1.
Government of Bangladesh
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The Government of Bangladesh is led by the Prime Minister, who selects all the remaining Ministers. The Prime Minister and the other most senior Ministers belong to the supreme decision-making committee, the Government has three branches, the Executive branch, the Legislative branch and the Judicial branch. The current Prime Minister is Sheikh Hasina, leader of the Bangladesh Awami League, Bangladesh Awami League led by her, and its Grand Alliance won the two-thirds majority numerically the party controls 230 seats out of 299. The President is the Head of State, a ceremonial post. The real power is held by the Prime Minister, who is the head of government and this system was first practised in 1991 and adopted to the constitution in 1996. The prime minister is appointed by the president, commanding the confidence of the majority of the MPs. The cabinet is composed of ministers selected by the prime minister, the executive administrates the country and executes the laws, passed by the legislature. It maintains the law and order in the country. It also maintains relationship with foreign countries and it works for defence, liberty and sovereignty of the country. As head of the state, the president can grant pardon to a man sentenced to death penalty or lessen the punishment, in some cases, it also performs some legislative and judicial functions. The executive on the other hand calculated the income and expenditure of the government and it also performs various public welfare services such as, education, agriculture, establishment of industry, trade & commerce, land reform, tax and revenue collection. Beside this, it accepts and implements various development projects. The legislature of Bangladesh is unicameral, the 300 members are elected by universal suffrage at least every 5 years. It consists of 350 members at present, there is universal suffrage for all citizens at the age of 18. On 16 May 2004, the Jatiyo Sangsad passed the 14th constitutional amendment to reintroduce quotas for women, the number of seats in parliament is to be raised to 345,45 of which will be reserved for women in the next parliament. The seats will be allocated to parties in proportion to their share of the vote. This quota system replaces the previous law which expired in 2001. Until 2001 a system of reserved seats for women was used and this provision of guaranteeing women reserved seats expired in April 2001
2.
Bangladesh
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Bangladesh, officially the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh, is a country in South Asia. It shares land borders with India and Myanmar, Nepal, Bhutan and China are located near Bangladesh but do not share a border with it. The countrys maritime territory in the Bay of Bengal is roughly equal to the size of its land area, Bangladesh is the worlds eighth most populous country. Dhaka is its capital and largest city, followed by Chittagong which has the countrys largest port, Bangladesh forms the largest and eastern part of the Bengal region. Bangladeshis include people of different ethnic groups and religions, Bengalis, who speak the official Bengali, make up 98% of the population. The politically dominant Bengali Muslims make the nation the worlds third largest Muslim-majority country, most of Bangladesh is covered by the Bengal delta, the largest delta on Earth. The country has 700 rivers and 8,046 km of inland waterways, highlands with evergreen forests are found in the northeastern and southeastern regions of the country. Bangladesh has many islands and a coral reef and it is home to the Sundarbans, the largest mangrove forest in the world. The countrys biodiversity includes a vast array of plant and wildlife, including critically endangered Bengal tigers, the Greeks and Romans identified the region as Gangaridai, a powerful kingdom of the historical subcontinent, in the 3rd century BCE. Archaeological research has unearthed several ancient cities in Bangladesh, which had trade links for millennia. The Bengal Sultanate and Mughal Bengal transformed the region into a cosmopolitan Islamic imperial power between the 14th and 18th centuries, the region was home to many principalities which had inland naval prowess. It was also a center of the worldwide muslin and silk trade. As part of British India, the region was influenced by the Bengali renaissance, the Partition of British India made East Bengal a part of the Dominion of Pakistan, and was renamed as East Pakistan. The region witnessed the Bengali Language Movement in 1952 and the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, after independence, a parliamentary republic was established. A presidential government was in place between 1975 and 1990, followed by a return to parliamentary democracy, the country has also been affected by poverty, natural disasters, hunger, dominant party systems and military coups. Bangladesh is a power and a major developing nation. Listed as one of the Next Eleven, it has the 46th largest economy and it is one of the largest textile exporters in the world. Its major trading partners are the European Union, the United States, China, India, Japan, Malaysia, with its strategically vital location between Southern, Eastern and Southeast Asia, Bangladesh is an important promoter of regional connectivity and cooperation
3.
Independence Day Award
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The Independence Day Award, also termed Independence Award, Swadhinata Padak, and Swadhinata Puroskar, is the highest state award given by the government of Bangladesh. Each awardee receives a medal, a certificate of honour. The amount of the reward was originally taka 20 thousand. A cabinet committee on national awards prepares the list of each years nominees, the award is traditionally presented on the eve of Independence day in Bangladesh at a much publicized ceremony attended by several cabinet and parliament members and distinguished society guests. Furthermore, the award to the Rapid Action Battalion was criticized by many because of RABs alleged involvement in extrajudicial killings
4.
Bengali language
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Bengali, also known by its endonym Bangla, is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in South Asia. With over 210 million speakers, Bengali is the seventh most spoken language in the world. Dominant in the last group was Persian, which was also the source of some grammatical forms, more recent studies suggest that the use of native and foreign words has been increasing, mainly because of the preference of Bengali speakers for the colloquial style. Today, Bengali is the language spoken in Bangladesh and the second most spoken language in India. Both the national anthems of Bangladesh and India were composed in Bengali, in 1952, the Bengali Language Movement successfully pushed for the languages official status in the Dominion of Pakistan. In 1999, UNESCO recognized 21 February as International Mother Language Day in recognition of the movement in East Pakistan. Language is an important element of Bengali identity and binds together a diverse region. Sanskrit was spoken in Bengal since the first millennium BCE, during the Gupta Empire, Bengal was a hub of Sanskrit literature. The Middle Indo-Aryan dialects were spoken in Bengal in the first millennium when the region was a part of the Magadha Realm and these dialects were called Magadhi Prakrit. They eventually evolved into Ardha Magadhi, Ardha Magadhi began to give way to what are called Apabhraṃśa languages at the end of the first millennium. Along with other Eastern Indo-Aryan languages, Bengali evolved circa 1000–1200 AD from Sanskrit, for example, Ardhamagadhi is believed to have evolved into Abahatta around the 6th century, which competed with the ancestor of Bengali for some time. Proto-Bengali was the language of the Pala Empire and the Sena dynasty, during the medieval period, Middle Bengali was characterized by the elision of word-final অ ô, the spread of compound verbs and Arabic and Persian influences. Bengali was a court language of the Sultanate of Bengal. Muslim rulers promoted the development of Bengali as part of efforts to Islamize. Bengali became the most spoken language in the Sultanate. This period saw borrowing of Perso-Arabic terms into Bengali vocabulary, major texts of Middle Bengali include Chandidas Shreekrishna Kirtana. The modern literary form of Bengali was developed during the 19th and early 20th centuries based on the dialect spoken in the Nadia region, a west-central Bengali dialect. Bengali presents a case of diglossia, with the literary
5.
