1.
Carrer del Carme, Barcelona
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Carrer del Carme is a street in central Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, located in the Raval neighbourhood of the Ciutat Vella district. Its part of the recently revamped commercial area of Raval, the street is notable for being mentioned on the first page of Jean Genets novel The Thiefs Journal. It must not be confused with Plaça del Carmén, in the Les Corts district, liceu metro station, served by L3, on La Rambla right next to Carrer del Carme. Sant Antoni metro station, served by L2, on Ronda Sant Antoni, not far from the street
2.
Fernando Botero
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Fernando Botero Angulo is a Colombian figurative artist and sculptor. Born in Medellín, his style, also known as Boterismo, depicts people and figures in large, exaggerated volume. Self-titled the most Colombian of Colombian artists early on, he came to prominence when he won the first prize at the Salón de Artistas Colombianos in 1958. Working most of the year in Paris, in the last three decades he has achieved recognition for his paintings, drawings and sculpture, with exhibitions across the world. His art is collected by major international museums, corporations. In 2012, he received the International Sculpture Centers Lifetime Achievement in Contemporary Sculpture Award, Fernando Botero was born the second of three sons to David Botero and Flora Angulo. David Botero, a salesman who traveled by horseback, died of an attack when Fernando was four. His mother worked as a seamstress, an uncle took a major role in his life. Although isolated from art as presented in museums and other institutes, Botero was influenced by the Baroque style of the colonial churches. He received his education in Antioquia Ateneo and, thanks to a scholarship. In 1944, Boteros uncle sent him to a school for matadors for two years, in 1948, Botero at age 16 had his first illustrations published in the Sunday supplement of the El Colombiano, one of the most important newspapers in Medellín. He used the money he was paid to attend school at the Liceo de Marinilla de Antioquia. Boteros work was first exhibited in 1948, in a show along with other artists from the region. From 1949 to 1950, Botero worked as a set designer and his first one-man show was held at the Galería Leo Matiz in Bogotá, a few months after his arrival. In 1952, Botero travelled with a group of artists to Barcelona, in Madrid, Botero studied at the Academia de San Fernando. In 1952, he traveled to Bogotá, where he had an exhibit at the Leo Matiz gallery. In 1953, Botero moved to Paris, where he spent most of his time in the Louvre and he lived in Florence, Italy from 1953 to 1954, studying the works of Renaissance masters. In recent decades, he has lived most of the time in Paris and he has had more than 50 exhibits in major cities worldwide, and his work commands selling prices in the millions of dollars
3.
Sant Pau del Camp
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Sant Pau del Camp is a church and former monastery in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. While the monastery now stands within the El Raval district in central Barcelona, it stood outside the city. There are no sources about the origins, it is generally thought that it was founded by count Wilfred II of Barcelona. The monastery is documented from 977, in 985 it was sacked and destroyed by the Muslim troops of al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir, restorations were begun in 1096, through donations from Geribert Guitard and Rotlendis, and a new monastic community arrived. In 1117, Sant Pau became a priory of the monastery of Sant Cugat, by the 13th, a new cloister, church and monastic quarters were built. In 1377, the monastery consisted of a prior and eight monks, an initial monastic meeting for the Terragona province occurred in 1577 and such meetings would continue from 1594 to 1835. The monks were removed upon the secularization of monasteries by the Spanish government in 1835 and it was declared National Monument in 1879. The Romanesque monastery has a cloister, built in the 13th century. It features lobular arcades supported by columns, whose capitals are decorated by biblical and daily life scenes, animals, monsters. The abbots house was built in the 13th-14th and early 18th century, the church is on the Greek cross plan, with a single aisle. It has a transept with three apses, and the interior is covered by barrel vaults, the entrance doorway has two columns with ancient marble Visigothic capitals, while in the tympanum is depicted Christ in Majesty with Saints Paul and Peter. The chapter house houses the tomb of the founder of the monastery. A Privilege of Pope Alexander III for Sant Pau Del Camp, Paul Freedman, Archivum Historiae Pontificiae, kendall, The Allegory of the Church, Romanesque Portals and Their Verse Inscriptions, University of Toronto Press,1998. Media related to Monestir de Sant Pau del Camp at Wikimedia Commons Images, informations and curiosities about the monastery Sacred-Destinations. com, Sant Pau del Camp
4.
Barcelona Museum of Contemporary Art
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The Barcelona Museum of Contemporary Art is situated in the Plaça dels Àngels, in El Raval, Ciutat Vella, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. The museum opened to the public on November 28,1995, previous directors were Daniel Giralt-Miracle, Miguel Molins, Manuel J. Borja-Villel, and Bartomeu Marí, while the current director, since 2015 is Ferran Barenblit. It was not until 1986 that the Barcelona City Council recommended the American architect Richard Meier & Partners to design the museum, Art critics Francesc Miralles and Rosa Queralt were hired to write the museum’s mission statement. In 1987, the MACBA Foundation was created, in the following year the MACBA Foundation, in conjunction with the Generalitat de Catalunya and the Barcelona City Council, founded the MACBA Consortium in order further the process of the museum. The Consortium commissioned Meier later that year to build the museum and this was a controversial issue considering that the museum had no collection at the time of construction. The museum opened to the public in 1995, well after the 1992 Summer Olympics for which it was planned, while MACBA has long used the chapel for performances and site-specific installations, this time the city lent the entire historic cluster to the institution for an unspecified term. Meier embraced the difficult task of creating a building that would display a variety of contemporary artworks that were unknown to him at the time of design. The building’s architectural style has strong references to Modernism, the museum has three main galleries, which can be subdivided, as well as five smaller galleries, one of which is in a tower. The permanent collection of around 5,000 works dates from the mid-20th century onward, there are three periods of modern art represented, the first one covers the forties to the sixties, the second spans the sixties and seventies, the third period is contemporary. The collections focus on post-1945 Catalan and Spanish art, although some International artists are also represented, the exhibition is then an experience on a par with that of workshops, conferences, audiovisual activities, publications, etc. All of these experiences are defined by a series of lines which lend thematic coherence” MACBA Website. In march 2011, the art collector Philippe Méaille grants a loan of 800 artworks of Art&Language group, in December 2007, the museum opened its Study Center, enhancing the educational aspect which is integral to the museum’s mission. The Library Reading Room and Special Collections Room grant the public access to the museum’s books, publications collection. MACBA publishes mainly exhibition catalogues from the museum, although has published some monographic books, additionally, MACBA has three digital publications, Quaderns portàtils, Quaderns dÀudio, and Sèrie Capella MACBA. MACBA offers a variety of events including lectures, seminars, guided tours, video screenings, the Museum address is Plaça dels Angels,1, Barcelona. The closest metro stations are Catalunya and Universitat, entrance to this part of the museum is free. Another contemporary art museum, Centre de Cultura Contemporània de Barcelona, is adjacent to MACBA, the surrounding square and architecture outside of the museum is among the most well-known and respected places for modern skateboarding. Together with surrounding places in Barcelona, it is a ground in youth culture due to its reputation in the world of skateboarding photography
5.
