, which lies culturally in Central Germany, was a state of the Soviet Union. Soviet occupation authorities began transferring administrative responsibility to German communist leaders in 1948, Soviet forces, however, remained in the country throughout the Cold War. Until 1989, the GDR was governed by the Socialist Unity Party, though other parties participated in its alliance organisation. The economy was centrally planned, and increasingly state-owned, prices of basic goods and services were set by central government planners, rather than rising and falling through supply and demand. Although the GDR had to pay war reparations to the USSR. Nonetheless it did not match the growth of West Germany. Emigration to the West was a significant problem—as many of the emigrants were well-educated young people, the government fortified its western borders and, in 1961, built the Berlin Wall. Many people attempting to flee were killed by guards or booby traps. In 1989, numerous social and political forces in the GDR and abroad led to the fall of the Berlin Wall, the following year open elections were held, and international negotiations led to the signing of the Final Settlement treaty on the status and borders of Germany. The GDR was dissolved and Germany was unified on 3 October 1990, internally, the GDR also bordered the Soviet sector of Allied-occupied Berlin known as East Berlin which was also administered as the states de facto capital. It also bordered the three sectors occupied by the United States, United Kingdom and France known collectively as West Berlin. The three sectors occupied by the Western nations were sealed off from the rest of the GDR by the Berlin Wall from its construction in 1961 until it was brought down in 1989, the official name was Deutsche Demokratische Republik, usually abbreviated to DDR. West Germans, the media and statesmen purposely avoided the official name and its abbreviation, instead using terms like Ostzone, Sowjetische Besatzungszone. The centre of power in East Berlin was referred to as Pankow. Over time, however, the abbreviation DDR was also used colloquially by West Germans. However, this use was not always consistent, for example, before World War II, Ostdeutschland was used to describe all the territories east of the Elbe, as reflected in the works of sociologist Max Weber and political theorist Carl Schmitt
22.
Cornell Law School
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Cornell Law School is the law school of Cornell University, a private Ivy League university located in Ithaca, New York. It is one of the five Ivy League law schools and offers three law degree programs along with several programs in conjunction with other professional schools at the university. Established in 1887 as Cornells Department of Law, the law school is ranked 13th in the United States by U. S. News & World Report. Cornell Law alumni include executive and philanthropist Myron Charles Taylor. Secretaries of State Edmund Muskie and William P. Rogers, U. S. S, congress, governors, state attorneys general, U. S. federal and state judges, diplomats and businesspeople. Cornell also has the third lowest student-to-faculty ratio of ABA–accredited law schools in the United States with each containing approximately 200 students. The current dean of the law school is Eduardo Peñalver, who assumed the role in 2014, the Law Department at Cornell opened in 1887 in Morrill Hall with Judge Douglass Boardman as its first dean. At that time, admission did not require even a school diploma. In 1917, two years of education were required for admission, and in 1924, it became a graduate degree program. The department was renamed the Cornell Law School in 1925, in 1890, George Washington Fields graduated, one of the first law-school-graduates of color in the United States. In 1893, Cornell had its first female graduate, Mary Kennedy Brown, the law school’s residence hall is named in honor of Hughes. In 1892, the moved into Boardman Hall, which was constructed specifically for legal instruction. The school moved from Boardman Hall to its location at Myron Taylor Hall in 1937. The law school building, an ornate, Gothic structure, was the result of a donation by Myron Charles Taylor, a former CEO of US Steel, Hughes Hall was built as an addition to Myron Taylor Hall and completed in 1963. It was also funded by a gift from Taylor, another addition to Myron Taylor Hall, the Jane M. G. Foster wing, was completed in 1988 and added space to the library. Foster was a member of the class of 1918, an editor of the Cornell Law Review, in June 2012 the school embarked on a three-year, multi-phase expansion and renovation. The first phase created additional classroom space underground, adjacent to Myron Taylor Hall along College Avenue, the second phase will include the removal and digitization of printed materials from the library stacks so that the space can be converted to additional classroom and student space
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Law clerk
