1.
New York Academy of Medicine
–
The early leaders of the academy were invested in the reform movements of the day and worked to improve public health by focusing on the living conditions of the poor. In recent years the academy has functioned as an advocate in public health reform. As of 2016, the academy will celebrate its 169th year, the academys work now focuses on advancing urban health in New York City and around the world. Today, the academy has over three-thousand fellows, that include doctors, nurses, health care administrators, the New York Academy of Medicine was founded on January 6,1847. It began on December 8,1846 with a notice being published in newspapers, John Stearns, later first president of the academy, was made chairman for the first meeting. In 1854, the academy was divided into sections by medical specialty or scientific discipline, early sections included Theory and Practice, Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children, Anatomy, Surgery, and Chemistry. In 1939, the academy prepared Mayor Fiorello LaGuardias LaGuardia Commission report, during World War I, the academy made plans to sell its building at 10 West 44th Street in order to build an addition to its building on 15 West 43rd Street. A man named Louis Sherry made an offer on the property, sherrys offer included renting the building for $5,000 per year for ten years with the option to purchase the property outright for $100,000 within five years. While the academy originally paid $120,000 for the property, a peripheral fallout of this agreement was that the academys live-in janitor, Felix Wesstrom, lost his living quarters. To compensate him for the loss, the academy increased his salary by $30. In 1926, the Academy moved to a new building designed by York and Sawyer in an eclectic style, including touches of the Byzantine Revival. The building is at East 103rd Street at the corner of Fifth Avenue, across from Central Park in the East Harlem neighborhood of Manhattan, the buildings exterior uses a combination of varieties of limestone and sandstone. The main entrance, at 103rd Street, uses a series columns with Romanesque caps, the doors are ornate bronze with floral designs and small figures of Asclepius, god of medicine and physicians, and Hygieia, daughter of Asclepius and goddess of health. The two gods are also carved into the tympanum, attended by dogs, symbolizing vigilance and keeping death. The exterior also features many Latin inscriptions from notable authors, including Cicero, Hippocrates, Juvenal, Seneca the Younger, the first floor windows have exterior ornamental bronze grills, decorated in a Romanesque design. Those windows lintels have figures of gods and fauna symbolic of medicine, the buildings design includes many decorative elements that evoke health and the history of the medicine. In addition to the designs, other animals feature as bronze insets of the Levanto marble main lobby floor such as the goat, snakes, rooster, goose. The lobby floor also has a marble mosaic pattern and white Traniville marble border
New York Academy of Medicine
–
The Academy's building was built in 1926 in an eclectic style (2015)
New York Academy of Medicine
–
The building's entrance
2.
Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt
–
The Sixteenth Dynasty of ancient Egypt was a dynasty of pharaohs that ruled the Theban region in Upper Egypt for 70 years. Of the two versions of Manethos Aegyptiaca, Dynasty XVI is described by the more reliable Africanus as shepherd kings. For this reason other scholars do not follow Ryholt and see only insufficient evidence for the interpretation of the Sixteenth Dynasty as Theban, the continuing war against Dynasty XV dominated the short-lived 16th dynasty. The armies of the 15th dynasty, winning town after town from their enemies, continually encroached on the 16th dynasty territory, eventually threatening. Famine, which had plagued Upper Egypt during late 13th Dynasty, various chronological orderings and lists of kings have been proposed by scholars for this dynasty. The traditional list of rulers of the 16th Dynasty regroups kings believed to be vassals of the Hyksos, some of which have names such as Semqen. The list of kings differs from scholar to scholar and it is given as per Jürgen von Beckeraths Dynasty XV/XVI in his Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen. Wolfgang Helck, who believes that the 16th Dynasty was an Hyksos vassal state. The chronological ordering is largely uncertain, in his 1997 study of the Second Intermediate Period, the Danish egyptologist Kim Ryholt argues that the 16th Dynasty was an independent Theban kingdom. From Ryholts reconstruction of the Turin canon,15 kings can be associated to the dynasty, while most likely rulers based in Thebes itself, some may have been local rulers from other important Upper Egyptian towns, including Abydos, El Kab and Edfu. By the reign of Nebiriau I, the controlled by the 16th dynasty extended at least as far north as Hu. Not listed in the Turin canon is Wepwawetemsaf, who left a stele at Abydos and was likely a local kinglet of the Abydos Dynasty, Ryholt gives the list of kings of the 16th dynasty as shown in the table below. Others, such as Helck, Vandersleyen, Bennett combine some of these rulers with the Seventeenth dynasty of Egypt, 3000-330 BC, London, Routledge, ISBN9780415013536 Ryholt, K. S. B. The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, c.1800 -1550 BC
Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt
–
The political situation in Egypt during the existence of the 16th Dynasty from c. 1650 until c. 1590 BC. Thebes was briefly conquered by the Hyksos c. 1580 BC.
3.
Second Intermediate Period of Egypt
–
The Second Intermediate Period marks a period when Ancient Egypt fell into disarray for a second time, between the end of the Middle Kingdom and the start of the New Kingdom. It is best known as the period when the Hyksos made their appearance in Egypt, the Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt came to an end at the end of the 19th century BC with the death of Queen Sobekneferu. Apparently she had no heirs, causing the twelfth dynasty to come to an end, and, with it. Retaining the seat of the dynasty, the thirteenth dynasty ruled from Itjtawy near Memphis and Lisht. The Thirteenth Dynasty is notable for the accession of the first formally recognised Semitic-speaking king, the Fifteenth Dynasty dates approximately from 1650 to 1550 BC. Known rulers of the Fifteenth Dynasty are as follows, Salitis Sakir-Har Khyan Apophis, 1550–1540 BC The Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt was the first Hyksos dynasty, ruled from Avaris, without control of the entire land. The Hyksos preferred to stay in northern Egypt since they infiltrated from the north-east, the names and order of kings is uncertain. The Turin King list indicates that there were six Hyksos kings, the surviving traces on the X figure appears to give the figure 8 which suggests that the summation should be read as 6 kings ruling 108 years. Some scholars argue there were two Apophis kings named Apepi I and Apepi II, but this is due to the fact there are two known prenomens for this king, Awoserre and Aqenenre. However, the Danish Egyptologist Kim Ryholt maintains in his study of the Second Intermediate Period that these prenomens all refer to one man, Apepi and this is also supported by the fact that this king employed a third prenomen during his reign, Nebkhepeshre. Apepi likely employed several different prenomens throughout various periods of his reign and this scenario is not unprecedented, as later kings, including the famous Ramesses II and Seti II, are known to have used two different prenomens in their own reigns. The Sixteenth Dynasty ruled the Theban region in Upper Egypt for 70 years, of the two chief versions of Manethos Aegyptiaca, Dynasty XVI is described by the more reliable Africanus as shepherd kings, but by Eusebius as Theban. For this reason other scholars do not follow Ryholt and see only insufficient evidence for the interpretation of the Sixteenth Dynasty as Theban, the continuing war against Dynasty XV dominated the short-lived 16th dynasty. The armies of the 15th dynasty, winning town after town from their enemies, continually encroached on the 16th dynasty territory, eventually threatening. Famine, which had plagued Upper Egypt during the late 13th dynasty, from Ryholts reconstruction of the Turin canon,15 kings of the dynasty can now be named, five of whom appear in contemporary sources. While most likely based in Thebes itself, some may have been local rulers from other important Upper Egyptian towns, including Abydos, El Kab. By the reign of Nebiriau I, the controlled by the 16th dynasty extended at least as far north as Hu. Not listed in the Turin canon is Wepwawetemsaf, who left a stele at Abydos and was likely a local kinglet of the Abydos Dynasty, Ryholt gives the list of kings of the 16th dynasty as shown in the table below
Second Intermediate Period of Egypt
–
Thebes (
Luxor Temple pictured) was the capital of many of the Dynasty XVI pharaohs.
4.
Papyrus
–
The word papyrus /pəˈpaɪrəs/ refers to a thick precursor to modern paper made from the pith of the papyrus plant, Cyperus papyrus. Papyrus can also refer to a document written on sheets of papyrus joined together side by side and rolled up into a scroll, the plural for such documents is papyri. Papyrus is first known to have used in ancient Egypt. It was also used throughout the Mediterranean region and in Kingdom of Kush, the Ancient Egyptians used papyrus as a writing material, as well as employing it commonly in the construction of other artifacts such as reed boats, mats, rope, sandals, and baskets. Papyrus was first manufactured in Egypt as far back as the fourth millennium BCE, the earliest archaeological evidence of papyrus was excavated in 2012 and 2013 at Wadi al-Jarf, an ancient Egyptian harbor located on the Red Sea coast. The papyrus rolls describe the last years of building the Great Pyramid of Giza, in the first centuries BCE and CE, papyrus scrolls gained a rival as a writing surface in the form of parchment, which was prepared from animal skins. Sheets of parchment were folded to form quires from which book-form codices were fashioned, early Christian writers soon adopted the codex form, and in the Græco-Roman world, it became common to cut sheets from papyrus rolls to form codices. Codices were an improvement on the scroll, as the papyrus was not pliable enough to fold without cracking. Papyrus had the advantage of being cheap and easy to produce. Unless the papyrus was of quality, the writing surface was irregular. Its last appearance in the Merovingian chancery is with a document of 692, the latest certain dates for the use of papyrus are 1057 for a papal decree, under Pope Victor II, and 1087 for an Arabic document. Its use in Egypt continued until it was replaced by more inexpensive paper introduced by Arabs who originally learned of it from the Chinese, by the 12th century, parchment and paper were in use in the Byzantine Empire, but papyrus was still an option. Papyrus was made in several qualities and prices, pliny the Elder and Isidore of Seville described six variations of papyrus which were sold in the Roman market of the day. These were graded by quality based on how fine, firm, white, grades ranged from the superfine Augustan, which was produced in sheets of 13 digits wide, to the least expensive and most coarse, measuring six digits wide. Materials deemed unusable for writing or less than six digits were considered commercial quality and were pasted edge to edge to be used only for wrapping, until the middle of the 19th century, only some isolated documents written on papyrus were known. They did not contain literary works, the first modern discovery of papyri rolls was made at Herculaneum in 1752. Until then, the papyri known had been a few surviving from medieval times. The English word papyrus derives, via Latin, from Greek πάπυρος, Greek has a second word for it, βύβλος
Papyrus
–
Papyrus (P. BM EA 10591 recto column IX, beginning of lines 13-17)
Papyrus
–
An official letter on a papyrus of the
third century B.C.
Papyrus
–
A section of the Egyptian
Book of the Dead written on papyrus
Papyrus
–
Bill of sale for a donkey, papyrus; 19.3 by 7.2 cm, MS Gr SM2223, Houghton Library, Harvard University
5.
Ebers Papyrus
–
The Ebers Papyrus, also known as Papyrus Ebers, is an Egyptian medical papyrus of herbal knowledge dating to c.1550 BC. Among the oldest and most important medical papyri of ancient Egypt and it is currently kept at the library of the University of Leipzig, in Germany. The papyrus was written in about 1500 BC, but it is believed to have copied from earlier texts. The Ebers Papyrus is a 110-page scroll, which is about 20 meters long, the Brugsch Papyrus provides parallel passages to the Ebers Papyrus, helping to clarify certain passages of the latter. The Ebers Papyrus is written in hieratic Egyptian writing and contains the most voluminous record of ancient Egyptian medicine known, the scroll contains some 700 magical formulas and remedies. It contains many incantations meant to turn away disease-causing demons and there is evidence of a long tradition of empiricism. The papyrus contains a treatise on the heart and it notes that the heart is the center of the blood supply, with vessels attached for every member of the body. The Egyptians seem to have known little about the kidneys and made the heart the meeting point of a number of vessels which carried all the fluids of the body—blood, tears, urine, mental disorders are detailed in a chapter of the papyrus called the Book of Hearts. Disorders such as depression and dementia are covered, the descriptions of these disorders suggest that Egyptians conceived of mental and physical diseases in much the same way. Examples of remedies in the Ebers Papyrus include, Cancer Recounting a tumor against the god Xenus, birth control To prevent conception, smear a paste of dates, acacia, and honey to wool and apply as a pessary. Diabetes mellitus Drink a mixture including elderberry, asit plant fibers, milk, beer-swill, cucumber flowers, dracunculiasis Wrap the emerging end of the worm around a stick and slowly pull it out. One of the more common remedies described in the papyrus is ochre and it is prescribed for intestinal and eye complaints. Yellow ochre is also described as a remedy for urological complaints, like the Edwin Smith Papyrus, the Ebers Papyrus came into the possession of Edwin Smith in 1862. The source of the papyrus is unknown, but it was said to have found between the legs of a mummy in the El-Assasif district of the Theban necropolis. The Papyrus was purchased in 1872 by the German Egyptologist and novelist Georg Ebers, in 1875, Ebers published a facsimile with an English-Latin vocabulary and introduction, but it was not translated until 1890, by H. Joachim. Ebers retired from his chair of Egyptology at Leipzig on a pension, an English translation of the papyrus was published by Paul Ghalioungui. The papyrus was published and translated by different researchers, history of medicine Medical literature Pommerening, Tanja. Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur Beiheft 10, relevant pharmaceutical and medical knowledge, an abstract, Phillips-Universitat, Marburg, 8-11-2004
Ebers Papyrus
–
The Ebers Papyrus (c. 1550 BC) from
Ancient Egypt
6.