Ciutat Vella
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Ciutat Vella is a district of Barcelona, numbered District 1. The name means old city in Catalan and refers to the oldest neighborhoods in the city of Barcelona, Catalonia, ciutat Vella is nestled between the Mediterranean Sea and the neighborhood called lEixample. It is considered the centre of the city, the Plaça Catalunya is one of the most popular meeting points in all of Catalonia. Les Rambles stretches from Plaça Catalunya to the Mediterranean Sea and, since the 1990s, now extends out over the sea one of Barcelonas newest centers of entertainment. Each of Les Rambles has its own specialty, la Rambla de les Flors is devoted to flower stands, another Rambla to animal vendors, and the lowest Rambla hosts temporary art fairs. El Mercat de Sant Josep and Gran Teatre del Liceu are both located here, Les Rambles are among the most frequently travelled streets by pedestrians in Barcelona. At the bottom, there is the Museu Marítim, which chronicles the history of life on the Mediterranean, the museum is housed in the medieval Drassanes, where the ships that made Catalonia a great sea power in the Mediterranean were built. This portion of the city is referred to as el Barri Xinès. It acquired this name not due to there being residents of Chinese origin and it has become one of the most dynamic areas of the city. Many smaller ethnic restaurants may be found in Raval and fashionable restaurants, the Museu dArt Contemporani de Barcelona is in this neighborhood. On the other side of Les Rambles, is el Barri Gòtic and this neighborhood houses the Cathedral of Barcelona, la Generalitat, and lAjuntament. Tourists visit this neighborhood to see Plaça Reial and to shop in one of the tourist shops along Carrer Ferran, to the north of the Gothic Quarter lie the Jardins de Fonseré i Mestre which contain modernist buildings housing zoological and geological collections
6.
Barcelona
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Founded as a Roman city, in the Middle Ages Barcelona became the capital of the County of Barcelona. Barcelona has a cultural heritage and is today an important cultural centre. Particularly renowned are the works of Antoni Gaudí and Lluís Domènech i Montaner. The headquarters of the Union for the Mediterranean is located in Barcelona, the city is known for hosting the 1992 Summer Olympics as well as world-class conferences and expositions and also many international sport tournaments. It is a cultural and economic centre in southwestern Europe, 24th in the world. In 2008 it was the fourth most economically powerful city by GDP in the European Union, in 2012 Barcelona had a GDP of $170 billion, it is leading Spain in both employment rate and GDP per capita change. In 2009 the city was ranked Europes third and one of the worlds most successful as a city brand, since 2011 Barcelona has been a leading smart city in Europe. During the Middle Ages, the city was known as Barchinona, Barçalona, Barchelonaa. Internationally, Barcelonas name is abbreviated to Barça. However, this refers only to FC Barcelona, the football club. The common abbreviated form used by locals is Barna, another common abbreviation is BCN, which is also the IATA airport code of the Barcelona-El Prat Airport. The city is referred to as the Ciutat Comtal in Catalan. The origin of the earliest settlement at the site of present-day Barcelona is unclear, the ruins of an early settlement have been excavated in the El Raval neighbourhood, including different tombs and dwellings dating to earlier than 5000 BC. The founding of Barcelona is the subject of two different legends, the first attributes the founding of the city to the mythological Hercules. In about 15 BC, the Romans redrew the town as a castrum centred on the Mons Taber, under the Romans, it was a colony with the surname of Faventia, or, in full, Colonia Faventia Julia Augusta Pia Barcino or Colonia Julia Augusta Faventia Paterna Barcino. It enjoyed immunity from imperial burdens, the city minted its own coins, some from the era of Galba survive. Some remaining fragments of the Roman walls have incorporated into the cathedral. The cathedral, also known as the Basilica La Seu, is said to have founded in 343
7.
Catalonia
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Catalonia is an autonomous community of Spain, located on the northeastern extremity of the Iberian Peninsula. It is designated as a nationality by its Statute of Autonomy, Catalonia consists of four provinces, Barcelona, Girona, Lleida, and Tarragona. The capital and largest city is Barcelona, the second-most populated municipality in Spain, Catalonia comprises most of the territory of the former Principality of Catalonia. It is bordered by France and Andorra to the north, the Mediterranean Sea to the east, the official languages are Catalan, Spanish, and the Aranese dialect of Occitan. The eastern counties of these marches were united under the rule of the Frankish vassal the Count of Barcelona, in the later Middle Ages Catalan literature flourished. Between 1469 and 1516, the King of Aragon and the Queen of Castile married and ruled their kingdoms together, retaining all their distinct institutions, Courts, and constitutions. During the Franco-Spanish War, Catalonia revolted against a large and burdensome presence of the Royal army in its territory, within a brief period France took full control of Catalonia, at a high economic cost for Catalonia, until it was largely reconquered by the Spanish army. In the nineteenth century, Catalonia was severely affected by the Napoleonic, in the second half of the century Catalonia experienced industrialisation. As wealth from the industrial expansion grew, Catalonia saw a cultural renaissance coupled with incipient nationalism while several workers movements appeared. In 1914, the four Catalan provinces formed a Commonwealth, and with the return of democracy during the Second Spanish Republic, after the Spanish Civil War, the Francoist dictatorship enacted repressive measures, abolishing Catalan institutions and banning the official use of the Catalan language again. Since the Spanish transition to democracy, Catalonia has regained some political and cultural autonomy and is now one of the most economically dynamic communities of Spain, the origin of the name Catalunya is subject to diverse interpretations because of a lack of evidence. During the Middle Ages, Byzantine chroniclers claimed that Catalania derives from the medley of Goths with Alans. Other less plausible theories suggest, Catalunya derives from the land of castles, having evolved from the term castlà or castlan. This theory therefore suggests that the names Catalunya and Castile have a common root, the source is of Celtic origin, meaning chiefs of battle. Although the area is not known to have been occupied by Celts, the Lacetani, an Iberian tribe that lived in the area and whose name, due to the Roman influence, could have evolved by metathesis to Katelans and then Catalans. In English, Catalonia is pronounced /kætəˈloʊniə/, the native name, Catalunya, is pronounced in Central Catalan, the most widely spoken variety whose pronunciation is considered standard. The Spanish name is Cataluña, and the Aranese name is Catalonha, the first known human settlements in what is now Catalonia were at the beginning of the Middle Palaeolithic. From the next era, the Epipaleolithic or Mesolithic, important remains survive
8.
