1.
Walsh, Ontario
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Walsh is a medium-sized hamlet in Norfolk County, Ontario, Canada. Walsh developed as a central crossroads gathering point on Youngs Creek. A number of businesses have come and gone over the years, as road quality improved. Walsh is located near streams, valleys, conservation areas, notable attractions within a reasonable driving distance of Walsh include the Norfolk County Fair and Horse Show, Turkey Point Beach, Lake Erie, and various rural cemeteries. During the fall months, pumpkins become abundant in the area - especially the rare dwarf albino pumpkin, robins can be seen strutting through the local gardens for all 12 months of the year. Maurice Danko Jr. the brother of the late musician Rick Danko, was last seen residing in the Walsh area, along the Turkey Point Road, tobacco kilns can be seen in threesomes. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, a wholesaler was once stationed here and it had become a private residence by the early 1990s. A local businessman by the name of Bruce R. Smith starting hauling dairy products out of his business in Walsh starting back in 1947. As of 2012, there are 350 rank-and-file employees in addition to 210 professional operators and 50 operators that own their own vehicles and this community is home to two elementary schools, Walsh Public School and St. Michael’s Catholic Elementary School. During the peak of population growth in the mid-19th century,14 one-room and two-room schools were functioning within the Township of Charletteville. Walsh Area Public School was constructed in 1959 on a site along the north side of St. Johns Road. The guest of honour at the opening in September 1960 was Education Minister. Expansion of the school came in three phases over the next 15 years to achieve its current configuration. It also had its name shortened to Walsh Public School, the children of Walsh Public School were involved in an attempt to break the Guinness Book of Records for reading on January 26,2009. A relaxation room has been installed on the premises to relax hyperactive children in addition to children on the spectrum who unintentionally disrupt their classes. They often return to their classroom after a few minutes of relaxation in this sensation-filled room without having to visit the principal for disciplinary measures, soft music is constantly played in the room while children with special needs can either touch or hear calming sensations. In September 2013, Walsh Public School started to provide a kindergarten program. St. Michaels Elementary School was launched in the early 1950s, the current school was opened in January 1961 as a two-room school and subsequently has been expanded to the present structure
2.
Norfolk County, Ontario
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Norfolk County /ˈnɔːrfoʊk/ is a rural single-tier municipality on the north shore of Lake Erie in Southwestern Ontario, Canada. Surrounding its many communities is some of the most fertile land in Ontario. With a mild climate and lengthy growing season, the region has long been the centre of the Ontario tobacco belt, however, many farmers have begun the process of diversifying their crop selections to include lavender, ginseng, hazelnuts, and wolfberries as tobacco consumption continues to decrease. The area also has a greenhouse industry. Despite this, farmers have asked governments to reduce the losses of moving away from profitable tobacco operations. A significant natural feature of Norfolk is Long Point, a 40 kilometre spit of land projecting into Lake Erie and it plays an important part in eastern North American bird migration, and was designated a World Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO in 1986. Long Point Provincial Park is located on the point, more than 25% of Norfolk County is considered to be forested, especially near the major communities and hamlets that dot the county. The county seat and largest community is Simcoe, other population centres are Port Dover, Delhi and Waterford. Norfolks history has been associated with that of the neighbouring Haldimand County. Norfolk was first created as a county in 1792, in 1800, Haldimand was formed from a portion of Norfolk. This political unit existed from 1974 to 2000, the last regional chairperson in Haldimand-Norfolk was John Harrison. On January 1,2001, the municipality was dissolved. Since they no longer have townships or other municipal subdivisions below them, the Townships of Delhi and Norfolk, the Town of Simcoe, and the western half of the City of Nanticoke were amalgamated to form the Town of Norfolk. Moreover, many communities such as Port Dover and Port Rowan are now in Norfolk County. The newly formed municipalitys first by-law was to change the name to Norfolk County, in January 2005, the county unveiled a new coat of arms which included natural symbols associated with the county, hooded warblers, a tulip tree and an eastern dogwood flower. The first mayor of the county, Rita Kalmbach, was succeeded in 2007 by Dennis Travale, a transit system was introduced in Norfolk County in 2010. Prior to its amalgamation with Haldimand in 1974, Norfolk consisted of eight townships, Walsingham was originally one township, but had been split into North and South Walsingham in 1881. Although no longer political entities, the townships are still used informally
3.
Upper Canada
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The new province remained, for the next fifty years of growth and settlement, the colonial government of the territory. Upper Canada existed from 26 December 1791 to 10 February 1841, the upper prefix in the name reflects its geographic position being closer to the headwaters of the Saint Lawrence River than that of Lower Canada to the northeast. The control the French had over Canada was handed over to Great Britain in 1763 when the Treaty of Paris ended the Seven Years War in America. The territories of modern southern Ontario and southern Quebec were initially maintained as the single Province of Quebec, from 1763 to 1791, the Province of Quebec maintained its French language, cultural behavioural expectations, practices and laws. This region quickly became culturally distinct, while the act addressed some religious issues, it did not appease those used to English law. Upper Canada became an entity on December 26,1791 with the Parliament of Great Britains passage of the Constitutional Act of 1791. The act divided the Province of Quebec into Upper and Lower Canada, the first lieutenant-governor was John Graves Simcoe. On February 1,1796, the capital of Upper Canada was moved from Newark to York, which was judged to be less vulnerable to attack by the Americans. Upper Canadas constitution was said to be the image and transcript of the British constitution. The Executive Council of Upper Canada had a function to the Cabinet in England but was not responsible to the Legislative Assembly. They held a position, however, and did not serve in administrative offices as cabinet ministers do. Members of the Executive Council were not necessarily members of the Legislative Assembly but were members of the Legislative Council. The Legislative branch of the government consisted of the parliament comprising legislative council, forces in the War of 1812, rebuilt, then burned again by accident. The site was abandoned for another, to the west. The Legislative Council of Upper Canada was the upper house governing the province of Upper Canada, although modelled after the British House of Lords, Upper Canada had no aristocracy. Members of the Legislative council, appointed for life, formed the core of the group, the Family Compact. The Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada functioned as the house in the Parliament of Upper Canada. Its legislative power was subject to veto by the appointed Lieutenant Governor, Executive Council, local government in the Province of Upper Canada was based on districts
4.
Toronto
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Toronto is the most populous city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario. With a population of 2,731,571, it is the fourth most populous city in North America after Mexico City, New York City, and Los Angeles. A global city, Toronto is a centre of business, finance, arts, and culture. Aboriginal peoples have inhabited the area now known as Toronto for thousands of years, the city itself is situated on the southern terminus of an ancient Aboriginal trail leading north to Lake Simcoe, used by the Wyandot, Iroquois, and the Mississauga. Permanent European settlement began in the 1790s, after the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase of 1787, the British established the town of York, and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada. During the War of 1812, the town was the site of the Battle of York, York was renamed and incorporated as the city of Toronto in 1834, and became the capital of the province of Ontario during the Canadian Confederation in 1867. The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through amalgamation with surrounding municipalities at various times in its history to its current area of 630.2 km2. While the majority of Torontonians speak English as their primary language, Toronto is a prominent centre for music, theatre, motion picture production, and television production, and is home to the headquarters of Canadas major national broadcast networks and media outlets. Toronto is known for its skyscrapers and high-rise buildings, in particular the tallest free-standing structure in the Western Hemisphere. The name Toronto is likely derived from the Iroquois word tkaronto and this refers to the northern end of what is now Lake Simcoe, where the Huron had planted tree saplings to corral fish. A portage route from Lake Ontario to Lake Huron running through this point, in the 1660s, the Iroquois established two villages within what is today Toronto, Ganatsekwyagon on the banks of the Rouge River and Teiaiagonon the banks of the Humber River. By 1701, the Mississauga had displaced the Iroquois, who abandoned the Toronto area at the end of the Beaver Wars, French traders founded Fort Rouillé on the current Exhibition grounds in 1750, but abandoned it in 1759. During the American Revolutionary War, the region saw an influx of British settlers as United Empire Loyalists fled for the British-controlled lands north of Lake Ontario, the new province of Upper Canada was in the process of creation and needed a capital. Dorchester intended the location to be named Toronto, in 1793, Governor John Graves Simcoe established the town of York on the Toronto Purchase lands, instead naming it after Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany. Simcoe decided to move the Upper Canada capital from Newark to York, the York garrison was constructed at the entrance of the towns natural harbour, sheltered by a long sandbar peninsula. The towns settlement formed at the end of the harbour behind the peninsula, near the present-day intersection of Parliament Street. In 1813, as part of the War of 1812, the Battle of York ended in the towns capture, the surrender of the town was negotiated by John Strachan. US soldiers destroyed much of the garrison and set fire to the parliament buildings during their five-day occupation, the sacking of York was a primary motivation for the Burning of Washington by British troops later in the war
5.
Methodism
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Methodism, or the Methodist movement, is a group of historically related denominations of Protestant Christianity which derive their inspiration from the life and teachings of John Wesley. George Whitefield and Johns brother Charles Wesley were also significant leaders in the movement and it originated as a revival within the 18th century Church of England and became a separate Church after Wesleys death. Because of vigorous missionary work, the movement spread throughout the British Empire, Wesleys theology focused on sanctification and the effect of faith on the character of a Christian. Distinguishing Methodist doctrines include an assurance of salvation, imparted righteousness, the possibility of perfection in love, the works of piety and the primacy of Scripture. Most Methodists teach that Jesus Christ, the Son of God, died for all of humanity and that salvation is available for all, in theology and this teaching rejects the Calvinist position that God has pre-ordained the salvation of a select group of people. However, Whitefield and several others were considered Calvinistic Methodists and held to the latter position, Methodism emphasises charity and support for the sick, the poor and the afflicted through the works of mercy. These ideals are put into practice by the establishment of hospitals, orphanages, soup kitchens and schools to follow Christs command to spread the gospel, the movement has a wide variety of forms of worship, ranging from high church to low church in liturgical usage. Denominations that descend from the British Methodist tradition are generally less ritualistic, Methodism is known for its rich musical tradition and Charles Wesley was instrumental in writing much of the hymnody of the Methodist Church. In Britain, the Methodist Church had an effect in the early decades of the making of the working class. In the United States, it became the religion of many slaves who later formed black churches in the Methodist tradition. The Methodist revival began with a group of men, including John Wesley and his younger brother Charles, the Wesley brothers founded the Holy Club at the University of Oxford, where John was a fellow and later a lecturer at Lincoln College. The club met weekly and they set about living a holy life. They were accustomed to receiving Communion every week, fasting regularly, abstaining from most forms of amusement and luxury and frequently visited the sick, the fellowship were branded as Methodist by their fellow students because of the way they used rule and method to go about their religious affairs. John, who was leader of the club, took the attempted mockery, unsuccessful in their work, the brothers returned to England conscious of their lack of genuine Christian faith. They looked for help to Peter Boehler and other members of the Moravian Church, at a Moravian service in Aldersgate on 24 May 1738, John experienced what has come to be called his evangelical conversion, when he felt his heart strangely warmed. Charles had reported an experience an few days previously. Considered a pivotal moment, Daniel L. John Wesley came under the influence of the Dutch theologian Jacobus Arminius, Arminius had rejected the Calvinist teaching that God had pre-ordained an elect number of people to eternal bliss while others perished eternally. Conversely, George Whitefield, Howell Harris, and Selina Hastings, George Whitefield, returning from his own mission in Georgia, joined the Wesley brothers in what was rapidly to become a national crusade
6.