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Judicial clerks often play significant roles in the formation of case law through their influence upon judges decisions. Judicial clerks should not be confused with legal clerks, court clerks, or courtroom deputies who only provide secretarial, Judicial clerks are generally recent law school graduates who performed at or near the top of their class. In some countries, judicial clerks are known as Judicial Associates or Judicial Assistants, in many nations, clerk duties are performed by permanent staff attorneys or junior apprentice-like judges, such as those that sit on Frances Conseil dÉtat. In English courts, they are known as Judicial Assistants, the European Court of Justice uses permanent staff attorneys and the Stagiaires. Australia, Canada, Sweden, and Brazil have notable clerk systems, most Canadian courts accept applications for judicial clerkships from graduating law students or experienced lawyers who have already been called to the Bar in Canada or abroad. Most provincial superior and appellate courts hire at least one clerk for each judge, typically students in their last two years of law school are eligible to apply for these positions, but increasingly, experienced practicing lawyers are also considered for these positions. The term typically lasts a year and generally fulfills the requirement for provincial law societies. The most prestigious clerkship available is with the countrys highest court, each Justice of the Supreme Court hires three clerks for a one-year period. The Federal Court of Appeal, which is based in Ottawa but hears cases across the country, selects 12 law clerks each year, the Federal Court also hires only one clerk per judge, or about 30 per year in total. The Court of Appeal for Ontario selects 17 law clerks, who serve one or two of the 24 Justices. The Court of Appeal for Saskatchewan hires 3 clerks, each of whom are assigned to 2 to 3 judges, successful candidates for all clerkships are usually selected based on a distinguished academic record, academic recommendations, strong research and writing skills and interviews with judges. For both the Supreme Court of Canada and the Quebec Court of Appeal, being able to work in both English and French is strongly preferred, the Tax Court of Canada hires 12 clerks annually. Many law clerks have gone on to become leaders of the profession, mr. Justice Jean Cote of the Alberta Court of Appeal was one of the very first Supreme Court law clerks, serving as a clerk in the programs inaugural year. In England and Wales, law clerks are called Judicial Assistants and it is possible to be a Judicial Assistant at the Court of Appeal and at the UK Supreme Court. Only Supreme Court Judicial Assistants are appointed for a full-time, one fixed term appointment. Since 2006 they have taken part in a long exchange in Washington DC at the U. S. Supreme Court due to a friendship between Justice Antonin Scalia and Lord Rodger of Earlsferry. Sally Kenneys article on clerks, or Référendaires, on the European Court of Justice provides one detailed point of comparison, there are some major differences between ECJ clerks and their American counterparts, largely because of the way the ECJ is structured. One key difference is that ECJ clerks, while hired by individual judges and this gives ECJ clerks considerable expertise and power
24.
New York Court of Appeals
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The New York Court of Appeals is the highest court in the U. S. state of New York. The Court of Appeals consists of seven judges, the Chief Judge, the Chief Judge of the Court of Appeals also heads administration of the states court system, and thus is also known as the Chief Judge of the State of New York. The 1842 Neoclassical courthouse is located in New Yorks capital, Albany, in most U. S. states and the Federal court system the court of last resort is known as the Supreme Court. New York, however, calls its trial and intermediate appellate courts the Supreme Court, further adding to misunderstanding is New Yorks terminology for jurists on its top two courts. Appeals are taken from the four departments of the New York Supreme Court, in some cases, an appeal lies of right, but in most cases, permission to appeal must be obtained, either from the Appellate Division itself or from the Court of Appeals. In some criminal cases, some decisions by an Appellate Term or County Court are also appealable to the Court of Appeals. In a few cases, an appeal can be taken from the court of first instance to the Court of Appeals, direct appeals are authorized from final trial-court decisions in civil cases where the only issue is the constitutionality of a federal or state statute. Decisions from the Court of Appeals are binding authority on all lower courts, every opinion, memorandum, and motion of the Court of Appeals sent to the New York State Reporter is required to be published in the New York Reports. The New York State Unified Court System is a state court system that functions under the Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals who is the ex officio Chief Judge of New York. The Chief Judge supervises the seven-judge Court of Appeals and is chair of the Administrative Board of the Courts, in addition, the Chief Judge establishes standards and administrative policies after consultation with the Administrative Board and approval by the Court of Appeals. The Court of Appeals promulgates rules for admission to law in New York. The New York State Reporter is the reporter of decisions and is appointed by the Court of Appeals. For a complete list of Chief Judges see Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals, for a list of Associate Judges see Associate Judges of the New York Court of Appeals. The Court of Appeals was created by the New York State Constitution of 1846 to replace both the Court for the Correction of Errors and the Court of Chancery, and had eight members. Four judges were elected by general ballot at the State elections, the first four judges elected at the special judicial state election in June 1847 were Freeborn G. Jewett, Greene C. Bronson, Charles H. Ruggles, and Addison Gardiner and they took office on July 5,1847. Afterwards, every two years, one judge was elected in odd-numbered years to an eight-year term, in case of a vacancy, a judge was temporarily appointed by the Governor, and at the next odd-year state election a judge was elected for the remainder of the term. The Chief Judge was always one of the elected judges who had the shortest remaining term
25.