Spain
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By population, Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union. Spains capital and largest city is Madrid, other urban areas include Barcelona, Valencia, Seville, Bilbao. Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago, in the Middle Ages, the area was conquered by Germanic tribes and later by the Moors. Spain is a democracy organised in the form of a government under a constitutional monarchy. It is a power and a major developed country with the worlds fourteenth largest economy by nominal GDP. Jesús Luis Cunchillos argues that the root of the span is the Phoenician word spy. Therefore, i-spn-ya would mean the land where metals are forged, two 15th-century Spanish Jewish scholars, Don Isaac Abravanel and Solomon ibn Verga, gave an explanation now considered folkloric. Both men wrote in two different published works that the first Jews to reach Spain were brought by ship by Phiros who was confederate with the king of Babylon when he laid siege to Jerusalem. This man was a Grecian by birth, but who had given a kingdom in Spain. He became related by marriage to Espan, the nephew of king Heracles, Heracles later renounced his throne in preference for his native Greece, leaving his kingdom to his nephew, Espan, from whom the country of España took its name. Based upon their testimonies, this eponym would have already been in use in Spain by c.350 BCE, Iberia enters written records as a land populated largely by the Iberians, Basques and Celts. Early on its coastal areas were settled by Phoenicians who founded Western Europe´s most ancient cities Cadiz, Phoenician influence expanded as much of the Peninsula was eventually incorporated into the Carthaginian Empire, becoming a major theater of the Punic Wars against the expanding Roman Empire. After an arduous conquest, the peninsula came fully under Roman Rule, during the early Middle Ages it came under Germanic rule but later, much of it was conquered by Moorish invaders from North Africa. In a process took centuries, the small Christian kingdoms in the north gradually regained control of the peninsula. The last Moorish kingdom fell in the same year Columbus reached the Americas, a global empire began which saw Spain become the strongest kingdom in Europe, the leading world power for a century and a half, and the largest overseas empire for three centuries. Continued wars and other problems led to a diminished status. The Napoleonic invasions of Spain led to chaos, triggering independence movements that tore apart most of the empire, eventually democracy was peacefully restored in the form of a parliamentary constitutional monarchy. Spain joined the European Union, experiencing a renaissance and steady economic growth
9.
Port Vell
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Port Vell is a waterfront harbor in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, and part of the Port of Barcelona. It was built as part of a renewal program prior to the 1992 Barcelona Olympics. Before this, it was a area of empty warehouses, railroad yards. 16 million people visit the complex each year, a pedestrian walkway, Rambla de Mar, connects La Rambla to Port Vell. It incorporates a bridge, in order to allow ships to enter. Around the 4th century BC Barcelona was occupied by the Laietani, a tribe of Iberian people who inhabited the coastline between the Llobregat and Tordera rivers. Barkeno, on Montjuïc, was their main settlement and these people traded with the Greek colony in Empúries, building large grain stores for the purpose. In the 1st century AD, the Romans founded a colony, Barcino, the first port activity on the northern side of Montjuïc. The city and its maritime activities began to flourish and expand when Barcinos city walls were built after the Barbarian invasion in 263. During the Late Middle Ages, Barcelona found itself on the frontier between Islam to the south and Christianity to the north, the ships that anchored between the Royal Shipyards and the city were badly exposed to the great storms that often affected this coast and which caused many shipwrecks. Work on the first successful project began in 1477, the enterprise entailed building a dock that would stretch as far as Maians Island, a sandy islet about 100 metres off the coast. The Barceloneta neighbourhood was built on this new peninsula, despite the constant work to extend the dike, in 1743 the huge amounts of sand that had accumulated finally collapsed the port. An enormous sandbank between the end and what is now Plaça del Portal de la Pau made it necessary to close the port. The beacon in the Moll de Pescadors dock, was built a little later, in order to provide a definitive solution to the problem of harbor depth, work began in 1816 to extend the breakwater, which reached what is now the floating dike in 1882. In 1868, the Barcelona authorities requested permission from the Development Ministry to constitute the Port of Barcelona Board of Public Works and this institution continued to operate until 1978. It was under the Board of Public Works that the structure was at last consolidated. Construction of the first transversal dock, where the Moll de Barcelona now stands, was completed in 1882, offices of public works were dissolved in 1992, and port authorities were established to replace them. Under the Strategic Plan, the port is structured around three areas, the commercial port, the logistical port and the old port
10.
Chinatown
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A Chinatown is historically any ethnic enclave, of Chinese or Han people outside of Mainland China or Taiwan, most often in an urban setting. Areas known as Chinatown exist throughout the world, including the Americas, Europe, Africa, Australasia, a Chinatown, as a Chinese enclave, is defined as. Any small, distinct area or group enclosed or isolated within a larger group, the development of most Chinatowns typically start with mass migration to an area having zero or very few Chinese. The Oxford Dictionary defines Chinatown as, a district of any non-Chinese town, especially a city or seaport, in which the population is predominantly of Chinese origin. However, some Chinatowns may have little to do with China, some Vietnamese enclaves are in fact a citys second Chinatown, and some Chinatowns are in fact pan-Asian, meaning they could also be counted as a Koreatown or Little India. One example includes Asiatown in Cleveland, Ohio and it was initially referred to as a Chinatown but was subsequently renamed due to the influx of non-Chinese Asian Americans who opened businesses there. Today the district acts as a factor for the Chinese, Taiwanese, Korean, Japanese, Filipino, Indian, Vietnamese, Cambodian, Laotian, Nepalese. As isolated from the population as Hispanics. This contrasts with narrower definitions, where the only described Chinatown in a city setting. In some cities in Spain, the term denotes an area, neighborhood or district where prostitution or other related to the sex industry are concentrated. Some examples of this are the Chinatown of Salamanca and the Chinatown of Barcelona, trading centres populated predominantly by Chinese men and their native spouses have long existed throughout Southeast Asia. Emigration to other parts of the world from China accelerated in the 1860s with the signing of the Treaty of Peking, early emigrants came primarily from the coastal provinces of Guangdong and Fujian in southeastern China – where the people generally speak Cantonese, Hakka, Teochew and Hokkien. As conditions in China have improved in recent decades, many Chinatowns have lost their initial mission, as net migration slows, the smaller Chinatowns have slowly decayed, often to the point of becoming purely historical and no longer serving as ethnic enclaves. Binondos Chinatown located in Manila, Philippines is the oldest Chinatown in the world, several Asian Chinatowns, although not yet called by that name, have a long history. Those in Nagasaki, Japan, Binondo in Manila, Hoi An, glodok, the Chinese quarter of Jakarta, Indonesia, dates to 1740. Chinese presence in India dates back to the 5th century AD, a Chinatown first appeared in the Indian city of Calcutta and subsequently in Mumbai and Chennai. The first Chinese settler in Calcutta was Young Atchew around 1780, the Chinatown centered on Yaowarat Road in Bangkok, Thailand, was founded at the same time as the city itself, in 1782. Many Chinese immigrants arrived in Liverpool in the late 1850s in the employ of the Blue Funnel Shipping Line, the commercial shipping line created strong trade links between the cities of Shanghai, Hong Kong and Liverpool, mainly in the importation of silk, cotton and tea
11.