State school
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State schools generally refer to primary or secondary schools mandated for or offered to all children without charge, funded in whole or in part by taxation. The term may refer to public institutions of post-secondary education. State education is inclusive, both in its treatment of students and in that enfranchisement for the government of public education is as broad as for government generally and it is often organized and operated to be a deliberate model of the civil community in which it functions. Although typically provided to groups of students in classrooms in a school, it may be provided in-home, employing visiting teachers. It can also be provided in non-school, non-home settings, such as shopping mall space, State education is generally available to all. In most countries, it is compulsory for children to school up to a certain age. In the case of private schooling, schools operate independently of the state, the funding for state schools, on the other hand, is provided by tax revenues, so that even individuals who do not attend school help to ensure that society is educated. In poverty stricken societies, authorities are often lax on compulsory school attendance because child labour is exploited and it is these same children whose income-securing labor cannot be forfeited to allow for school attendance. The term public education when applied to schools is not synonymous with the term publicly funded education. Government may make a policy decision that it wants to have some financial resources distributed in support of, and it may want to have some control over. Grants-in-aid of private schools and vouchers systems provide examples of publicly funded private education, conversely, a state school may rely heavily on private funding such as high fees or private donations and still be considered state by virtue of governmental ownership and control. In some countries, private associations or churches can operate schools according to their own principles, when these specific requirements are met, especially in the area of the school curriculum, the schools will qualify to receive state funding. Proponents of state education assert it to be necessary because of the need in society for people who are capable of reading, writing. In most industrialized countries, these views are distinctly in the minority, Government schools are free to attend for Australian citizens and permanent residents, whereas independent schools usually charge attendance fees. They can be divided into two categories, open and selective schools, the open schools accept all students from their government-defined catchment areas. Government schools educate approximately 65% of Australian students, with approximately 34% in Catholic, regardless of whether a school is part of the Government or independent systems, they are required to adhere to the same curriculum frameworks of their state or territory. The curriculum framework however provides for flexibility in the syllabus. Public or Government funded schools are found throughout Bangladesh and these schools mostly teach students from Year 1 to 10, with examinations for students in years 5,8, and 10
7.
Ontario
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Ontario, one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada, is located in east-central Canada. It is Canadas most populous province by a margin, accounting for nearly 40 percent of all Canadians. Ontario is fourth-largest in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and it is home to the nations capital city, Ottawa, and the nations most populous city, Toronto. There is only about 1 km of land made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border. Ontario is sometimes divided into two regions, Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario. The great majority of Ontarios population and arable land is located in the south, in contrast, the larger, northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and is heavily forested. The province is named after Lake Ontario, a thought to be derived from Ontarí, io, a Huron word meaning great lake, or possibly skanadario. Ontario has about 250,000 freshwater lakes, the province consists of three main geographical regions, The thinly populated Canadian Shield in the northwestern and central portions, which comprises over half the land area of Ontario. Although this area mostly does not support agriculture, it is rich in minerals and in part covered by the Central and Midwestern Canadian Shield forests, studded with lakes, Northern Ontario is subdivided into two sub-regions, Northwestern Ontario and Northeastern Ontario. The virtually unpopulated Hudson Bay Lowlands in the north and northeast, mainly swampy. Southern Ontario which is further sub-divided into four regions, Central Ontario, Eastern Ontario, Golden Horseshoe, the highest point is Ishpatina Ridge at 693 metres above sea level located in Temagami, Northeastern Ontario. In the south, elevations of over 500 m are surpassed near Collingwood, above the Blue Mountains in the Dundalk Highlands, the Carolinian forest zone covers most of the southwestern region of the province. A well-known geographic feature is Niagara Falls, part of the Niagara Escarpment, the Saint Lawrence Seaway allows navigation to and from the Atlantic Ocean as far inland as Thunder Bay in Northwestern Ontario. Northern Ontario occupies roughly 87 percent of the area of the province. Point Pelee is a peninsula of Lake Erie in southwestern Ontario that is the southernmost extent of Canadas mainland, Pelee Island and Middle Island in Lake Erie extend slightly farther. All are south of 42°N – slightly farther south than the border of California. The climate of Ontario varies by season and location, the effects of these major air masses on temperature and precipitation depend mainly on latitude, proximity to major bodies of water and to a small extent, terrain relief. In general, most of Ontarios climate is classified as humid continental, Ontario has three main climatic regions
8.
Family Compact
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It was the Upper Canadian equivalent of the Château Clique in Lower Canada. It was noted for its conservatism and opposition to democracy, the term Family Compact first appeared in a letter written by Marshall Spring Bidwell to William Warren Baldwin in 1828. Family did not mean relations by marriage, but rather a close brotherhood, Lord Durham noted in 1839 There is, in truth, very little of family connection among the persons thus united. The Family Compact emerged from the War of 1812 and collapsed in the aftermath of the Rebellions of 1837 and their resistance to the political principle of responsible government contributed to its short life. At the end of its lifespan, the Compact would be condemned by Lord Durham as a petty corrupt insolent Tory clique. Historians P. J. Cain and A. G. Hopkins have emphasized that the British empire at the mid-nineteenth century represented the extension abroad of the institutions and principles entrenched at home. ”Upper Canada, created in the very “image and transcript” of the British Constitution is but one example. Like the United Kingdom, the constitution of Upper Canada was established on the mixed monarchy model, mixed monarchy is a form of government that integrates elements of democracy, aristocracy, and monarchy. Upper Canada, however, had no aristocracy, the methods pursued to create one were similar to that used in the United Kingdom itself. The result was the Family Compact, Cain and Hopkins point out that new money, the financiers rather than the industrial “barons”, were gradually gentrified through the purchase of land, intermarriage and the acquisition of titles. A similar pattern is seen in colonial empires, such as the Dutch Empire. This same process is seen in Upper Canada and they might even be called ‘entrepreneurs’, most of whose political views may have been highly conservative but whose economic outlook was clearly ‘developmental’. ”The Family Compacts role in the Welland Canal is one example. It is through the pursuit of gentility that the Family Compact was born, Upper Canada did not have a hereditary nobility. In its place, senior members of Upper Canada bureaucracy, the Executive Council of Upper Canada and Legislative Council of Upper Canada and these men sought to solidify their personal positions into family dynasties and acquire all the marks of gentility. They used their government positions to extend their business and speculative interests, the origins of the Family Compact lie with overlapping appointments made to the Executive and Legislative Council of Upper Canada. The Councils were intended to operate independently, section 38 of the Constitutional Act of 1791 referred to the independence of the offices indirectly. Governor Sir Francis Bond Head, the influence of the Family Compact could be limited as well. Members ensured their conservative friends held the important administrative and judicial positions in the colony through political patronage, the centre of the Compact was York, the capital. Its most important member was Bishop John Strachan, many of the members were his former students
9.
United Empire Loyalist
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They settled in what was initially Quebec and modern-day Ontario, where they received land grants of 200 acres per person, and in Nova Scotia. Their arrival marked the beginning of a predominantly English-speaking population in the future Canada west and east of the modern Quebec border. Following the end of the Revolution and the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1783, Land in Canada was sometimes allotted according to which Loyalist regiment a man had fought in. Nova Scotia received about 33,000 Loyalist refugees, Prince Edward Island 2,000, an unknown but substantial number were unable to establish themselves in British North America and eventually returned to the United States. Many in Canada continued to close ties with relatives in the United States. The arrival of the Loyalists after the Revolutionary War led to the division of Canada into the provinces of Upper Canada and they arrived and settled in groups by ethnicity and religion. E. Alluding to their great principle The Unity of the Empire, thousands of Iroquois and other pro-British Native Americans were expelled from New York and other states and resettled in Canada. The descendants of one group of Iroquois, led by Joseph Brant Thayendenegea, settled at Six Nations of the Grand River. Another smaller group of Iroquois led by Captain John Deserontyon Odeserundiye, the government settled numerous Black Loyalists in Nova Scotia, but they faced discrimination and inadequate support. The government was slow to survey the land of Black Loyalists and awarded them smaller grants of poorer, when Great Britain set up the colony of Sierra Leone in Africa, some Black Loyalists emigrated there to flee the poverty and racism they had encountered for the promise of self-government. The Black Loyalists established Freetown in Sierra Leone, numerous Loyalists were forced to abandon substantial amounts of property in the United States. Restoration or compensation for this lost property was an issue during the negotiation of the Jay Treaty in 1795. Negotiations settled on the concept of the United States negotiators advising the U. S. Congress to provide restitution. For the British, this concept carried significant legal weight, far more than it did to the Americans, slave-owning Loyalists from across the former Thirteen Colonies brought their slaves with them as the practice was also legal in Canada. About 2,000 slaves arrived in British North America, Some 500 in Upper Canada, some 300 in Lower Canada and 1,200 in the Maritime colonies of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island. The presence and condition of slaves in the Maritimes would become an issue, because of their larger number. In due course many would be freed, and returned to Africa together with existing freedmen to re-settle yet again in the designated freedmen colony of Sierra Leone, meanwhile, an imperial law in 1790 assured prospective immigrants to Canada that their slaves would remain their property. From 1793, the trade in, but not possession of, trading was abolished across the British Empire in 1807 and possession abolished Empire-wide by 1834
10.
Passaic County, New Jersey
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Passaic County is a county in the U. S. state of New Jersey that is part of the New York metropolitan area. 3% from 2010. Passaic County was created on February 7,1837, from portions of Bergen County, the highest point is any one of six areas on Bearfort Ridge in West Milford at approximately 1,480 feet above sea level. The lowest elevation is approximately 20 feet along the Passaic River in Clifton, the southeastern, more populous half of the county is either flat near the river or mildly hilly. The northwestern section is rugged and mountainous, according to the 2010 Census, the county had a total area of 197.10 square miles, including 184.59 square miles of land and 12.51 square miles of water. As of the census of 2010, there were 501,226 people,166,785 households, the population density was 2,715.3 per square mile. There were 175,966 housing units at a density of 953.3 per square mile. [[Hispanic |Hispanic or Latino of any race were 37. 04% of the population,22. 6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.94 and the family size was 3.45. In the county, the population was out with 24. 9% under the age of 18,10. 3% from 18 to 24,27. 1% from 25 to 44,25. 7% from 45 to 64. The median age was 36.1 years, for every 100 females there were 94.2 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and old there were 91.1 males, same-sex couples headed one in 149 households in 2010. As of the 2000 United States Census there were 489,049 people,163,856 households, the population density was 2,639 people per square mile. There were 170,048 housing units at a density of 918 per square mile. 29. 95% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race, among those who reported their ancestry,16. 6% were of Italian,9. 5% Irish,8. 1% German and 6. 2% Polish ancestry according to Census 2000. 22. 20% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.92 and the average family size was 3.42. In the county, the population was out with 26. 10% under the age of 18,9. 30% from 18 to 24,31. 30% from 25 to 44,21. 30% from 45 to 64. The median age was 35 years, for every 100 females there were 94.00 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.80 males, the median income for a household in the county was $49,210, and the median income for a family was $56,054
11.
New Jersey
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New Jersey is a state in the Northeastern and mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by New York, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania, New Jersey is the fourth-smallest state but the 11th-most populous and the most densely populated of the 50 United States. New Jersey lies entirely within the statistical areas of New York City. New Jersey was inhabited by Native Americans for more than 2,800 years, in the early 17th century, the Dutch and the Swedes made the first European settlements. New Jersey was the site of decisive battles during the American Revolutionary War in the 18th century. In the 19th century, factories in cities such as Camden, Paterson, Newark, Trenton, around 180 million years ago, during the Jurassic Period, New Jersey bordered North Africa. The pressure of the collision between North America and Africa gave rise to the Appalachian Mountains, around 18,000 years ago, the Ice Age resulted in glaciers that reached New Jersey. As the glaciers retreated, they left behind Lake Passaic, as well as rivers, swamps. New Jersey was originally settled by Native Americans, with the Lenni-Lenape being dominant at the time of contact, scheyichbi is the Lenape name for the land that is now New Jersey. The Lenape society was divided into clans that were based upon common female ancestors. These clans were organized into three distinct phratries identified by their animal sign, Turtle, Turkey, and Wolf and they first encountered the Dutch in the early 17th century, and their primary relationship with the Europeans was through fur trade. The Dutch became the first Europeans to lay claim to lands in New Jersey, the Dutch colony of New Netherland consisted of parts of modern Middle Atlantic states. Although the European principle of ownership was not recognized by the Lenape. The first to do so was Michiel Pauw who established a patronship called Pavonia in 1630 along the North River which eventually became the Bergen, peter Minuits purchase of lands along the Delaware River established the colony of New Sweden. During the English Civil War, the Channel Island of Jersey remained loyal to the British Crown and it was from the Royal Square in St. Helier that Charles II of England was proclaimed King in 1649, following the execution of his father, Charles I. The North American lands were divided by Charles II, who gave his brother, the Duke of York, the region between New England and Maryland as a proprietary colony. James then granted the land between the Hudson River and the Delaware River to two friends who had remained loyal through the English Civil War, Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkeley of Stratton, the area was named the Province of New Jersey. Since the states inception, New Jersey has been characterized by ethnic, New England Congregationalists settled alongside Scots Presbyterians and Dutch Reformed migrants
12.