New York University School of Law
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The New York University School of Law is the law school of New York University. Established in 1835, it is the oldest law school in New York City, the school offers J. D. LL. M. and J. S. D. degrees in law, and is located in Greenwich Village, in downtown Manhattan. NYU Law is regarded as one of the most prestigious and selective law schools in the world and is ranked in the top 5 by the QS World University Rankings. U. S. News & World Report currently ranks NYU Law 6th in the nation and has ranked the law school as high as 4th in recent years. Especially renowned for its strength in public interest law, NYU is also ranked 1st in the country by U. S. News & World Report in both law and tax law. The latest edition of Chicago Professor Brian Leiters ranking of the top law schools by student quality places NYU Law 4th out of the 144 accredited schools in the United States. According to New York University School of Laws 2013 ABA-required disclosures,93. 7% of the Class of 2013 obtained full-time, long-term, NYU Law publishes ten student-edited law journals, including the New York University Law Review. NYU Law offers several fellowships to students admitted to the LLM Program, the Hauser Global Scholarship admits eight to ten top LLM students from all over the world. The scholarship includes full tuition waiver and reasonable accommodation costs, in addition, it offers the Hugo Grotius as well as Vanderbilt scholarships for International law studies and other branches of law respectively. The Law school has a law and business program in eight of the nations student-leaders in law. In addition, the NYU Center for Law, Economics and Organization administers the Lawrence Lederman Fellowship to facilitate the study of Law & Economics, NYU Law also hosts the original chapter of the Unemployment Action Center. Blank is currently the faculty director of the program, students are permitted to enroll in a general course of study or specialize in specific areas such as business taxation or estate planning. Many of the professors are practitioners in their respective fields. LL. M is an abbreviation for Master of Laws, an academic degree. In general, there are two types of LL. M, the majority are programs designed to expose foreign legal graduates to the American Common Law. The other programs involve post doctoral study of an area of the law such as Admiralty, Tax Law, Banking and Financial Law, Elder Law. NYU has implemented a jointly granted NYU/Osgoode LLB/LLM program in which graduates are granted the LLB as well as an LLM from NYU in only 3 and a half years instead of the normally required four. More recently, the NYU School of Law has entered into similar dual degree agreements with the National University of Singapore Faculty of Law and the University of Melbourne Law School
26.
Bennington College
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Bennington College is a private, nonsectarian liberal arts college located in Bennington, Vermont, USA. The college was founded in 1932 as a college and became co-educational in 1969. It is accredited with the New England Association of Schools & Colleges, the planning for the establishment of Bennington College began in 1924 and took nine years to be realized. While many people were involved, the four figures in the founding of Bennington were Vincent Ravi Booth, Mr. and Mrs. Hall Park McCullough. A Womens Committee, headed by Mrs. Hall Park McCullough, organized the Colony Club Meeting in 1924, as a result of the Colony Club Meeting, a charter was secured and a board of trustees formed for Bennington College. One of the trustees, John Dewey, helped many of the Colleges signature programs such as The Plan Process. In 1928, six years before the College would begin, Robert Devore Leigh was recruited by the Bennington College executive committee to serve as the first president of Bennington, Leigh presided over the forging of Benningtons structure and its early operation. In 1929 Leigh authored the Bennington College Prospectus which outlined the Bennington idea, the first class of eighty-seven women arrived on campus in 1932. The College was the first to include the visual and performing arts as full-fledged elements of the arts curriculum. Every year since the College began in 1932, every Bennington College student has engaged in internships and this internship was renamed twice, as Non-Resident term and, as it is called today, Field Work Term. In 1934 the Bennington School of Dance summer program was founded by Martha Hill, Martha Graham, Doris Humphrey, Hanya Holm, and Charles Weidman all taught at this laboratory. The program gained attendance by José Limón, Bessie Schonberg, Merce Cunningham, in 1935 the administration agreed to admit young men into the Bennington Theater Studio program, since men were needed for theatrical performances. Among the men who attended was the actor Alan Arkin, in 1951 the U. S. State Department issued a documentary on Bennington highlighting its unique educational approach as a model for the Allied rebuilding of German society after the War. Built in 1959, the Edward Clark Crossett Library was designed by the award-winning modernist architect Pietro Belluchi, after opening, Crossett Library was featured in Architectural Forum and became a focus of study for many architecture students in the 1960s. Crossett Library went on to win the 1963 Honor Award for library design, in 1968, three new student houses were completed to help house the growing student population and were named in honor of William C. Fels, Jessie Smith Noyes, and Margaret Smith Sawtell and these houses were designed by the distinguished modernist architect Edward Larrabee Barnes who posthumously earned the 2007 American Institute of Architects Gold Medal. In 1969 Bennington became fully co-educational, a move that attracted national attention. In 1993, the Bennington College Board of Trustees initiated a process known as The Symposium, according to the Trustees, the process was intended to reinvent the college, and the Board said it received over 600 contributions to this end
27.