Gold
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Gold is a chemical element with symbol Au and atomic number 79. In its purest form, it is a bright, slightly yellow, dense, soft, malleable. Chemically, gold is a metal and a group 11 element. It is one of the least reactive chemical elements and is solid under standard conditions, Gold often occurs in free elemental form, as nuggets or grains, in rocks, in veins, and in alluvial deposits. It occurs in a solid solution series with the element silver and also naturally alloyed with copper. Less commonly, it occurs in minerals as gold compounds, often with tellurium, golds atomic number of 79 makes it one of the higher numbered, naturally occurring elements. It is thought to have produced in supernova nucleosynthesis, from the collision of neutron stars. Because the Earth was molten when it was formed, almost all of the present in the early Earth probably sank into the planetary core. Gold is resistant to most acids, though it does dissolve in aqua regia, a mixture of acid and hydrochloric acid. Gold also dissolves in solutions of cyanide, which are used in mining and electroplating. Gold dissolves in mercury, forming amalgam alloys, but this is not a chemical reaction, as a precious metal, gold has been used for coinage, jewelry, and other arts throughout recorded history. A total of 186,700 tonnes of gold is in existence above ground, the world consumption of new gold produced is about 50% in jewelry, 40% in investments, and 10% in industry. Gold is also used in infrared shielding, colored-glass production, gold leafing, certain gold salts are still used as anti-inflammatories in medicine. As of 2014, the worlds largest gold producer by far was China with 450 tonnes, Gold is cognate with similar words in many Germanic languages, deriving via Proto-Germanic *gulþą from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃-. The symbol Au is from the Latin, aurum, the Latin word for gold, the Proto-Indo-European ancestor of aurum was *h₂é-h₂us-o-, meaning glow. This word is derived from the root as *h₂éu̯sōs, the ancestor of the Latin word Aurora. This etymological relationship is presumably behind the frequent claim in scientific publications that aurum meant shining dawn, Gold is the most malleable of all metals, a single gram can be beaten into a sheet of 1 square meter, and an avoirdupois ounce into 300 square feet. Gold leaf can be thin enough to become semi-transparent
6.
Tola (unit)
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The tola Punjabi ਤੋਲਾ, also transliterated as tolah or tole, is a traditional Ancient Indian and South Asian unit of mass, now standardised as 180 troy grains or exactly 3/8 troy ounce. Tola is also used interchangeably as BHAR in some parts of North India and it was the base unit of mass in the British Indian system of weights and measures introduced in 1833, although it had been in use for much longer. It was also used in Aden and Zanzibar, in the latter, the tola is a Vedic measure, with the name derived from the Sanskrit tol meaning weighing or weight. One tola was traditionally the weight of 100 ratti seeds, however, it is also a convenient mass for a coin, several pre-colonial coins, including the currency of Akbar the Great, had a mass of one tola within slight variation. The very first rupee, minted by Sher Shah Suri, had a mass of 178 troy grains, or about 1% less than the British tola. The British East India Company issued a silver coin of 180 troy grains. For the larger weights used in commerce, the variation in the standards was found to be greater than the adjustment. The tola formed the base for units of mass under the British Indian system, in Nepal, minting of tola size gold coins continue up to the present, even though the currency of Nepal is called rupee and has no official connection to the tola. It is also used in most gold markets in the United Arab Emirates, tola is still used as a measure of charas
7.
Nitun Kundu
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Nitya Gopal Kundu was a Bangladeshi artist, sculptor and entrepreneur. He founded the furniture company Otobi, Kundu was born in Dinajpur district to his parents Gnanendranath Kundu and Binapani Kundu. He was the fourth among seven siblings, Kundu was married to Phalguni Kundu and had a daughter Amity and a son Animesh. Kundu graduated from Dhaka Art College in 1959, in the years leading up to 1971, he worked at the United States Information Service in Dhaka designing exhibits and graphics. During the Bangladesh Liberation War, Kundu worked with the artist Quamrul Hassan at the public department of the Bangladesh Government-in-Exile at Mujibnagar. It was during this period he designed two posters which became among the most recognized works of art produced during the war and they were titled Sada Jagrata Banglar Mukti Bahini and Banglar Hindu, Banglar Bouddha, Banglar Christian, Banglar Musalman, Amra Sabai Bangali. The Liberation War was the inspiration for Kundus most famous work, the sculpture Shabash Bangladesh and this is situated on the campus of Rajshahi University. In the 1975, following a stint at Bitopi advertising agency, Kundu established his own company. Within a relatively short period, Otobi became the most prominent Bangladeshi furniture brand and he started the company with an initial investment of 5000 taka. Kundu crafted several national trophies including National Film Award, President Gold Cup, Notun Kuri Award, Asia Cricket Cup, and the Ekushey Padak
8.
International Mother Language Day
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International Mother Language Day is a worldwide annual observance held on 21 February to promote awareness of linguistic and cultural diversity and multilingualism. First announced by UNESCO on 17 November 1999, it was recognized by the United Nations General Assembly in its resolution establishing 2008 as the International Year of Languages. It was a social movement built on the spirit to defend the rights to write in ones mother language, International Mother Language Day has been being observed since 2000 to promote peace and multilingualism. The more literal and more common English translation is mother tongue, in linguistics, the English term mother language usually refers to an ancestral language, often a proto-language, relative to its descendent language family. International Mother Language Day was proclaimed by the General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific, the resolution was suggested by Rafiqul Islam, a Bengali living in Vancouver, Canada. Rafiq proposed the date as 21 February on the pretext of 1952 killing in Dhaka on the occasion of Language Movement, Languages are the most powerful instruments of preserving and developing our tangible and intangible heritage. 1952, The foundation for the day, UNESCO chooses a theme for each International Mother Language Day, and sponsors related events at its Paris headquarters on or around 21 February each year. In 2008, the International Year of Languages formally began on International Mother Language Day, people have shaped the way of celebrating International Mother Language Day. The celebration of the day among with the topic of multilingual diversity has inspired a number of international, national and provincial award ceremonies, International Mother Language Day is celebrated all over the world, including in Chile, Russia, Philippines, Egypt and Canada. The work of digitization has begun in June 2016 through Bharatavani Project at CIIL, Mysore and by the February 2017, the International Linguapax Award is awarded annually on 21 February on International Mother Language Day by Linguapax International in Barcelona, Spain. The Ekushey Heritage Award is an appreciation for people who stand out exceptionally in helping their community and it was introduced in 2014 by the Bangladesh Heritage and Ethnic Society of Alberta located in Alberta, Canada and is awarded annually. Today the award is open for people residing in the Province of Alberta, and considered is the work of the recipients in fields like education, social work, the achievement may be awarded to multiple recipients and is officially announced on International Mother Language Day. International Mother Language Day observed at Edmonton, Canada, the honour may be awarded multiple times and is open to residents of the Province of Alberta in Canada. The Ekushey Youth Award is announced on International Mother Language Day, International Mother Language Day is a public holiday in Bangladesh since 1953, where it is also known as Shohid Dibôsh, or Shaheed Day. Though the day is observed globally but it is not a holiday in other parts of the world. At 17 November 1999 the UNESCO General Conference officially recognized February 21 as International Mother Language Day, International Mother Language Day was introduced to the Canadian Parliament for recognition by Matthew Kellway on February 5,2014. The introduction was made in form of a Private Members Bill, Bill C-573, in 2015 two Canadian provinces, the Province of British Columbia and the Province of Manitoba passed proclamations to officially observe International Mother Language Day on February 21
9.