Methodist Episcopal Church
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The Methodist Episcopal Church was the first Methodist denomination founded in the United States. In the early 19th century, it was the largest Protestant denomination in the U. S, the Methodist Episcopal Church existed from 1784 until 1939, when it merged with the Methodist Episcopal Church, South and the Methodist Protestant Church to form the Methodist Church. In 1968, the Methodist Church merged with the Evangelical United Brethren Church to form the present-day United Methodist Church, the Methodist Episcopal Church originated from the spread of Methodism outside of England to the Thirteen Colonies in the 1760s. Wesley was loyal to the Anglican Church, and he organized his followers into parachurch societies and classes with the goal of promoting spiritual revival within the Church of England, around fifteen or twenty societies formed a circuit. Anywhere from two to four itinerant preachers would be assigned to a circuit on a basis to preach. One itinerant preacher in each circuit would be made the assistant, and he would direct the activities of the itinerant preachers in the circuit. Wesley gave out preaching assignments at an annual conference, in 1773, Wesley appointed Thomas Rankin general assistant, placing him in charge of all the Methodist preachers and societies in America. On July 4,1773, Rankin presided over the first annual conference on American soil at Philadelphia, at that time there were 1,160 Methodists in America led by ten lay preachers. Itinerant Methodist preachers would become known as circuit riders, Methodist societies in America also operated within the Church of England. There were several Anglican priests who supported the work of the Methodists, attending Methodist meetings and these included Charles Pettigrew of North Carolina, Samuel Magaw of Dover and then Philadelphia, and Uzel Ogden of New Jersey. Anglican clergyman Devereux Jarratt was an active supporter, founding Methodist societies in Virginia. The American Revolution severed ties to England and left Americas Anglican Church in disarray, due to the scarcity of Anglican ministers, Methodists in the United States were unable to receive the sacraments of baptism and Holy Communion. Wesleys actions were based in his belief that the order of bishop and priest were one, the founding conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, known commonly as the Christmas Conference, was held in December 1784 at Lovely Lane Chapel in Baltimore, Maryland. At this conference, Coke ordained Francis Asbury as co-superintendent according to Wesleys wishes, Asbury had been serving as general assistant since Rankin returned to England. The German-born Philip W. Otterbein, who helped found the Church of the United Brethren in Christ. American Methodists, however, preferred non-liturgical worship and The Sunday Service was largely ignored, the conference adopted an organization consisting of superintendents, elders, deacons, traveling preachers, and local preachers. Preachers were licensed to preach but were not ordained and could not administer sacraments, traveling preachers worked full-time in itinerant ministry and were supported financially by the societies they served. Local preachers pursued secular employment but preached on Sundays in their local communities, deacons were preachers authorized by a superintendent to officiate weddings, bury the dead, baptize, and assist the elders in administering the Lords Supper
13.
Anglicanism
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Anglicanism is a tradition within Christianity comprising the Church of England and churches which are historically tied to it or hold similar beliefs, worship practices and church structures. The word Anglican originates in ecclesia anglicana, a medieval Latin phrase dating to the Magna Carta and before, adherents of Anglicanism are called Anglicans. As the name suggests, the churches of the Anglican Communion are linked by bonds of tradition, affection and they are in full communion with the See of Canterbury, and thus the Archbishop of Canterbury, in his person, is a unique focus of Anglican unity. He calls the once-a-decade Lambeth Conference, chairs the meeting of primates, Anglicans base their Christian faith on the Bible, traditions of the apostolic Church, apostolic succession, and writings of the Church Fathers. Anglicanism forms one of the branches of Western Christianity, having declared its independence from the Holy See at the time of the Elizabethan Religious Settlement. Many of the new Anglican formularies of the mid-16th century corresponded closely to those of contemporary Protestantism, the word Anglican originates in ecclesia anglicana, a medieval Latin phrase dating to at least 1246 that means the English Church. Adherents of Anglicanism are called Anglicans, as an adjective, Anglican is used to describe the people, institutions and churches, as well as the liturgical traditions and theological concepts developed by the Church of England. As a noun, an Anglican is a member of a church in the Anglican Communion, the word is also used by followers of separated groups which have left the communion or have been founded separately from it, although this is sometimes considered as a misuse. The word Anglicanism came into being in the 19th century, although the term Anglican is found referring to the Church of England as far back as the 16th century, its use did not become general until the latter half of the 19th century. Elsewhere, however, the term Anglican Church came to be preferred as it distinguished these churches from others that maintain an episcopal polity, as such, it is often referred to as being a via media between these traditions. Anglicans understand the Old and New Testaments as containing all necessary for salvation and as being the rule. Reason and Tradition are seen as means to interpret Scripture. Anglicans understand the Apostles Creed as the symbol and the Nicene Creed as the sufficient statement of the Christian faith. Anglicans celebrate the sacraments, with special emphasis being given to the Eucharist, also called Holy Communion. Unique to Anglicanism is the Book of Common Prayer, the collection of services that worshippers in most Anglican churches used for centuries and it was called common prayer originally because it was intended for use in all Church of England churches which had previously followed differing local liturgies. The term was kept when the church became international because all Anglicans used to share in its use around the world, in 1549, the first Book of Common Prayer was compiled by Thomas Cranmer, who was then Archbishop of Canterbury. The founding of Christianity in Britain is commonly attributed to Joseph of Arimathea, according to Anglican legend, Saint Alban, who was executed in 209 AD, is the first Christian martyr in the British Isles. A new culture emerged around the Irish Sea among the Celtic peoples with Celtic Christianity at its core, what resulted was a form of Christianity distinct from Rome in many traditions and practices
14.
Circuit rider (religious)
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Circuit riders were clergy in the Methodist Episcopal Church and related denominations. In the contemporary United Methodist Church, a minister serving more than one church has a point charge, in the Methodist denominations, congregations do not call a pastor of their own choice. Instead, a bishop appoints a pastor to a congregation or a group of congregations and this meant that in the early days of the United States, as the population developed, Methodist clergy could be appointed to circuits wherever people were settling. A circuit was a area that encompassed two or more local churches. Pastors met each year at Annual Conference where their bishops would appoint them either to a new circuit or to remain at the same one, most often they were moved to another appointment every year. Once a pastor was assigned a circuit, it was his responsibility to conduct worship and he was supervised by a Presiding Elder who would visit each charge four times a year. Because of the distance between churches, these preachers would ride on horseback and they were popularly called circuit riders or saddlebag preachers. These frontier clergy were never officially called circuit riders, but the name was appropriate, officially they were called traveling clergy. They traveled with few possessions, carrying only what could fit in their saddlebags and they traveled through wilderness and villages, they preached every day at any place available. Unlike clergy in urban areas, Methodist circuit riders were always on the move, many circuits were so large that it would take 5 to 6 weeks to cover them. The ministerial activity of the circuit riders boosted Methodism into the largest Protestant denomination at the time, in 1784, there were 14,986 members and 83 traveling preachers. By 1839, the denomination had grown to 749,216 members served by 3,557 traveling preachers and 5,856 local preachers and this early frontier ministry was often lonely and dangerous. Samuel Wakefield wrote a hymn about the perils circuit riders faced, together with his driver and partner Black Harry Hosier, he traveled 270,000 miles and preached 16,000 sermons as he made his way up and down early America supervising clergy. A typical English circuit has two or three times as many churches as ministers, the balance of the services being led by lay Methodist local preachers or retired ministers, the title circuit rider, however, was an American coinage born of American necessities. The U. S. census eliminated frontier as a category in 1890, of course, this development moved west as the U. S. frontier moved west. As well as being constantly on the move between the churches in their charge, Methodist ministers were regularly moved between charges, a known as itinerancy. Although most charges in the US now consist of a single church, possibly the most famous circuit rider was Peter Cartwright who wrote two autobiographies. Matthias was a circuit rider from New York state who is credited with having written a gospel hymn
15.
Yonge Street
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Yonge Street is a major arterial route connecting the shores of Lake Ontario in Toronto to Lake Simcoe, a gateway to the Upper Great Lakes. Yonge Street is actually 86 kilometres long, the construction of Yonge Street is designated an Event of National Historic Significance in Canada. Yonge Street was fundamental in the planning and settlement of western Upper Canada in the 1790s. Once the southernmost leg of Highway 11, linking the capital with northern Ontario, today, no section of Yonge Street is a provincial highway. The street was named by Ontarios first colonial administrator, John Graves Simcoe, for his friend Sir George Yonge, in Toronto and York Region, Yonge Street is the north-south baseline from which street numbering is reckoned east and west. See the Public Transit section below, Yonge Street originates on the northern shore of Toronto Bay at Queens Quay, a four-lane arterial road proceeding north by north-west. Torontos Harbourfront is built on landfill extended into the bay, with the industrial area now converted from port, rail. The street passes under the elevated Gardiner Expressway and the rail lines of the Toronto viaduct on their approach to Union Station. The road rises slightly near Front Street, marking the pre-landfill shoreline, beyond Front Street the road passes through the east side of the Financial District, within sight of many of Canadas tallest buildings, fronting an entrance to the Allen Lambert Galleria. Between Front Street and Queen Street, Yonge Street is bounded by historic and commercial buildings, the east side has two historic performance venues, the Ed Mirvish Theatre and the Elgin and Winter Garden Theatres. In addition, Massey Hall is located just to the east on Shuter Street, opposite the Eaton Centre lies Yonge-Dundas Square. It is used for public events. Another stretch of busy retail lines both sides of Yonge Street north of Dundas Street, including Sam the Record Man until its closure on June 30,2007, the density of businesses diminishes north of Gerrard Street, residential towers flank this section. The Art Deco College Park building, a shopping complex of the T. Eaton Company, occupies most of the west side of Yonge Street from Gerrard Street north to College Street and it was converted into a residential and commercial complex after the building of the Eaton Centre. From College Street north to Bloor Street, Yonge Street serves smaller street-level retail, the intersection of Yonge and Bloor Streets is a major crossroads of Toronto, informally considered the northern edge of the downtown core. Subway Line 2 Bloor–Danforth intersects the Yonge line here, with the transfers between lines making Bloor-Yonge Station the busiest in the city. The Hudsons Bay Centre and Two Bloor West office towers dominate the corner, the Mink Miles borders extend from Yonge to Avenue Road along Bloor
16.
John Strachan
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John Strachan was an influential figure in Upper Canada and the first Anglican Bishop of Toronto. He is best known as a bishop who held many government positions. Craig characterizes him as the Canadian arch tory of his era for his intense conservatism, Dr. Strachan built his home in a large yard bound by Simcoe Street, York Street, and Front Street. It was a two storey building that was the first building in Toronto to use locally manufactured bricks, the gardens and grounds of the property occupied the entire square and became a local Toronto landmark, being given the name The Bishops Palace. After Dr. Strachans death the home was converted into a hotel called The Palace Boarding House. Strachan was the youngest of six born to the overseer of a granite quarry in Aberdeen. He graduated from Kings College, Aberdeen in 1797, after his father died in an accident in 1794, Strachan tutored students and taught school to finance his own education. In 1799 he emigrated to Kingston, Upper Canada to tutor the children of other British, in Kingston one of his students was John Beverley Robinson, future attorney general of Upper Canada. At the same time, he studied to become ordained, in 1803 Strachan was ordained as a priest in the Church of England. He moved to Cornwall, Ontario, where he taught at a school and married Ann McGill née Wood, widow of Andrew McGill. Together they had nine children, some of whom died young and he moved to York, Upper Canada, just before the War of 1812, where he became rector of St. James church and headmaster of the Home District Grammar School. This school, also known as The Blue School taught students from five to seventeen, students recited abridged speeches from the House of Commons, learned Latin, and were encouraged to ask questions of their fellow pupils. A conservative, Strachan supported his nation during the War of 1812, in December 1812, Strachan founded the Loyal and Patriotic Society of Upper Canada which raised £21,500 to support the families of militiaman and care for the wounded. During the Battle of York in 1813, along with militia officers Strachan negotiated the surrender of the city with American general Henry Dearborn. The Americans violated the terms by looting homes and churches while locking the wounded British soldiers, Strachan went to meet to complain in person to General Dearborn about the violation of the terms of surrender, and shamed Dearborn into imposing order on his troops. He is credited with saving the city from American troops eager to loot, after the sack of York, Strachan sent his wife Anne and their children to Cornwall because he believed they would safe there. A few months later, Cornwall was taken by the Americans, after the war he became a pillar of the Family Compact, the conservative elite that controlled the colony. He was a member of the Executive Council of Upper Canada from 1815 to 1836 as well as the Legislative Council from 1820 to 1841
17.