La Rambla, Barcelona
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La Rambla is a street in central Barcelona, popular with tourists and locals alike. A tree-lined pedestrian mall, it stretches for 1.2 kilometres connecting Plaça de Catalunya in the centre with the Christopher Columbus Monument at Port Vell, La Rambla forms the boundary between the quarters of Barri Gòtic, to the east, and El Raval, to the west. La Rambla can be crowded, especially during the height of the tourist season and its popularity with tourists has affected the character of the street, with a move to pavement cafes and souvenir kiosks. It has also suffered from the attention of pickpockets and especially towards its southern end, the Spanish poet Federico García Lorca once said that La Rambla was the only street in the world which I wish would never end. La Rambla can be considered a series of streets, each differently named. To the east of La Rambla is the Barri Gòtic or Gothic Quarter, the Barri Gòtic retains a labyrinthine street plan, with small squares and streets, many of which connect onto the Rambla. Further into the Barri Gòtic can be found the Cathedral of Santa Eulàlia, to the west of La Rambla is the rather different El Raval quarter. Outside the citys earliest walls, this area was originally the site of various religious, later factories grew up along with housing for the workers, whilst the proximity to the port led to the area becoming known for its nightlife and cabarets, as well as prostitution and crime. At the southern end of the Ramblas is the Christopher Columbus Monument and the Port Vell, to the north, the Rambla de Catalunya extends into the Eixample district. To the south, construction of the Maremàgnum in the early 1990s resulted in a continuation of La Rambla on a walkway into the harbour called the Rambla de Mar. The course of La Rambla was originally a sewage-filled stream-bed, usually dry but an important drain for the heavy rainwater flowing from the Collserola hills during spring and it separated the walled city on its north-east bank from the settlements of El Raval on its south-west. In the year 1377, construction started on an extension of the city walls to include La Rambla, in 1440, the stream was diverted to run outside the new walls, and La Rambla gradually started turning into a street. Over the next few centuries, La Rambla became established as a centre of Barcelona city life, a wide thoroughfare used for festivals, markets. Several large religious establishments were built along the street during this period. In 1703, the first of the trees lining La Rambla were planted, various conflicts over recent centuries took their toll on La Ramblas religious buildings, most notably the St. Until 2010, the Rambla dels Estudis was the site of a market for caged birds. However animal protection laws made it difficult for the market to continue, after years of fighting the legislation, the market was forced to close down. The tree-lined central promenade of La Rambla is crowded during the day and its origins as a watercourse are reflected in the paving design, which appears to ripple like water
12.
Gothic Quarter, Barcelona
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The Gothic Quarter is the centre of the old city of Barcelona. It stretches from La Rambla to Via Laietana, and from the Mediterranean seafront to Ronda de Sant Pere and it is a part of Ciutat Vella district. The quarter was built primarily in the late 19th and early 20th century, remains of the squared Roman Wall can be seen around Tapineria and Sots-Tinent Navarro to the north, Avinguda de la Catedral and Plaça Nova to the west and Carrer de la Palla to the south. El Call, the medieval Jewish quarter, is located within this area too, the Barri Gòtic retains a labyrinthine street plan, with many small streets opening out into squares. Most of the quarter is closed to traffic although open to service vehicles. Cathedral of Santa Eulàlia Basilica of La Mercè Church of Santa Maria del Pi Church of Sant Miquel Plaça Sant Jaume, including Casa de la Ciutat, further restoration of existing buildings and the creation of brand new Neo-gothic works continued as late as the 1960s. Hiking Center of Catalonia’s building, work by Lluís Domènech i Montaner carried out in 1922 on a building of uncertain origins to which he added Coronella windows, battlements, the Flamboyant-style bridge that crosses Bisbe street, newly constructed 1928 by Joan Rubió. Casa Padellàs, currently Barcelona City History Museum headquarters, moved from Mercaders street to Plaça del Rei in 1931, aguilar Palace, present-day Museu Picasso, restored by Adolf Florensa in 1959, who added galleries with arches and Coronella windows. Pignatelli Palace, present-day Royal Artistic Circle of Barcelona, restored in 1970 including the addition of various Gothic windows retrieved from municipal warehouses, the Gothic Quarter is one of two extremely popular pickpocketing hotspots in Barcelona, the other being La Rambla. It is a problem in both areas of the city. Tourists are advised to be wary when in these areas, l4 station Jaume I L3 stations Liceu and Drassanes El Gòtic on the Citys website Barri Gòtic at Tmb. cat
13.
South America
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South America is a continent located in the western hemisphere, mostly in the southern hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the northern hemisphere. It may also be considered a subcontinent of the Americas, which is the used in nations that speak Romance languages. The reference to South America instead of other regions has increased in the last decades due to changing geopolitical dynamics. It is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the north and east by the Atlantic Ocean, North America and it includes twelve sovereign states, a part of France, and a non-sovereign area. In addition to this, the ABC islands of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Trinidad and Tobago, South America has an area of 17,840,000 square kilometers. Its population as of 2005 has been estimated at more than 371,090,000, South America ranks fourth in area and fifth in population. Brazil is by far the most populous South American country, with more than half of the population, followed by Colombia, Argentina, Venezuela. In recent decades Brazil has also concentrated half of the regions GDP and has become a first regional power, most of the population lives near the continents western or eastern coasts while the interior and the far south are sparsely populated. Most of the continent lies in the tropics, the continents cultural and ethnic outlook has its origin with the interaction of indigenous peoples with European conquerors and immigrants and, more locally, with African slaves. Given a long history of colonialism, the majority of South Americans speak Portuguese or Spanish. South America occupies the portion of the Americas. The continent is delimited on the northwest by the Darién watershed along the Colombia–Panama border. Almost all of mainland South America sits on the South American Plate, South Americas major mineral resources are gold, silver, copper, iron ore, tin, and petroleum. These resources found in South America have brought high income to its countries especially in times of war or of rapid growth by industrialized countries elsewhere. However, the concentration in producing one major export commodity often has hindered the development of diversified economies and this is leading to efforts to diversify production to drive away from staying as economies dedicated to one major export. South America is one of the most biodiverse continents on earth, South America is home to many interesting and unique species of animals including the llama, anaconda, piranha, jaguar, vicuña, and tapir. The Amazon rainforests possess high biodiversity, containing a proportion of the Earths species. Brazil is the largest country in South America, encompassing around half of the land area
14.
Pakistanis
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Pakistanis are the people who are citizens of the modern Islamic Republic of Pakistan. As of 2011, the population of Pakistan was over 199 million making it the worlds sixth most-populous country. Pakistan has one of the worlds fastest growing populations, as the country is located in South Asia, Pakistani people are a mixture of various indigenous ethnic groups. The Punjabi people, the largest ethnic group in Pakistan, reside predominantly in Central, considerable population of Punjabis live in Karachi as well. The Baloch people inhabit the southwest of the country, the Kashmiri people are an important ethnic group of the Kashmir region in the north. The Chitrali people are indigenous people who live high in the mountains in the northwest. There are countless other ethnic groups make up part of Pakistanis mosaic such as the Bengalis, Burmese, Hazara, Tajik and Hakka. Pakistan has a culture, with all of the provinces maintaining differing social mores. However, Islam is the force behind the unity of varying ethnic groups from different parts of the country. Pakistani culture falls in the category of high context, Urdu, a major standard register of Hindustani, is Pakistans national language. Urdu was chosen as a token of unity and as a lingua franca so as not to any native Pakistani language preference over the other. It is mostly learned as a language, with nearly 93% of Pakistans population having a mother tongue other than Urdu. Urdu is spoken as a first, second or at times third tongue by almost all Pakistani people, english is spoken at an official level and in most elite circles, as a legacy of the long British Raj colonial rule in the region. Many Pakistanis worldwide speak the regional languages of Pakistan such as, Urdu, Saraiki, Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashto, Balochi. The largest religion practiced in Pakistan is Islam, other religious groups in Pakistan include Judaism, Sikhism, Zoroastrianism, Buddhism, Hinduism and Christianity. There are large populations of Pakistani ancestry around the world, due to emigration, the population of Pakistanis abroad is considered to exceed seven million and can be found in the Middle East, North America, Europe, Asia and Australia. The Pakistani diaspora in Europe and its impact on building in Pakistan. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, relevance of Education for Womens Empowerment in Punjab, Pakistan
15.