Pakistan
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Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a federal parliamentary republic in South Asia on the crossroads of Central Asia and Western Asia. It is the sixth-most populous country with a population exceeding 200 million people, in terms of area, it is the 33rd-largest country in the world with an area covering 881,913 square kilometres. It is separated from Tajikistan by Afghanistans narrow Wakhan Corridor in the north, Pakistan is unique among Muslim countries in that it is the only country to have been created in the name of Islam. As a result of the Pakistan Movement led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and it is an ethnically and linguistically diverse country, with a similarly diverse geography and wildlife. Initially a dominion, Pakistan adopted a constitution in 1956, becoming an Islamic republic, an ethnic civil war in 1971 resulted in the secession of East Pakistan as the new country of Bangladesh. The new constitution stipulated that all laws were to conform to the injunctions of Islam as laid down in the Quran. Pakistan has an economy with a well-integrated agriculture sector. The Pakistani economy is the 24th-largest in the world in terms of purchasing power and it is ranked among the emerging and growth-leading economies of the world, and is backed by one of the worlds largest and fastest-growing middle classes. The post-independence history of Pakistan has been characterised by periods of military rule, the country continues to face challenging problems such as illiteracy, healthcare, and corruption, but has substantially reduced poverty and terrorism and expanded per capita income. It is also a member of CERN. Pakistan is a signatory to the Kyoto Protocol, the Paris Agreement, the name Pakistan literally means land of the pure in Urdu and Persian. It is a play on the word pāk meaning pure in Persian and Pashto, the letter i was incorporated to ease pronunciation and form the linguistically correct and meaningful name. Some of the earliest ancient human civilisations in South Asia originated from areas encompassing present-day Pakistan, the earliest known inhabitants in the region were Soanian during the Lower Paleolithic, of whom stone tools have been found in the Soan Valley of Punjab. The Vedic Civilization, characterised by Indo-Aryan culture, laid the foundations of Hinduism, Multan was an important Hindu pilgrimage centre. The Vedic civilisation flourished in the ancient Gandhāran city of Takṣaśilā, the Indo-Greek Kingdom founded by Demetrius of Bactria included Gandhara and Punjab and reached its greatest extent under Menander, prospering the Greco-Buddhist culture in the region. Taxila had one of the earliest universities and centres of education in the world. At its zenith, the Rai Dynasty of Sindh ruled this region, the Pala Dynasty was the last Buddhist empire, which, under Dharampala and Devapala, stretched across South Asia from what is now Bangladesh through Northern India to Pakistan. The Arab conqueror Muhammad bin Qasim conquered the Indus valley from Sindh to Multan in southern Punjab in 711 AD, the Pakistan governments official chronology identifies this as the time when the foundation of Pakistan was laid
10.
Music
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Music is an art form and cultural activity whose medium is sound organized in time. The common elements of music are pitch, rhythm, dynamics, different styles or types of music may emphasize, de-emphasize or omit some of these elements. The word derives from Greek μουσική, Ancient Greek and Indian philosophers defined music as tones ordered horizontally as melodies and vertically as harmonies. Common sayings such as the harmony of the spheres and it is music to my ears point to the notion that music is often ordered and pleasant to listen to. However, 20th-century composer John Cage thought that any sound can be music, saying, for example, There is no noise, the creation, performance, significance, and even the definition of music vary according to culture and social context. There are many types of music, including music, traditional music, art music, music written for religious ceremonies. For example, it can be hard to draw the line between some early 1980s hard rock and heavy metal, within the arts, music may be classified as a performing art, a fine art or as an auditory art. People may make music as a hobby, like a teen playing cello in a youth orchestra, the word derives from Greek μουσική. According to the Online Etymological Dictionary, the music is derived from mid-13c. Musike, from Old French musique and directly from Latin musica the art of music and this is derived from the. Greek mousike of the Muses, from fem. of mousikos pertaining to the Muses, from Mousa Muse. In classical Greece, any art in which the Muses presided, Music is composed and performed for many purposes, ranging from aesthetic pleasure, religious or ceremonial purposes, or as an entertainment product for the marketplace. With the advent of recording, records of popular songs. Some music lovers create mix tapes of their songs, which serve as a self-portrait. An environment consisting solely of what is most ardently loved, amateur musicians can compose or perform music for their own pleasure, and derive their income elsewhere. Professional musicians sometimes work as freelancers or session musicians, seeking contracts and engagements in a variety of settings, There are often many links between amateur and professional musicians. Beginning amateur musicians take lessons with professional musicians, in community settings, advanced amateur musicians perform with professional musicians in a variety of ensembles such as community concert bands and community orchestras. However, there are many cases where a live performance in front of an audience is also recorded and distributed. Live concert recordings are popular in classical music and in popular music forms such as rock, where illegally taped live concerts are prized by music lovers
11.