Great Britain
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Great Britain, also known as Britain, is a large island in the north Atlantic Ocean off the northwest coast of continental Europe. With an area of 209,331 km2, Great Britain is the largest European island, in 2011 the island had a population of about 61 million people, making it the worlds third-most populous island after Java in Indonesia and Honshu in Japan. The island of Ireland is situated to the west of it, the island is dominated by a maritime climate with quite narrow temperature differences between seasons. Politically, the island is part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, most of England, Scotland, and Wales are on the island. The term Great Britain often extends to surrounding islands that form part of England, Scotland, and Wales. A single Kingdom of Great Britain resulted from the union of the Kingdom of England, the archipelago has been referred to by a single name for over 2000 years, the term British Isles derives from terms used by classical geographers to describe this island group. By 50 BC Greek geographers were using equivalents of Prettanikē as a name for the British Isles. However, with the Roman conquest of Britain the Latin term Britannia was used for the island of Great Britain, the oldest mention of terms related to Great Britain was by Aristotle, or possibly by Pseudo-Aristotle, in his text On the Universe, Vol. III. To quote his works, There are two large islands in it, called the British Isles, Albion and Ierne. The name Britain descends from the Latin name for Britain, Britannia or Brittānia, Old French Bretaigne and Middle English Bretayne, Breteyne. The French form replaced the Old English Breoton, Breoten, Bryten, Breten, Britannia was used by the Romans from the 1st century BC for the British Isles taken together. It is derived from the writings of the Pytheas around 320 BC. Marcian of Heraclea, in his Periplus maris exteri, described the group as αἱ Πρεττανικαὶ νῆσοι. The peoples of these islands of Prettanike were called the Πρεττανοί, Priteni is the source of the Welsh language term Prydain, Britain, which has the same source as the Goidelic term Cruithne used to refer to the early Brythonic-speaking inhabitants of Ireland. The latter were later called Picts or Caledonians by the Romans, the Greco-Egyptian scientist Ptolemy referred to the larger island as great Britain and to Ireland as little Britain in his work Almagest. The name Albion appears to have out of use sometime after the Roman conquest of Britain. After the Anglo-Saxon period, Britain was used as a term only. It was used again in 1604, when King James VI and I styled himself King of Great Brittaine, France, Great Britain refers geographically to the island of Great Britain, politically to England, Scotland and Wales in combination
18.
The Christian Guardian
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The Christian Guardian was a Wesleyan Methodist journal founded in Upper Canada in 1829. The first editor was Egerton Ryerson, the Canadian Wesleyan Methodists founded The Christian Guardian as their weekly newspaper on 21 November 1829 with Egerton Ryerson as editor. The Guardian was the first religious newspaper published in Canada, however, he was not able to stay out of politics, and soon became engaged with the Anglican John Strachan in a lively debate over the future of society in Upper Canada. Ryerson was called a doughty controversialist who, by his pen, fought the battle of civil. Ryersons passionate views caused him to be voted out of three times. He was editor from 1829-1832, 1833-1835 and 1838-1840, with minimal resources, Ryerson managed to build up the circulation to 3,000 within three years. Other editors before Canadian Confederation were James Richardson, Ephraim Evans, Jonathan Scott, George Frederick Playter, George R. Sanderson, James Spencer, Jeffers was editor of The Christian Guardian from 1860 to 1866. He invited Nathanael Burwash to write a number of guest editorials during this period, edward Hartley Dewart was named editor of the Christian Guardian in 1869. He wrote incisively and with conviction, and was one of the forces in bringing about a union of Methodist churches to reduce the wastage of duplicate services. In 1874 the Methodist New Connexion Society was consolidated with the Wesleyan Methodist Society to form the Methodist Church of Canada, the New Connection paper The Evangelical Witness was merged with The Christian Guardian. David Savage, editor of The Evangelical Witness, continued as editor of the merged paper for some time. Dewart supported the further Methodist union in the 1880s, Dewart advocated federation of Victoria College with the University of Toronto. During his long editorship the Christian Guardian became increasingly a mouthpiece for Dewarts orthodox opinions and he was forced out of office by the General Conference of 1894. William Black Creighton, a Methodist minister from rural Ontario, became assistant editor of The Christian Guardian in 1900 after laryngitis forced him to stop preaching, from 1906-25 Creighton was editor of the paper, where he developed his views as a progressive supporter of the Social Gospel. During World War I the Guardian gave strong backing to the Canadian war effort, the Union government led by Prime Minister Sir Robert Laird Borden, Creighton wrote in an editorial in August 1914, “We are British. And we will stand by the land in this greatest campaign of all time. ”In 1925 the Canadian Methodists, Congregationalists. The newspapers of the three denominations were merged to become The New Outlook and it was first published on 10 June 1925, the day of the founding services of The United Church of Canada. Creighton continued as editor of The New Outlook, the newspaper was renamed The United Church Observer in 1939
19.
York, Upper Canada
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The Town of York was the second capital of the district of Upper Canada and the predecessor to Toronto. It was established in 1793 by Lieutenant-Governor John Graves Simcoe as a location for the capital of Upper Canada, while he made plans to build a capital near todays London. Simcoe renamed the location York after Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany, Simcoe gave up his plan to build a capital at London, and York became the permanent capital of Upper Canada on February 1,1796. That year Simcoe returned to Britain and was replaced by Peter Russell. The original townsite was a compact ten blocks near the mouth of the Don River, government buildings and a law court were established. Yonge Street was built, connecting York to the Holland River to the north, to the east, Kingston Road was built to the mouth of the Trent River. In 1797, the site was expanded to the west to allow for public buildings. One of the new areas public functions, a market, was started in 1803. It continues today as St. Lawrence Market, the garrison was attacked during the War of 1812. As the British Army retreated, it blew up the garrison, leading to the death of numerous American soldiers, the victorious Americans sacked the town and burned down the government buildings. The Americans chose not to occupy the town and the British eventually returned without conflict, a retribution attack was made on the American capital of Washington. After the war was over, the continued to grow, expanding to the west, leaving the original town site. A new parliament building was erected, near the location, but this burned down. A permanent fort, Fort York, was built on the site of the garrison, Dundas Street was built to connect York to towns to the west. In the 1820s, the experienced a surge of immigrants. By 1830, this led to a political conflict which would later lead to the 1837 Upper Canada Rebellion. By 1701, the Iroquoian villages that had established along the north shore of Lake Ontario during the sixteenth century had been abandoned. The name Toronto is derived from indigenous sources, a portage route from Lake Ontario to Lake Huron running through this point, the Toronto Carrying-Place Trail, led to widespread use of the name
20.
Tory
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A Tory holds a political philosophy based on a British version of traditionalism and conservatism, which upholds the supremacy of social order as it has evolved throughout history. The Tory ethos has been summed up with the phrase God, King, Tories generally advocate monarchism, are usually of a high church Anglican religious heritage, and are opposed to the liberalism of the Whig faction. In Britain, the Tory political faction originated with the Cavaliers during the English Civil War and this political philosophy remains prominent in the politics of the United Kingdom, and also appears in parts of the Commonwealth realms, particularly in Canada. It also had exponents in other parts of the former British Empire, under the Corn Laws a majority of Tories supported protectionist agrarianism with tariffs being imposed at the time for higher food prices, self-sufficiency, and enhanced wages in rural employment. There were two Tory ministries after James II came to the throne, the first led by the Earl of Rochester, a significant faction took part in the ousting of James II with the Whigs to defend the Church of England and definitive protestantism. Although only a minority of Tories gave their adhesion to the Jacobite risings, after the advent of the Prime Ministerial system under the Whig Robert Walpole, Lord Butes premiership in the reign of George III marked a revival. Edmund Burke and William Pitt the Younger led the way in this, interventionism and strong armed forces were to prove a hallmark of Toryism under subsequent Prime Ministers. Due to these Tories leading the formation of the Conservative Party, members of that party are referred to as Tories. The word Tory derives from the Middle Irish word tóraidhe, modern Irish tóraí, outlaw, robber or brigand, from the Irish word tóir, meaning pursuit and it was originally used to refer to a Rapparee and later applied to Confederates or Cavaliers in arms. The term was originally a term of abuse, an Irish rebel. Towards the end of Charles IIs reign there was debate about whether or not his brother, James, Duke of York. Whigs, originally a reference to Scottish cattle-drivers, was the term directed at those who wanted to exclude James on the grounds that he was a Roman Catholic. Those who were not prepared to exclude James were labelled Abhorrers, the suffix -ism was quickly added to both Whig and Tory to make Whiggism and Toryism, meaning the principles and methods of each faction. Historically, the term Tory has been applied in ways to loyalists of the British monarchy. During the Exclusion Crisis, the word Tory was applied in Kingdom of England as a nickname to the opponents of the bill, the word Tory had connotations of Papist and outlaw derived from its previous use in Ireland. Since 1832, the term Tory is commonly used to refer to the Conservative Party, the term Tory or Loyalist was used in the American Revolution for those who remained loyal to the British Crown. Since early in the 18th century, Tory had described those upholding the right of the King over Parliament, during the war of independence, particularly after the Declaration of Independence in 1776 this use was extended to cover anyone who remained loyal to the British Crown. About 80% of the Loyalists remained in the United States after the war, the 60,000 or so Loyalists who settled in Quebec, the Bahamas, or returned to Great Britain after the American War of Independence are known as United Empire Loyalists
21.
Central United Church
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Central United Church is a historic congregation of the United Church of Canada located in the community of Weston, now a neighbourhood of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Founded in 1821, the church has occupied the site on Weston Road in Toronto since then. The congregation began as part of the Methodist Episcopal Church, a forerunner of both the Methodist Church of Canada and the United Church of Canada, the first church building, a log structure, was erected in 1821, followed by a larger brick church constructed in 1849. The present building, dedicated in 1887, and built in the Gothic Revival style, has altered and updated on several occasions. The tower includes examples of abat-sons, the church was one of the final projects of William Henry Mallory Sr. architect. The congregation has a musical heritage. The organ, constructed by Casavant Frères, was dedicated in 1950 as a memorial to members of the congregation who gave their lives in the Second World War, the Chancellors, a youth choir active from 1968 to 1980, produced five record albums and toured extensively. The congregation has been served by several notable clergy, including Egerton Ryerson, historian George Playter, pearson, the father of Prime Minister Lester B. Today, the church is known for outreach into the community through the Weston King Neighbourhood Centre. The Centre provides meals, education and advocacy, michael Kooiman is the minister of Central United Church. List of oldest buildings and structures in Toronto List of United Church of Canada churches in Toronto Official website
22.