London Medical Papyrus
–
The London Medical Papyrus is an ancient Egyptian papyrus in the British Museum, London, England. The writings of this papyrus are of 61 recipes, of which 25 are classified as medical the remainder are of magic, the medical foci of the writing are skin complaints, eye complaints, bleeding and burns. The papyrus was first published in 1912 in Leipzig by Walter Wreszinski, the papyrus is also known as BM EA10059. The papyrus is linked to fallout from the Bronze Age Santorini volcanic eruption, also referred to as the Minoan eruption, ebers Papyrus Edwin Smith Papyrus List of ancient Egyptian papyri London Medical Papyrus, New Kingdom, c.1325 BC. Archived from the original on 2011-12-27, a caution on reading the Ancient Egyptian writings on health
London Medical Papyrus
–
London Medical Papyrus
7.
Magic (paranormal)
–
Magic or sorcery is the use of rituals, symbols, actions, gestures, and language with the aim of exploiting supernatural forces. The term magic has a variety of meanings, and there is no agreed upon definition of what it is or how it can be used. Religious scholars have defined magic in many different ways, one approach, associated with the anthropologists Edward Tylor and James G. Frazer, has magic and science be opposites. Many scholars of religion have rejected the utility of the term magic, the term magic comes from the Old Persian magu, a word that applied to a form of religious functionary about which little is known. This meaning of the term was adopted by Latin in the first century BCE. The concept was incorporated into Christian theology during the first century CE. This concept was pervasive throughout the Middle Ages, although in the modern period Italian humanists reinterpreted the term in a positive sense to establish the idea of natural magic. Both negative and positive understandings of the term were retained in Western culture over the following centuries, throughout Western history, there have been examples of individuals claiming to be practitioners of magic and referring to themselves as magicians. This trend has proliferated in the period, with a growing number of magicians appearing within the esoteric milieu. Scholars of religion have failed to agree on a definition of magic is. The subject has one of intense dispute, with some scholars criticizing the validity of the term in the first place. Even among those throughout history who have described themselves as magicians, there has been some debate among scholars as to whether to use the term magic at all. The scholar of religion Jonathan Z. Smith for example argued that it had no utility as a term that scholars should use. Religious historian Wouter Hanegraaff agreed, stating that the magic is an important object of historical research. Since the 1990s its usage among scholars has declined, within Western culture, magic has been linked to the idea of the Other. Using the term magic when discussing non-Western cultures or pre-modern forms of Western society raises problems, alternately, this term implies that all categories of magic are ethnocentric and that such Western preconceptions are an unavoidable component of scholarly research. Magic is one of the most heavily theorized concepts in the study of religion, the intellectualist approach to defining magic is associated with two prominent British anthropologists, Edward Tylor and James G. Frazer. This was an approach that viewed magic as being the theoretical opposite of science, in his 1871 book Primitive Culture, Tylor characterized magic as beliefs based on the error of mistaking ideal analogy for real analogy
Magic (paranormal)
–
"
Circe Offering the Cup to Ulysses " by
John William Waterhouse
Magic (paranormal)
–
The "
Magician " card from a 15th-century
tarot deck.
Magic (paranormal)
–
Juju charm protecting dugout canoe on riverbank, in
Suriname.1954.
Magic (paranormal)
–
Traditional welcome performance,
Mitral,
Kheda district, Gujarat
8.
Scroll
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A scroll, also known as a roll, is a roll of papyrus, parchment, or paper containing writing. The scroll is usually unrolled so that one page is exposed at a time, for writing or reading, with the remaining pages rolled up to the left and right of the visible page. It is unrolled side to side, and the text is written in lines from the top to the bottom of the page. Depending on the language, the letters may be left to right, right to left. Some scrolls are simply rolled up pages, others may have wooden rollers on each end, scrolls were the first form of editable record keeping texts, used in Eastern Mediterranean ancient Egyptian civilizations. Parchment scroll used by Israelites after Sinai was the first use of scrolls in the recording of literature before the codex or bound book with pages was invented by the Latins in the 1st century AD. Scrolls were more highly regarded than codices until well into Roman times where they were written in single latitudinal column. The ink used in writing scrolls had to adhere to a surface that was rolled and unrolled, even so, ink would slowly flake off of scrolls. Shorter pieces of parchment or paper are called rolls or rotuli, historians of the classical period tend to use roll instead of scroll. A distinction that sometimes applies is that the lines of writing in rotuli run across the width of the rather than along the length. Rolls may be wider than most scrolls, up to perhaps 60 cm or two feet wide, Rolls were often stored together in a special cupboard on shelves. A special Chinese form of book, called the whirlwind book, consists of several pieces of paper bound at the top with bamboo. In Scotland, the term scrow was used from about the 13th to the 17th centuries for scroll, writing, there existed an office of Clerk of the Scrow meaning the Clerk of the Rolls or Clerk of the Register. The scroll was replaced by the codex, a process which started almost as soon as the codex was invented. Unfortunately, scrolls were usually discarded after their contents were transferred to a codex, most scrolls uncovered by archaeologists are found in trash middens and burial sites. The oldest complete Torah scroll was discovered in May 2013 by Professor Mauro Perani. It was stored in a library in Bolonia, Italy. It had been mislabeled in 1889 as dating from the 17th century, carbon testing dates the prayer book to the year 840, which is 300 to 400 years earlier than the previously oldest known Torah scrolls from the 12th and 13th centuries
Scroll
–
The Joshua Roll,
Vatican Library. An
illuminatedscroll, probably of the 10th century, created in the Byzantine empire.
Scroll
–
Scroll of the
Book of Esther,
Seville,
Spain.
Scroll
–
Ingredients used in making ink for Hebrew scrolls today.
9.
Hieratic
–
Hieratic is a cursive writing system used in the provenance of the pharaohs in Egypt and Nubia. It developed alongside cursive hieroglyphs, from which it is separate yet intimately related and it was primarily written in ink with a reed brush on papyrus, allowing scribes to write quickly without resorting to the time-consuming hieroglyphs. In the 2nd century AD, the term hieratic was first used by Saint Clement of Alexandria. It derives from the Greek phrase γράμματα ἱερατικά, as at time, hieratic was used only for religious texts, as had been the case for the previous eight. Hieratic can also be an adjective meaning f or associated with sacred persons or offices, in the Proto-Dynastic Period of Egypt, hieratic first appeared and developed alongside the more formal hieroglyphic script. It is an error to view hieratic as a derivative of hieroglyphic writing, indeed, the earliest texts from Egypt are produced with ink and brush, with no indication their signs are descendants of hieroglyphs. True monumental hieroglyphs carved in stone did not appear until the 1st Dynasty, the two writing systems, therefore, are related, parallel developments, rather than a single linear one. Hieratic was used throughout the period and into the Graeco-Roman Period. Around 660 BC, the Demotic script replaced hieratic in most secular writing, through most of its long history, hieratic was used for writing administrative documents, accounts, legal texts, and letters, as well as mathematical, medical, literary, and religious texts. During the Græco-Roman period, when Demotic had become the chief administrative script, in general, hieratic was much more important than hieroglyphs throughout Egypts history, being the script used in daily life. It was also the system first taught to students, knowledge of hieroglyphs being limited to a small minority who were given additional training. In fact, it is possible to detect errors in hieroglyphic texts that came about due to a misunderstanding of an original hieratic text. Most often, hieratic script was written in ink with a brush on papyrus, wood. Thousands of limestone ostraca have been found at the site of Deir al-Madinah, besides papyrus, stone, ceramic shards, and wood, there are hieratic texts on leather rolls, though few have survived. There are also hieratic texts written on cloth, especially on linen used in mummification, there are some hieratic texts inscribed on stone, a variety known as lapidary hieratic, these are particularly common on stelae from the 22nd Dynasty. During the late 6th Dynasty, hieratic was sometimes incised into mud tablets with a stylus, similar to cuneiform. About five hundred of these tablets have been discovered in the palace at Ayn Asil. At the time the tablets were made, Dakhla was located far from centers of papyrus production and these tablets record inventories, name lists, accounts, and approximately fifty letters
Hieratic
–
One of four official letters to
vizier Khay copied onto fragments of limestone (an
ostracon).
Hieratic
–
Hieratic
Hieratic
–
Exercise tablet with hieratic excerpt from
The Instructions of Amenemhat.
Dynasty XVIII, reign of
Amenhotep I, c. 1514–1493 BC. Text reads: "Be on your guard against all who are subordinate to you... Trust no brother, know no friend, make no intimates."
10.
Egyptian hieroglyphs
–
Egyptian hieroglyphs were the formal writing system used in Ancient Egypt. It combined logographic, syllabic and alphabetic elements, with a total of some 1,000 distinct characters, cursive hieroglyphs were used for religious literature on papyrus and wood. The later hieratic and demotic Egyptian scripts are derived from hieroglyphic writing, the writing system continued to be used throughout the Late Period, as well as the Persian and Ptolemaic periods. Late survivals of hieroglyphic use are found well into the Roman period, with the closing of pagan temples in the 5th century, knowledge of hieroglyphic writing was lost, and the script remained undeciphered throughout the medieval and early modern period. The decipherment of hieroglyphs would only be solved in the 1820s by Jean-François Champollion, the word hieroglyph comes from the Greek adjective ἱερογλυφικός, a compound of ἱερός and γλύφω, supposedly a calque of an Egyptian phrase mdw·w-nṯr gods words. The glyphs themselves were called τὰ ἱερογλυφικὰ γράμματα the sacred engraved letters, the word hieroglyph has become a noun in English, standing for an individual hieroglyphic character. As used in the sentence, the word hieroglyphic is an adjective. Hieroglyphs emerged from the artistic traditions of Egypt. For example, symbols on Gerzean pottery from c.4000 BC have been argued to resemble hieroglyphic writing, proto-hieroglyphic symbol systems develop in the second half of the 4th millennium BC, such as the clay labels of a Predynastic ruler called Scorpion I recovered at Abydos in 1998. The first full sentence written in hieroglyphs so far discovered was found on a seal found in the tomb of Seth-Peribsen at Umm el-Qaab. There are around 800 hieroglyphs dating back to the Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, by the Greco-Roman period, there are more than 5,000. However, given the lack of evidence, no definitive determination has been made as to the origin of hieroglyphics in ancient Egypt. Since the 1990s, and discoveries such as the Abydos glyphs, as writing developed and became more widespread among the Egyptian people, simplified glyph forms developed, resulting in the hieratic and demotic scripts. These variants were more suited than hieroglyphs for use on papyrus. Hieroglyphic writing was not, however, eclipsed, but existed alongside the other forms, especially in monumental, the Rosetta Stone contains three parallel scripts – hieroglyphic, demotic, and Greek. Hieroglyphs continued to be used under Persian rule, and after Alexander the Greats conquest of Egypt, during the ensuing Ptolemaic and Roman periods. It appears that the quality of comments from Greek and Roman writers about hieroglyphs came about, at least in part. Some believed that hieroglyphs may have functioned as a way to distinguish true Egyptians from some of the foreign conquerors, another reason may be the refusal to tackle a foreign culture on its own terms, which characterized Greco-Roman approaches to Egyptian culture generally
Egyptian hieroglyphs
–
A section of the
Papyrus of Ani showing cursive hieroglyphs.
Egyptian hieroglyphs
–
Hieroglyphs on a funerary stela in
Manchester Museum
Egyptian hieroglyphs
–
The
Rosetta Stone in the
British Museum
Egyptian hieroglyphs
–
Hieroglyphs typical of the Graeco-Roman period
11.