Association of American Universities
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The Association of American Universities is an international organization of leading research universities devoted to maintaining a strong system of academic research and education. It consists of 60 universities in the United States and two universities in Canada, the AAU was founded in 1900 by a group of fourteen Ph. D. -granting universities in the United States to strengthen and standardize American doctoral programs. The largest attraction of the AAU for many schools, especially nonmembers, is prestige, for example, in 2010 the chancellor of nonmember North Carolina State University described it as the pre-eminent research-intensive membership group. To be a part of organization is something N. C. A spokesman for nonmember University of Connecticut called it perhaps the most elite organization in higher education, youd probably be hard-pressed to find a major research university that didnt want to be a member of the AAU. Because of the lengthy and difficult process, boards of trustees, state legislators. The AAU acts as a lobbyist at its headquarters in the city of Washington, D. C. for research and higher education funding and for policy, the association holds two meetings annually, both in Washington. Separate meetings are held for university presidents, provosts, and other officials, because the meetings are private they offer the opportunity for discussion without media coverage. Prominent government officials, businessmen, and others speak to the groups. As of 2004, AAU members accounted for 58% of U. S. universities research grants and contract income, since 1999, 43% of all Nobel Prize winners and 74% of winners at U. S. institutions have been affiliated with an AAU university. Approximately two thirds of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 2006 Class of Fellows are affiliated with an AAU university. The faculties at AAU universities include 2,993 members of the United States National Academies, the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. Invitations are considered periodically, based in part on an assessment of the breadth and quality of university programs of research and graduate education, as well as undergraduate education. The association ranks its members using four criteria, research spending, the percentage of faculty who are members of the National Academies, faculty awards, two thirds of members can vote to revoke membership for poor rankings. As of 2010 annual dues are $80,500, all 60 US members of the AAU are also classified as Highest Research Activity Universities by the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education. Notes, The Catholic University of America Departed as a result of institutional emphases and energies that differed from the other AAU members, clark University Departed because of a shift in the AAUs emphasis to large research universities. University of Nebraska–Lincoln Removed from the AAU, Syracuse University Because of a dispute over how to count non-federal grants, Syracuse voluntarily withdrew from the AAU in 2011. According to the AAU, too often federal requirements for accounting for federal grant money are ill-conceived, ineffective and this wastes the researchers times and reduces the time they can devote to discovery and innovation and increases institutional compliance costs
28.
The Bahamas
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The Bahamas, known officially as the Commonwealth of the Bahamas, is an archipelagic state within the Lucayan Archipelago. The capital is Nassau on the island of New Providence, the designation of the Bahamas can refer either to the country or to the larger island chain that it shares with the Turks and Caicos Islands. As stated in the mandate/manifesto of the Royal Bahamas Defence Force, the Bahamas is the site of Columbus first landfall in the New World in 1492. At that time, the islands were inhabited by the Lucayan, although the Spanish never colonised the Bahamas, they shipped the native Lucayans to slavery in Hispaniola. The islands were mostly deserted from 1513 until 1648, when English colonists from Bermuda settled on the island of Eleuthera, the Bahamas became a British Crown colony in 1718, when the British clamped down on piracy. After the American War of Independence, the Crown resettled thousands of American Loyalists in the Bahamas, they brought their slaves with them, Africans constituted the majority of the population from this period. Slavery in the Bahamas was abolished in 1834, Today the descendants of slaves and free Africans make up nearly 90% of the population, issues related to the slavery years are part of society. The Bahamas became an independent Commonwealth realm in 1973, retaining Queen Elizabeth II as its monarch, in terms of gross domestic product per capita, the Bahamas is one of the richest countries in the Americas, with an economy based on tourism and finance. The name Bahamas is derived from either the Taino ba ha ma, alternatively, it may originate from Guanahani, a local name of unclear meaning. In English, the Bahamas is one of two countries whose self-standing short name begins with the word the, along with The Gambia. Taino people moved into the uninhabited southern Bahamas from Hispaniola and Cuba around the 11th century and they came to be known as the Lucayan people. An estimated 30,000 Lucayan inhabited the Bahamas at the time of Christopher Columbus arrival in 1492, Columbuss first landfall in the New World was on an island he named San Salvador. Some researchers believe this site to be present-day San Salvador Island, an alternative theory holds that Columbus landed to the southeast on Samana Cay, according to calculations made in 1986 by National Geographic writer and editor Joseph Judge, based on Columbuss log. Evidence in support of this remains inconclusive, on the landfall island, Columbus made first contact with the Lucayan and exchanged goods with them. The Spanish forced much of the Lucayan population to Hispaniola for use as forced labour, the slaves suffered from harsh conditions and most died from contracting diseases to which they had no immunity, half of the Taino died from smallpox alone. The population of the Bahamas was severely diminished, in 1648, the Eleutherian Adventurers, led by William Sayle, migrated from Bermuda. These English Puritans established the first permanent European settlement on an island which they named Eleuthera—the name derives from the Greek word for freedom and they later settled New Providence, naming it Sayles Island after one of their leaders. To survive, the settlers salvaged goods from wrecks, in 1670 King Charles II granted the islands to the Lords Proprietors of the Carolinas in North America
29.