Cobourg
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Cobourg is a town in the Canadian province of Ontario, located in Southern Ontario 95 kilometres east of Toronto and 62 kilometres east of Oshawa. It is the largest town in and seat of Northumberland County and its nearest neighbour is Port Hope,7 km to the west. It is located along Highway 401 and the former Highway 2, to the south, Cobourg borders Lake Ontario. To the north, east and west, it is surrounded by Hamilton Township, the settlements that make up todays Cobourg were founded by United Empire Loyalists in 1798. Some of the fathers and early settlers were Eluid Nickerson, Joseph Ash, Zacheus Burnham. The Town was originally a group of villages such as Amherst and Hardscrabble. In 1808 it became the town for the Newcastle District. It was renamed Cobourg in 1818, in recognition of the marriage of Princess Charlotte Augusta of Wales to Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, by the 1830s Cobourg had become a regional centre, much due to its fine harbour on Lake Ontario. In 1835 the Upper Canada Academy was established in Cobourg by Egerton Ryerson, on July 1,1837, Cobourg was officially incorporated as a town. In 1841 the Upper Canada Academys name was changed to Victoria College, in 1842 Victoria College was granted powers to confer degrees. Victoria College remained in Cobourg until 1892, when it was moved to Toronto, in 1842, John Strachan founded the Diocesan Theological Institute in Cobourg, an Anglican seminary that became integrated into the University of Trinity College in Toronto in 1852. Victoria Hall was designed by architect Kivas Tully, the landmark is known for its impressive stone work. Charles Thomas Thomas, an English-born master stonecarver and building contractor, executed the fine stone carvings, Victoria Hall was officially opened in 1860 by the Prince of Wales, later to become Edward VII of the United Kingdom, King Edward VII. In the late 19th century and early 20th century, wealthy Americans built enormous summer homes there, one notable home, on King Street East, became the Brookside School - now a youth detention centre. A major ferry service connected Cobourg and Rochester, New York from 1907 to 1952, transporting passengers and cargo across Lake Ontario, the Cobourg and Peterborough Railway ran northward over Rice Lake to Peterborough, but the lines collapsed into Rice Lake in the late 1800s. After World War II and the advent of improved transportation technology, on December 20,1951, Cobourg experienced media attention as a Curtiss C-46 Commando crash landed in local farmer Charles Wilsons field. Cobourg was the site of No.26 Ordnance Depot, later Canadian Forces Station Cobourg, throughout the late 1980s and early 1990s, the town invested heavily in purchasing property along the waterfront and beautifying the area. A boardwalk was developed to connect the harbour and large sandy beach while further pathways were created to encompass Victoria Park, because of this renewal and revitalization, many community activities now revolve in and around these spaces
23.
Victoria University, Toronto
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Victoria University is a college of the University of Toronto, founded in 1836 and named for Queen Victoria. It is commonly called Victoria College, informally Vic, after the academic component that now forms its undergraduate division. Since 1928, Victoria College has retained secular studies in the liberal arts, Victoria is situated in the northeastern part of the university campus, adjacent to St. Michaels College and Queens Park. Among its residential halls is Annesley Hall, a National Historic Site of Canada, a major centre for Reformation and Renaissance studies, Victoria is home to international scholarly projects and holdings devoted to pre-Puritan English drama and the works of Desiderius Erasmus. Victoria College was founded as the Upper Canada Academy by the Wesleyan Methodist Church. In 1831, a committee decided to locate the academy on four acres of land in Cobourg, Ontario, east of Toronto, because of its central location in a large town and access by land. The school officially opened to male and female students on October 12,1836, with Ryerson as the first president, although the school taught a variety of liberal arts subjects, it also functioned as an unofficial Methodist seminary. In 1841, it was incorporated as Victoria College, named for Queen Victoria, john Harper designed Victoria University Medical College, Gerrard Street East at Sackville Street, Toronto which was demolished. Victoria University was formed in 1884 when Victoria College and Albert University federated with each other, in 1890, Victoria University federated with the University of Toronto. In 1892, Victoria University moved from Cobourg to its current campus on Queens Park Crescent, south of Bloor Street, a plaque was erected at 100 University Avenue at the intersection with College Street in Cobourg, Ontario. Victoria College The cornerstone of this building was laid June 7,1832, first operated under a royal charter by the Wesleyan Methodists as Upper Canada Academy, in 1841 it obtained a provincial charter under the name of Victoria College, giving it power to grant degrees. Victoria’s first president was the Reverend Egerton Ryerson, newspaper editor, in 1890 the college federated with the University of Toronto and, in 1892, left Cobourg. James Loudon, a former President of the universities, had prohibited dancing at the University of Toronto until 1896. However, dancing at Victoria was not officially permissible until thirty years later, the WWI list of honour was erected by the Alumni and Alumnae Associations on October 13,1923 while the WWII list of honour was erected by the Board of Regents. In 1928, the independent Union College federated with the department of Victoria College. On the old Ontario strand for piano by Joyce Belyea was published for the Victoria College Music Club between 1946 and 1948 by the J. H, peel Music Pub. Co. in Toronto. The main building, Old Vic, is an example of Richardsonian Romanesque architectural style, the architect was W. G. Storm, who died shortly after completion. The campus is centred on the quadrangle of Victoria, outlined by the upper and lower houses of Burwash Hall
24.
University of Toronto
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The University of Toronto is a public research university in Toronto, Ontario, Canada on the grounds that surround Queens Park. It was founded by charter in 1827 as Kings College. Originally controlled by the Church of England, the university assumed the present name in 1850 upon becoming a secular institution, as a collegiate university, it comprises twelve colleges, which differ in character and history, each with substantial autonomy on financial and institutional affairs. It has two campuses in Scarborough and Mississauga. Academically, the University of Toronto is noted for influential movements and curricula in literary criticism and communication theory, by a significant margin, it receives the most annual scientific research funding of any Canadian university. It is one of two members of the Association of American Universities outside the United States, the other being McGill University, the Varsity Blues are the athletic teams that represent the university in intercollegiate league matches, with long and storied ties to gridiron football and ice hockey. The universitys Hart House is an example of the North American student centre. The founding of a college had long been the desire of John Graves Simcoe. As an Oxford-educated military commander who had fought in the American Revolutionary War, the Upper Canada Executive Committee recommended in 1798 a college be established in York, the colonial capital. On March 15,1827, a charter was formally issued by King George IV, proclaiming from this time one College, with the style. For the education of youth in the principles of the Christian Religion, the granting of the charter was largely the result of intense lobbying by John Strachan, the influential Anglican Bishop of Toronto who took office as the colleges first president. The original three-storey Greek Revival school building was built on the present site of Queens Park, under Strachans stewardship, Kings College was a religious institution closely aligned with the Church of England and the British colonial elite, known as the Family Compact. Reformist politicians opposed the control over colonial institutions and fought to have the college secularized. Having anticipated this decision, the enraged Strachan had resigned a year earlier to open Trinity College as a private Anglican seminary, University College was created as the nondenominational teaching branch of the University of Toronto. Established in 1878, the School of Practical Science was precursor to the Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering, while the Faculty of Medicine opened in 1843, medical teaching was conducted by proprietary schools from 1853 until 1887, when the faculty absorbed the Toronto School of Medicine. Meanwhile, the university continued to set examinations and confer medical degrees, the university opened the Faculty of Law in 1887, followed by the Faculty of Dentistry in 1888, when the Royal College of Dental Surgeons became an affiliate. Women were first admitted to the university in 1884, over the next two decades, a collegiate system took shape as the university arranged federation with several ecclesiastical colleges, including Strachans Trinity College in 1904. The university operated the Royal Conservatory of Music from 1896 to 1991, the University of Toronto Press was founded in 1901 as Canadas first academic publishing house
25.
Secularity
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Secularity is the state of being separate from religion, or of not being exclusively allied with or against any particular religion. Historically, the secular was not related or linked to religion. The idea of a dichotomy between religion and the secular originated in the 18th century European Enlightenment, one can regard eating and bathing as examples of secular activities, because there may not be anything inherently religious about them. Nevertheless, some religious traditions see both eating and bathing as sacraments, therefore making them religious activities within those world views, saying a prayer derived from religious text or doctrine, worshipping through the context of a religion, and attending a religious school are examples of religious activities. The secular is experienced in diverse ways ranging from separation of religion and state to being anti-religion or even pro-religion, a related term, secularism, involves the principle that government institutions and their representatives should remain separate from religious institutions, their beliefs, and their dignitaries. Many businesses and corporations, and some operate on secular lines. This stands in contrast to theocracy, government with deity as its highest authority, Secular and secularity derive from the Latin word saeculum which meant of a generation, belonging to an age or denoted a period of about one hundred years. In the ancient world, saeculum was not defined in contrast to any sacred concerns and had a usage in Latin. It was in Christian Latin of medieval times, that saeculum was used for distinguishing this temporal age of the world from the realm of God. The Christian doctrine that God exists outside time led medieval Western culture to use secular to indicate separation from specifically religious affairs and involvement in temporal ones. This does not necessarily imply hostility to God or religion, though some use the term this way, routinization — institutionalizing through integration into the society. Differentiation — a redefined place such as when accepting its status as one religion in a plural religious field or morphing into a more generic, disengagement — the detachment of certain facets of social life from religion. Transformation — gradual change over time in a sense that Protestantism became for Christianity. Generalization — a particular kind of change in which it becomes less specific, more abstract, has moderation of controversial and divisive claims. Desacralization — culture and rationality guide people while leaving out religious beings, segmentation — the development of specialized religious institutions, which take their place beside other specialized social institutions. Secularism — the only form that leads to rejection of religion. Examples of secular used in this way include, Secular authority, which involves legal, police, and military authority, as distinct from clerical authority, or matters under church control. Secular clergy in the Roman Catholic Church, who, traditionally, do not live the lives of the regular clergy and are therefore, in a sense
26.
Church of England
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The Church of England is the state church of England. The Archbishop of Canterbury is the most senior cleric, although the monarch is the supreme governor, the Church of England is also the mother church of the international Anglican Communion. It dates its establishment as a church to the 6th-century Gregorian mission to Kent led by Augustine of Canterbury. The English church renounced papal authority when Henry VIII sought to secure an annulment from Catherine of Aragon in the 1530s, the English Reformation accelerated under Edward VIs regents before a brief restoration of papal authority under Queen Mary I and King Philip. This is expressed in its emphasis on the teachings of the early Church Fathers, as formalised in the Apostles, Nicene, in the earlier phase of the English Reformation there were both Catholic martyrs and radical Protestant martyrs. The later phases saw the Penal Laws punish Roman Catholic and nonconforming Protestants, in the 17th century, political and religious disputes raised the Puritan and Presbyterian faction to control of the church, but this ended with the Restoration. Papal recognition of George III in 1766 led to religious tolerance. Since the English Reformation, the Church of England has used a liturgy in English, the church contains several doctrinal strands, the main three known as Anglo-Catholic, Evangelical and Broad Church. Tensions between theological conservatives and progressives find expression in debates over the ordination of women and homosexuality, the church includes both liberal and conservative clergy and members. The governing structure of the church is based on dioceses, each presided over by a bishop, within each diocese are local parishes. The General Synod of the Church of England is the body for the church and comprises bishops, other clergy. Its measures must be approved by both Houses of Parliament, according to tradition, Christianity arrived in Britain in the 1st or 2nd century, during which time southern Britain became part of the Roman Empire. The earliest historical evidence of Christianity among the native Britons is found in the writings of such early Christian Fathers as Tertullian, three Romano-British bishops, including Restitutus, are known to have been present at the Council of Arles in 314. Others attended the Council of Sardica in 347 and that of Ariminum in 360, Britain was the home of Pelagius, who opposed Augustine of Hippos doctrine of original sin. Consequently, in 597, Pope Gregory I sent the prior of the Abbey of St Andrews from Rome to evangelise the Angles and this event is known as the Gregorian mission and is the date the Church of England generally marks as the beginning of its formal history. A later archbishop, the Greek Theodore of Tarsus, also contributed to the organisation of Christianity in England, the Church of England has been in continuous existence since the days of St Augustine, with the Archbishop of Canterbury as its episcopal head. Despite the various disruptions of the Reformation and the English Civil War, while some Celtic Christian practices were changed at the Synod of Whitby, the Christian Church in the British Isles was under papal authority from earliest times. The Synod of Whitby established the Roman date for Easter and the Roman style of monastic tonsure in Britain and this meeting of the ecclesiastics with Roman customs with local bishops was summoned in 664 at Saint Hildas double monastery of Streonshalh, later called Whitby Abbey
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Clergy reserve
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Clergy Reserves were tracts of land in Upper Canada and Lower Canada reserved for the support of Protestant clergy by the Constitutional Act of 1791. The first lieutenant governor of Upper Canada, John Graves Simcoe, however, in 1823 the Law Officers of the Crown held that the Church of Scotland was also entitled to a share of the revenues under the 1791 Act. Although Lt-Governor Maitland attempted to suppress the publication of that decision, complications in establishing leasing procedures prevented the reserve lands from being leased before 1803. Until 1819, the lands were managed by the Province. The Clergy Corporation, of which Strachan became the chairman, was incorporated in 1819 to manage the Clergy Reserves. The 1819 charter provided for the Bishop of Quebec to become the perpetual Principal and Director, the Bishops Official and the rectors of Niagara and York could each serve as acting chairman. Other perpetual directors were, the incumbents at Kingston, Niagara, York, Cornwall, Grimsby, Ancaster and Hamilton, and this effectively meant that Strachan, together with the Inspector General and Surveyor General, controlled the Board. These three members were part of the Family Compact, of which Strachan was the leader, the reserves were allotted in lots of 200 acres, generally intermixed with other lots sold to individuals within each surveyed township. This was recognized by the Legislative Assembly in 1817 when it passed resolutions that condemned the lands as insurmountable obstacles, until 1827, no reserve lands were sold. In 1826, the Canada Company was formed to sell off the remaining crown, however, because of opposition from Strachan, the Company received 1,100,000 acres in the Huron Tract, in substitution for the originally contemplated 829,430 acres of clergy reserve lands. In 1836, before Sir John Colborne was succeeded by Sir Francis Bond Head as lieutenant-governor, he created 57 rectories for the Church of England, with glebe land totalling 21,057 acres. This action created significant political dissent, and was declared illegal in 1837. The administration of the lands was transferred to the Crown Lands Department. However, such caution eventually came to be seen as inflexibility, even as late as 1853, Strachan was still campaigning to ensure the Church of Englands dominance in the matter. Reform of the Clergy Reserves was an issue in Canadian politics from its creation until its abolition. The controversy stemmed from the fact that supporters of the religious endowment were part of the Tory ruling class. Even Robert Baldwin, who was the leader of the struggle for Responsible Government did not advocate for complete abolition,142 of the British North America Act,1867. The funds were awarded to each province respectively in September 1870, in Ontario, the Fund continued to be accounted for separately until the passage of an Act in 1908, where all special funds were declared to form part of the provinces Consolidated Revenue Fund
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Constitutional Act 1791
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The Clergy Endowments Act 1791, commonly known as the Constitutional Act 1791, is an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain. Quebec, with a population of 145,000 French-speaking Canadians, was divided in two when the Act took effect on 26 December 1791, the western half became Upper Canada and the eastern half Lower Canada. The names Upper and Lower Canada were given according to their location on the St. Lawrence River, representative governments were established in both colonies with the creation of respective legislative assemblies, Quebec had not previously had representative government. The Constitutional Act tried to create a church by creating clergy reserves. These reserves created many difficulties in later years, making economic development difficult and creating resentment against the Anglican church, the Family Compact, however, both groups preferred the act and the institutions it created to the Quebec Act which it replaced. The frustration of the French over the nature of Lower Canadian political, Constitutional history of Canada Act of Union Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester Constitutional Act of the Province of Lower Canada
29.