Rubric
–
A rubric is a word or section of text that is traditionally written or printed in red ink for emphasis. The word derives from the Latin, rubrica, meaning red ochre or red chalk, rubric can also mean the red ink or paint used to make rubrics, or the pigment used to make it. Although red was most often used, other colours came into use from the late Middle Ages onwards, various figurative senses of the word have been extended from its original sense. Usually these senses are used within the set phrase under rubric, for example, under this rubric, or under the rubric of Y. Instructions for a priest explaining what he must do during a liturgy were also rubricated in missals and the liturgical books. From this, rubric has a denotation of an instruction in a text. This is the oldest recorded definition in English, found in 1375, less formally, rubrics may refer to any liturgical action customarily performed, whether or not pursuant to a written instruction. The history, status, and authority of the content of rubrics are significant, in the past, some theologians distinguished between rubrics they considered of Divine origin and those merely of human origin. Rubrics were probably originally verbal, and then written in separate volumes, the earliest extant liturgical books do not contain them, but from references in texts of the first millennium it appears that written versions existed. Full rubrics regarding matters such as vesture, appearance of the altar, timing of specific liturgies, in modern liturgical books, e. g. Red is also used to distinguish words spoken by the celebrant. Other versions of the Bible have since adopted the popular practice, code of Rubrics Rubrication Scriptorium Rubrics of the Anglican Low Mass Very full set of rubrics, perversely, the words to be spoken are here shown in red, and the rubrics in black. Catholic Order of Mass Rubrics showing who speaks are in red, Kelmscott Press Examples of Kelmscott Press pages showing use of red accents. So this then is the preachment entitled Chicago tongue A flip book presentation of the Roycroft Press edition c,1913, illustrating use of rubrics in the Arts and Crafts tradition
Rubric
–
Dominican Missal, c. 1240, with rubrics in red (Historical Museum of
Lausanne)
Rubric
–
Rubrics in an illuminated
gradual of ca. 1500
12.
Gynaecology
–
Gynaecology or gynecology is the medical practice dealing with the health of the female reproductive systems and the breasts. Literally, outside medicine, the means the science of women. Its counterpart is andrology, which deals with issues specific to the male reproductive system. Almost all modern gynaecologists are also obstetricians, in many areas, the specialities of gynaecology and obstetrics overlap. The word gynaecology comes from the Greek γυνή, woman, and -logia, the Kahun Gynaecological Papyrus is the oldest known medical text of any kind. Dated to about 1800 BC, it deals with womens complaints—gynaecological diseases, fertility, pregnancy, contraception, the text is divided into thirty-four sections, each section dealing with a specific problem and containing diagnosis and treatment, no prognosis is suggested. Treatments are non surgical, comprising applying medicines to the body part or swallowing them. The womb is at times seen as the source of complaints manifesting themselves in other body parts, the Hippocratic Corpus contains several gynaecological treatises dating to the 5th/4th centuries BC. Aristotle is another source for medical texts from 4th century BC with his descriptions of biology primarily found in History of Animals, Parts of Animals. The gynaecological treatise Gynaikeia by Soranus of Ephesus is extant and he was the chief representative of the school of physicians known as the Methodists. J. Marion Sims is widely considered the father of modern gynaecology, Now criticized for the short comings. Now criticized for the short comings. He developed some of his techniques by operating on slaves, many of whom were not given anaesthesia, in some countries, women must first see a general practitioner prior to seeing a gynaecologist. If their condition requires training, knowledge, surgical procedure, or equipment unavailable to the GP, in the United States, however, law and many health insurance plans allow gynaecologists to provide primary care in addition to aspects of their own specialty. With this option available, some women opt to see a surgeon for non-gynaecological problems without another physicians referral. As in all of medicine, the tools of diagnosis are clinical history. Gynaecological examination is quite intimate, more so than a physical exam. It also requires unique instrumentation such as the speculum, Gynaecologists typically do a bimanual examination to palpate the cervix, uterus, ovaries and bony pelvis. It is not uncommon to do a rectovaginal examination for complete evaluation of the pelvis, male gynaecologists may have a female chaperone for their examination
Gynaecology
–
The historic taboo associated with the examination of
female genitalia has long inhibited the science of gynaecology. This 1822 drawing by Jacques-Pierre Maygnier shows a "compromise" procedure, in which the
physician is kneeling before the woman but cannot see her genitalia. Modern gynaecology no longer uses such a position.
13.
Imhotep
–
Imhotep was an Egyptian polymath who served under the Third Dynasty king Djoser as chancellor to the pharaoh and high priest of the sun god Ra at Heliopolis. He was one of only a few ever to be accorded divine status after death. The center of his cult was Memphis, from the First Intermediate Period onward Imhotep was also revered as a poet and philosopher. His sayings were famously referenced in poems, I have heard the words of Imhotep, the location of Imhoteps self-constructed tomb was well hidden from the beginning and it remains unknown, despite efforts to find it. The consensus is that it is hidden somewhere at Saqqara, according to myth, Imhoteps mother was a mortal named Kheredu-ankh, elevated later to semi-divine status by claims that she was the daughter of Banebdjedet. Alternatively, since Imhotep was known as the Son of Ptah, his mother was claimed to be Sekhmet. According to another tale, his father may have been an architect named Kanofer, the latter inscription suggests that Imhotep outlived Djoser by a few years and went on to serve in the construction of King Sekhemkhets pyramid, which was abandoned due to this rulers brief reign. The Upper Egyptian Famine Stela, which dates from the Ptolemaic period, Imhotep is credited with having been instrumental in ending it. One of his priests explained the connection between the god Khnum and the rise of the Nile to the king, who then had a dream in which the Nile god spoke to him, promising to end the drought. A demotic papyrus from the ancient Egyptian temple of Tebtunis, dating to the 2nd century AD, King Djoser plays a prominent role in the story, which also mentions Imhoteps family, his father the god Ptah, his mother Khereduankh, and his little-sister Renpetneferet. At one point Djoser desires the young Renpetneferet, and Imhotep disguises himself, the text also refers to the royal tomb of Djoser. An anachronistic detail is a battle between the Egyptian and Assyrian armies where Imhotep fights an Assyrian sorceress in a duel of magic, Imhotep was one of the chief officials of the Pharaoh Djoser. Egyptologists ascribe to him the design of the Pyramid of Djoser and he may also have been responsible for the first known use of stone columns to support a building. Despite these later attestations, the pharaonic Egyptians themselves never credited Imhotep as the designer of the Stepped Pyramid nor with the invention of stone architecture, as an instigator of Egyptian culture, Imhoteps idealized image lasted well into the Ptolemaic period. The Egyptian historian Manetho credited him with inventing the method of a building during Djosers reign. Prior to Djoser, pharaohs were buried in mastaba tombs, the surviving copy of the papyrus was probably written around 1700 BC but may be a copy of texts written a thousand years earlier. However, this attribution of authorship is speculative, egyptologist James Peter Allen states that The Greeks equated him with their own god of medicine, Asklepios, although ironically there is no evidence that Imhotep himself was a physician. Two thousand years after his death, Imhoteps status was raised to that of a deity of medicine and he was identified or associated with Thoth, the god of architecture, mathematics, medicine and patron of the scribes, Imhoteps cult merging with that of his former tutelary god
Imhotep
–
Statuette of Imhotep in the
Louvre
Imhotep
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Pyramid of Djoser
14.
Luxor
–
Luxor is a city in Upper Egypt and the capital of Luxor Governorate. The population numbers 487,896, with an area of approximately 416 square kilometres, immediately opposite, across the River Nile, lie the monuments, temples and tombs of the West Bank Necropolis, which includes the Valley of the Kings and Valley of the Queens. Thousands of tourists from all around the world arrive annually to visit these monuments, the name Luxor comes from the Arabic al-ʾuqṣur, lit. the palaces, from the collective pl. of qaṣr, which may be a loanword from the Latin castrum fortified camp. Luxor was the ancient city of Thebes, the capital of Egypt during the New Kingdom. Montuhotep II who united Egypt after the troubles of the first intermediate period brought stability to the lands as the city grew in stature. The city attracted peoples such as the Babylonians, the Mitanni, the Hittites of Anatolia, the Canaanites of Ugarit, the Phoenicians of Byblos and Tyre, a Hittite prince from Anatolia even came to marry with the widow of Tutankhamun, Ankhesenamun. However, as the city of the god Amon-Ra, Thebes remained the capital of Egypt until the Greek period. The main god of the city was Amon, who was worshipped together with his wife, the Goddess Mut, and their son Khonsu, the God of the moon. With the rise of Thebes as the foremost city of Egypt and his great temple, at Karnak just north of Thebes, was the most important temple of Egypt right until the end of antiquity. Later, the city was attacked by Assyrian emperor Assurbanipal who installed the Libyan prince on the throne, the city of Thebes was in ruins and fell in significance. However, Alexander the Great did arrive at the temple of Amun, where the statue of the god was transferred from Karnak during the Opet Festival, Aswan and Luxor have the hottest summer days of any other city in Egypt. Aswan and Luxor have nearly the same climate, Luxor is one of the hottest, sunniest and driest cities in the world. Average high temperatures are above 40 °C during summer while average low temperatures remain above 22 °C, during the coldest month of the year, average high temperatures remain above 22.0 °C while average low temperatures remain above 5 °C. The climate of Luxor has precipitation levels lower than even most other places in the Sahara, the desert city is one of the driest ones in the world, and rainfall does not occur every year. The air is dry in Luxor but much more humid than in Aswan. There is a relative humidity of 39. 9%, with a maximum mean of 57% during winter. In addition, Luxor, Minya, Sohag, Qena and Asyut have the widest difference of temperatures between days and nights of any city in Egypt, with almost 16 °C difference. The hottest temperature recorded was on May 15,1991 which was 50 °C, the Coptic Catholic minority established on November 26,1895 an Eparchy of Luqsor alias Thebes, on territory split off from the Apostolic Vicariate of Egypt
Luxor
–
Top: First pylon in Precinct of Amun-Re, 2nd left: Night view in Luxor Temple, 2nd right: Colossi of Memnon Statue, Middle left: Pillars of Great Hypostyle Hall ancient site, Middle right: Hatshepsut Temple in Deir el-Bchari, 4th left: Statue of Ramses Ⅱ in Karnak Temple, 4th right: Needle Monument in Karnak Temple, Bottom: View of Pillars of Great Hypostyle Hall ancient site
Luxor
–
Luxor Temple
Luxor
–
Streets of Luxor in 2004
Luxor
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Luxor
souq
15.
New York Historical Society
–
The New-York Historical Society presents exhibitions, public programs, and research that explore the rich history of New York and the nation. The New-York Historical Society Museum & Library has been at its present location since 1908, the granite building was designed by York & Sawyer in a classic Roman Eclectic style. Louise Mirrer has been the president of the Historical Society since 2004 and she was previously Executive Vice Chancellor for Academic Affairs of the City University of New York. Beginning in 2005, the museum presented a groundbreaking exhibit on Slavery in New York. It included an art exhibit by artists invited to use museum collections in their works, the Society generally focuses on the developing city center on Manhattan Island, and the Long Island Historical Society was founded in 1863. It was later renamed as the Brooklyn Historical Society, located in the borough across the East River and this borough was consolidated into the City of Greater New York in 1898. The BHS also has materials pertaining to the city and its region. The New-York Historical Society holds a collection of historical artifacts, works of American art. Grant, Tiffany designer Clara Driscol, and the history of the Constitution, the New-York Historical Society’s museum is the oldest in New York City and predates the founding of the Metropolitan Museum of Art by nearly 70 years. Its art holdings comprise more than 1.6 million works, the Historical Society also holds an important collection of paintings and drawings by marine artist James Bard. Its research library contains more than three books, pamphlets, maps, atlases, newspapers, broadsides, music sheets, manuscripts, prints, photographs. Grant’s terms of surrender for Robert E, the Society operates a website showing many images from its collection. In 2015 it announced the digitization and posting of over a thousand negatives by photographer Robert L. Bracklow from the late 19th, the Historical Society was founded on November 20,1804, largely through the efforts of John Pintard. He was for some years secretary of the American Academy of Fine Arts and he was also among the first to agitate for a free school system. The first meeting comprised 11 of the citys most prominent citizens, at the meeting, a committee was selected to draw up a constitution, and by December 10, the Historical Society was officially organized. It had already collected the start of a collection, several oil portraits and 38 engraved portraits. The Historical Society suffered under heavy debt during its early decades, in 1809, it organized a celebration of the 200th anniversary of the arrival of Henry Hudson in New York Harbor. Inspired by the event, the Historical Society petitioned and later obtained an endowment from the New York State Legislature, the failure of the lottery resulted in a debt that forced the Society to mortgage some of its books, which were not redeemed until 1823
New York Historical Society
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Entrance
New York Historical Society
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The Rapalje Children, John Durand, 1768. Collection of the New–York Historical Society
New York Historical Society
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Re-enactment of loyalist colonial troops guard the Society building from George Washington's Rebels
New York Historical Society
–
Asher B. Durand, Pastoral Landscape, 1861
16.