Dance
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Dance is a performance art form consisting of purposefully selected sequences of human movement. This movement has aesthetic and symbolic value, and is acknowledged as dance by performers and observers within a particular culture, Dance can be categorized and described by its choreography, by its repertoire of movements, or by its historical period or place of origin. Other forms of movement are sometimes said to have a dance-like quality, including martial arts, gymnastics, figure skating, synchronized swimming. Theatrical dance, also called performance or concert dance, is intended primarily as a spectacle and it often tells a story, perhaps using mime, costume and scenery, or else it may simply interpret the musical accompaniment, which is often specially composed. Examples are western ballet and modern dance, Classical Indian dance and Chinese and Japanese song, most classical forms are centred upon dance alone, but performance dance may also appear in opera and other forms of musical theatre. Such dance seldom has any narrative, a group dance and a corps de ballet, a social partner dance and a pas de deux, differ profoundly. Even a solo dance may be solely for the satisfaction of the dancer. On the other hand, some cultures lay down strict rules as to the dances in which, for example. Archeological evidence for early dance includes 9, 000-year-old paintings in India at the Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka and it has been proposed that before the invention of written languages, dance was an important part of the oral and performance methods of passing stories down from generation to generation. The use of dance in trance states and healing rituals is thought to have been another early factor in the social development of dance. References to dance can be found in very early recorded history, Greek dance is referred to by Plato, Aristotle, Plutarch, the Bible and Talmud refer to many events related to dance, and contain over 30 different dance terms. In Chinese pottery as early as the Neolithic period, groups of people are depicted dancing in a line holding hands, Dance is further described in the Lüshi Chunqiu. Primitive dance in ancient China was associated with sorcery and shamanic rituals, during the first millennium BCE in India, many texts were composed which attempted to codify aspects of daily life. Bharata Munis Natyashastra is one of the earlier texts and it mainly deals with drama, in which dance plays an important part in Indian culture. It categorizes dance into four types - secular, ritual, abstract, the text elaborates various hand-gestures and classifies movements of the various limbs, steps and so on. A strong continuous tradition of dance has since continued in India, through to modern times, where it continues to play a role in culture, ritual, and, notably, the Bollywood entertainment industry. Many other contemporary dance forms can likewise be traced back to historical, traditional, ceremonial, Dance is generally, though not exclusively, performed with the accompaniment of music and may or may not be performed in time to such music. Some dance may provide its own audible accompaniment in place of music, many early forms of music and dance were created for each other and are frequently performed together
12.
Drama
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Drama is the specific mode of fiction represented in performance. The term comes from a Greek word meaning action, which is derived from I do, the two masks associated with drama represent the traditional generic division between comedy and tragedy. They are symbols of the ancient Greek Muses, Thalia, Thalia was the Muse of comedy, while Melpomene was the Muse of tragedy. Considered as a genre of poetry in general, the mode has been contrasted with the epic. The use of drama in a narrow sense to designate a specific type of play dates from the modern era. Drama in this sense refers to a play that is neither a comedy nor a tragedy—for example and it is this narrower sense that the film and television industries, along with film studies, adopted to describe drama as a genre within their respective media. Radio drama has been used in both senses—originally transmitted in a performance, it has also been used to describe the more high-brow. The enactment of drama in theatre, performed by actors on a stage before an audience, presupposes collaborative modes of production, the structure of dramatic texts, unlike other forms of literature, is directly influenced by this collaborative production and collective reception. The early modern tragedy Hamlet by Shakespeare and the classical Athenian tragedy Oedipus Rex by Sophocles are among the masterpieces of the art of drama, a modern example is Long Days Journey into Night by Eugene O’Neill. Closet drama describes a form that is intended to be read, in improvisation, the drama does not pre-exist the moment of performance, performers devise a dramatic script spontaneously before an audience. Western drama originates in classical Greece, the theatrical culture of the city-state of Athens produced three genres of drama, tragedy, comedy, and the satyr play. Their origins remain obscure, though by the 5th century BCE they were institutionalised in competitions held as part of celebrating the god Dionysus. The competition for tragedies may have begun as early as 534 BCE, tragic dramatists were required to present a tetralogy of plays, which usually consisted of three tragedies and one satyr play. Comedy was officially recognized with a prize in the competition from 487 to 486 BCE, five comic dramatists competed at the City Dionysia, each offering a single comedy. Ancient Greek comedy is traditionally divided between old comedy, middle comedy and new comedy, following the expansion of the Roman Republic into several Greek territories between 270–240 BCE, Rome encountered Greek drama. While Greek drama continued to be performed throughout the Roman period, from the beginning of the empire, however, interest in full-length drama declined in favour of a broader variety of theatrical entertainments. The first important works of Roman literature were the tragedies and comedies that Livius Andronicus wrote from 240 BCE, five years later, Gnaeus Naevius also began to write drama. No plays from either writer have survived, by the beginning of the 2nd century BCE, drama was firmly established in Rome and a guild of writers had been formed
13.
Film
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A film, also called a movie, motion picture, theatrical film or photoplay, is a series of still images which, when shown on a screen, creates the illusion of moving images due to the phi phenomenon. This optical illusion causes the audience to perceive continuous motion between separate objects viewed rapidly in succession, the process of filmmaking is both an art and an industry. The word cinema, short for cinematography, is used to refer to the industry of films. Films were originally recorded onto plastic film through a photochemical process, the adoption of CGI-based special effects led to the use of digital intermediates. Most contemporary films are now fully digital through the process of production, distribution. Films recorded in a form traditionally included an analogous optical soundtrack. It runs along a portion of the film exclusively reserved for it and is not projected, Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures. They reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them, Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment, and a powerful medium for educating—or indoctrinating—citizens. The visual basis of film gives it a power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles to translate the dialog into the language of the viewer, some have criticized the film industrys glorification of violence and its potentially negative treatment of women. The individual images that make up a film are called frames, the perception of motion is due to a psychological effect called phi phenomenon. The name film originates from the fact that film has historically been the medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist for a motion picture, including picture, picture show, moving picture, photoplay. The most common term in the United States is movie, while in Europe film is preferred. Terms for the field, in general, include the big screen, the screen, the movies, and cinema. In early years, the sheet was sometimes used instead of screen. Preceding film in origin by thousands of years, early plays and dances had elements common to film, scripts, sets, costumes, production, direction, actors, audiences, storyboards, much terminology later used in film theory and criticism apply, such as mise en scène. Owing to the lack of any technology for doing so, the moving images, the magic lantern, probably created by Christiaan Huygens in the 1650s, could be used to project animation, which was achieved by various types of mechanical slides
14.