The New York Times
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The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
30.
Internet Archive
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The Internet Archive is a San Francisco–based nonprofit digital library with the stated mission of universal access to all knowledge. As of October 2016, its collection topped 15 petabytes, in addition to its archiving function, the Archive is an activist organization, advocating for a free and open Internet. Its web archive, the Wayback Machine, contains over 150 billion web captures, the Archive also oversees one of the worlds largest book digitization projects. Founded by Brewster Kahle in May 1996, the Archive is a 501 nonprofit operating in the United States. It has a budget of $10 million, derived from a variety of sources, revenue from its Web crawling services, various partnerships, grants, donations. Its headquarters are in San Francisco, California, where about 30 of its 200 employees work, Most of its staff work in its book-scanning centers. The Archive has data centers in three Californian cities, San Francisco, Redwood City, and Richmond, the Archive is a member of the International Internet Preservation Consortium and was officially designated as a library by the State of California in 2007. Brewster Kahle founded the Archive in 1996 at around the time that he began the for-profit web crawling company Alexa Internet. In October 1996, the Internet Archive had begun to archive and preserve the World Wide Web in large quantities, the archived content wasnt available to the general public until 2001, when it developed the Wayback Machine. In late 1999, the Archive expanded its collections beyond the Web archive, Now the Internet Archive includes texts, audio, moving images, and software. It hosts a number of projects, the NASA Images Archive, the contract crawling service Archive-It. According to its web site, Most societies place importance on preserving artifacts of their culture, without such artifacts, civilization has no memory and no mechanism to learn from its successes and failures. Our culture now produces more and more artifacts in digital form, the Archives mission is to help preserve those artifacts and create an Internet library for researchers, historians, and scholars. In August 2012, the Archive announced that it has added BitTorrent to its file download options for over 1.3 million existing files, on November 6,2013, the Internet Archives headquarters in San Franciscos Richmond District caught fire, destroying equipment and damaging some nearby apartments. The nonprofit Archive sought donations to cover the estimated $600,000 in damage, in November 2016, Kahle announced that the Internet Archive was building the Internet Archive of Canada, a copy of the archive to be based somewhere in the country of Canada. The announcement received widespread coverage due to the implication that the decision to build an archive in a foreign country was because of the upcoming presidency of Donald Trump. Kahle was quoted as saying that on November 9th in America and it was a firm reminder that institutions like ours, built for the long-term, need to design for change. For us, it means keeping our cultural materials safe, private and it means preparing for a Web that may face greater restrictions
31.
Jacob Rutsen Hardenbergh
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The Reverend Jacob Rutsen Hardenbergh, D. D. S. T. D. was an American Dutch Reformed clergyman, colonial and state legislator, Hardenbergh was a founder of Queens College—now Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey—in 1766, and was later appointed as the colleges first president. Hardenbergh was descended from a Dutch family that settled New Amsterdam in the seventeenth century and he prepared for ministry at the home of the Reverend John Frelinghuysen, a prominent Dutch Reformed minister near Somerville, New Jersey. After being ordained, Hardenbergh was called to congregations in New Jerseys Raritan River valley. During the 1760s, Hardenbergh was influential in the establishment of Queens College, during the American Revolution, Hardenbergh served as a delegate for New Jerseys Provincial Congress which ratified the Declaration of Independence and to frame the states first constitution. He subsequently served several successive terms in New Jerseys General Assembly. In 1785, Hardenbergh was appointed as the first president of Queens College, Jacob Rutsen Hardenbergh was born on 22 February 1735/36 at Rosendale near Kingston, Ulster County, New York in the Hudson River valley. He was the son of Colonel Johannes Hardenbergh, Jr. and his parents had married in Kingston on 6 December 1728 and seven children were born to the marriage of which Jacob was the fourth. His father, later served with distinction as an officer under Washington in the Continental Army. Frelinghuysen instructed Hardenbergh from his home, preserved as the Old Dutch Parsonage in Somerville and he was likely named for his great-grandfather, Jacob Rutsen, whose daughter Catherine was the second wife of his paternal grandfather. According to John Howard Raven and William H. S, demarest, Hardenbergh obtained an education from the Kingston Academy, in Kingston, Ulster County, New York. However, the Kingston Academy was not established until 1773, John Frelinghuysen died in 1754, and at the age of twenty, Hardenbergh married Frelinghuysens widow, Dinah Van Bergh on 18 March 1756 at Raritan, New Jersey. She had two children with Frelinghuysen before his death, born in Amsterdam, Dinah was the daughter of Louis Van Bergh, a wealthy merchant who was engaged in East India trade. Hardenbergh proposed as Dinah was strongly considering returning to the Netherlands with her two children and her diary, dating from February 1746 to late 1747, is held by Special Collections and University Archives, at the Archibald S. Alexander Library of Rutgers University. Hardenbergh and his wife had nine children, Maria, Laura, Johannes, Elinor, Dina, Jacob Rutsen, Rachel, Jacob Rutsen, hardenberghs step-son, Frederick Frelinghuysen, served in the Provincial Congress of New Jersey, state legislature, and was elected a United States Senator. He also served as a officer in the Revolution and in the Whiskey Rebellion when he attained the rank of major general. These congregations had been served by Frelinghuysens father, the Reverend Theodorus Jacobus Frelinghuysen, Frelinghuysen had adapted the theological developments of the Puritan divines to preach a style of Reformed pietism, a revivalistic style of Calvinism. His son, John, preached and instructed his students in the same style, with John Frelinghuysens unexpected death in 1754, Hardenbergh, as his last theological student, assumed the pulpits of five congregations in central New Jersey served by his teacher
32.