James Henry Breasted
–
James Henry Breasted was an American archaeologist, Egyptologist, and historian. After completing his PhD at the University of Berlin in 1894, in 1901 he became director of the Haskell Oriental Museum at the university, where he continued to concentrate on Egypt. In 1905 Breasted was promoted to professor, and was the first chair in Egyptology, in 1919 he became the founder of the Oriental Institute at the University of Chicago, a center for interdisciplinary study of ancient civilizations. Breasted was a field researcher, and had a productive interest in recording and interpreting ancient writings. James Henry Breasted was born on Aug.27,1865 and he was educated at North Central College, graduated in 1888, and attended Chicago Theological Seminary but transferred to Yale University to study Hebrew. He received a degree from Yale in 1891 and, on the advice of William Rainey Harper, went to University of Berlin. Erman had just established a new school of Egyptology, concentrating systematically on grammar, Breasted received his doctorate in 1894. He was the first American citizen to obtain a PhD in Egyptology, in 1894 Breasted married Frances Hart. Hart and her sisters were in Germany at the time as Breasted, learning the German language. It was a vacation as Breasted had been recruited to build a collection of Egyptian antiquities for the University of Chicago. Hart died four decades later in 1934, after which Breasted married one of her sisters, Breasted popularized the term Fertile Crescent to describe the archaeologically important area including parts of present-day Iraq, Syria, Turkey, Lebanon, Jordan, Palestine and Israel. Breasted became an instructor at the University of Chicago in 1894 soon after earning his doctorate, five years later the university agreed to his accepting an invitation from the Prussian Academy of Sciences to work on its Egyptian dictionary project. From 1899 to 1908 he did work in Egypt, which established his reputation. He began to publish articles and monographs, as well as his History of Egypt from the Earliest Times Down to the Persian Conquest in 1905. At that time he was promoted to Professor of Egyptology and Oriental History for Chicago, in 1901 Breasted was appointed director of the Haskell Oriental Museum, which had opened at the University of Chicago in 1896. Piccione wrote in the preface to its 2001 reprint, it contains certain texts. As World War I wound down, he sensed an opportunity and he wrote to John D. Rockefeller Jr. son of the major donor to the University, and proposed founding what would become the Oriental Institute. He planned a trip through the Middle East, which he suggested was ready to receive scholars
James Henry Breasted
–
James Breasted in Chicago, 1928.
James Henry Breasted
–
Prof. James H. Breasted, of University of Chicago, 1928
17.
Brooklyn Museum
–
The Brooklyn Museum is an art museum located in the New York City borough of Brooklyn. At 560,000 square feet, the museum is New York Citys third largest in physical size, the museum initially struggled to maintain its building and collection, only to be revitalized in the late 20th century, thanks to major renovations. Significant areas of the collection include antiquities, specifically their collection of Egyptian antiquities spanning over 3,000 years, African, Oceanic, and Japanese art make for notable antiquities collections as well. American art is represented, starting at the Colonial period. Artists represented in the collection include Mark Rothko, Edward Hopper, Norman Rockwell, Winslow Homer, Edgar Degas, Georgia OKeeffe, the museum also has a Memorial Sculpture Garden which features salvaged architectural elements from throughout New York City. The roots of the Brooklyn Museum extend back to the 1823 founding by Augustus Graham of the Brooklyn Apprentices’ Library in Brooklyn Heights, in 1890, under its director Franklin Hooper, Institute leaders reorganized as the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences and began planning the Brooklyn Museum. The initial design for the Brooklyn Museum was four times as large as the actualized version, Daniel Chester French, the noted sculptor of the Lincoln Memorial, was the principal designer of the pediment sculptures and the monolithic 12. 5-foot figures along the cornice. The figures were created by 11 sculptors and carved by the Piccirilli Brothers, by 1920, the New York City Subway reached the museum with a subway station, this greatly improved access to the once-isolated museum from Manhattan and other outer boroughs. The Brooklyn Institutes director Franklin Hooper was the museums first director and he was followed by Philip Newell Youtz, Laurance Page Roberts, Isabel Spaulding Roberts, Charles Nagel, Jr. and Edgar Craig Schenck. Thomas S. Buechner became the director in 1960, making him one of the youngest directors in the country. Buechner oversaw a major transformation in the way the museum displayed art and brought some one thousand works that had languished in the museums archives and put them on display. Buechner played a role in rescuing the Daniel Chester French sculptures from destruction due to an expansion project at the Manhattan Bridge in the 1960s. The Brooklyn Museum changed its name to Brooklyn Museum of Art in 1997, on March 12,2004, the museum announced that it would revert to its previous name. In April 2004, the museum opened the James Polshek-designed entrance pavilion on the Eastern Parkway façade, in September 2014, Lehman announced that he was planning to retire around June 2015. In May 2015, Creative Time president and artistic director Anne Pasternak was named the Museums next director, member institutions occupy land or buildings owned by the City of New York and derive part of their yearly funding from the City. The Brooklyn Museum also supplements its earned income with funding from Federal and State governments, as well as donations by individuals. Major benefactors include Frank Lusk Babbott, the museum is the site of the annual Brooklyn Artists Ball which has included celebrity hosts such as Sarah Jessica Parker and Liv Tyler. The Brooklyn Museum exhibits collections that seek to embody the rich heritage of world cultures
Brooklyn Museum
–
Brooklyn Museum
Brooklyn Museum
–
Replica of the
Statue of Liberty in back lot.
Brooklyn Museum
–
Book of the Dead of the Goldworker of Amun, Sobekmose, 31.1777e
Brooklyn Museum
–
Brooklyn Papyrus 664-332 BCE
18.
Metropolitan Museum of Art
–
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, colloquially the Met, is located in New York City and is the largest art museum in the United States, and is among the most visited art museums in the world. Its permanent collection contains two million works, divided among seventeen curatorial departments. The main building, on the edge of Central Park along Manhattans Museum Mile, is by area one of the worlds largest art galleries. A much smaller second location, The Cloisters at Fort Tryon Park in Upper Manhattan, contains a collection of art, architecture. On March 18,2016, the museum opened the Met Breuer museum at Madison Avenue in the Upper East Side, it extends the museums modern, the Met maintains extensive holdings of African, Asian, Oceanian, Byzantine, Indian, and Islamic art. The museum is home to collections of musical instruments, costumes and accessories, as well as antique weapons. Several notable interiors, ranging from first-century Rome through modern American design, are installed in its galleries, the Metropolitan Museum of Art was founded in 1870. The founders included businessmen and financiers, as well as leading artists and thinkers of the day and it opened on February 20,1872, and was originally located at 681 Fifth Avenue. The Met maintains extensive holdings of African, Asian, Oceanian, Byzantine, the museum is also home to encyclopedic collections of musical instruments, costumes and accessories, and antique weapons and armor from around the world. A number of interiors, ranging from 1st century Rome through modern American design, are permanently installed in the Mets galleries. In addition to its permanent exhibitions, the Met organizes and hosts traveling shows throughout the year. The director of the museum is Thomas P. Campbell, a long-time curator and it was announced on February 28th,2017 that Campbell will be stepping down as the Mets director and CEO, effective June. On March 1st,2017 the BBC reported that Daniel Weiss shall be the acting CEO until a replacement is found, Beginning in the late 19th century, the Met started to acquire ancient art and artifacts from the Near East. From a few tablets and seals, the Mets collection of Near Eastern art has grown to more than 7,000 pieces. The highlights of the include a set of monumental stone lamassu, or guardian figures. The Mets Department of Arms and Armor is one of the museums most popular collections. Among the collections 14,000 objects are many pieces made for and used by kings and princes, including armor belonging to Henry VIII of England, Henry II of France, Rockefeller donated his more than 3, 000-piece collection to the museum. The Mets Asian department holds a collection of Asian art, of more than 35,000 pieces, the collection dates back almost to the founding of the museum, many of the philanthropists who made the earliest gifts to the museum included Asian art in their collections
Metropolitan Museum of Art
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The Metropolitan Museum of Art
Metropolitan Museum of Art
Metropolitan Museum of Art
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The facade of the Met dominates the city's "
Museum Mile ".
Metropolitan Museum of Art
–
The Great Hall
19.
Ancient Egyptian medicine
–
The medicine of the ancient Egyptians is some of the oldest documented. Egyptian medical thought influenced later traditions, including the Greeks, until the 19th century, the main sources of information about ancient Egyptian medicine were writings from later in antiquity. The Greek historian Herodotus visited Egypt around 440 BC and wrote extensively of his observations of their medicinal practice, pliny the Elder also wrote favourably of them in historical review. Hippocrates, Herophilos, Erasistratus and later Galen studied at the temple of Amenhotep, in 1822, the translation of the Rosetta stone finally allowed the translation of ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic inscriptions and papyri, including many related to medical matters. The Edwin Smith Papyrus is a textbook on surgery and details anatomical observations and the examination, diagnosis, treatment and it was probably written around 1600 BC, but is regarded as a copy of several earlier texts. Medical information in it dates from as early as 3000 BC and it is thus viewed as a learning manual. Treatments consisted of ointments made from animal, vegetable or fruit substances or minerals, the earliest known surgery to be performed in Egypt occurred around 2750 BC. The Ebers papyrus c.1550 BC is full of incantations and foul applications meant to turn away disease-causing demons and it may also contain the earliest documented awareness of tumors, if the poorly understood ancient medical terminology has been correctly interpreted. The Kahun Gynaecological Papyrus treats womens complaints, including problems with conception, thirty four cases detailing diagnosis and treatment survive, some of them fragmentarily. Dating to 1800 BC, it is the oldest surviving text of any kind. Other documents such as the Hearst papyrus, and Berlin Papyrus also provide insight into ancient Egyptian medicine. Other information comes from the images that often adorn the walls of Egyptian tombs, advances in modern medical technology also contributed to the understanding of ancient Egyptian medicine. Paleopathologists were able to use X-Rays and later CAT Scans to view the bones, electron microscopes, mass spectrometry and various forensic techniques allowed scientists unique glimpses of the state of health in Egypt 4000 years ago. The ancient Egyptians were at least partially aware of the importance of diet, owing to Egypts great endowment of fertile land, food production was never a major issue although of course no matter how bountiful the land, paupers and starvation still exist. The main crops for most of ancient Egyptian history were emmer wheat, barley was also used in beer. Vegetables and fruits of many types were widely grown, oil was produced from the linseed plant and there was a limited selection of spices and herbs. Offerings to King Unas were recorded as and it is clear that the Egyptian diet was not lacking for the upper classes and that even the lower classes may have had some selection. Like many civilizations in the past the ancient Egyptians amply discovered the properties of the plant life around them
Ancient Egyptian medicine
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The
Edwin Smith Papyrus documents ancient Egyptian medicine, including the diagnosis and treatment of injuries.
Ancient Egyptian medicine
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Ebers Papyrus treatment for cancer: recounting a "
tumor against the god Xenus", it recommends "do thou nothing there against"
Ancient Egyptian medicine
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Ancient Egyptian medical instruments depicted in a
Ptolemaic period inscription on the
Temple of Kom Ombo.
Ancient Egyptian medicine
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This wood and leather prosthetic toe was used by an amputee to facilitate walking
20.
Medical literature
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Medical literature is the scientific literature of medicine, articles in journals and texts in books devoted to the field of medicine. Many references to the literature include the health care literature generally, including that of dentistry, veterinary medicine, pharmacy, nursing. Contemporary and historic views regarding diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of conditions have been documented for thousands of years. The Edwin Smith papyrus is the first known medical treatise, initially most described inflictions related to warfare. This was because war was the most important part of society, throughout history people have written about diseases, how human beings might contract them and what could be done to remedy it. Medicine ranged from folklore, witchcraft to the current evidence-based medicine, among the most notable descriptions are texts from Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, China, Greece, Persia, Spain and Syria. Following Vesalius, William Harvey, Ignaz Semmelweis, Louis Pasteur, and others, after incorporating the scientific method, medical literature has introduced peer review, and is currently divided into journals and textbooks. These are publications in which the community shares information. The common articles are original articles, reviews and case reports, original articles describe methods, results, discussion and conclusions and a new research that is conducted by the authors. Other type of reviews are the systematic reviews and the meta-analysis in which a specific clinical dilemma is answered by collecting and summarizing all published data regarding this question, case reports are descriptions of clinical cases of rare phenomenon or a new clinical method. Case reports may be of value in assessing unusual medical conditions that cannot be studied in clinical trials, currently, most of the top-ranked medical journals do not publish case reports because of space constraints or a preference for larger, more definitive studies. When looking for information in any journal one can use the National Library of Medicines PubMed database. Peer reviewed journals are ranked higher thus are a source for medical information than non-peer reviewed journals. A medical manual is literature describing diagnosis, treatment, management, the first known medical manual is the Edwin Smith papyrus of ancient Egypt. After consensus has been reached, it is incorporated in textbooks, there are textbooks on every medical specialty and they contain comprehensive discussion on all diseases and their diagnosis, therapy and prognosis. The first textbook to utilize experts to write specific chapters within the book was the Cecil Textbook of Medicine edited by Russell Cecil, since that time, this has been the standard. It was able to eclipse Cecils by changing the organization, harrisons is also credited for a strong commitment to linking basic science to clinical medicine. Health-related information is disseminated to the public via mainstream media outlets, these reports influence doctors, the general public
Medical literature
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Plates vi & vii of the
Edwin Smith Papyrus at the Rare Book Room,
New York Academy of Medicine
Medical literature
–
Statuette of
Imhotep in the
Louvre
21.