Muhammad Qudrat-i-Khuda
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Muhammad Qudrat-i-Khuda, FPAS, SI, was a Bangladeshi organic chemist, educationist and political writer who founded the Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research. From 1969 till 1972, Khuda served as the president of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences, born in village Morgram of Birbhum district in Bengal Presidency, Qudrat received his early education from the Morgram ME High School and Calcutta Woodburn ME School. He passed the Matriculation examination from Calcutta Madrasa in 1918 in the First Division, in 1924 he obtained the MSc degree in Chemistry standing First in First Class, from Presidency College and was awarded a gold medal for his performance. Qudrat also received a Premchand Roychand Studentship for higher research in Chemistry at Calcutta University and he obtained the Doctor of Science in 1929 from London University for his research entitled Stainless Configuration of Multiplanmet Ring. Qudrat began his career as a lecturer in Chemistry at Presidency College in 1931 and was promoted to Head of the Department in 1936. From 1942 to 1944, he served as the Principal of Islamia College in Calcutta and he again returned to Presidency College in 1946, becoming the Principal of the college for a brief period in 1947. At the same time, Qudrat was a Fellow and a Member of the Senate of Calcutta University, at the Partition of India, he came to East Pakistan in 1947 and served as the first Director of Public Instruction of the Government of East Pakistan from 1947 to 1949. In 1949, he was appointed Scientific Adviser to the Ministry of Defence of the Government of Pakistan and he became Chairman of the Secondary Education Board and served from 1952 to 1955 while serving as faculty member at the Karachi University. He was appointed the first Director of the East Regional Laboratories of the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research in 1955, after retirement from Directorship in 1966, Qudrat was appointed Chairman of the Kendriya Bangla Unnayan Board. After the independence of Bangladesh, Qudrat-i-Khuda was made Chairman of the National Education Commission formed in 1972, the report of the commission published in 1974 is widely known as Qudrat-i-Khuda Education Commission Report. He was appointed Visiting Professor of Chemistry at Dhaka University in 1975 and his field of specialisation was organic chemistry. He conducted research on herbals, jute, salt, charcoal, soil and he successfully extracted biochemical elements from local trees and plants for medicinal use. Qudrat-i-Khuda and his associates patented 18 scientific inventions, manufacturing of Partex from jute-stick was his greatest scientific achievement. Manufacturing malt vinegar from the juice of sugarcane and molasses, Rayon from jute and jute-sticks, Qudrat played an important role in popularising Bengali for scientific practices. Two Bengali science magazines Purogami Biggan and Bigganer Joyjatra were published under his auspices and he also wrote some religious books including Pabitra Quraner Puti Kotha O Angari Jaoyara. The Government of Pakistan awarded him the Tamgha-i-Pakistan and Sitara-i-Imtiaz in appreciation of his outstanding achievements, the Government of Bangladesh honoured him with Ekushey Padak in 1976 and Swadhinata Dibas Puraskar in 1984 for his outstanding contributions in science and technology. Dhaka University conferred on him an honorary Doctorate degree for his contribution to science. Qudrat-i-Khuda died in Dhaka on 3 November 1977
15.
Tofazzal Hossain Manik Miah
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Tofazzal Hossain Manik Miah was a Bengali journalist and politician. He was the editor of The Ittefaq, Manik Miah played a vital role during the rise of Bengali nationalism in 1960s. His editorial Rajnoitik Moncho or The political stage was immensely popular, most of his journalists were considered leftist as Manik Miah followed the pattern of Awami League. According to journalist and editor of Shongbad Bozlur Rahman, Awami activists followed his editorial more than any actual decision of a meeting, Manik Miah was born in Bhandaria Thana of Pirojpur in 1911. He attended Pirojpur High School upon passing his Entrance Examination and earned his B. A. degree from Barisal Brajamohan College and he started working under Sub-divisional officer of Pirojpur as an assistant. Subsequently he became Barisals district public relation officer, Manik Mia was an outspoken person. Therefore, he resigned from government job and took up journalism as a profession, the record of his place of death is incorrect. He died at Karachi, Pakistan not in Dhaka Bangladesh as is cited and his closest friend and companion at death was A. K. Khair Miah Shahib accompanied his friends dead body to Tejgaon Dhaka Airport. At the airport all prominent leaders were present to receive Manik Miahs dead body and this was not Tofazzal Hossain Manik Miar Bari, This was Manik Babur Bari at Hazaribag Dhaka, which was demolished later on. Tofazzal Hossain Manik Mia was famous for his political write-ups in Bengali and he was equally prolific in his English renderings. Yar Mohammad Khan invited Tofazzal Hossain Manik Mia who was working at time as a journalist at Calcutta. He was turned into an institution during his lifetime and this looks more like a praise by a fan. Just the tonality doesnt sound unbiased, more citation needed, Manik Mia was active in writing against military rule, autocracy and violation of the fundamental rights of people. Manik Mia played a significant role in inspiring the people to join the struggle for freedom under the leadership of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, Manik Mia was a close companion of Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy. Manik Mia died in 1969 at the age of 58, Ittefaq Report on Manik Miah Daily Star column on Manik Miah
16.
Abul Barkat
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Abul Barkat was a protester killed during the Bengali Language Movement protests which took place in the erstwhile East Pakistan, in 1952. He is considered a martyr in Bangladesh, Barkat was born on 13 or 16 June 1927 in Babla village, Bharatpur, Murshidabad, West Bengal, British Raj. He studied in Babla primary school and completed his matriculation from Talibpur High School in 1945 and he moved to Dhaka in 1948 after the Partition of India. He completed his BA in political science from Dhaka University in 1951 and he started his MA in political science in Dhaka University. On 21 February 1952, students bought out a protest demanding Bengali language be given the status of national language despite Section 144 being imposed, the police fired at the protestors on the road in front of Dhaka Medical College. Barkat was seriously injured and later died at the Dhaka Medical College around 8 PM on 21 February 1952 and he was buried in the Azimpur Graveyard. The location of his grave has since been lost and his mother, Hasina Begum, inaugurated the Shaheed Minar in 1963. Abul Barkat was awarded Ekushey Padak in 2000, a museum has been built for him in Dhaka University campus. A documentary titled Bayannor Michhil was made about his life, Movement Hero Abul Barkat memorial museum and archive was open in 2012 in Dhaka University, it was finaced by Dhaka District Council. Short biography in Prime Ministers official web site, Govt of Bangladesh
17.
Abdus Salam (activist)
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Abdus Salam was a demonstrator who died during the Bengali Language Movement demonstrations which took place in the erstwhile East Bengal, Pakistan in 1952. He is considered a martyr in Bangladesh, Salam was bornon 27 November 1925 in Laxmanpur, Matubhuiyan, Daganbhuiyan, Feni, East Bengal, British Raj. He studied in Krishnarampur Primary School, then at Matubhuiyan Kalimullah Minor School and he then joined the Daganbhuiyan Kamal Ataturk High School but dropped out at class 10 because of financial constraints. Salam went to Kolkata where he stayed with his cousin and her husband who worked in the Port of Kolkata, Salam was able to get a job in the port. In 1947 he moved to Dhaka and got a job at the department of industries as cleric record keeper and he received a place to stay in the government housing Palasi Barrack at Azimpur. On 21 February 1952, the students in Dhaka defied Section 144 and they processions was joined by by other members of public beside students. The police fired on the killing a number of protesters. Azad was in the procession and was shot, He was admitted to Dhaka Medical College Hospital where he died from his injuries 7 April 1952 and he was buried in Azimpur graveyard. The location of his grave has since been lost, Salam was awarded Ekushey Padak in 2000 by the government of Bangladesh. The organisation Bhasha-Shahid Abdus Salam Smriti Parishad was formed to preserve his memory and his village, Laxmanpur, was renamed Salam Nagar by the villagers in 2000. The government of Bangladesh officially recognised the name in 2009, Language Martyr Salam Auditorium was built in Daganbhuiyan Upazila. Feni District Stadium was renamed Language Martyr Salam Stadium, Language Martyr Salam Community Centre was built in Feni. In 2008 government of Bangladesh built Language Martyr Abdus Salam Library and he has been immortalised in poetry of Shamsur Rahman, Sufia Kamal, and Belal Mohammad, etc. He was awatded the Independence Day Award in 2016, nothing has been done to keep memory of language hero Salam alive
18.