Ira Condict
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The Reverend Ira Condict was an American Presbyterian and Dutch Reformed minister who served as the third president of Queens College in New Brunswick, New Jersey. A graduate of The College of New Jersey, Condict was ordained as a minister in the Presbyterian faith. In 1794, Condict was appointed as Professor of Moral Philosophy at Queens College in New Brunswick, and subsequently asked to serve as its third president following the resignation of William Linn. After a difficult fundraising effort led by Condict, Queens College was reopened in 1807 and he was born in Orange, New Jersey in 1764 to Daniel Condict/Condit and Ruth Harrison (Source. Iras famous Revolutionary War patriot sister, Jemima Condict Harrison, wrote of American colonial life, Ira graduated from the College of New Jersey with a Bachelor of Arts in 1784. In 1794, he was installed at the First Reformed Church in New Brunswick, during his tenure in New Brunswick, Condit was known for operating a private circulating library to which a person could be member by paying a small annual dues. After his death, the library was sold, in 1807, Condict, along with Andrew Kilpatrick, renewed the efforts to reopen Queens College, securing $12,000 in donations to construct what became Old Queens. Shortly after Queens College reopened, the Board of Trustees offered Condict the full presidency, however, his tenure was short lived, and he died of yellow fever on 1 June 1811 in New Brunswick, New Jersey. Iras grave is found here, Casper Shafer List of Princeton University people History of Sussex County, New Jersey
33.
John Henry Livingston
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John Henry Livingston was the fourth President of Queens College, serving from 1810 until his death in 1825. He was born on May 30,1746 near Poughkeepsie, New York and his great-grandfather was Robert Livingston the Elder, first lord of Livingston Manor. John Henry Livingston graduated from Yale College with a Bachelor of Arts in 1762 and he earned a Doctor of Theology from the Utrecht University and was ordained into the ministry of the Dutch Reformed Church by the Classis of Amsterdam in 1770. Subsequent to his return from the Netherlands, Livingston served as a pastor to the Reformed Church in New York City and he became a leading figure in the church and negotiated the peaceful reunifications of its two opposing factions. On November 26,1775, Livingston married his cousin, Sarah Livingston. Their children included son Henry A. Livingston, who was elected as a New York State Senator, when Queens College offered Livingston the presidency as early as 1807, he initially declined. However, the Trustees continued to offer, and Livingston accepted the post in 1810 and he was also a professor of theology. Queens College fell into trouble and was forced to close its doors in 1816. Livingston continued teaching at the New Brunswick Theological Seminary, and continued to lobby and this was gained ten months after his death in 1825. After being chosen to head Queens College, Livingston purchased a 150-acre plot of land in nearby Raritan Landing, a Greek Revival mansion built by descendants Robert and Louisa Livingston around 1843 stands on the property, now known as Livingston Homestead. At the turn of the 20th century, the property was developed as a streetcar suburb, in 2004 it was designated as part of the Livingston Manor Historic District. The house and the district are listed on the New Jersey Register of Historic Places and the National Register of Historic Places
34.
Philip Milledoler
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Philip Milledoler was a minister and the fifth President of Rutgers College serving from 1825 until 1840. Philip Milledoler was born in 1775 in Rhinebeck, New York and his father had emigrated to the United States from Switzerland in 1751. He graduated from Columbia College with a Bachelor of Arts in 1793 and was ordained into the ministry by the German Reformed Synod in Reading and he served churches in both the Presbyterian and Dutch Reformed faiths. He married Susannah Benson and had a daughter, Susan Ann Milledoler, Susan was the great-grandmother of Philip Milledoler Brett. Milledoler was active in forming the Princeton Theological Seminary, the American Bible Society, the Board of Trustees named the institution after Colonel Rutgers, and Rutgers College was reopened on 14 November 1825. During this time, enrollment at Rutgers College increased, and the became more independent of the Dutch Reformed Church. This increased dissension between the Church and the college and prompted Reverend Milledoler to resign in 1839, remaining on the post until the Trustees selected a replacement in 1840. He died on his birthday,22 September 1852, while living at the home of his son-in-law, dissertation on Incestuous Marriages Philip Milledoler Brett
35.