Park Ridge, Illinois
–
Park Ridge is a city in Cook County, Illinois, United States, and a Chicago suburb. The population was 37,480 at the 2010 census and it is located 15 miles northwest of downtown Chicago. It is close to OHare International Airport, major expressways, and it is a part of the Chicago metropolitan area, bordering two northwestern neighborhoods of Chicagos Far North Side. As its name suggests, Park Ridge lies on a ridge, the soil is abundant with clay deposits, which made it a brick-making center for the developing city of Chicago. Park Ridge was originally called Pennyville to honor George Penny, the businessman who owned the local brickyard along with Robert Meacham, the Des Plaines River divides Park Ridge from neighboring Des Plaines, Illinois, which is west of Park Ridge. Chicago is south and east of Park Ridge, and Niles, the area of Park Ridge was inhabited by the Potawatomie until they were removed in 1833. George Penny established a brickworks in the area, in 1910 Park Ridge had a population of 2,009. In 1930 the population was 10,417, in 1950 the population was 16,602. In 1960 the population was 32,625, with 99. 9% of the population white, there were five African-Americans and 31 people classed other than black or white. By 1970, the population had risen to 42,466, according to the 2010 census, Park Ridge has a total area of 7.134 square miles, of which 7.09 square miles is land and 0.044 square miles is water. Park Ridge falls under the USDA 5b Plant Hardiness zone, as of the census of 2000, there were 37,775 people,14,219 households, and 10,465 families residing in the city. The population density was 5,374.6 people per square mile, there were 14,646 housing units at an average density of 2,083.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 95. 4% White,0. 2% African American,0. 06% Native American,2. 66% Asian,0. 05% Pacific Islander,0. 87% from other races, and 0. 74% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 90% of the population,24. 1% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.61 and the family size was 3.13. The median cost of a house is $420,000. The Citys population consists of 24. 5% persons under the age of 18,5. 5% aged 18 to 24,24. 5% aged 25 to 44,25. 8% aged 45 to 64, the median age was 42 years. For every 100 females there were 90.1 males, for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.2 males
Park Ridge, Illinois
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Park Ridge
Park Ridge, Illinois
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The
Art Deco Pickwick Theatre, in uptown Park Ridge
Park Ridge, Illinois
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The Chase Bank building at Six Points, another prominent Park Ridge building
Park Ridge, Illinois
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Major city
22.
American Association of Neurological Surgeons
–
The American Association of Neurological Surgeons is a scientific and educational association focused on advancing the specialty of neurological surgery. The organization has over 8,000 members around the world, founded in 1931, the AANS was originally known as the Harvey Cushing Society, named for the brain surgery pioneer Harvey Cushing. Membership to the Society of Neurological Surgeons, the specialtys key organization during this period, was closed to men at this time. Spurling and Van Wagenen enlisted the help of Temple Fay and R. Eustace Semmes in the creation of the group, and on May 6,1932, twenty-three people attended, many of whom were Cushings colleagues and neurosurgical trainees. Other charter members of the society were Gilbert Anderson, Paul C,1942 – The AANS adopts new bylaws requiring active members to be certified by the American Board of Neurological Surgery. 1944 – The first issue of theJournal of Neurosurgery is printed, an editorial board had been established in 1943, and Louise Eisenhardt was named editor-in-chief. 1967 – At its annual meeting in San Francisco, the Harvey Cushing Society changes its name to the American Association of Neurological Surgeons, the group also revamps its membership requirements, now noting that only board-certified neurosurgeons could be considered for active membership. Associate memberships are available for those in related neurological disciplines and this same year, the William P. Van Wagenen Fellowship is established to provide educational funding to medical students. 1976 – A headquarters office is established in downtown Chicago, the office moves to Park Ridge, Illinois in 1984, and subsequently to its current location in Rolling Meadows, Illinois in 2000. 1988 – The United States Postal Service issues an official Harvey Cushing stamp on June 17 as part of its Great Americans 45-cent stamp collection. The AANS is composed of board-certified neurosurgeons from around the world as well as students, neurosurgical support staff. Throughout its history, the AANS has taken stances on a number of key issues affecting neurosurgical professionals. Efforts include patient safety and quality improvement, tort reform, and issues relating to the Emergency Medical Treatment, in addition to a professional staff office in Washington, D. C. the AANS maintains a member-driven Washington Committee to advocate for a number of causes. Washington staff maintains the Neurosurgery Blog which highlights the latest legislative activities affecting health care, since 1944, the AANS has published the Journal of Neurosurgery. In addition, the quarterly AANS Neurosurgeon focuses on issues related to legislation, each issue is centered on different themes, and past themes include humanitarian neurosurgery, neurosurgeons as patients, stereotactic radiosurgery, and neurovascular neurosurgery. On its website, the AANS presents information relevant to patients regarding a number of ailments and treatments. The AANS offers its members a number of opportunities, mostly through courses held around the country at various times of the year. Topics include practice management, oral board preparation, maintenance of certification, course offerings also extend to mid-level practitioners such as nurses and physician assistants
American Association of Neurological Surgeons
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American Association of Neurological Surgeons
American Association of Neurological Surgeons
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Attendees at the first meeting of the Harvey Cushing Society in Boston, 1932.
23.
International Standard Book Number
–
The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
International Standard Book Number
–
A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an
EAN-13 bar code
24.
Gale (publisher)
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Gale is an educational publishing company based in Farmington Hills, Michigan, the United States, in the western suburbs of Detroit. It was part of the Thomson Learning division of the Thomson Corporation, a Canadian company, the company, formerly known as Gale Research and the Gale Group, is active in research and educational publishing for public and academic libraries, schools and businesses. Founded in Detroit, Michigan in 1954 by Frederick Gale Ruffner, in 1999, Thomson Gale acquired Macmillan Reference USA from Pearson. In 2000 it acquired the Munich-based K. G. Saur Verlag, Thomson has said that it expected this sale to generate approximately $5 billion. Sommers was president of Gale from October 22,2007, until he retired in 2010, Gale produces hundreds of products, such as Academic OneFile, Biography and Genealogy Master Index, General OneFile, General Reference Center, Sabin Americana, and World History Collection. Gale print imprints include the reference brands Primary Source Media, Scholarly Resources Inc, schirmer Reference, St. James Press, The TAFT Group and Twayne Publishers, among others. Five Star Publishing is Gales fiction imprint, with hundreds of books in print in the Western, Romance, Mystery, Gale also sells into the K–12 market with several imprints, including U·X·L, Greenhaven Press, KidHaven Press, Lucent Books, and others. Gale also owns large print publishers Christian Large Print and Wheeler Publishing
Gale (publisher)
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Gale Cengage headquarters building, Farmington Hills
Gale (publisher)
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Gale (publisher)
25.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
New York City
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Clockwise, from top:
Midtown Manhattan,
Times Square, the
Unisphere in
Queens, the
Brooklyn Bridge,
Lower Manhattan with
One World Trade Center,
Central Park, the
headquarters of the United Nations, and the
Statue of Liberty
New York City
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New Amsterdam, centered in the eventual
Lower Manhattan, in 1664, the year
England took control and renamed it "New York".
New York City
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The
Battle of Long Island, the largest battle of the
American Revolution, took place in
Brooklyn in 1776.
New York City
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Broadway follows the Native American Wickquasgeck Trail through Manhattan.
26.
New Haven
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New Haven, in the U. S. state of Connecticut, is the principal municipality in Greater New Haven, which had a total population of 862,477 in 2010. It is located on New Haven Harbor on the shore of Long Island Sound in New Haven County, Connecticut. It is the second-largest city in Connecticut, with a population of 129,779 people as of the 2010 United States Census, according to a census of 1 July 2012, by the Census Bureau, the city had a population of 130,741. New Haven was founded in 1638 by English Puritans, and a year later eight streets were laid out in a four-by-four grid, the central common block is the New Haven Green, a 16-acre square, and the center of Downtown New Haven. The Green is now a National Historic Landmark and the Nine Square Plan is recognized by the American Planning Association as a National Planning Landmark, New Haven is the home of Yale University. The university is an part of the citys economy, being New Havens biggest taxpayer and employer. Health care, professional services, financial services, and retail trade also help to form a base for the city. The city served as co-capital of Connecticut from 1701 until 1873, New Haven has since billed itself as the Cultural Capital of Connecticut for its supply of established theaters, museums, and music venues. New Haven is also the birthplace of George W. Bush, New Haven had the first public tree planting program in America, producing a canopy of mature trees that gave New Haven the nickname The Elm City. The area was visited by Dutch explorer Adriaen Block in 1614. Dutch traders set up a trading system of beaver pelts with the local inhabitants, but trade was sporadic. In 1637 a small party of Puritans reconnoitered the New Haven harbor area, the Quinnipiacs, who were under attack by neighboring Pequots, sold their land to the settlers in return for protection. By 1640, the theocratic government and nine-square grid plan were in place. However, the north of New Haven remained Quinnipiac until 1678. The settlement became the headquarters of the New Haven Colony, at the time, the New Haven Colony was separate from the Connecticut Colony, which had been established to the north centering on Hartford. Economic disaster struck the colony in 1646, however, when the town sent its first fully loaded ship of goods back to England. This ship never reached the Old World, and its disappearance stymied New Havens development in the face of the rising power of Boston. In 1660, founder John Davenports wishes were fulfilled, and Hopkins School was founded in New Haven with money from the estate of Edward Hopkins, in 1661, the judges who had signed the death warrant of Charles I of England were pursued by Charles II
New Haven
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Montage of New Haven. Clockwise from top left:
Downtown New Haven skyline,
East Rock Park, summer festivities on the
New Haven Green, shops along
Upper State Street,
Five Mile Point Lighthouse,
Harkness Tower, and
Connecticut Hall at Yale.
New Haven
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Seal
New Haven
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The 1638 nine-square plan, with the extant
New Haven Green at its center, continues to define New Haven's downtown
New Haven
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New Haven as it appeared in a 1786 engraving
27.
Yale University Press
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Yale University Press is a university press associated with Yale University. It was founded in 1908 by George Parmly Day, and became a department of Yale University in 1961. As of 2009, Yale University Press published approximately 300 new hardcover and 150 new paperback books annually and has more than 6,000 books in print and its books have won five National Book Awards, two National Book Critics Circle Awards and eight Pulitzer Prizes. Since its inception in 1919, the Yale Series of Younger Poets Competition has published the first collection of poetry by new poets, the first winner was Howard Buck, the 2011 winner was Katherine Larson. Yale University Press and Yale Repertory Theatre jointly sponsor the Yale Drama Series, the winner of the annual competition is awarded the David C. Horn Prize of $10,000, publication of his/her manuscript by Yale University Press, the Yale Drama Series and David C. Horn Prize are funded by the David Charles Horn Foundation, in 2007, Yale University Press acquired the Anchor Bible Series, a collection of more than 115 volumes of biblical scholarship, from the Doubleday Publishing Group. New and backlist titles are now published under the Anchor Yale Bible Series name, the Dwight H. Terry Lectureship was established in 1905 to encourage the consideration of religion in the context of modern science, psychology, and philosophy. Many of the lectures, which are hosted by Yale University, have been edited into book form by the Yale University Press, the Yale Publishing Course was founded in 2010 by former Publishing Director of the Yale University Press, Tina C. It filled the gap created by the closing of the legendary Stanford Publishing Course and it operates under the aegis of the Office of International Affairs of Yale University. The Course trains mid to senior-level publishing professionals to tackle the most compelling issues facing the publishing industry, the curriculum focuses on in-depth analyses of global trends, innovative business models, management strategies, and new advances in technology. Its immersive week-long programs, one devoted to publishing and the other to magazine and digital publishing, combine lectures, discussion groups. The faculty is made up of leading experts and members of the Yale School of Management, the Yale Library. Participants come from all over the world and represent all areas of publishing within organizations of all sizes and types of publications, in 1963, the Press published a revised edition of Ludwig von Misess Human Action. Official website, including a mission statement Yale University Press, London Yale Publishing Course, New Haven, Connecticut
Yale University Press
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George Parmly Day, founder of the Yale University Press
Yale University Press
–
People
28.