Filipinos
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Filipinos are the people who are identified with the country of the Philippines, either through descent or citizenship. Filipinos come from different ethnolinguistic nations, currently, there are more than 175 ethnolinguistic nations, each with its own language, identity, culture and history. The modern Filipino identity, with its Austronesian roots, was developed in conjunction with Spanish, Chinese, the Philippines was a Spanish colony for 333 years, setting a foundation for contemporary Filipino culture. Under Spanish rule, most of the Filipino populace embraced Roman Catholicism, almost all Filipinos adopted Spanish surnames from the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos published in 1849 by the Spanish colonial government. As neither past governments nor the modern Philippine Statistics Authority account for the background of an individual. The lack of the letter F in the pre-1987 Philippine alphabet, upon official adoption of the modern, 28-letter Filipino alphabet in 1987, the name Filipino was preferred over Pilipino. However the ABAKADA is only the Alphabet of the Tagalogs as other Ethnic Nations also have their own alphabet and/or writing script, use of the term Filipino in the Philippines started during the Spanish colonial period. The original meaning was a person of Spanish descent born in the Philippines and this original usage is now archaic and obsolete. Historian Ambeth Ocampo has suggested that the first documented use of the word to refer to Indios was the Spanish language poem A la juventud filipina, published in 1879 by José Rizal. A number of Filipinos refer to themselves colloquially as Pinoy, which is a word formed by taking the last four letters of Filipino. The term, although in popular usage, is considered by some Filipinos as a racial slur. Other collective endonyms for the Filipino people include, Patria Adorada as popularized by Jose Rizal through his poem Mi último adiós, in 2010, a metatarsal from Callao Man, discovered in 2007, was dated through uranium-series dating as being 67,000 years old. Prior to that, the earliest human remains found in the Philippines were thought to be the fragments of a skull and jawbone. Fox, an anthropologist from the National Museum, anthropologists who examined these remains agreed that they belonged to modern human beings. These include the Homo sapiens, as distinguished from the mid-Pleistocene Homo erectus species, the Tabon Man fossils are considered to have come from a third group of inhabitants, who worked the cave between 22,000 and 20,000 BCE. An earlier cave level lies so far below the level containing cooking fire assemblages that it must represent Upper Pleistocene dates like 45 or 50 thousand years ago, researchers say this indicates that the human remains were pre-Mongoloid, from about 40,000 years ago. Fluctuations in ancient shorelines between 150,000 BP and 17,000 BP connected the Malay Archipelago region with Maritime Southeast Asia and this may have enabled ancient migrations into the Philippines from Maritime Southeast Asia approximately 50,000 BP to 13,000 BP. A January 2009 study of language phylogenies by R. D and this was a two-pronged expansion, which moved north through the Philippines and into Taiwan, while a second expansion prong spread east along the New Guinea coast and into Oceania and Polynesia
16.
Eastern Europe
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Eastern Europe, also known as East Europe, is the eastern part of the European continent. There is no consensus on the area it covers, partly because the term has a wide range of geopolitical, geographical, cultural. There are almost as many definitions of Eastern Europe as there are scholars of the region, a related United Nations paper adds that every assessment of spatial identities is essentially a social and cultural construct. One definition describes Eastern Europe as an entity, the region lying in Europe with main characteristics consisting in Byzantine, Orthodox. Another definition was created during the Cold War and used more or less synonymously with the term Eastern Bloc, a similar definition names the formerly communist European states outside the Soviet Union as Eastern Europe. Historians and social scientists generally view such definitions as outdated or relegating, several definitions of Eastern Europe exist today, but they often lack precision or are extremely general. These definitions vary both across cultures and among experts, even scientists, recently becoming more and more imprecise. The Ural Mountains, Ural River, and the Caucasus Mountains are the land border of the eastern edge of Europe. Eurovoc, a multilingual thesaurus maintained by the Publications Office of the European Union, provides entries for 23 EU languages, of these, those in italics are classified as Eastern Europe in this source. Other official web-pages of the European Union classify some of the countries as strictly Central European. The East–West Schism is the break of communion and theology between what are now the Eastern and Western churches which began in the 11th century and lasts until this very day and it divided Christianity in Europe, and consequently the world, into Western Christianity and Eastern Christianity. Since the Great Schism of 1054, Europe has been divided between Roman Catholic and Protestant churches in the West, and the Eastern Orthodox Christian churches in the east, due to this religious cleavage, Eastern Orthodox countries are often associated with Eastern Europe. A cleavage of this sort is, however, often problematic, for example, Greece is overwhelmingly Orthodox, the fall of the Iron Curtain brought the end of the East–West division in Europe, but this geopolitical concept is sometimes still used for quick reference by the media. The Baltic states have seats in the Nordic Council as observer states and they also are members of the Nordic-Baltic Eight whereas Eastern European countries formed their own alliance called the Visegrád Group. Estonia Latvia Lithuania The Caucasus nations may be included in the definitions of Eastern Europe, the extent of their geographic or political affiliation with Europe varies by country and source. All three states are members of the European Unions Eastern Partnership program and the Euronest Parliamentary Assembly, on 12 January 2002, the European Parliament noted that Armenia and Georgia may enter the EU in the future. Georgia — in modern geography, Georgia has been classified as part of Eastern Europe. Under the European Union’s geographic criteria, Georgia is viewed as part of Eastern Europe and is the only Caucasus country to be actively seeking EU membership and it is a member of Council of Europe and Eurocontrol
17.
Romania
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Romania is a sovereign state located in Southeastern Europe. It borders the Black Sea, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Hungary, Serbia and it has an area of 238,391 square kilometres and a temperate-continental climate. With over 19 million inhabitants, the country is the member state of the European Union. Its capital and largest city, Bucharest, is the sixth-largest city in the EU, the River Danube, Europes second-longest river, rises in Germany and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km, coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romanias Danube Delta. The Carpathian Mountains, which cross Romania from the north to the southwest are marked by one of their tallest peaks, Moldoveanu, modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia. The new state, officially named Romania since 1866, gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877, at the end of World War I, Transylvania, Bukovina and Bessarabia united with the sovereign Kingdom of Romania. Romania lost several territories, of which Northern Transylvania was regained after the war, following the war, Romania became a socialist republic and member of the Warsaw Pact. After the 1989 Revolution, Romania began a transition back towards democracy and it has been a member of NATO since 2004, and part of the European Union since 2007. A strong majority of the population identify themselves as Eastern Orthodox Christians and are speakers of Romanian. The cultural history of Romania is often referred to when dealing with artists, musicians, inventors. For similar reasons, Romania has been the subject of notable tourist attractions, Romania derives from the Latin romanus, meaning citizen of Rome. The first known use of the appellation was attested in the 16th century by Italian humanists travelling in Transylvania, Moldavia, after the abolition of serfdom in 1746, the word rumân gradually fell out of use and the spelling stabilised to the form român. Tudor Vladimirescu, a leader of the early 19th century. The use of the name Romania to refer to the homeland of all Romanians—its modern-day meaning—was first documented in the early 19th century. The name has been officially in use since 11 December 1861, in English, the name of the country was formerly spelt Rumania or Roumania. Romania became the predominant spelling around 1975, Romania is also the official English-language spelling used by the Romanian government. The Neolithic-Age Cucuteni area in northeastern Romania was the region of the earliest European civilization. Evidence from this and other sites indicates that the Cucuteni-Trypillian culture extracted salt from salt-laden spring water through the process of briquetage
18.