Abraham B. Hasbrouck
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Abraham Bruyn Hasbrouck was a United States Congressman from New York and the sixth President of Rutgers College serving from 1840 to 1850. He was born in 1791 in Kingston, New York to Jonathan Hasbrouck and he studied at the Kingston Academy in New York before entering Yale College where he graduated in 1810. Studying the law under Tapping Reeve, Elisha Williams, and James Gould, he returned to Kingston, in 1817 he started a law practice with Charles H. Ruggles. He married on September 12,1819 to Julia Frances Ludlum, together they had eight children, including a son, Jonathan Howard Bruyn Hasbrouck. Hasbrouck was elected as an Adams man to the 19th United States Congress, holding office from March 4,1825, in 1840, he was appointed by the Trustees of Rutgers College as the sixth president, and the first layman to hold the office. During his tenure as President, he taught Rhetoric, Constitutional Law and he strove to establish independence from the Dutch Reformed Church and added modern languages, and expanded scientific instruction to the curriculum. He resigned in 1849, remaining in office until 1850 when Theodore Frelinghuysen was appointed his successor, Hasbrouck retired to Kingston, New York, where he died of pneumonia on February 23,1879. Abraham Bruyn Hasbrouck was a descendant of the Hasbroucks who founded New Paltz in 1678, the Hasbroucks were Huguenots, Protestant followers of John Calvin who fled what is today Northern France and South Belgium who fled persecution by the ruling Catholics. The original settlement of their ancestors survives today as Historic Huguenot Street, a street named after him in both Newburgh and Kingston, New York. Historic Huguenot Street Hasbrouck Family Association United States Congress, biographical Directory of the United States Congress
36.
Theodore Frelinghuysen
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Upon its incorporation in 1848, Frelinghuysen Township, New Jersey was named after him. He was born in 1787 in Franklin Township, Somerset County, New Jersey, to Frederick Frelinghuysen, Frelinghuysen married Charlotte Mercer in 1809. They had no children together, but when Theodores brother, Frederick Frelinghuysen died, Theodore adopted his son, Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen, Theodore Frelinghuysen remarried in 1857 to Harriet Pumpelly. He graduated from the College of New Jersey in 1804 and studied law under his brother John Frelinghuysen and he was admitted to the bar as an attorney in 1808 and as a counselor in 1811, and set up a law practice in Newark during this time period. In the War of 1812, he was a captain of a company of volunteers and he became Attorney General of New Jersey in 1817, turned down an appointment to the New Jersey Supreme Court and became a United States Senator in 1829, serving in that capacity until 1835. As a Senator, he led the opposition to the Andrew Jacksons Indian Removal Act of 1830, Frelinghuysen was chided for mixing his evangelical Christianity with politics, and the Removal Act was passed.1 He was Mayor of Newark, New Jersey from 1837 until 1838. At the 1844 Whig National Convention, competing with Millard Fillmore, John Davis and John Sergeant and he took the lead on the first ballot and never lost it, eventually being chosen by acclamation. The Whig presidential candidate, Henry Clay, was not present at the convention, Frelinghuysen was also unpopular with Catholics as groups of which he was a member, such as the Protestant American Bible Society promulgated the idea that Catholics should convert to Protestantism. The two went down to defeat in the 1844 election and he was the second President of New York University between 1839 and 1850 and seventh President of Rutgers College between 1850 and 1862. He believed in temperance and actively opposed slavery and his moniker was the Christian Statesman. He died in New Brunswick, New Jersey on April 12,1862, media related to Theodore Frelinghuysen at Wikimedia Commons United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. congress. gov
37.
William Henry Campbell (college president)
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LL. D. was the eighth President of Rutgers College serving from 1862 to 1882. Receiving his baccalaureate degree from Dickinson College in 1828, Campbell attended Princeton Theological Seminary for one year, in 1848, Reverend Campbell became Principal of The Albany Academy before he was appointed the president of Rutgers College in 1862. In the same year the College received the estate of Sophia Astley Kirkpatrick, in the amount of $65,000. The structure, which contained a library, was dedicated in December 1873. He resigned from the presidency of Rutgers College in 1882, because of his failing eyesight and he then organized the Suydam Street Reformed Church in New Brunswick, New Jersey, and served as its pastor until shortly before his death on 7 December 1890
38.