Shafiur Rahman
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Shafiur Rahman is considered in Bangladesh to be a martyr of the language movement which took place in the former East Pakistan. Shafiur Rahman was born in Konnagar, in Hoogli, West Bengal and his father was Hakim Mahbubur Rahman. Com from the Government Commercial College of Kolkata, on 22 February 1952 while commuting to his job on his bicycle he entered Nawabpur Road, which was full of protesters against police shootings the previous day at a language movement rally. Rahman was shot in the back by a Pakistani Police bullet, two days after the incident, the First Shaheed Minar was inaugurated by his Father, Hakim Mahbubur Rahman along with the protesting students of Dhaka University. In 2000 Rahman was awarded Ekushey Padak, one of the highest civilian awards in Bangladesh received by his wife, Aquila Khatoon, his son, Shafiqur Rahman and his grand daughter, Samreen Rahman. In 2006 his wife Begum Aquila Khatun and the families of language movement martyrs were given pensions from the government of Bangladesh. Shafiur Rahmans bloodstained work clothes are preserved in the Bangladesh National Museum, an auditorium is named after him in the Supreme Court of Bangladesh, where he was employed. During the time of his death he left behind his wife, Aquila Khatoon and a 4-year daughter, Asfia Khatoon, after 3 months of his death, his son, Shafiqur Rahman was born. It was unfortunate that he could not see his father after his birth and he was the country manager of Rangs Limited, a renowned Automobile Company of Bangladesh. Grandchildren, Kazi Asif Tareq, only son of his daughter and Samreen Adeeba Rahman, the family are known to visit Shafiur Rahmans grave and pay their respects every year on 21 February. Khaleda distributes Ekushey Padak 2005 among 14 distinguished personalities, archived from the original on 28 September 2007. PM distributes govt honorarium to 5 language martyrs families, archived from the original on 11 March 2007. International Mother Language Day, Background and Adoption of the Resolution, archived from the original on 22 August 2004
19.
Bangladesh Liberation War
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It resulted in the independence of the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh. The war began after the Pakistani military junta based in West Pakistan launched Operation Searchlight against the people of East Pakistan on the night of 25 March 1971 and it pursued the systematic elimination of nationalist Bengali civilians, students, intelligentsia, religious minorities and armed personnel. The junta annulled the results of the 1970 elections and arrested Prime Minister-elect Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, rural and urban areas across East Pakistan saw extensive military operations and air strikes to suppress the tide of civil disobedience that formed following the 1970 election stalemate. The Pakistan Army, which had the backing of Islamists, created radical religious militias – the Razakars, Al-Badr, members of the Pakistani military and supporting militias engaged in mass murder, deportation and genocidal rape. The capital Dhaka was the scene of massacres, including the Dhaka University killings. An estimated 10 million Bengali refugees fled to neighbouring India, while 30 million were internally displaced, sectarian violence broke out between Bengalis and Urdu-speaking immigrants. An academic consensus prevails that the committed by the Pakistani military were a genocide. The Bangladeshi Declaration of Independence was proclaimed from Chittagong by members of the Mukti Bahini – the national liberation army formed by Bengali military, paramilitary, the East Bengal Regiment and the East Pakistan Rifles played a crucial role in the resistance. Led by General M. A. G. Osmani and eleven sector commanders and they liberated numerous towns and cities in the initial months of the conflict. The Pakistan Army regained momentum in the monsoon, Bengali guerrillas carried out widespread sabotage, including Operation Jackpot against the Pakistan Navy. The nascent Bangladesh Air Force flew sorties against Pakistani military bases, by November, the Bangladesh forces restricted the Pakistani military to its barracks during the night. They secured control of most parts of the countryside, the Provisional Government of Bangladesh was formed on 17 April 1971 in Mujibnagar and moved to Calcutta as a government in exile. Bengali members of the Pakistani civil, military and diplomatic corps defected to the Bangladeshi provisional government, thousands of Bengali families were interned in West Pakistan, from where many escaped to Afghanistan. Bengali cultural activists operated the clandestine Free Bengal Radio Station, the plight of millions of war-ravaged Bengali civilians caused worldwide outrage and alarm. The Indian state led by Indira Gandhi provided substantial diplomatic, economic, British, Indian and American musicians organised the worlds first benefit concert in New York City to support the Bangladeshi people. India joined the war on 3 December 1971, after Pakistan launched preemptive air strikes on North India, the subsequent Indo-Pakistani War witnessed engagements on two war fronts. With air supremacy achieved in the theatre and the rapid advance of the Allied Forces of Bangladesh and India. The war changed the landscape of South Asia, with the emergence of Bangladesh as the seventh-most populous country in the world
20.
Kazi Nazrul Islam
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Kazi Nazrul Islam was a Bengali poet, writer, musician, and revolutionary. He is the poet of Bangladesh. Popularly known as Nazrul, he produced a body of poetry and music with themes that included religious devotion and spiritual rebellion against fascism. Nazruls activism for political and social justice earned him the title of Rebel Poet and his compositions form the avant-garde genre of Nazrul Sangeet. The same genre is known as Nazrul Geeti in India. In addition to being revered in Bangladesh, he is commemorated and revered in India, especially in the Bengali Speaking states of West Bengal. Born in a Bengali Muslim Kazi family, Nazrul Islam received religious education and he learned about poetry, drama, and literature while working with the rural theatrical group Letor Dal. He joined the British Indian Army in 1917, after serving in the British Indian Army in the Middle East during World War I, Nazrul established himself as a journalist in Calcutta. He assailed the British Raj in India and preached revolution through his works, such as Bidrohi and Bhangar Gaan. His nationalist activism in Indian independence movement led to his frequent imprisonment by the colonial British authorities, while in prison, Nazrul wrote the Rajbandir Jabanbandi. Exploring the life and conditions of the masses of the Indian subcontinent. His writings greatly inspired Bengalis of East Pakistan during the Bangladesh Liberation War, bangladeshi literary critic Azfar Hussain characterized Kazi Nazrul Islam as one of the greatest revolutionary poets in the world. Nazruls writings explore themes such as love, freedom, humanity and he opposed all forms of bigotry and fundamentalism, including religious, caste-based and gender-based. Throughout his career, Nazrul wrote short stories, novels, and essays but is best known for his songs and he pioneered new music forms such as Bengali ghazals. Nazrul wrote and composed music for nearly 4,000 songs, collectively known as Nazrul Geeti and it caused Nazruls health to decline steadily and forced him to live in isolation in India (he was also admitted in Ranchi mental hospital for many years. At the invitation of the Government of Bangladesh, Nazrul and his moved to Dhaka in 1972. He died four years later, on 29 August 1976, both Bangladesh and the state of West Bengal observed mourning for his demise. Kazi Nazrul Islam was born on Friday 24 May 1899 at 10,20 am in the village of Churulia in the Asansol subdivision and he was born into a Muslim Taluqdar family and was the second of three sons and a daughter
21.