Wesleyan University
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Wesleyan University is a private liberal arts college in Middletown, Connecticut, founded in 1831. About 20 unrelated colleges and universities were named after Wesley. Wesleyan, along with Amherst College and Williams College, is a member of the Little Three colleges, Three histories of Wesleyan have been published, Wesleyans First Century by Carl F. Potts. Wesleyan was founded as an all-male Methodist college in 1831, the University, established as an independent institution under the auspices of the Methodist conference, was led by Willbur Fisk, its first President. Despite its name, Wesleyan was never a denominational seminary and it also has maintained a larger library collection than institutions comparable in size. The Wesleyan student body numbered about 300 in 1910 and had grown to 800 in 1960, the latter being a figure that Time described as small. In 1872, the University became one of the first U. S. colleges to attempt coeducation by allowing a number of female students to attend. Given that concern, Wesleyan ceased to admit women, and from 1912 to 1970 Wesleyan operated again as an all-male college, Wesleyan became independent of the Methodist church in 1937, although in 2000, the university was designated as an historic Methodist site. The building program begun under this system created three residential colleges on Foss Hill and then three more residential colleges. Although the facilities were created, only four of the academic programs were begun. Fund raising proved highly effective and by 1960 Wesleyan had the largest endowment, per student, of any college or university in America, and a student-faculty ratio of 7,1. The University and several of its admissions deans were featured in Jacques Steinbergs 2002 book The Gatekeepers, Inside The Admissions Process of a Premier College. In the fall 2007 semester, Michael S. Roth, a 1978 graduate of Wesleyan, when Wesleyan University was founded in 1831, it took over a campus on which two buildings, North College and South College, had already been built in 1825. They were originally constructed by the City of Middletown for use by Captain Partridge’s American Literary, Scientific, in 1829, after the Connecticut legislature declined it a charter to grant college degrees, Capt. Alden Partridge moved his Academy to Northfield, Vermont. The Academy later became Norwich University and the Middletown buildings were acquired by Wesleyan, the book, Norwich University, 1819-1911, Vol. I, provides the following description of South College and North College. These buildings were constructed of sandstone from the quarries in Portland. The Barracks was four stories high,150 feet long and 52 feet wide, with a large attic, halls extended the full length of the building. The Lyceum was located 20 feet south of the Barracks, was three high, with a basement partly above the ground
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Governor-general
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Governor-General or governor general, in modern usage, is the title of an office-holder appointed to represent the monarch of a sovereign state in the governing of an independent realm. Governors-General have also previously been appointed in respect of major colonial states or other territories held by either a monarchy or republic, in modern usage, the term governor-general originated in those British colonies which became self-governing within the British Empire. In these cases, the Crowns representative in the federated Dominion was given the title of governor general. Another non-federal state, Newfoundland, was a Dominion for 16 years with the Kings representative retaining the title of governor throughout this time, since 2016, the title governor-general has been given to all representatives of the sovereign in independent Commonwealth realms. In these countries the governor-general acts as the representative, performing the ceremonial and constitutional functions of a head of state. The only other nation which uses the designation is Iran. In Iran, the authority is headed by a governor general. As such they held the prerogative powers of the monarch. The monarch or imperial government could overrule any governor-general, though this could often be cumbersome, the governors-general are entitled to wear a unique uniform, which are not generally worn today. If of the rank of general, equivalent or above. The report resulting from the 1926 Imperial Conference stated, in other words, the political reality of a self-governing Dominion within the British Empire with a governor-general answerable to the sovereign became clear. British interference in the Dominion was not acceptable and independent country status was clearly displayed, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand were clearly not controlled by the United Kingdom. The governor-general, however, is appointed by the monarch. Executive authority is vested in the monarch, though much of it can be exercisable only by the governor-general on behalf of the sovereign of the independent realm. Except in rare cases, the only acts in accordance with constitutional convention and upon the advice of the national prime minister. The governor-general is still the representative of the sovereign and performs the same duties as they carried out historically. In some realms, the monarch could in principle overrule a governor-general, in Australia the present Queen is generally assumed to be head of state, since the governor-general and the state governors are defined as her representatives. However, since the governor-general performs almost all national regal functions, to a lesser extent, uncertainty has been expressed in Canada as to which officeholder—the monarch, the governor general, or both—can be considered the head of state
31.
Charles Metcalfe, 1st Baron Metcalfe
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Charles Theophilus Metcalfe, 1st Baron Metcalfe, GCB PC, known as Sir Charles Metcalfe, Bt between 1822 and 1845, was a British colonial administrator. He held appointments including acting Governor-General of India, Governor of Jamaica and she and her sister were educated in England and then visited their father and went on to Madras. The sister died on the voyage but Susannah married Major John Smith of the Bengal Establishment in Madras on 24 August 1776, after his death she married Major Thomas Theophilus Metcalfe in Calcutta in 1782, and the couple returned to England in 1785. Their elder daughter was Emily Theophila, Viscountess Ashbrook and his Metcalfe descent can be traced back to the 14th century in Wensleydale, North Yorkshire, where the Metcalfe clan originated. Having been educated at Eton, in 1800 he sailed for India as a writer in the service of the Company and he then studied Oriental languages as the first student at Lord Wellesleys College of Fort William. His younger brother, Sir Thomas Theophilus Metcalfe, 4th Baronet was an agent of the Governor General of India to the Mughal court. At the age of nineteen, Metcalfe was appointed assistant to General Lake. From 1820 to 1825 Sir Charles was resident at the court of the Nizam, on 14 November 1834 he was posted as Governor of the Presidency of Agra where he served for over four months till 20 March 1835. In 1835 he was appointed a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath. He was Lieutenant-Governor of the North-Western Provinces from 1 June 1836 to 1 June 1838, metcalfes success in this delicate position was very marked, but unfortunately his health compelled his resignation and return to England in 1842. A clash soon emerged between Metcalfe and the leaders of the assembly, Robert Baldwin and Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine. Despite suffering from worsening cancer, he fought to preserve the prerogatives of the Crown, but his success did not endure and responsible government would be conceded by his successor James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin. Metcalfe died of cancer at Malshanger in Oakley, near Basingstoke and his residence was however at Fernhill Park in Winkfield, near Windsor and it was in the parish church there that he was buried. Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online Lee, Sidney, ed. Metcalfe, Charles Theophilus
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Canadian Indian residential school system
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In Canada, the Indian residential schools were a network of residential schools for Indigenous people. The network was funded by the Canadian governments Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, the school system was created for the purpose of removing children from the influence of the aboriginal culture and assimilating them into the dominant Canadian culture. Over the course of the existence, approximately 30% of native children. It has been estimated that at least 6,000 of these students died while in attendance, an amendment to the Indian Act in 1884 made attendance at day schools, industrial schools, or residential schools compulsory for First Nations children. Due to the nature of many communities, school locations meant that for some families residential schools were the only way to comply. School distance was used as a way to intentionally keep families from their children. Indian Commissioner Hayter Reed argued for schools at greater distances to cut down on family visits that he viewed as counteracting the civilizing of Indigenous children, parental visits were further restricted by the use of a pass system designed to confine Indigenous peoples to reserves. Disconnected from their families and culture, students who attended the school system often graduated unable to fit in to their communities or Canadian society. Forced to speak English or French and abandon their cultural heritage, on June 11,2008, a public apology was offered by Prime Minister Stephen Harper on behalf of the Government of Canada and the leaders of the other federal parties in the Canadian House of Commons. Nine days prior, the Indian Residential Schools Truth and Reconciliation Commission was established to uncover the truth about the schools, the commission gathered statements from residential school survivors through public and private statement gatherings at various local, regional and national events across Canada. Seven national events held between 2008-2013 commemorated the experience of students of residential schools. The ‘civilizing mission’ rested on a belief of racial and cultural superiority, attempts at assimilating Indigenous populations began as early as the 17th century with the arrival of French colonists in New France. The establishment of day and boarding schools by including the Récollets, Jesuits. The political instability and realities of life also played a role in the decision to halt the education programs. An increase in orphaned and foundling colonial children limited Church resources, responsible for separating children from their families and communities, the system has been described as cultural genocide because its aim was killing the Indian in the child. Designed as a program, children were prohibited, in many schools. The primary stated goal was to convert Indigenous children to Christianity, the renewed interest in residential schools at the turn of the 19th century has been linked to the decline in military hostility faced by British settlers, particularly after the War of 1812. With the threat of invasion minimized Indigenous communities were no longer viewed as allies and this system of using established school facilities set up by missionaries was employed by the federal government for economic expedience
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Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada
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Its headquarters are in Terrasses de la Chaudière, in downtown Gatineau, Quebec. First Nation, has used since the 1970s instead of the word Indian. The term Indian is used for legal and historical documents such as Status Indians as defined by the Indian Act, for example, the term Indian continues to be used in the historical and legal document, the Canadian Constitution and federal statutes. The word means people in the Inuit language — Inuktitut, the singular of Inuit is Inuk. Eskimo is found in documents about Canadian Inuit. The term Aboriginal is commonly used referring to the three groups of indigenous peoples as a whole. It is also used by Aboriginal people who live within Canada who claim rights of sovereignty or Aboriginal title to lands, the department is overseen by the Minister of Indigenous and Northern Affairs. The current minister, since November 2015, is Carolyn Bennett, the last minister under the Conservative government that lost the 2015 federal election was Bernard Valcourt. James Moore acted in the position between Valcourt and the previous minister John Duncan, iNACs responsibilities are largely determined by numerous statutes, negotiated agreements and relevant legal decisions. Most of the Departments programs, representing a majority of its spending - are delivered through partnerships with Aboriginal communities, INAC also works with urban Indigenous people, Métis and Non-Status Indians. INAC also works with urban First Nations, Métis and Non-Status Indians through the Office of the Federal Interlocutor, INAC also manages the resources and lands of federal lands, including land and subsurface leases and resource royalties. In 1755, the British Crown established the British Indian Department, the Indian Governors General held control of Indian Affairs, but usually delegated much of their responsibility to a series of Civil Secretaries. The responsibility for Indian Affairs and Northern Development rested with various government departments between 1873 and 1966, the Minister of the Interior also held the position of Superintendent-General of Indian Affairs after the Indian Affairs Department was established in 1880. In 1939, federal jurisdiction for Indian peoples was interpreted by the courts to apply to the Inuit, a revised Indian Act was passed in 1951. From 1950 to 1965, the Indian Affairs portfolio was carried by the Minister of Citizenship, on October 1,1966, the Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development was created as a result of the Government Organization Act,1966. Effective June 13,2011, the department began using the applied title Aboriginal Affairs, when the Department of the Interior dissolved in 1936, Indian Affairs fell under the purview of the Department of Mines and Resources. This became the Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development in 1966, under the Federal Identity Program, the department is known as Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. Beginning in the early 20th century, the Canadian government sponsored annual expeditions to the Canadian North and these expeditions yielded extensive photographic documentation of the lives of northern indigenous peoples by participating explorers, engineers, scientists and medical staff
34.