Carrer de Pelai, Barcelona
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Carrer de Pelai is a major shopping street in Barcelona, one of the busiest in the city at daytime. It is named after King Pelagius of Asturias, the current Catalan-language name was approved in 1980 by the city council, though it also bore that same name before 1900. Barcelona Metro stations Catalunya and Universitat, List of streets and squares in Eixample List of streets and squares in Ciutat Vella Avinguda de la Llum Pictures at Pueblos-espana. org
19.
Maritime Museum of Barcelona
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The Barcelona Royal Shipyard is a shipyard and former military building of Gothic architecture placed at the Port Vell area of the Port of Barcelona. Nowadays it houses the Barcelona Maritime Museum, Construction started during the 13th century under the rule of Peter III of Aragon. During excavations in 2012 it was discovered that in the late 16th century a new building was constructed on top of the old medieval dockyard and this excavations also uncovered a Roman graveyard. The shipyards restoration was finished in early 2013, the Museum was reopened in 2014. 13th century, This period of construction started with the War of the Sicilian Vespers, in 1285, Peter III of Aragon ordered the construction of the shipyard, a rectangular fortification with no roof consisting of fortified walls and four towers, of which two still exist. The shipyard opened to the east, 14th century, This expansion comprises the period from 1328 to 1390. The city walls where expanded and included the shipyard inside the fortified city, a roof was added to prevent the degradation of the galleys stored during winter. 15th century, Construction started in 1390 and lasted until 1415, a new area, “Porxo Nou”, was added to the building. This part of the shipyard is also known as “Pere IV”, the area was meant to be a royal palace, but the idea was finally discarded. Excavation shows that only the foundations for the palace were built, 16th century, The medieval building was replaced by a new dockyard a few meters inland. The construction of the new dockyards and the inland was caused by the construction of the citys port during the 15th century. The new port had changed the currents and moved the shore inland, 17th century, In 1612, the Catalan government decided to add three naves to the building. Following the Catalan Revolt the Spanish government further amplified the shipyard both as an arsenal and a barracks, 18th century, In 1725, Two more barracks were constructed, one for cavalry and one for infantry. These barracks where torn down in 1935, the last major update came between 1742 and 1749, when the roofs of the two central naves were converted into a single nave, known as “Nau Central”. From the beginning the aim of the shipyard was to build the galleys for the Aragonese Armada, the shipyard was also a naval arsenal, which was used to store galleys and all the rigging and apparatus needed. The arsenal also produced a great deal of material, both sales and cordages for the ships and arms for the men, naval arsenals of the time, normally, had to produce and store food also. After the 1381 renovation, the building had eight naves,8. 4m high and 8. 4m wide, the naves were, approximately, 60m long, consisting of 17 columns 77 cm wide and 6 m high. Thanks to a record of the time we know that four new storage areas were built
20.
La Boqueria
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The market has a very diverse selection of goods. Barcelona Bus - Lines 14,59 and 91, the first mention of the Boqueria market in Barcelona dates from 1217, when tables were installed near the old city gate to sell meat. From December 1470 onwards, a pig market was held at this site, later, until 1794, it was known simply as Mercat de la Palla, or straw market. In the beginning, the market was not enclosed and had no status, being regarded simply as an extension of the Plaça Nova market. The current name is believed to derive from the Catalan boc, meaning goat, later, the authorities decided to construct a separate market on La Rambla, housing mainly fishmongers and butchers. It was not until 1826 that the market was legally recognized, construction began on March 19,1840 under the direction of the architect Mas Vilà. The market officially opened in the year, but the plans for the building were modified many times. The inauguration of the structure took place in 1853. A new fish market opened in 1911, and the roof that still exists today was constructed in 1914. List of Markets in Barcelona Mercat de la Boqueria Boqueria Market Tours Food and Culinary tours in the La Boqueria Market
21.
Drassanes (Barcelona Metro)
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Drassanes is a Barcelona Metro station located underneath Portal de la Santa Madrona, just off La Rambla in the Ciutat Vella district of Barcelona. It is named after the nearby Drassanes Reials de Barcelona, the old shipyards that are now the home of the Museu Marítim de Barcelona. It is the closest station to the Port of Barcelona and one of the networks closest stations to the sea, the station was opened on 14 December 1968 as a prolongation on the line from Liceu once Fernando metro station was closed. Originally known as Atarazanas, it changed its name to Drassanes in 1982, due to its proximity to the sea and low level, the station has suffered from flooding in the past. It was completely rebuilt in 2007 to make it accessible by modernizing the platforms. Because of its proximity to sea level, the station is located close to the surface and has only a single level, containing two tracks served by two 90 metres long side platforms. The platforms are linked by a passage under the tracks, but each has its own access to the street. com History
22.
Barcelona Metro line 3
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This V-shaped line is the result of the junction of two related lines, the original L3 and L3B, in 1982. The central section of L3 has the citys oldest metro stations, built in the mid-1920s, all of L3 stations are underground. Its termini as of 2008 are Zona Universitària, which serves the University of Barcelona campus located in the western end Avinguda Diagonal in the Les Corts district, and Trinitat Nova in Nou Barris. There are plans for it to be extended from Trinitat Nova to Trinitat Vella, for connection with Line 1, and possibly south of Zona Universitària. It was operated by now defunct Compañía del Gran Metro de Barcelona, a section of the original L3 disappeared as plans to extend it in that direction would have required too much effort and the construction of L4 provided coverage for the line. These former stations of L3 remain unused,1926 - Passeig de Gràcia-Jaume I section opened. 1934 - Jaume I-Correos section opened,1972 - Passeig de Gràcia-Correos section closed. 1975 - Paral·lel-Zona Universitària section opened,1982 - L3B integrated into L3. 2008 - Canyelles-Trinitat Nova section opened, station or line names shown in italics are under construction
23.
Liceu (Barcelona Metro)
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Liceu is a Barcelona Metro station situated under the La Rambla between Gran Teatre del Liceu and Mercat de la Boqueria in the Barri Gòtic, part of Barcelonas district of Ciutat Vella. It is served by TMB-operated Barcelona Metro line L3, the station consists of a single level, on which there are two tracks served by two side platforms. The station has two pairs of street entrances, with one pair at the Teatre del Liceu end of the station and the other at the Mercat end. Each entrance in a pair leads only to one of the two platforms, and there is no connection between the two platforms without exiting the station and returning to street level. The station was opened on 15 July 1925 as the terminus of the Gran Metropolitano de Barcelona from Lesseps station. At first it just had entrances at the Teatre del Liceu end of the station, in 1946, the line was extended a short distance south to Fernando station, which closed when the line was further extended to Drassanes station in 1968. The station was rebuilt between 2007 and 2008 to make it more accessible. Liceu is the first station of Barcelona Metro network with a themed decoration, the walls are illuminated and decorated with pictures of leaves of the London Plane trees that can be found on La Rambla. There is also a mural made by the Escola Massana in the stations southern vestibule
24.