John M. Last
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He has also been an outspoken advocate for change, especially on the need for a stronger and more effective voice for public health, and the need for political action on climate change. Born in Australia in 1926, John Last obtained his MB BS in 1949 and his MD in 1968, in the interim he undertook 5 years of hospital-based training,5 years in general practice, and served as a ships surgeon. In 1960 he obtained a DPH from the University of Sydney and he earned specialty recognition in Australasia, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada. He published also on issues of measurement, record keeping, evaluation, and addressing the challenge being faced by the United Kingdom, which was experiencing an exodus of physicians, he addressed related aspects of medical manpower planning. The “submerged part” goes undiagnosed and unreported, the proportion of missed cases varies with the disease and its severity. This contribution was incorporated by Jerry Morris, a colleague of Last. He has made contributions to the public health reference literature. He edited four editions of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, eponymously known as Maxcy-Rosenau-Last and is editor-emeritus of the 15th edition in 2008. As founding editor, he produced four editions of the Dictionary of Epidemiology, The successor and this dictionary has been translated into French, Spanish, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese, Arabic, Persian, Serbian, Slovakian, Russian and Ukrainian. He co-edited the Oxford Illustrated Companion to Medicine 3rd edition and An Encyclopedia of Public Health and he was contributing editor on public health sciences and practice for Stedmans Medical Dictionary and the New Oxford American Dictionary. Author of Public Health and Human Ecology, he continues to contribute to the field, as editor of a Dictionary of Public Health, in a 2014 interview, in his 88th year, John Last was asked, What are some key lessons you’ve learned over your career. In reply, this is what he said, I’ve been in health for over 50 years. I learn something new every day, I think of myself as a perpetual learner. I believe it’s helped to keep me youthful, I am an old man in years of life lived, but I’ve preserved my youthful enthusiasm for learning, in terms of key lessons, avoid getting locked into rigid positions. Conditions are changing and they’re going to go on changing, it’s absolutely essential to keep an open mind, keep your options open, and of course, keep your skills up-to-date. And be prepared to defend controversial issues, remain flexible, so you can adapt to changing conditions. A species that over-specializes to cope with a set of conditions is in danger of extinction when conditions change. Over-specialized professional people likewise risk extinction when conditions change, that’s why it’s essential to remain flexible and adaptable
John M. Last
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Emeritus Professor John M Last circa 2005
29.
Oxford University Press
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Oxford University Press is the largest university press in the world, and the second oldest after Cambridge University Press. It is a department of the University of Oxford and is governed by a group of 15 academics appointed by the known as the delegates of the press. They are headed by the secretary to the delegates, who serves as OUPs chief executive, Oxford University has used a similar system to oversee OUP since the 17th century. The university became involved in the print trade around 1480, and grew into a printer of Bibles, prayer books. OUP took on the project became the Oxford English Dictionary in the late 19th century. Moves into international markets led to OUP opening its own offices outside the United Kingdom, by contracting out its printing and binding operations, the modern OUP publishes some 6,000 new titles around the world each year. OUP was first exempted from United States corporation tax in 1972, as a department of a charity, OUP is exempt from income tax and corporate tax in most countries, but may pay sales and other commercial taxes on its products. The OUP today transfers 30% of its surplus to the rest of the university. OUP is the largest university press in the world by the number of publications, publishing more than 6,000 new books every year, the Oxford University Press Museum is located on Great Clarendon Street, Oxford. Visits must be booked in advance and are led by a member of the archive staff, displays include a 19th-century printing press, the OUP buildings, and the printing and history of the Oxford Almanack, Alice in Wonderland and the Oxford English Dictionary. The first printer associated with Oxford University was Theoderic Rood, the first book printed in Oxford, in 1478, an edition of Rufinuss Expositio in symbolum apostolorum, was printed by another, anonymous, printer. Famously, this was mis-dated in Roman numerals as 1468, thus apparently pre-dating Caxton, roods printing included John Ankywylls Compendium totius grammaticae, which set new standards for teaching of Latin grammar. After Rood, printing connected with the university remained sporadic for over half a century, the chancellor, Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester, pleaded Oxfords case. Some royal assent was obtained, since the printer Joseph Barnes began work, Oxfords chancellor, Archbishop William Laud, consolidated the legal status of the universitys printing in the 1630s. Laud envisaged a unified press of world repute, Oxford would establish it on university property, govern its operations, employ its staff, determine its printed work, and benefit from its proceeds. To that end, he petitioned Charles I for rights that would enable Oxford to compete with the Stationers Company and the Kings Printer and these were brought together in Oxfords Great Charter in 1636, which gave the university the right to print all manner of books. Laud also obtained the privilege from the Crown of printing the King James or Authorized Version of Scripture at Oxford and this privilege created substantial returns in the next 250 years, although initially it was held in abeyance. The Stationers Company was deeply alarmed by the threat to its trade, under this, the Stationers paid an annual rent for the university not to exercise its full printing rights – money Oxford used to purchase new printing equipment for smaller purposes
Oxford University Press
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Oxford University Press on
Walton Street.
Oxford University Press
–
2008 conference booth
30.
Paul Ghalioungui
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Paul Ghalioungui or Ghalioungi, MD, MRCP, Professor of Medicine and former Chairman of Internal Medicine department, Ain Shams University Faculty of Medicine. Ghalioungui was born in Mansoura, Egypt to a Greek Orthodox family, an Egyptian by birth, education, and practice, he writes of present and past Egyptian medicine as only a clinician could write whose hobby was Egyptian archaeology and medical history. It has long been my conviction that the history of a nation should be written by a native. A practicing physician, Dr. Ghalioungui proves this contention and he also had two sons in the early 1940s. He spent some time in Kuwait during the 1970s, Professor Mohammad Kamel Hussein, known in Egypt as the Father of Orthopedics, was an exemplary teacher and philosopher. The great orthopedic surgeon had a great interest in studying and researching the history of medicine, the late Professor Paul Ghalioungi was president of the XXIXth International Congress of the History of Medicine, Egypt-Cairo December 26,1984 – January 1,1985. The main theme was Egyptian medicine up to the 3rd century of the Christian era, Islamic medicine, ghaliounghui was acquainted with both pharaonic medicine and modern medicine. Throughout his illustrious career, he spent prolonged periods in Austria, England, France, Kuwait, Switzerland, judgment is difficult which appears frequently and consistently in much of his lectures and books. He had many connections and correspondence with international scientists, Some of his letters to them are preserved abroad. MB BCh from Cairo University Faculty of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt MSc from Ain Shams University Faculty of medicine M. D. Famous writer on the History of Medicine in the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s. The Lancet, Volume 372, Issue 9652, Pages 1802-1803 by R. David Publication of Ibn al-Nafis role in discovery of blood circulation and the Theory of Blood Capillaries. Dr. Paul Ghalioungui summarizes the fundamental changes Ibn al-Nafis made to the incorrect Galenic-Avicennian theory Denying the existence of any pores through the interventricular septum, the flow of blood from the right ventricle to the lungs where its lighter parts filter into the pulmonary vein to mix with air. The notion that blood, or spirit from the mixture of blood and air, passes from the lung to the left ventricle, the assertion that there are only two ventricles, not three as stated by Avicenna. The statement that the ventricle takes its nourishment from blood flowing in the vessels that run in its substance and not, as Avicenna maintained, a member of the Vanderbilt Nutrition Research Group at NAMRU-3 studied many aspects of nutrition including nutrition in ancient Egypt. Their collaboration resulted in the definitive monograph, during these years became an avid bibliophile He used to write philosophical quotations in his undergraduate book. A few lines in a textbook by the professor of endocrinology, Paul Ghalioungui, have been etched in Yehia El-Rakhawi the psychiatrist, writer, critic, mind ever since he read them in his fourth year at the university. They have served as a guide to his work, Life is short, judgement is difficult Publishing the English edition of the Ebers Papyrus, which is a scroll 20.23 meters in length and contains 108 columns of text. It is dated to the reign of Amenophis I, nevertheless, the fact that the Egyptians recognised that urine carried the pregnancy factor was remarkable
Paul Ghalioungui
–
Paul Ghalioungui painting in
Ain Shams University Hospital Central Library, Cairo
31.
Norman, Oklahoma
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Norman /ˈnɔːrmən/ is a city in the U. S. state of Oklahoma 20 miles south of downtown Oklahoma City in its metropolitan area. The population was 110,925 at the 2010 census, Normans estimated population of 120,284 in 2015 makes it the third-largest city in Oklahoma, and the city serves as the county seat of Cleveland County. Norman was settled during the Land Run of 1889, which opened the former Unassigned Lands of Indian Territory to American pioneer settlement, the city was named in honor of Abner Norman, the areas initial land surveyor, and was formally incorporated on May 13,1891. The university is known for its sporting events by teams under the banner of the nickname Sooners. The university is home to museums, including the Fred Jones Jr. Museum of Art, which contains the largest collection of French Impressionist art ever given to an American university, Norman lies within Tornado Alley, a geographic region where tornadic activity is particularly frequent and intense. The Oklahoma City metropolitan area, including Norman, is the most tornado-prone area in the world, the Storm Prediction Center, a branch of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration is located at the NWC. SPC forecasts severe storm and tornado outbreaks nationwide, additionally, research is conducted at the co-located National Severe Storms Laboratory, which includes field research and operates various experimental weather radars. In 2008, CNNs Money Magazine ranked Norman as the sixth best small city within the United States to live in, the Oklahoma region became part of the United States with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. Treaties of 1832 and 1833 assigned the area today as Norman to the Creek Nation. Following the Civil War, the Creeks were accused of aiding the Confederacy, in the early 1870s, the federal government undertook a survey of these unassigned lands. Abner Ernest Norman, a 23-year-old surveyor from Kentucky, was hired to oversee part of this project. In 1887, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway began service to the area, which was later opened to settlement as part of the Land Run of 1889, early settlers decided to keep the name Norman. On April 22,1889, the Land Run saw the founding of Norman, with at least 150 residents spending the night in makeshift campsites, by the next morning a downtown was already being constructed. On December 19,1890, Larsh and Waggoner were successful with the passage of Council Bill 114, the City of Norman was formally incorporated on May 13,1891. The city has continued to grow throughout the decades, the rail lines eventually transitioned to freight during the 1940s as the United States Numbered Highway system developed. The city population reached 11,429 in 1940, in 1941, the University of Oklahoma and Norman city officials established Max Westheimer Field, a university airstrip, and then leased it to the U. S. Navy as a Naval Flight Training Center in 1942. The training center was used for training combat pilots during World War II, a second training center, known as Naval Air Technical Training Center, and a naval hospital were later established to the south
Norman, Oklahoma
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Norman, Oklahoma
Norman, Oklahoma
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Flag
Norman, Oklahoma
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Abner Norman statue outside City Hall
Norman, Oklahoma
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Main Street in Norman, circa 1900
32.