Toronto Normal School
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The Toronto Normal School was a teachers college in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Opened in 1847, the Normal School was located at Church and Gould streets in central Toronto, the schools landmark Gothic-Romanesque building was designed by architects Thomas Ridout and Frederick William Cumberland in 1852. The landmark building was demolished in 1963, but architectural elements of the structure remain on the campus of Ryerson University, in the 1830s, the authorities in Upper Canada first recognized the need to establish a normal school in the colony to train teachers. It was not until 1846, however, that Egerton Ryerson issued his report entitled Report on a System of Public Elementary Education for Upper Canada. On November 1,1847, the Provincial Normal School, as it was first known, an accompanying Provincial Model School was opened in 1848, in the renovated Government House stables. In 1849, the Parliament Buildings in Montreal were burned down in a riot, the colonial administration required the use of the old Government House, and the Normal School was temporarily displaced to the former Temperance Hall on Temperance Street. On July 2,1851, the cornerstone for a new building was laid by Governor General Lord Elgin, the new building was designed to accommodate two hundred teachers-in-training and six hundred pupils. It was situated on a 3.2 hectare site, bounded by Gerrard, Church, Gould and Victoria streets, the property became known as St. James Square, and was soon used for more than teacher training purposes. A 2-acre plot was set aside for a garden, with another 3 acres reserved for agricultural experiments. The agricultural work on the site prompted the founding of the Ontario Agricultural College in 1874, Ryerson wanted the Normal School to be a focal point of the development of arts and education in Upper Canada. In 1896, the archaeological and ethnographic collections of the Canadian Institute of Toronto, Boyle would remain its curator and later its superintendent until his death in 1911. The museum later evolved into the Royal Ontario Museum, the Ontario Society of Artists, founded in 1872, used the Normal School as its headquarters. The Society operated an art school on the St. James Square site, the building also housed the Provinces Department of Education. These various activities at St. James Square lead to its designation as the cradle of Ontarios education system, with the construction of its new building, the name of the Normal School was changed to the Normal School for Upper Canada. Upon Confederation in 1867, it was renamed the Normal School for Ontario, the opening of the Ottawa Normal School in 1875 prompted a further renaming to Toronto Normal School. As it had almost a century before, turmoil again led to the eviction of the Normal School from its facilities. Due the demands of the Second World War, the Normal School was forced to relocate to the former Earl Kitchener Public School at Pape and Mortimer Avenues in nearby East York in 1941. St. James Square became the No.6 Initial Training Centre for the Royal Canadian Air Force, the institute became Ryerson Institute of Technology in 1948, and would ultimately become Ryerson University
35.
Royal Ontario Museum
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The Royal Ontario Museum is a museum of art, world culture and natural history in Toronto, Canada. The museum is north of Queens Park, in the University of Toronto district, the Museum subway station of the Toronto Transit Commission is named after the ROM, and since 2008, it is decorated to resemble the institutions collection. St. George station is close to the new entrance as well. Established on 16 April 1912 and opened on 19 March 1914, the museum was under the direct control and management of the University of Toronto until 1968, when it became an independent Crown agency of the government of Ontario. Today, the museum is Canadas largest field-research institution, with research, with more than six million items and forty galleries, the museums diverse collections of world culture and natural history contribute to its international reputation. The museum contains collections of dinosaurs, minerals and meteorites, Near Eastern and African art, Art of East Asia, European history. It houses the worlds largest collection of fossils from the Burgess Shale with more than 150,000 specimens, the museum also contains an extensive collection of design and fine arts, including clothing, interior, and product design, especially Art Deco. The Royal Ontario Museum was formally established on 16 April 1912, and was governed by the Government of Ontario. Its first assets were transferred from the University and the provincial Department of Education, coming from its predecessor the Museum of Natural History and Fine Arts at the Toronto Normal School. On 19 March 1914, at 3,00 pm, the Duke of Connaught, also the Governor General of Canada, officially opened the Royal Ontario Museum to the public. The museums location at the edge of Torontos built-up area, far from the central business district, was selected mainly for its proximity to the University of Toronto. This was the first phase of a construction plan that intended on expanding the museum towards Queens Park Crescent. The first expansion to the Royal Ontario Museum publicly opened on 12 October 1933, the renovation saw the construction of the south wing fronting onto Queens Park, and required the demolition of Argyle House, a Victorian mansion once located at 100 Queens Park. As this occurred during the Great Depression, an effort was made to use primarily local building materials, teams of workers alternated weeks of service due to the physically draining nature of the job. In 1947, the ROM was dissolved as a body corporate and this would continue until 1968, when the Museum and the McLaughlin Planetarium were separated from the University to form a new corporation. On 26 October 1968, the ROM opened the McLaughlin Planetarium on the end of the property after receiving a $2 million donation from Colonel R. Samuel McLaughlin. By the 1980s, however, the audiences were dwindling. The space temporarily reopened from 1998 to 2002, after being leased to Childrens Own Museum, in 2009, the ROM sold the building to the University of Toronto for $22 million, and ensured that it would continue to be used for institutional and academic purposes
36.
Ontario Agricultural College
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Since 1964, it has become affiliated with the University of Guelph, which operates four campuses throughout Ontario. Ontario farmers increasingly demanded more information on the best farming techniques which led to farm magazines, in 1868 the assembly created an agricultural museum, which morphed into the Ontario Agricultural College in Guelph in 1874. Its first building was Moreton Lodge, located where Johnston Hall now stands, which included classrooms, residences, a library, two bronze tablets in the Memorial Chapel remembers alumni who have died during these wars. Subsequently, the Ontario Agricultural College became one of three founding colleges of the University of Guelph in 1964, the OAC opened on May 1,1874 with an enrollment of 28 students. The OAC administration was housed in Moreton Lodge until 1931, when the building was torn down to make way for Johnston Hall, the OACs offices have resided in Johnston Hall ever since. In 1997, the government amalgamated agriculture education across the province under the University of Guelph. In May 2007, they were renamed Campus dAlfred, Kemptville Campus, the OAC offers a wide range of degree and diploma programs based on four main pillars, food, agriculture, environment, and rural communities. 1877 - The one-year diploma program expanded to two years,1880 - Schools name changed to the Ontario Agricultural College. 1887 - BSA degree program begins,1891 - Short courses offered to general public. 1901 - Degree program adds a fourth year,1964 - Formation of the University of Guelph. 1965 - The Bachelor of Landscape Architecture begins,1988 - Bachelor of Commerce and Bachelor of Environmental Science programs begins. 1995 - Experience Agriculture curriculum for B. Sc. program begins,1997 - Agricultural colleges in Kemptville, Ridgetown and Alfred affiliate with OAC and the University of Guelph becoming campuses of the University of Guelph. 2006 - The Faculty of Environmental Sciences is relocated permanently to the OAC.2007 - The Bachelor of Bio-Resource Management - Equine Management program begins,2008 - The Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre opens. The Guelph Centre for Urban Organic Farming opens on campus,2009 - The School of Environmental Sciences is formed by a merger of the departments of Environmental Biology and Land Resource Sciences, and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences. 2014 - The Gosling Research Institute for Plant Preservation opens, Charles Zavitz - Pioneer in bringing soybeans to Ontario. Jack Winch - Worked on cover crops suitable for reclamation in areas such as old quarries, gary R. Johnston - Headed the breeding program that produced the popular Yukon Gold potato variety. Lloyd Edgington - Played a major role in introducing systemic fungicides Henry Hoshel Dean - Modernized butter and cheese-making, isabella Preston - One of Canadas most successful breeders of ornamental plants. John Kenneth Galbraith - Famous economist having written many books focusing on the power of large corporations
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University of Guelph
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The University of Guelph is a comprehensive public research university in Guelph, Ontario, Canada. It offers over 94 undergraduate degrees,48 graduate programs, and 6 associate degrees in different disciplines. The Veterinary medicine program at the University of Guelph has ranked 4th in the world and it is given top marks for student satisfaction among medium-sized universities in Canada by The Globe and Mail. It has held these rankings with its reputation, innovative research-intensive programs, according to Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, the universitys Hospitality and Tourism Management program has Canadas highest research index. The University of Guelph has also been ranked 50th by Times Higher Education in their list of the top 100 universities under 50 years old, the university has a key focus on life science and has ranked 76-100 in the world by ARWU. The faculty at the University of Guelph hold 39 Canada Research Chair positions in the areas of natural sciences, engineering, health sciences. Its first building was Moreton Lodge, located where Johnston Hall now stands, which included classrooms, residences, a library, the Macdonald Institute was established in 1903 to house womens home economics programs, nature studies, and some domestic art and science. It was named after its financier, Sir William Macdonald, who worked to promote domestic sciences in rural Canada, the Ontario Veterinary College, founded in Toronto in 1862, was moved to Guelph in 1922. Famous economist John Kenneth Galbraith was an undergraduate at the college, the Ontario Legislature amalgamated the three colleges into the single body of the University of Guelph on May 8,1964. The University of Guelph Act also brought about the Board of Governors to oversee operations and financial management. The non-denominational graduate and undergraduate institution was, and remains known especially for the agricultural, the Macdonald Institute would also be renamed the College of Family and Consumer Studies during the split. After this split, the University of Guelph started reorganizing into its present-day form, the College of Physical Science would be married to the OACs School of Engineering in 1989, creating the College of Physical and Engineering Sciences. The College of Social Science and the College of Family and Consumer Studies were joined to create the College of Social, finally, the College of Management and Economics would be established from the segregation of offered business, management and economic degrees and courses in 2006. The university is named after the city, Guelph comes from the Italian Guelfo and the Bavarian-Germanic Welf also known as Guelf. The main university campus spans 412 hectares, including the 165-hectare University of Guelph Arboretum, the campus also has a number of notable midcentury modernist buildings, mostly in the Brutalism style, which were constructed in the 1960s as part of the schools expansion plan. Complexes such as the MacKinnon arts building and the McLaughlin library, overseen by architect Josep Lluis Sert, the campus is well-populated with trees which line the main walkways, many of which are paved with red clay brick. Campus safety is provided by the University of Guelph Campus Community Police, First Response Team, at one time, courses were offered in English in Guelph, Kemptville and Ridgetown, and in French at Campus dAlfred near Ottawa. In 2014, the University of Guelph announced that academic programmes at the Alfred, in early 2017, the University of Guelph web site clearly indicated that this institution was no longer offering programs at either location
38.