Jasimuddin
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Jasimuddin was a Bengali poet, songwriter, prose writer, folklore collector and radio personality. He is commonly known in Bangladesh as Polli Kobi, for his rendition of Bengali folklore in his works. Jasimuddin was born in the village of Tambulkhana in Faridpur District on 1 January 1903 in the house of his maternal uncle and his father, Ansaruddin Mollah, was a school-teacher. Mother Amina Khatun received early education at Faridpur Welfare School and he matriculated from Faridpur Zilla School in 1921. Jasimuddin completed IA from Rajendra College in 1924. He obtained his BA degree in Bengali from the University of Calcutta in 1929, from 1931 to 1937, Jasimuddin worked with Dinesh Chandra Sen as a collector of folk literature. Jasimuddin is one of the compilers of Purbo-Bongo Gitika and he collected more than 10,000 folk songs, some of which has been included in his song compilations Jari Gaan and Murshida Gaan. He also wrote voluminously on the interpretation and philosophy of Bengali folklore, Jasimuddin joined the University of Dhaka in 1938 as a Lecturer. He left the university in 1944 and joined the Department of Information and he worked there until his retirement in 1962 as Deputy Director. He was an admirer of Guru Mrityun Jay Sil Jasimuddin started writing poems at an early age, as a college student, he wrote the celebrated poem Kabar, a very simple tone to obtain family-religion and tragedy. The poem was placed in the entrance Bengali textbook while he was still a student of Calcutta University, Jasimuddin is noted for his depiction of rural life and nature from the viewpoint of rural people. This had earned him fame as Polli Kobi, the structure and content of his poetry bears a strong flavor of Bengal folklore. His Nokshi Kanthar Maath is considered a masterpiece and has translated into many different languages. Jasimuddin also composed songs in the tradition of rural Bengal. His collaboration with Abbas Uddin, the most popular singer of Bengal, produced some of the gems of Bengali folk music. Jasimuddin also wrote some songs for the radio. He was influenced by his neighbor, poet Golam Mostofa, to write Islamic songs too, later, during the Liberation War of Bangladesh, he wrote some patriotic songs. One of the most famous lyric and Music by Jasim Uddin, Snake Charmer / Babu Selam O babu, many salams to you my name is Goya the Snakecharmer, My home is the Padma river. We catch birds we live on birds There is no end to our happiness, For we trade, With the jewel on the Cobras head
22.
Sufia Kamal
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Begum Sufia Kamal was a Bengali poet and political activist. Kamal was a cultural icon in the Bengali nationalist movement of the 1950s and 60s. She died in 1999 and was the first woman to be given a funeral in the country. Sufia was born in Shaestabad, Barisal and she was a daughter of a Zamindar family. During her childhood, womens education was prohibited and she could not afford to get academic education, but she learned Bengali, Hindi, English, Urdu, Arabic, Kurdish and Persian language from her house tutors. In 1918, she went to Kolkata with her mother where she came to meet with Begum Rokeya and she was first married at the age of 11 to her cousin Syed Nehal Hossain, then a law student. They had a daughter, Amena Kahar, five years later, Sufia married Kamaluddin Ahmed. Sufia later became mother of two daughters, Sultana Kamal and Saida Kamal, and two sons Shahed Kamal and Sajed Kamal. In 1925 she met Mahatma Gandhi, which inspired her to wear simple clothing, Sufia Kamals first poem, Bashanti, was published in Saogat magazine in 1926. In 1931 she became the first Bengali Muslim female to be a member of the Indian Women Federation, a short story Shainik Bodhu which she wrote was published in a local paper in 1923. Her literary career took off after her first poetry publication and her first book of poems, Sanjher Maya, came out in 1938, bearing a foreword from Kazi Nazrul Islam and attracting praise from Rabindranath Tagore. Sanjher Maya was translated into Russian language as Санжер Майя улу Суфия Камал in 1984, in 1937 she published her first collection of short stories, Keyar Kanta. Though she called herself a poet, her work more and more reflected the struggles to preserve the Bengali language and culture. In 1947, when Shaptahik Begum was first published, Sufia Kamal became its first editor, in October of that year after the partition of India she came to Dhaka. During a huge clash between Hindu and Muslim of that time Kamal worked for their friendship and joined in Peace Committee, in 1948, when Purbo Pakistan Mohila Committee formed, she became its chairman. Kamals activism continued in 1952, with the Language Movement, in 1961, when the Pakistani government banned Rabindra Sangeet, she became involved in the movement among Bengalis that ensued in 1961. During the mass uprising in 1969, which demanded the resignation of General Ayub Khan, in later life, she made womens rights her top priority and headed Bangladeshs largest womens organisation, Mahila Parishad, for many years. She did not see the oppression of women as mainly a class issue and she was also the first Chairperson of BRAC
23.
Abdul Mannan Syed
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Abdul Mannan Syed was a Bangladeshi poet, author and researcher. He was one of the most prolific Bengali literary personalities of the post-Partition Indian subcontinent, until his death on 5 September 2010, he was regarded an authority on Bengali literature. Popularly regarded as a poet, he is notable as a literary critic. Born as Syed Abdul Mannan, he assumed the pen name Ashoke Syed at the debut in literatur in 1960s and he published more than 150 titles to his credit during his lifetime. His works on poet Jibanananda Das and Kazi Nazrul Islam are not only seminal but also monumental in form, content, Syed was born on 3 August 1943 in Jalalpur village, on the rivulet Ichamati, in 24 Paragana, in West Bengal of undivided India. In 1946, just before the partition of British Indian, a lethal Hindu-Muslim riot took place and forced many Muslims to leave West Bengal to settle in East Bengal, now Bangladesh. A less discussed but equally fearsome riot took place in 1950 that drove the family of Syed from West Bengal and to settle in Dhaka of then East Pakistan and he lost his motherland for ever and always felt like a refugee. They first lived in Gopibagh of Dhaka town, shortly his father bought a piece of land on the Green Road, formerly called Kuli Road. Since then 51 Green Road has been his address till his death in September 2010. His father Syed A. M. Badruzzdoza was an official who served in many places of the then East Pakistan. He was very strict about the education of his children. He had six sons and four daughters, Syed was married to his cousin Syra Syed Ranu. His only child was a daughter named Jinan Syed Shampa, in 1958, Syed passed the Matriculate examination from the Nawabpur High School. In 1960, he passed the Intermediate from the Dhaka College and he studied Bengali language and literature in the Dhaka University from where he obtained his B. A and M. A. degrees, respectively, in 1963 and 1964, most of his life he earned his livelihood as a teacher of Bengali language and literature in government colleges. He started his career as a lecturer in the M. C and he also taught in the Sheikh Borhanuddin College in Faridpur. However he served in the Jagannath College for a time from where he retired in 1998. He also served as the District Gazetteer for a period of time, later he was appointed the executive director of the Nazrul Institute
24.