University of Chicago Oriental Institute
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The Oriental Institute, established in 1919, is the University of Chicagos interdisciplinary research center for ancient Near Eastern studies, and archaeology museum. It was founded for the university by professor James Henry Breasted with funds donated by John D. Rockefeller and it conducts research on ancient civilizations throughout the Near East, including at its facility, Chicago House, in Luxor, Egypt. The Institute publicly exhibits a collection of artifacts related to ancient civilizations at its on campus building in the Hyde Park. James Henry Breasted built up the collection of the universitys Haskell Oriental Museum, which he oversaw along with his field work, as World War I wound down, he sensed an opportunity to use his influence in the new political climate. He wrote to John D. Rockefeller, Jr. and proposed the foundation of what would become the Oriental Institute. Fundamental to the implementation of his plan was a trip through the Middle East. Breasted received a reply from Rockefeller pledging $50,000 over five years for the Oriental Institute, Rockefeller also assured University of Chicago President Harry Pratt Judson that he would pledge another $50,000 to the cause. The University of Chicago contributed additional support, and in May 1919 the Oriental Institute was founded, the Institute is housed in an unusual Art-Deco/Gothic building at the corner of 58th Street and University Avenue, which was designed by the architectural firm Mayers Murray & Phillip. Construction was completed in 1930, and the building was dedicated in 1931, in the 1990s, Tony Wilkinson, founded the Center for Ancient Middle Eastern Landscapes based at the institute. Its role is to investigate the Middle East through landscape archaeology, the Museum of the Oriental Institute has artifacts from digs in Egypt, Israel, Syria, Turkey, Iraq, and Iran. The museum has free admission, although visitors are encouraged to donate US $10.00 for adults, the Oriental Institute is a center of active research on the ancient Near East. The buildings upper floors contain classrooms and faculty offices, and its gift shop, in addition to carrying out many digs in the Fertile Crescent, OI scholars have made contributions to the understanding of the origins of human civilization. The term Fertile Crescent was coined by J. H. Breasted, the OI founder, in 2011, among other projects OI scholars completed publication of the 21-volume Chicago Assyrian Dictionary, a basic cultural reference work. The effort was begun in 1921 by J. H. Breasted, Dr. Erica Reiner as editor-in-charge led the research teams for 44 years. She was succeeded by Dr. Martha T. Roth, dean of humanities at the university, similar dictionaries are under way, including the Chicago Hittite Dictionary and one for Demotic. The Institute oversees the work of Chicago House in Luxor, Egypt, the Egyptian facility, established in 1924, performs the Epigraphic Survey, which documents and researches the historical sites in Luxor. It also manages conservation at various sites, a collection comparable to the Institutes treasures could not be assembled today, since Middle Eastern governments no longer allow foreign archeologists to take home half of what they find. This had been the typical arrangement in the 19th and early 20th centuries, when most of the holdings were excavated, until the 1930s, when new antiquities laws were instituted
University of Chicago Oriental Institute
–
The
Art-Deco doors of the Oriental Institute, sculpture by
Ulric Ellerhusen
University of Chicago Oriental Institute
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Head of a bull that once guarded the entrance to the Hundred-Column Hall in
Persepolis
University of Chicago Oriental Institute
–
A
lamassu from the palace of
Sargon II at
Dur-Sharrukin
33.
University of Chicago Press
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The University of Chicago Press is the largest and one of the oldest university presses in the United States. One of its quasi-independent projects is the BiblioVault, a repository for scholarly books. The Press building is located just south of the Midway Plaisance on the University of Chicago campus, the University of Chicago Press was founded in 1891, making it one of the oldest continuously operating university presses in the United States. Its first published book was Robert F. Harpers Assyrian and Babylonian Letters Belonging to the Kouyunjik Collections of the British Museum, for its first three years, the Press was an entity discrete from the university, it was operated by the Boston publishing house D. C. Heath in conjunction with the Chicago printer R. R. Donnelley and this arrangement proved unworkable, however, and in 1894 the university officially assumed responsibility for the Press. In 1902, as part of the university, the Press started working on the Decennial Publications, composed of articles and monographs by scholars and administrators on the state of the university and its facultys research, the Decennial Publications was a radical reorganization of the Press. This allowed the Press, by 1905, to begin publishing books by scholars not of the University of Chicago. A manuscript editing and proofreading department was added to the staff of printers and typesetters, leading, in 1906. By 1931, the Press was an established, leading academic publisher, leading books of that era include Dr. Edgar J. Goodspeeds The New Testament, An American Translation and its successor, Goodspeed and J. M. In 1956, the Press first published books under its imprint. Of the Presss best-known books, most date from the 1950s, including translations of the Complete Greek Tragedies and Richmond Lattimores The Iliad of Homer. That decade also saw the first edition of A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, in 1966, Morris Philipson began his thirty-four-year tenure as director of the University of Chicago Press. As the Presss scholarly volume expanded, the Press also advanced as a trade publisher. In 1992, Norman Macleans books A River Runs Through It and Young Men and Fire were national best sellers, in 1982, Philipson was the first director of an academic press to win the Publisher Citation, one of PENs most prestigious awards. Paula Barker Duffy served as director of the Press from 2000 to 2007, under her administration, the Press expanded its distribution operations and created the Chicago Digital Distribution Center and BiblioVault. The Press also launched an electronic work, The Chicago Manual of Style Online. Garrett P. Kiely became the 15th director of the University of Chicago Press on September 1,2007, the Press publishes over 50 new trade titles per year, across many subject areas. It also publishes regional titles, such as The Encyclopedia of Chicago, the Press has recently expanded its digital offerings to include most newly published books as well as key backlist titles
University of Chicago Press
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University of Chicago Press
34.
Sage Publications
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SAGE Publishing is an independent publishing company founded in 1965 in New York by Sara Miller McCune and now based in California. It publishes more than 1,000 journals, more than 800 books a year, reference works and electronic products covering business, humanities, social sciences, science, technology and medicine. SAGE also owns and publishes under the imprints of Corwin Press, CQ Press, Learning Matters and it has more than 1,500 employees in its principal offices in Los Angeles, London, New Delhi, Singapore, Washington DC, and Melbourne. SAGE was the Independent Publishers Guild Academic and Professional Publisher of the Year in 2012, Sara Miller McCune is executive chairman of SAGE Publications, which she founded in 1965 in New York City. The company moved to Southern California in 1966, McCune remained president for 18 years and became chairman in 1984, developing the company with her husband George D. McCune. The name of the company was derived from their given names. SAGE Publishing was a member of the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association when it was established in 2008. SAGEs membership was reinstated at the end of the six month review period following changes to the journals editorial processes, journals published by SAGE Cambridge University Press v. Patton, a copyright infringement case in which SAGE Publications is a plaintiff Official website
Sage Publications
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Sage Publications
Sage Publications
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2008 conference booth
35.
PubMed Identifier
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PubMed is a free search engine accessing primarily the MEDLINE database of references and abstracts on life sciences and biomedical topics. The United States National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health maintains the database as part of the Entrez system of information retrieval, from 1971 to 1997, MEDLINE online access to the MEDLARS Online computerized database primarily had been through institutional facilities, such as university libraries. PubMed, first released in January 1996, ushered in the era of private, free, home-, the PubMed system was offered free to the public in June 1997, when MEDLINE searches via the Web were demonstrated, in a ceremony, by Vice President Al Gore. Information about the journals indexed in MEDLINE, and available through PubMed, is found in the NLM Catalog. As of 5 January 2017, PubMed has more than 26.8 million records going back to 1966, selectively to the year 1865, and very selectively to 1809, about 500,000 new records are added each year. As of the date,13.1 million of PubMeds records are listed with their abstracts. In 2016, NLM changed the system so that publishers will be able to directly correct typos. Simple searches on PubMed can be carried out by entering key aspects of a subject into PubMeds search window, when a journal article is indexed, numerous article parameters are extracted and stored as structured information. Such parameters are, Article Type, Secondary identifiers, Language, publication type parameter enables many special features. As these clinical girish can generate small sets of robust studies with considerable precision, since July 2005, the MEDLINE article indexing process extracts important identifiers from the article abstract and puts those in a field called Secondary Identifier. The secondary identifier field is to store numbers to various databases of molecular sequence data, gene expression or chemical compounds. For clinical trials, PubMed extracts trial IDs for the two largest trial registries, ClinicalTrials. gov and the International Standard Randomized Controlled Trial Number Register, a reference which is judged particularly relevant can be marked and related articles can be identified. If relevant, several studies can be selected and related articles to all of them can be generated using the Find related data option, the related articles are then listed in order of relatedness. To create these lists of related articles, PubMed compares words from the title and abstract of each citation, as well as the MeSH headings assigned, using a powerful word-weighted algorithm. The related articles function has been judged to be so precise that some researchers suggest it can be used instead of a full search, a strong feature of PubMed is its ability to automatically link to MeSH terms and subheadings. Examples would be, bad breath links to halitosis, heart attack to myocardial infarction, where appropriate, these MeSH terms are automatically expanded, that is, include more specific terms. Terms like nursing are automatically linked to Nursing or Nursing and this important feature makes PubMed searches automatically more sensitive and avoids false-negative hits by compensating for the diversity of medical terminology. The My NCBI area can be accessed from any computer with web-access, an earlier version of My NCBI was called PubMed Cubby
PubMed Identifier
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PubMed
36.
U.S. National Library of Medicine
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The United States National Library of Medicine, operated by the United States federal government, is the worlds largest medical library. Located in Bethesda, Maryland, the NLM is an institute within the National Institutes of Health, the current director of the NLM is Patricia Flatley Brennan. Since 1879, the National Library of Medicine has published the Index Medicus and these resources are accessible without charge on the internet. S. and international consultants. The Extramural Division provides grants to research in medical information science and to support planning and development of computer. Research, publications, and exhibitions on the history of medicine, in April 2008 the current exhibition Against the Odds, Making a Difference in Global Health was launched. For details of the history of the Library, see Library of the Surgeon Generals Office. The precursor of the National Library of Medicine, established in 1836, was the Library of the Surgeon Generals Office, the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology and its Medical Museum were founded in 1862 as the Army Medical Museum. Throughout their history the Library of the Surgeon Generals Office and the Army Medical Museum often shared quarters, from 1866 to 1887, they were housed in Fords Theatre after production there was stopped, following the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln. In 1956, the collection was transferred from the control of the U. S. The library moved to its current quarters in Bethesda, Maryland, on the campus of the National Institutes of Health, journalReview. org National Library of Medicine classification system PubMed Miles, Wyndham D. A History of the National Library of Medicine, The Nations Treasury of Medical Knowledge
U.S. National Library of Medicine
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Entrance to the National Library of Medicine
U.S. National Library of Medicine
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Logo of U.S. National Library of Medicine
U.S. National Library of Medicine
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The glowing facade of the National Library of Medicine at night. HMD Prints & Photos, Z AD6 U56 C25 no. M298a box 57 ins
U.S. National Library of Medicine
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View of the National Library of Medicine’s main reading room, with a Mondrian-influenced modernist design. HMD Prints & Photos, PP059772.6
37.
Hesy-Ra
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Hesy-Ra was an Ancient Egyptian high official during the early 3rd dynasty. He is famous for his paintings and his cedar wood panels. Thanks to several clay seal found in Hesy-Ras tomb, it is today known that this high official lived and worked during the reign of king Djoser. Hesy-Ras name is of some interest to Egyptologists and Historians alike, Hesy-Ra, alongside a few high officials at this time, belongs to the first high officials that were allowed to link their names to Re. However, they were not allowed to use the sun disk hieroglyph to write Res name and this was permitted to the king only. As a high-ranking official and priest, Hesy-Ra bore several elite and pious titularies, Great one of the ten of Upper Egypt. Hesy-Ra is well known for certain, unique titles, the most discussed title is Wer-ibeh-senjw, which can be translated in many ways. Ibeh can be translated as dentition and/or ivory as well, senjw is a plural for arrows, cutters and/or physicians alike. Thus, the full title Wer-ibeh-senjw can either be translated as Great one of the ivory cutters or as Great one of the dentists. If the former translation was correct, Hesy-Ra was a professional ivory-cutter and artist - a profession that was fairly common, if the latter translation was correct, Hesy-Ra would be the very first person in Egyptian history to be officially entitled as an occupational dentist. Hesy-Ra is also known for his richly decorated cedar wood panels found in his tomb. On these panels, Hesy-Ra is depicted in several stages of age, indeed, the panels close to the entrance show Hesy-Ra as a pretty young man at the start of his career. Closer to the chapel, Hesy-Ra is depicted as a mid-age man at the hayday of his career. Finally, in the chapel, he is depicted as an old man, sitting on an offering table. The artist of the panels even accentuated facial mannerisms of age, Hesy-Ras face change from pretty smooth to wrinkled and saggy, furthermore, Hesy-Ra is known for the colorful wall paintings discovered inside and outside his tomb. Colors such as black, white, yellow, green and red were used, the ornaments include rhomboids, stripes and a green-yellowish reed mat imitation. The paintings were in good state when found, that the excavators decided to fill the painted corridors with high quality rubble in attempt to preserve the colors. Close-by reliefs depict daily life goods and even game accessories, such as Mehen game boards, possible contemporary office partners included Netjeraperef, Akhetaa, Khabawsokar, Pehernefer and Metjen, who were also holding office under Huni and Sneferu
Hesy-Ra
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Archaeological excavation at the Mastaba of Hesy-Ra in November 2010
Hesy-Ra
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Middle panel, with 4—columns. (translated above)
38.
Merit-Ptah
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Merit Ptah was an early physician in ancient Egypt. She is most notable for being the first woman known by name in the history of the field of medicine and her picture can be seen on a tomb in the necropolis near the step pyramid of Saqqara. Her son, who was a High Priest, described her as the Chief Physician, the International Astronomical Union named the impact crater Merit Ptah on Venus after her. Merit Ptah Kampp, Friederike, Die Thebanische Nekropole, Vol. I, p.262
Merit-Ptah
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Merit-Ptah
39.