Ryerson University
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Ryerson University is a public research university in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Its urban campus surrounds the Yonge-Dundas Square, located at the busiest intersection in downtown Toronto, the university has a focus on applied, career-oriented education. The majority of its buildings are in the blocks northeast of the Yonge-Dundas Square in Torontos Garden District, the universitys most recent expansion, the Mattamy Athletic Centre, is in the historical Maple Leaf Gardens arena, formerly home of the Toronto Maple Leafs. The university is composed of 36, 000+ undergraduate students,2, 000+ graduate students, Ryerson is ranked 4th in Ontario and 10th in Canada by student enrollment. Raymond Chang School of Continuing Education, in 1852 at the core of the present main campus, the historic St. James Square, Egerton Ryerson founded Ontarios first teacher training facility, the Toronto Normal School. It also housed the Department of Education and the Museum of Natural History and Fine Arts, an agricultural laboratory on the site led to the founding of the Ontario Agricultural College and the University of Guelph. St. James Square went through various other uses before housing a namesake of its original founder. Egerton Ryerson was an educator, politician, and Methodist minister. He is known as the father of Ontarios public school system, howard Hillen Kerr was given control of nine Ontario Training and Re-establishment centres to accomplish this. His vision of what these institutions would do was broader than what others were suggesting, in 1943, he visited the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and was convinced Canada could develop its own MIT over one hundred years. Along the way, such an institution could respond to the societys needs, when the Province approved the idea of technical institutes in 1946, it proposed to found several. It turned out all but one would be special purpose schools, only the Toronto retraining centre, which became the Ryerson Institute of Technology in 1948, would become a multi-program campus, Kerr’s future MIT of Canada. This vision is reflected in Ryersons Motto and its mission statement, the Toronto Training and Re-establishment Institute was created in 1945 on the former site of the Toronto Normal School at St James Square, bounded by Gerrard, Church, Yonge and Gould. The Gothic-Romanesque building was designed by architects Thomas Ridout and Frederick William Cumberland in 1852, the site had been used as a Royal Canadian Air Force training facility during World War II. The institute was a joint venture of the federal and provincial government to train ex-servicemen and women for re-entry into civilian life, the Ryerson Institute of Technology was founded in 1948, inheriting the staff and facilities of the Toronto Training and Re-establishment Institute. In 1966, it became the Ryerson Polytechnical Institute and that year, it also became a member of the Council of Ontario Universities. In 1992, Ryerson became Toronto’s second school of engineering to receive accreditation from the Canadian Engineering Accreditation Board, the following year, Ryerson formally became a University, via an Act of the Ontario Legislature. In 1993, Ryerson received approval to grant graduate degrees
39.
Mount Pleasant Cemetery, Toronto
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Mount Pleasant Cemetery is a cemetery located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. In the early 19th century, the only authorized cemeteries within the city of Toronto were limited to the members of either the Roman Catholic Church or the Church of England. Deceased citizens who did not belong to either of these Christian denominations had no choice, in 1873, a new cemetery available to all citizens was conceived. Originally a 200-acre farm, on the far outskirts of Toronto, Mount Pleasant Cemetery opened on November 4,1876 with more than twelve miles of carriage drives along rolling hills and ponds. Mount Pleasant Road was later constructed to pass through the centre of the cemetery and is named after this cemetery, with the growth in population, today the cemetery is located in the centre of the city. While the watercourses have since filled in, the cemetery still has many miles of walking paths, interspersed with fountains, statues, botanical gardens. The cemetery also has remains from Toronto Potters Field, a burial grounds that closed in 1855 between 1870s to 1881. As the final resting place of more than 168,000 persons, the cemetery was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 2000. The cemetery began planning the building as early as 2004, but disputes with the City of Toronto, local associations. Changes were made as a result of this process, most notably vehicle access is now through the grounds only. To commemorate the 118 lives lost in the fire destroyed the Great Lakes luxury cruise liner SS Noronic on September 17,1949. Childrens Garden Memorial was created to all the stillborn and children without known parents the province buried in one area with no stones or markers. Veterans William George Billy Barker, VC, DSO & Bar, MC & Two Bars, LCOL,201 Squadron, World War I flying ace, Victoria Cross recipient. George Fraser Kerr, VC, MC & Bar, MM, CAPT, 3rd battalion Central Ontario Regiment, World War I Victoria Cross recipient. Guy Simonds senior officer of the Canadian Army in World War II, Titanic Arthur Godfrey Peuchen Lieutenant-Colonel was a Canadian businessman and RMS Titanic survivor. He was also a World War I veteran, ethel Flora Fortune was a first-class passenger and a survivor of RMS Titanic. Medicine Personalities Sir Frederick Banting & Charles Best, co-discoverers of insulin, George Montegu Black II, president of Canadian Breweries Limited. Matthew James Boylen, mining magnate, racehorse owner, William Mellis Christie is the namesake for the Canadian Mr. Christie brand of cookies and biscuits
40.
Owen Sound
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Owen Sound, the county seat of Grey County, is a city in Southern Ontario, Canada. Owen Sound is located at the mouths of the Pottawatomi and Sydenham Rivers on an inlet of Georgian Bay, the area around the upper Great Lakes has been home to the Ojibwe people since prehistory. In 1815, William Fitzwilliam Owen surveyed the area and named the inlet after his older brother Admiral Edward Owen, a settlement called Sydenham was established in 1841 by Charles Rankin. The settlement was renamed in 1851 and became a town in 1857. At one time, Owen Sounds roaring seaport made it a town known as Corkscrew City. Supporting this reputation was a tavern named Bucket of Blood, located on the corner of a known as Damnation Corners. Ironically, its location was one away from an intersection known as Salvation Corners. This reputation for vice and villainy, and the problems came with it. The city was dry until 1972, one of the citys most famous sons was World War I flying ace and Victoria Cross winner William Avery Billy Bishop, Canadas leading pilot in the war. Bishop is also one of the few to have tangled with the Red Baron and survived, the Billy Bishop Regional Airport in the nearby Municipality of Meaford was named after him. His modest gravesite can be visited in the citys Greenwood Cemetery by those willing to take the time to locate the stone and his boyhood home is now a museum dedicated to his life and to Canadas aviation history. The town was also the home of NHL Hall-of-Fame goaltender Harry Lumley, surgeon Dr. Legendary hockey broadcaster Bill Hewitt was once sports director of the local AM radio station, CFOS. Tommy Holmes, another Victoria Cross winner, was also from Owen Sound, in 2005 Owen Sound became the National Communities in Bloom champion in the cities of 20, 001–50,000 category in Canada for its beauty, natural landscape, and strong sense of community. Owen Sound has been recognized as a good retirement community due to its cultural, sports. Owen Sound experiences a continental climate that is moderated by Lake Huron. Winters are cold and very snowy, while summers are warm and humid, precipitation is moderately high, as Owen Sound is in the direct line of the Great Lakes snowbelt, with an annual average of 1100 mm. Summer thunderstorms are a common occurrence, the highest temperature ever recorded in Owen Sound was 104 °F on 3 July 1911. The coldest temperature recorded was −34 °F on 6 February 1895
41.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
42.
Normal school
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A normal school is a school created to train high school graduates to be teachers. Most such schools are now denominated teachers colleges, the first public normal school in the United States was founded in Concord, Vermont, by Samuel Read Hall in 1823 to train teachers. In 1839, another school was established in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. It operates today as Framingham State University, in the United States teacher colleges or normal schools began to evolve from their initial mission of training teachers to add programs in the sciences, engineering, technology, health, and business. They started to become universities in the 1940s. For instance, Southern Illinois University was formerly Southern Illinois Normal College, the University is now a system of two campuses of more than 34,000 students, but still issues most of its baccalaureate degrees in education. Further, the town of Normal, Illinois was named from the name of Illinois State University. Many famous state universities, such as the University of California, such a list includes Emporia State University in Emporia, Kansas, which was established as Kansas State Normal School in 1863, and which by 1889 had become the largest normal school in the Nation. In Canada, such institutions were typically assimilated by a university as the latters Faculty of Education and it requires at least three, but usually four, years of prior undergraduate study. The term normal school originated in the early 16th century from the French école normale, the French concept of an école normale was to provide a model school with model classrooms to teach model teaching practices to its student teachers. The children being taught, their teachers, and the teachers of the teachers were often together in the same building, although a laboratory school, it was the official school for the children—primary or secondary. In Finland, normal schools are under national university administration, whereas most schools are administered by the local municipality, Teacher aspirants do most of their compulsory trainee period in normal schools and teach while being supervised by a senior teacher. In France, a system developed since the Revolution, primary school teachers were educated at départemental écoles normales. Nowadays all teachers are educated in École supérieure du professorat et de léducation, the Écoles Normales Supérieures in France and the Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa in Italy no longer specialize in teacher training. In the United Kingdom, teacher training colleges were once separate institutions, the University of Chester traces its roots back to 1839 as the earliest training college in the United Kingdom. Others were established by religious institutions and were single-sex until World War II, since then, they have either become multi-discipline universities in their own right or merged with another university to become its faculty of education. The latter was one of the last institutions to retain the word Normal in its name, in Lithuania, Lithuanian University of Educational Sciences, former Vilnius Pedagogical University is the main teachers training institution, established in 1935. The terminology is still preserved in the translations of such schools in China since the early 20th century
43.
Hamilton MacCarthy
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Hamilton Thomas Carlton Plantagenet MacCarthy OSA RCA was one of the earliest masters of monumental bronze sculpture in Canada. His monument to the Ottawa volunteers who died in the South African War was moved to Confederation Park in 1969 after several moves, other works include that of Ottawa mayor, Samuel Bingham, in Notre-Dame Cemetery in Vanier. MacCarthys father Hamilton Wright MacCarthy exhibited independent works at the Royal Academy and they included a number of portrait busts. He contributed to the Great Exhibition a group of a hunt, consisting of a Scottish huntsman about to blow his horn, with a felled stag. It was praised as ‘a spirited performance, well composed’ and was considered ‘a credit to the designer’, in London, MacCarthy studied with his father, and in Antwerp under Kerckhoven and at the RA Schools in London. He also attended St Marylebone School, at age 39, MacCarthy moved from London, England to Toronto, Ontario, Canada in 1885. Thirteen years later he moved to Ottawa and he studied at Royal Canadian Academy of Arts and, later, was made a member of Council. He was also a member of the Ontario Society of Artists and his work appears in galleries and public parks throughout Canada. The first three were born in England, the others in Canada, one of his sons Coeur de Lion MacCarthy also became a sculptor. Coeur de Lion executed many busts of figures including the bust of Queen Victoria for the alcove above the Speakers Chair in the Senate Chamber. He worked with Dominion carver Cléophas Soucy on the figures for the Parliament Buildings including the lions at the entrance, MacCarthy set up a studio in Montreal in 1918. He is well known for his sympathetic memorials for the CPR, images of works by Hamilton MacCarthy Mapping the Practice and Profession of Sculpture in Britain & Ireland 1851-1951 National Gallery of Canada Obituary - Montreal Gazette
44.
Truth and Reconciliation Commission (Canada)
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The Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada was a truth and reconciliation commission organized by the parties of the Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement. The Commission was officially established on June 2,2008, and was completed in December 2015, Aboriginal men and women who lived through residential schools brought the concern of residential schools onto the public agenda. Their work resulted in the Indian Residential School Settlement Agreement, which stipulated a residential school Truth, the commission concluded that the Canadian residential school system was established for the purpose of separating children from their families. According to the commission, this was done with the intention to minimize the familys ability to pass along their cultural heritage to their children. After the closing of the Indian residential schools, which operated from the 1870s to 1996, some former students made allegations of physical, psychological, and sexual abuse and neglect. The matter of student deaths at these institutions and the burial of deceased students in unmarked graves without the notification or consent of the parents was an item on the agenda. In March 2008, Indigenous leaders and church officials embarked on a multi-city Remembering the Children tour to promote activities of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. On January 21–22,2008, the Kings University College of Edmonton, Alberta, held an interdisciplinary studies conference on the subject of the Truth and Reconciliation Committee. On June 11 of the year, Prime Minister Stephen Harper apologized for the role of past governments in administration of the residential schools. The Canadian Truth and Reconciliation Commission follows the lineage of commissions by the name in Chile in 1990. The term reconciliation means, the act of restoring a once harmonious relationship, to some people, reconciliation is the re-establishment of a conciliatory state. However, this is a state that many Aboriginal people assert never has existed between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people and this fiction of a once harmonious relationship is written clearly in the Commissions report, which states, “A critical part of this process involves repairing damaged trust. In contrast, the term denotes the peaceful union of two previously separate groups, therefore acknowledging the existence of Indigenous peoples before settler contact. However, the myth of the ‘new world’ as an empty, the use of the term reconciliation perpetuates that myth by continuing to deny the existence of pre-contact Aboriginal sovereignty. It is historically evident that colonizers recognized the importance of language. That same ideological function of language has not changed, as the choice of reconciliation implies the false history of a harmonious relationship. Such an example reveals a precedent in Canada for fabricating a version of the truth for the purpose of Aboriginal people as distinct… and… them into the Canadian mainstream. This is consistent with a colonialist pattern of creating a history in order to cover up the truth
45.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
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