Jamal Nazrul Islam
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Jamal Nazrul Islam was a Bangladeshi mathematical physicist and cosmologist. He also served as the director of the Research Center for Mathematical and Physical Sciences at the University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Islam was born on 24 February 1939 in Jhenaidah, East Bengal. His father, Khan Bahadur Sirajul Islam, was a sub-judge in British India. Because of his fathers job, Islam spent his early school years in Calcutta. He studied at Chittagong Collegiate School and College until class ix and then he went to Lawrence College, Murree in West Pakistan to pass the Senior Cambridge and he received a BSc degree from St. Xaviers College at the University of Calcutta. In 1959, he got his Honors in Functional Mathematics and Theoretical Physics from Cambridge University and he completed his Masters in 1960. A student of the Trinity College, he finished the Mathematical Tripos, Islam obtained his PhD in applied mathematics and theoretical physics from Trinity College, Cambridge in 1968, followed by a DSc in 1982. Islam worked in the Institute of Theoretical Astronomy from 1967 until 1971, later he worked as a researcher in California Institute of Technology and University of Washington. During 1973-1974 he served as the faculty of Applied Mathematics of Kings College London, in 1978 he then joined the faculty of City University London until he returned to Chittagong in 1984. Until his death he served as Professor Emeritus at the University of Chittagong and his research areas include Applied Mathematics, Theoretical Physics, Mathematical Physics, theory of Gravitation, General Relativity, Mathematical Cosmology and Quantum Field Theory. Islam authored/coauthored/edited more than 50 scientific articles, books and some articles published in various scientific journals. Besides this he has written books in Bengali. Particularly noteworthy are Black Hole, published from the Bangla Academy, “The Mother Tongue, Scientific Research and other Articles” and “Art, Literature, Professor Narayan Chandra Ghosh, a mathematician of India, was director of noted symposium. Third World Academy of Science Trieste, fellow elected in 1985 Cambridge Philosophical Society Royal Astronomical Society Bangladesh Academy of Sciences Islamic Academy of Sciences Islam died on 16 March 2013 in Chittagong, Bangladesh. The Ultimate Fate of the Universe, Classical General Relativity, Proceedings of the Conference on Classical General Relativity, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England. Rotating Fields in General Relativity, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, an Introduction to Mathematical Cosmology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England. Modified Mandelstam Representation for Heavy Particles, acnodes and Cusps and the Mandelstam Representation. Analytic Property of Three-Body Unitarity Integral, leading Landau Curves of a Class of Feynman Diagrams. Green Function Formulation of the Dirac Field in Curved Space, Field Equations in the Neighbourhood of a Particle in a Conformal Theory of Gravitation
25.
Bangladeshi honours system
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The existing Bangladeshi honours system was created after Independence of Bangladesh. The most recognized civil awards are Ekushey Padak and Independence Day Award, the awards are civilian awards for a broad set of achievements in fields such as Education, Arts, Civil Service, or Social Service and Liberation War. Awards were also bestowed posthumously and they are not given for foreign citizens, the most recognized and respectfull gallantry awards are the Bir awards which are Bir Sreshtho, Bir Uttom, Bir Bikrom and Bir Protik in decreasing order of importance. They are awarded to fighters who showed utmost bravery and fought against the Pakistan Army in the Bangladesh Liberation War. All of these awards were introduced immediately after the Liberation War in 1971, Independence Day Award, the highest civilian award Ekushey Padak, the second-highest civilian award Bangla Academy Award, for contribution in the field of Bengali language and literature. Shishu Academy Award, for contribution in the field of juvenile literature, national Professor, for outstanding contribution on the field of education. Begum Rokeya Padak, for contribution to Gender equality and Womens rights, national Agriculture Awards, given to recognise a substantial contribution in the field of research in agricultural development. National Film Awards, for contributions to the promotion of the art of cinema. National Sports Awards, for contributions in the field of games. They are awarded both for bravery and service
26.
People's Republic of Bangladesh
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Bangladesh, officially the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh, is a country in South Asia. It shares land borders with India and Myanmar, Nepal, Bhutan and China are located near Bangladesh but do not share a border with it. The countrys maritime territory in the Bay of Bengal is roughly equal to the size of its land area, Bangladesh is the worlds eighth most populous country. Dhaka is its capital and largest city, followed by Chittagong which has the countrys largest port, Bangladesh forms the largest and eastern part of the Bengal region. Bangladeshis include people of different ethnic groups and religions, Bengalis, who speak the official Bengali, make up 98% of the population. The politically dominant Bengali Muslims make the nation the worlds third largest Muslim-majority country, most of Bangladesh is covered by the Bengal delta, the largest delta on Earth. The country has 700 rivers and 8,046 km of inland waterways, highlands with evergreen forests are found in the northeastern and southeastern regions of the country. Bangladesh has many islands and a coral reef and it is home to the Sundarbans, the largest mangrove forest in the world. The countrys biodiversity includes a vast array of plant and wildlife, including critically endangered Bengal tigers, the Greeks and Romans identified the region as Gangaridai, a powerful kingdom of the historical subcontinent, in the 3rd century BCE. Archaeological research has unearthed several ancient cities in Bangladesh, which had trade links for millennia. The Bengal Sultanate and Mughal Bengal transformed the region into a cosmopolitan Islamic imperial power between the 14th and 18th centuries, the region was home to many principalities which had inland naval prowess. It was also a center of the worldwide muslin and silk trade. As part of British India, the region was influenced by the Bengali renaissance, the Partition of British India made East Bengal a part of the Dominion of Pakistan, and was renamed as East Pakistan. The region witnessed the Bengali Language Movement in 1952 and the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, after independence, a parliamentary republic was established. A presidential government was in place between 1975 and 1990, followed by a return to parliamentary democracy, the country has also been affected by poverty, natural disasters, hunger, dominant party systems and military coups. Bangladesh is a power and a major developing nation. Listed as one of the Next Eleven, it has the 46th largest economy and it is one of the largest textile exporters in the world. Its major trading partners are the European Union, the United States, China, India, Japan, Malaysia, with its strategically vital location between Southern, Eastern and Southeast Asia, Bangladesh is an important promoter of regional connectivity and cooperation
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