Psamtikseneb
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Psamtikseneb was an ancient Egyptian high official during the 26th Dynasty, perhaps under king Psamtik II. He came from a family of important officials, his brother was the leader of the houses of Neith Nekau, psamtikseneb was a chief physician and chief dentist and also an admiral. On his sarcophagus were only inscribed the titles scorpion charmer and son of Selket and he was buried in his tomb discovered at Heliopolis in 1931–32. There was found his inscribed sarcophagus, there are shabtis known, perhaps belonging to him
Psamtikseneb
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Ankh-ef-en-Sekhmet Entertained by Psamtik-seneb as a Harpist
40.
Udjahorresnet
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Udjaḥorresnet was an ancient Egyptian high official who lived between the end of the 26th Dynasty and the beginning of the 27th Dynasty. He is mainly known for his efforts in promoting the Egyptian customs to the early Achaemenid kings of the 27th Dynasty. Early in his career, during the reigns of pharaohs Amasis II and Psamtik III, Udjahorresnet was a commander of ships, a physician and a priest of Neith in Sais. After the defeat at Pelusium in 525 BCE and the subsequent conquest of Egypt by Cambyses II, from his statue is known that he used his influence to make Cambyses acknowledge and respect Egyptian customs. Udjahorresnet probably died later during Darius reign and his huge shaft tomb at Abusir was excavated between 1980 and 1993, and found looted in antiquity. It is still matter of debate if Udjahorresnet was indeed buried here or not, if not, it is possible that he died in Persia, Abusir, Excavations of the Czech Institute of Egyptology, vol. IV, The shaft tomb of Udjahorresnet at Abusir, democede di Crotone e Udjahorresnet di Sais. Medici primari alla corte achemenide di Dario il Grande, Pisa, Pisa University Press
Udjahorresnet
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Naophoros statue of Udjahorresnet. Rome, Museo Gregoriano Egizio
41.
Payeftjauemawyneith
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Payeftjauemawyneith or Peftuaneith was an Ancient Egyptian high official who lived during the 26th Dynasty, serving under the kings Apries and Amasis. He is known from several monuments providing evidence for his importance, there is a statue originally coming from Heliopolis as the inscription on the statue indicates, which is today in the British Museum. From a further statue, now in the Louvre, it is known that Payeftjauemawyneith ordered several renovation works at Abydos, there is an offering table found at Memphis and a third statue also discovered at Memphis. A fourth statue was excavated at Buto, Payeftjauemawyneith held several important titles, including high steward and overseer of the double treasury. He also held the title of a physician and his mother was a woman called Nanesbastet. His father was an official called Sasobek with several titles including leader of the palace, Priest of Horus from Pe and Priest of Amun from the northern Thebes
Payeftjauemawyneith
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Statue of Payeftjauemawyneith in the Louvre
42.
Egyptian medical papyri
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Egyptian medical papyri are ancient Egyptian texts written on papyrus which permit a glimpse at medical procedures and practices in ancient Egypt. The papyri give details on disease, diagnosis, and remedies of disease, which include herbal remedies, surgery and it is thought there were more medical papyri, but many have been lost due to grave robbing. The largest study of the papyri to date has been undertaken by Berlin University and was titled Medizin der alten Ägypter. Early Egyptian medicine was based mostly on a mixture of magic, most commonly cured by use of amulets or magical spells, the illnesses were thought to be caused by spiteful behavior or actions. Afterwards, doctors performed various medical treatments if necessary, the instructions for these medical rituals were later inscribed on papyrus scrolls by the priests performing the actions. Dated to circa 1800 BCE, the Kahun Gynaecological Papyrus is the oldest known medical text and it was found at El-Lahun by Flinders Petrie in 1889, first translated by F. Ll. Griffith in 1893, and published in The Petrie Papyri, Hieratic Papyri from Kahun, the papyrus contains 35 separate paragraphs relating to womens health, such as gynaecological diseases, fertility, pregnancy, and contraception. The Ramesseum Papyri – These consist of 17 individual papyri that were found in the temple of the Ramesseum. They concentrate on the eyes, gynecology, paediatrics, muscles, dated to circa 1600 BCE, the Edwin Smith Papyrus is the only surviving copy of part of an Ancient Egyptian textbook on trauma surgery. The papyrus takes its name from the Egyptian archaeologist Edwin Smith, the most detailed and sophisticated of the extant medical papyri, it is also the worlds oldest surgical text. Written in the script of the ancient Egyptian language, it is thought to be based on material from a thousand years earlier. The document consists of 22 pages,48 cases of trauma are examined, each with a description of the physical examination, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. The entire translation is available online, the Ebers Papyrus was also purchased by Edwin Smith in 1862. It takes its name from Georg Ebers who purchased the papyrus in 1872, the papyrus dates to around 1550BC and covers 110 pages, making it the lengthiest of the medical papyri. The papyrus covers many different topics including, dermatology, digestive diseases, traumatic diseases, dentistry and it makes many references to treating ailments with spells or religious techniques. One of the most important findings of this papyrus are the references to migraines which shows the dates back to this time. The Hearst Papyrus was offered in 1901 to the Hearst Expedition in Egypt and it is dated around 2000 BC, though doubts subsist about its authenticity. It concentrated on treatments for problems dealing with the system, blood, hair
Egyptian medical papyri
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Ancient medical instruments,
Temple of Kom Ombo.
Egyptian medical papyri
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Plates vi & vii of the
Edwin Smith Papyrus (around the 17th century BC), among the earliest medical texts
Egyptian medical papyri
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Londonpapyrus EA 10059
43.
Kahun Gynaecological Papyrus
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The Kahun Gynaecological Papyrus is the oldest known medical text of any kind. Dated to c.1800 BCE, it deals with womens health—gynaecological diseases, fertility, pregnancy, contraception and it was found at El-Lahun by Flinders Petrie in 1889 and first translated by F. Ll. Griffith in 1893 and published in The Petrie Papyri, Hieratic Papyri from Kahun and it is kept in the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology of the University College London. The later Berlin Papyrus and the Ramesseum Papyrus IV cover much of the same ground, the text is divided into thirty-four sections, each section dealing with a specific problem and containing diagnosis and treatment, no prognosis is suggested. Treatments are non-surgical, comprising applying medicines to the body part or swallowing them. Kahun Papyri ODowd, Michael J. Philipp, Elliot E, the History of Obstetrics and Gynecology. An introduction to the history and culture of Pharaonic Egypt
Kahun Gynaecological Papyrus
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Kahun papyrus
44.
Hearst papyrus
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The Hearst Papyrus, also called the Hearst Medical Papyrus, is one of the medical papyri of ancient Egypt. It was named after Phoebe Hearst, the papyrus contains 18 pages of medical prescriptions written in hieratic Egyptian writing, concentrating on treatments for problems dealing with the urinary system, blood, hair, and bites. It is dated to the first half of the 2nd millennium BC and it is considered an important manuscript, but some doubts persist about its authenticity. It was later named after Phoebe Hearst who funded much of that carried out by the University of California. The papyrus has been dated to the 18th Dynasty of Egypt, the text is believed to have been composed earlier, during the Middle Kingdom, around 2000 BC. As of 2007, it is kept in the Bancroft Library, University of California, in later years, some doubts have been raised about its authenticity. The contents of the papyrus have been studied extensively from the published plates, as its curator explained in 2003, the papyrus is in surprisingly good condition. It is almost too good to be true, on the other hand, Reisner had no doubts, writing in 1905, The roll had not been opened since antiquity as was manifest in the set of the turns, the fine dust, and the casts of insects. To settle the matter, the Bancroft Library has expressed its intention to have the papyrus examined at some point in the future to establish whether it is indeed real or an almost perfect fake. The Hearst Papyrus is one of the papyri of ancient Egypt. Most papyri also included a section on incantations and magic spells that would be performed on the patient before, during, the Hearst Papyrus contains 260 paragraphs on 18 columns of medical prescriptions, written in hieratic Egyptian writing. The topics range from a tooth which falls out to remedy for treatment of the lung, but concentrates on treatments for problems dealing with the system, blood, hair. One incantation deals with the Canaanite illness, when the body is coal-black with charcoal spots, probably tularemia, ancient Egyptian medicine History of medicine Hearst Medical Papyrus. Foundations of Anthropology at the University of California, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley
Hearst papyrus
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Hearst papyrus
45.
Carlsberg papyrus
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The Carlsberg papyrus is an ancient Egyptian medical papyrus. The papyrus deals mainly with treatment for eye diseases and pregnancy and it currently resides in the Egyptological Institute of the University of Copenhagen. Some fragments of the Carlsberg papyrus collection date back to ca.2000 B. C. while others — such as the Tebtunis manuscripts — date back to ca, 1st century A. D. Aksel Volten was keeper of the collection since 1943. By 1954 he was able to enlarge it substantially through new acquisitions with funds provided by the Carlsberg Foundation. Most of the texts are written in hieratic and demotic scripts, although there are texts written in hieroglyphs. The actual contents of the papyrus vary greatly, but it mainly on treatment for eye diseases. The structure of the papyrus bears great resemblance to that of the Kahun, the collection was further expanded through acquisitions from Professor H. O. Lange and Professor C. E. Sander-Hansen, private owners of several papyri. Two Coptic codices purchased from Carl Schmidt and the Teaching of King Merikare further added to the collection, more than six hundred individual manuscripts have been recorded, some of which have been pieced together from dozens or even hundreds of fragments
Carlsberg papyrus
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Carlsberg papyrus is preserved at the Carlsberg Laboratory
46.
Brooklyn Papyrus
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The Brooklyn Papyrus is a medical papyrus dating from ancient Egypt and is one of the oldest preserved writings about medicine and ophiology. The manuscript is dated to around 450 BC and is kept at the Brooklyn Museum in New York. The Brooklyn Papyrus consists of a scroll of papyrus divided into two parts with some missing, its total length is estimated to 175 ×27 cm. The text is on the recto side, the different numbers refer to the upper part and the lower part of the scroll. The manuscript is a collection, the first part systematically describing a number of different snakes, the manuscript also contains treatments of scorpion bites and spider bites. The papyrus scroll is dated in between 660 and 330 BC around the Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt, the text however is written in a style common during the Middle Kingdom which could suggest its origin might be from the Thirteenth dynasty of Egypt. The text proceeds page by page, alternating between the two parts of the papyrus, thus each complete page starts with 47.218.48 and finishes with 47.218.85. The first section comprises a systematic description of snakes and their bites, the last line states that there have been descriptions of 38 snakes and their bites, of which the first 13 are lost. The second section starts on line 17, page 2 of the lowers part, only the right-hand halves of the sixth pair of pages remain. The second section commences at paragraph 39 with an important introduction, drive out the poison of all. snakes, all scorpions, all tarantulas and all, serpents, in the hand of the kherep priests of Serqet and to drive away all snakes and to seal their mouths. The second section continues with many remedies and a few spells for those bitten by snakes. The format for the remedies is strictly pragmatic, and most are based on the species of snake responsible for the bite, the remedies are in the typical format of prescriptions that appear in the Ebers Papyrus and other medical papyri which were apparently intended for lay doctors. This papyrus provides the most striking evidence for the parallel roles of the physician swnw. The date of the discovery is not known. It was purchased around 1889 by Charles Edwin Wilbour and donated to the museum by his daughter Theodora Wilbour in the early 1930s, the manuscript might originate from a temple in Heliopolis. Snake deities were worshipped in hopes of preventing potential attacks by their earthly representatives, at present the manuscript is not on display at the Brooklyn Museum. The archive numbers are 47.218.48 and 47.218.85, norman, Oklahoma, University of Oklahoma Press. Un traité égyptien d’ophiologie - Papyrus du Brooklyn Museum nos 47.218.48 et 85
Brooklyn Papyrus
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The Brooklyn Papyrus
Brooklyn Papyrus
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Statuette of Hathor, c. 640 BC
Brooklyn Papyrus
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Brooklyn Papyrus
Brooklyn Papyrus
47.
Brugsch Papyrus
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The Brugsch Papyrus, also known as the Greater Berlin Papyrus, or simply Berlin Papyrus is an important ancient Egyptian medical papyrus. It was discovered by Giuseppe Passalacqua in Saqqara, Egypt, friedrich Wilhelm IV of Prussia acquired it in 1827 for the Berlin Museum, where it is still housed. The style of writing is that of the 19th dynasty, the papyrus was studied initially by Heinrich Karl Brugsch, but was translated and published by Walter Wreszinski in 1909. Only a German translation is available, the papyrus contains twenty-four pages of writing. Much of it is parallel to the Ebers Papyrus, some of the contents deals with contraception and fertility tests. Some historians believe that this papyrus was used by Galen in his writings, der grosse medizinische Papyrus des Berliner Museums
Brugsch Papyrus
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Heinrich Brugsch
. PMID 8795503.