Barcelona Metro line 2
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Line 2 is a metro line in Barcelona operated by TMB, coloured purple and sometimes called línia lila. It is part of the citys ATM fare-integrated transport network, as of 2013, its termini are Paral·lel, in the Sants-Montjuïc district, and Badalona Pompeu Fabra, in Badalona. Plans are underway for an extension to Poble-Sec and Montjuïc. Line 2s architecture bears resemblance to lines, with its characteristic simplicity. However, the stations enjoy noticeably better lighting and do some more modern architectural principles. Portions of Line 2 commenced in the 1950s as line II, now part of Line 5, the current L2 was planned in preparation for the 1992 Summer Olympics, to be held on the then-underserved Montjuïc. Delays, however, resulted in an opening dates in 1995, L2 is the third-newest Metro line in the network, after L11 and the combined L9/L10. All of its stations are underground, the formation of the modern L2 first began in 1968, when construction commenced to extend the original line II from Sagrada Família station to Poble Sec station, with expected completion in 1971. However, poor planning resulted in significant difficulties in the tunnels construction, in 1970, it was decided to redirect the original Line II westward and rename it L5, concurrently abandoning the construction of Line IIs Gaudí station near the present-day Sagrada Família station. Construction of the tunnel from Sagrada Família station to Sant Antoni halted in 1973, the project was restarted in 1991, which included reconstructing and remodeling stations and tunnels. The reconstruction was completed in 1995, and the following year L2 was extended to Paral·lel station, Line 2 is expected to reach El Prat Airport, in coordination with Line 9s completed extension in 2014. These projects will be El Prats first connection to the Metro system, L2 and L9 will share the same route from Terminal entre pistes to Parc Logístic, at which point they will diverge. L9 will then continue to the north toward Zona Universitària station,1995 - Sant Antoni-Sagrada Família section opens. 1996 - Sant Antoni-Paral·lel section opens,1997 - Sagrada Família-La Pau section opens. 2002 - La Pau-Pep Ventura section moved from L4 to L2,2010 - Pep Ventura-Badalona Pompeu Fabra section opens. Station and line names shown in italics are planned or under construction additions
25.
Sant Antoni (Barcelona Metro)
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Sant Antoni is a station on line 2 of the Barcelona Metro, opened in 1995. It is located in the Sants-Montjuïc district, under the Ronda de Sant Antoni, the station has tracks on either side of an island platform, with a ticket hall at either end of the station. There are a total of three entrances, two to the south, on c/ Sant Antoni Abat and c/Comte dUrgell, and one to the north, Sant Antoni is widely accepted to be the inspiration to the Wachowski brothers for the Mobil Avenue Train Station program in Matrix Revolutions. The station in the film is a program created to transfer programs from the world into the Matrix. Media related to Sant Antoni metro station at Wikimedia Commons Sant Antoni - Trenscat. cat
26.
Jean Genet
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Jean Genet was a French novelist, playwright, poet, essayist, and political activist. Early in his life he was a vagabond and petty criminal and his major works include the novels Querelle of Brest, The Thiefs Journal, and Our Lady of the Flowers, and the plays The Balcony, The Blacks, The Maids and The Screens. Genets mother was a governess or maid who raised him for the first seven months of his life before putting him up for adoption, thereafter Genet was raised in the provincial town of Alligny-en-Morvan, in the Nièvre department of central France. His foster family was headed by a carpenter and, according to Edmund Whites biography, was loving, while he received excellent grades in school, his childhood involved a series of attempts at running away and incidents of petty theft. After the death of his mother, Genet was placed with an elderly couple. According to the wife, he was going out nights and also seemed to be wearing makeup, on one occasion he squandered a considerable sum of money, which they had entrusted him for delivery elsewhere, on a visit to a local fair. For this and other misdemeanors, including repeated acts of vagrancy, in The Miracle of the Rose, he gives an account of this period of detention, which ended at the age of 18 when he joined the Foreign Legion. He was eventually given a discharge on grounds of indecency and spent a period as a vagabond, petty thief. After returning to Paris, France in 1937, Genet was in and out of prison through a series of arrests for theft, use of papers, vagabondage, lewd acts. In prison, Genet wrote his first poem, Le condamné à mort, which he had printed at his own cost, in Paris, Genet sought out and introduced himself to Jean Cocteau, who was impressed by his writing. Genet would never return to prison, by 1949, Genet had completed five novels, three plays, and numerous poems, many controversial for their explicit and often deliberately provocative portrayal of homosexuality and criminality. Sartre wrote an analysis of Genets existential development, entitled Saint Genet. Genet was strongly affected by Sartres analysis and did not write for the five years. During this time, Genet became emotionally attached to Abdallah Bentaga, however, following a number of accidents and his suicide in 1964, Genet entered a period of depression, and even attempted suicide himself. From the late 1960s, starting with an homage to Daniel Cohn-Bendit after the events of May 1968 and he participated in demonstrations drawing attention to the living conditions of immigrants in France. In 1970, the Black Panthers invited him to the USA, later the same year he spent six months in Palestinian refugee camps, secretly meeting Yasser Arafat near Amman. Profoundly moved by his experiences in the USA and Jordan, Genet wrote a lengthy memoir about his experiences, Prisoner of Love. Genet also supported Angela Davis and George Jackson, as well as Michel Foucault, Genet expresses his solidarity with the Red Army Faction of Andreas Baader and Ulrike Meinhof, in the article Violence et brutalité, published in Le Monde,1977
27.
The Thief's Journal
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The Thiefs Journal is perhaps Jean Genets most famous work. Spain, Italy, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Nazi Germany, everywhere is the same, bars, dives, flop-houses, robbery, prison and expulsion. The novel is structured around a series of love affairs. A common theme is the inversion of ideals, betrayal is the form of devotion, petty delinquency is brazen heroism. Under the inspiration of Being and Nothingness, this work is affirmed to be the pursuit of the nothingness and it was dedicated to Jean-Paul Sartre and Castor. Sartre wrote his essay Saint Genet, influenced by this work, Genet appropriates Christian language and concepts to pursue an alternative form of sainthood with its own trinity of virtues - homosexuality, theft, and betrayal. Each burglary is set up as ritual, and the narrator describes his self-preparation for his crimes like that of a monk in a vigil of prayer. He establishes a constructed reader, a personification of the bourgeois values of the late 1940s. The novel is a voyage of self-discovery, transcending moral laws, it is the expression of perverted vice
28.
Joan Colom
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Joan Colom i Altemir is a Catalan photographer renowned for his portraits of Barcelonas underworld and working class, especially in the infamous neighbourhood of Raval. Colom was a photographer, and produced his best-known pictures while working during the week as an accountant. In 1957 he became a member of the Agrupació Fotogràfica de Catalunya, in 2011 the Museu Nacional dArt de Catalunya was granted by the artist part of his photographic material. El País article Joan Colom Altemir at Fotografia a Catalunya
29.