Merrill Edwards Gates
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Merrill Edwards Gates, LL. D. was the ninth President of Rutgers College serving from 1882 to 1890, and the sixth President of Amherst College, serving from 1890 to 1899. He was born at Warsaw, New York, the son of Seth Merrill Gates, Gates received his baccalaureate degree at the University of Rochester, where he achieved high honors in Mathematics, Latin and Greek, and received the English Essay Prize of the Senior year. He served as Principal for twelve years at The Albany Academy in New York, and visited the Rugby School, upon his return to the United States, he was offered the post of Chancellor of the University of Tennessee but declined and remained in Albany. He went abroad again in 1879, spending a year in travel and study in France, Italy, Egypt, Palestine and he received the LL. D. degree from Columbia University in 1891 and from Williams College in 1893. Columbia University also conferred him the degree of Doctorate of Humane Laws in 1887. Under the provisions of the Hatch Act, in 1887, Rutgers established the Agricultural Experiment Station, however, in 1890, Dr. Gates resigned as President, to accept the Presidency of Amherst College in Massachusetts. After his tenure at Amherst, Gates was appointed to be Chairman of the U. S, Board of Indian Commissioners, and later named Secretary of the Board, serving from 1899 to 1912. He remained in Washington, DC presenting lectures and serving literary and philanthropic societies and he died at his summer home in Littleton, New Hampshire, on August 11,1922. Land and Law as Agents in Educating the Indians Sidney Lanier, Poet and Artist International Arbitration The Highest Use of Wealth Men of Mark in America LC control no.06002518
39.
Austin Scott (Rutgers)
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Austin Scott was the tenth President of Rutgers College, serving from 1891 to 1906. Scott was born in Toledo, Ohio, to Jeremiah Austin Scott and his birth name was Frank Austin Scott, but he eventually dropped the use of his first name. Scott received a degree from Yale College in 1869 and earned a Master of Arts from the University of Michigan in 1870. Scott studied at the University of Berlin and the University of Leipzig, while in Germany, he assisted the historian George Bancroft, then American minister to Germany, in preparing the tenth volume of History of the United States. He was also charged with the responsibility of carrying dispatches to Washington, DC, with the decisions of William I, German Emperor. On his return to the United States, Scott was a German instructor at the University of Michigan from 1873 to 1875, and then, for seven years, an associate in history at Johns Hopkins University. During this period he continued as assistant to Bancroft, assembling and arranging material for his History of the Constitution of the United States. In 1882, Scott married Anna Prentiss Stearns and they had seven children, in 1883, Scott was appointed to the faculty of Rutgers College as a Professor of History, Political Economy, and Constitutional Law, and was elected to succeed Merrill Edward Gates in 1891. During Scotts tenure, Rutgers received a gift from Robert Francis Ballantine, a wealthy brewer from Newark, New Jersey. A private gift from Ralph and Elizabeth Rodman Voorhees provided funds for the construction of a library to replace the one established in the Kirkpatrick Chapel in 1873. By 1906, Scott resigned as President and returned to teaching science, constitutional law, international law. For sixteen years he carried on his teaching and provided assistance to his successor. Scott served as the Mayor of New Brunswick, New Jersey from 1912 to 1915 and he died in Granville, Massachusetts, in 1922 at his summer home. His widow died on January 23,1933, Rutgers biography Rutgers archive biography Works by Austin Scott at LibriVox
40.
William Henry Steele Demarest
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The Reverend Dr. William Henry Steele Demarest was the eleventh President of Rutgers College serving from 1906 to 1924. Having been educated at the Rutgers Grammar School, Demarest graduated with honors from Rutgers College with a baccalaureate degree in 1883. From 1883 to 1886, Demarest taught at the Rutgers Preparatory School, in 1905, Demarest was named as acting President of the College, and was elected by the Trustees to succeed Austin Scott as President in early 1906. Following his resignation as President in 1924, Demarest served for ten years as president of the New Brunswick Theological Seminary, in 1924, he published History of Rutgers College. On the College Avenue section of the colleges New Brunswick Campus, aptly named Demarest Hall, it is located across the street from the Rutgers Student Center
41.
John Martin Thomas
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John Martin Thomas was the ninth president of Middlebury College, the ninth president of Penn State, and the twelfth president of Rutgers University. Born at Fort Covington, New York, Thomas was an alumnus of Middlebury College, and he served as a pastor at the Arlington Avenue Presbyterian Church in East Orange, New Jersey from 1893 to 1908. In 1908, he was appointed President of Middlebury College, while president of Middlebury, Thomas oversaw the founding of two of its most prestigious institutions, the Middlebury College Language Schools in 1915 and the Bread Loaf School of English in 1920. In addition, he guided a rapid expansion of Middleburys main campus from four buildings to nine and he continued to serve as Middleburys president until 1921, when he became President of the Pennsylvania State College. He left Penn State in 1925, when Thomas was appointed president in 1925, Rutgers was upgraded from a college to a university. Thomas resigned in 1930 due to indecisiveness between the state of New Jersey and university officials over the half-private, half-public role of Rutgers, Thomas died in Rutland, Vermont in 1952 at the age of 83. A component volume of Whos Who in American History John Martin Thomas at Find a Grave Rutgers biography Penn State biography
