Elaine massacre
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The Elaine massacre occurred on September 30 – October 2, 1919, at Hoop Spur in the vicinity of Elaine in rural Phillips County, Arkansas, where African Americans were organizing against peonage and a
Headline in the Arkansas Gazette, October 3, 1919
Le Petit Journal 7 Oct 1906
Walter White (activist)
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Walter Francis White was an American civil rights activist who led the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People for a quarter of a century, from 1929 until 1955. He directed a broad
Elaine massacre
…men were acquitted. Estimates of deaths made in the immediate aftermath of the Elaine Massacre by eyewitnesses range from 50 to "more than a hundred". Walter Francis White, an NAACP attorney who visited Elaine shortly after the incident, stated "... twenty-five Negroes killed, although some place the Negro fatalities as…
White photographed by Clara Sipprell, c. 1950
White in 1918
Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith, lynched in Marion on August 7, 1930
The NAACP flag exhibited by the Library of Congress