Eduardo Mendoza Garriga
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Eduardo Mendoza Garriga is a Spanish novelist. He maintained a relationship with novelists Juan Benet and Juan García Hortelano. In 1975 he published his very successful first novel, La verdad sobre el caso Savolta, the novel is considered a precursor to the social change in the Spanish post-Franco society and the first novel of the transition to democracy. He describes the union fights from the beginning of the 20th century, showing the social, cultural, a year later he was awarded the Critic Prize. His most acclaimed novel is probably La ciudad de los prodigios, about the social and it was adapted to the screen by Mario Camus in 1999. In 1996, he published his third major Barcelona novel, this set in the 1940s. Also within Mendozas work stands the saga of the mad detective, a peculiar character, the first of these novels, El misterio de la cripta embrujada is a parody with hilarious moments mixing detective stories with gothic narrative. In the second novel of the saga, El laberinto de las aceitunas he confirms his talent as parodist, the novel is one of his most successful works. The third novel of the saga, La aventura del tocador de señoras, the 5th novel will be released in October 2015 under the name of El secreto de la modelo extraviada. The newspaper El País published two of his novels by instalments, Sin noticias de Gurb and El último trayecto de Horacio Dos, in 1990, his work in Catalan Restauració made its debut. He later translated it into Spanish himself, in October 2010, he won the literary prize Premio Planeta for his novel Riña de gatos. In December 2013, he won the European Book Prize for Riña de gatos, in June 2015, he won the Franz Kafka Prize. And in 2016 he won Premio Cervantes
30.
Terenci Moix
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Terenci Moix was a Spanish writer, who wrote in Spanish, and in Catalan. He is also the brother of poet/novelist Ana Maria Moix and his first work, La torre de los vicios capitals, was published in 1968. Many of his early works criticised the values of his time, in 1990, he wrote and published a childrens book called, Los Grandes Mitos del Cine, which is illustrated by Willi Glasauer, and published by Círculo de Lectores. Other works explored camp aesthetics, an element of his work studied by Timothy M. McGovern and he wrote in several newspapers, Tele-Exprés, Tele-Estel, El Correo Catalán, Destino, Nuevos Fotogramas, Serra dOr, and El País. He was openly homosexual, and participated many TV gatherings and he died of lung emphysema, which is related to his use of tobacco
31.
Maruja Torres
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Maria Dolors Torres Manzanera known as Maruja Torres is a Spanish writer and journalist. Her parents were from Murcia and she was born in the El Raval neighbourhood and her start as a journalist was thanks to Carmen Kurtz when she was 21 years old. Torres has worked for publications and her opinions about the Peoples Party. Translated as Desperately Seeking Julio Ceguera de amor Amor América, un viaje sentimental por América Latina Como una gota La garrapata Un calor tan cercano Mujer en guerra
32.
The Savage Detectives
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The Savage Detectives is an award-winning novel published by the Chilean author Roberto Bolaño in 1998. Natasha Wimmers English translation was published by Farrar, Straus and Giroux in 2007, the novel tells the story of the search for a 1920s Mexican poet, Cesárea Tinajero, by two 1970s poets, the Chilean Arturo Belano and the Mexican Ulises Lima. The novel is narrated in first person by several narrators and divided into three parts, the first section, Mexicans Lost in Mexico, set in late 1975, is told by 17-year-old aspiring poet, Juan García Madero. It centers on his admittance to a gang of poets who refer to themselves as the Visceral Realists. He drops out of university and travels around Mexico City, becoming involved with the adherents of Visceral Realism. The books second section, The Savage Detectives, comprises nearly two-thirds of the total length. The section is a narrative which features more than forty narrators and spans twenty years. We learn that the two spent some years in Europe, frequenting bars and camp sites, and generally living a bohemian lifestyle. Lima, the more introverted of the two, serves a sentence in an Israeli prison, while Belano challenges a literary critic to an absurd sword fight on a Spanish beach. 2666, Bolaños final, posthumous novel has many points in common with The Savage Detectives, both conclude in the fictional city of Santa Teresa, in the Mexican state of Sonora, which acts as a stand-in for Ciudad Juárez. In the second part of The Savage Detectives, an author named Arcimboldi is mentioned, in 2666 he will become the central character Benno von Archimboldi. In a dialogue about Cesárea Tinajero, the year 2600 is referred to as the year of misfortunes, late in the novel there is a section where, Cesárea said something about days to come. And the teacher, to change the subject, asked her what times she meant, and Cesárea named a date, sometime around the year 2600. Two thousand six hundred and something, Ive done it all, Ive lived it all. If I had the strength, Id cry, I bid you all goodbye, Arturo Belano. Review of The Savage Detectives at The New Yorker Review of The Savage Detectives at The New York Times Book Review
33.
The Shadow of the Wind
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The Shadow of the Wind is a 2001 novel by Spanish writer Carlos Ruiz Zafón and a worldwide bestseller. It was published in the United States by Penguin Books and in Great Britain by Weidenfeld & Nicolson and Orion Books and it is believed to have sold 15 million copies worldwide, making it one of the best-selling books of all time. Ruiz Zafóns follow-up, The Angels Game, is a prequel to The Shadow of the Wind and it was published in Spanish in April 2008 by Planeta and then acquired by Weidenfeld & Nicolson, Lucia Graves published a hardback English edition in June 2009. The Angels Game is set in Barcelona during the 1920s and 1930s, the novel, set in Barcelona in the period following the Spanish Civil War, concerns a young boy, Daniel Sempere. Just after the war, Daniels father takes him to the secret Cemetery of Forgotten Books, according to tradition, everyone initiated to this secret place is allowed to take one book from it and must protect it for life. Daniel selects a book called The Shadow of the Wind by Julián Carax and that morning he takes the book home and reads it, completely engrossed. Daniel then attempts to look for books by this unknown author. The novel is actually a story within a story, the boy, Daniel Sempere, in his quest to discover Julians other works, becomes involved in tracing the entire history of Carax. Daniel discovers, from the note Nuria Monfort left for him, the worst thing he learns is that after Julian left, Penelopes parents imprisoned her because they were ashamed of her committing incest with him and she was pregnant with his child. Penelope gave birth to a son named David Aldaya, who was stillborn, Penelope died in childbirth, due to her parents ignoring her cries for help, and her body was placed in the family crypt along with her childs. When returning to the Aldaya Mansion, Julian is enraged and embittered by the news of his loves death along with their childs and he hates every wasted second of his life without Penelope and hates his books all the more. He begins to burn all of his novels and calls himself Lain Coubert, after finishing reading the book, Daniel marries Beatriz Bea Aguilar, whom he has loved for a long time, in 1956. Soon after, Bea gives birth to a son, Daniel names his son Julian Sempere, in honor of Julian Carax. In 1966, Daniel takes Julian to the Cemetery of Forgotten Books, Daniel Sempere – The main character of the story. After reading the book, Daniel becomes obsessed with its elusive author, what he doesnt realize is that theres more to the story than he could ever dream. In the climax, he marries Beatriz and has a son Julian, Tomás Aguilar – Best friend of Daniel Sempere. Tough and strong, very protective of his sister Bea, fermín Romero de Torres – Sidekick, friend, and mentor of Daniel Sempere. After some hard times and several years on the streets, he is assisted by Daniel and Daniels father, who give him an apartment, Beatriz Aguilar – Love interest of Daniel Sempere and sister of Tomás
