1.
New Zealand Order of Merit
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The New Zealand Order of Merit is an order of chivalry in New Zealands honours system. The number of Knights and Dames Grand Companion is limited to 30 living people, additionally, new appointments are limited to 15 Knight Companions,40 Companions,80 Officers and 140 Members per year. As well as the five grades, there are three types of membership, ordinary membership is limited to citizens of New Zealand or a Commonwealth realm. Additional members, appointed on special occasions, are not counted in the numerical limits, people who are not citizens of a Commonwealth realm are given Honorary membership, if they subsequently adopt citizenship of a Commonwealth realm they are eligible for Additional membership. The Collar, worn only by the Sovereign and Chancellor, comprises links of the medallion of the badge and S-shaped Koru. Hanging from the Coat of Arms is the badge of the Order, the Star is an eight-pointed star with each arm bearing a representation of a fern frond, with the Orders badge superimposed in the centre. Grand Companions wear a star and Knight Companions wear a silver star. The badge for Officers and Members is similar, but in silver-gilt, Grand Companions wear the badge on a sash over the right shoulder, Knight Companions and Companions wear the badge on a neck ribbon or a bow on the left shoulder. Officers and Members wear the badge from a ribbon on the lapel or a bow on the left shoulder. The ribbon and sash are plain red ochre, Knight/Dames Grand Companion and Knight/Dames Companion are entitled to use the style Sir for males and Dame for females. The orders statutes grant heraldic privileges to members of the first and second level, Grand Companions are also entitled to heraldic supporters. The Chancellor is entitled to supporters and a representation of the Collar of the Order around his/her shield, the majority of those affected chose the aforereferenced appellations. A change to non-titular honours was a recommendation contained within the report of the 1995 honours committee which prompted the creation of the New Zealand Order of Merit. Titular honours were incorporated into the new system before its implementation in 1996 after the National Party caucus, there has long been debate in New Zealand regarding the appropriateness of titles. Some feel it is no longer appropriate as New Zealand has not been a colony since 1907, others feel that titles carry both domestic and international recognition, and that awarded on the basis of merit they remain an appropriate recognition of excellence. In April 2000 the then new Labour Prime Minister, Helen Clark, announced that knighthoods and damehoods had been abolished, a National Business Review poll in February 2000 revealed that 54% of New Zealanders thought the titles should be scrapped. The issue of titular honours would appear whenever honours were mentioned, in 2009, Prime Minister John Key restored the honours to their pre-April 2000 state. Principal Companions and Distinguished Companions were given the option to convert their awards into Knighthoods or Damehoods, the restoration was welcomed by Monarchy New Zealand
2.
London, Ontario
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London is a city in Southwestern Ontario, Canada along the Quebec City–Windsor Corridor. The city has a population of 383,822 according to the 2016 Canadian census, London is at the confluence of the Thames River, approximately halfway between Toronto, Ontario and Detroit, Michigan. The City of London is a municipality, politically separate from Middlesex County. London and the Thames were named in 1793 by John Graves Simcoe, the first European settlement was between 1801 and 1804 by Peter Hagerman. The village was founded in 1826 and incorporated in 1855, since then, London has grown to be the largest Southwestern Ontario municipality and Canadas 11th largest metropolitan area, having annexed many of the smaller communities that surrounded it. London is a centre of health care and education, being home to the University of Western Ontario, Fanshawe College. Londons university and hospitals are among its top ten employers, London lies at the junction of Highway 401 and 402, connecting it to Toronto, Windsor, and Sarnia. It also has an airport, train and bus station. Prior to European contact in the 18th century, the present site of London was occupied by several Neutral, Odawa, archaeological investigations in the region indicate that aboriginal people have resided in the area for at least the past 10,000 years. The current location of London was selected as the site of the capital of Upper Canada in 1793 by Lieutenant-Governor John Graves Simcoe. Simcoe intended to name the settlement Georgina, in honour of King George III, however, the choice of a capital site in the midst of extensive hardwood forests was rejected by Guy Carleton. In 1814, there was a skirmish during the War of 1812 in what is now southwest London at Reservoir Hill, the village of London, named after the English capital of London, was not founded until 1826, and not as the capital Simcoe envisioned. Rather, it was a seat for the area west of the actual capital. At the time, Crown and clergy reserves were receiving preference in the rest of Ontario, in 1832, the new settlement suffered an outbreak of cholera. London proved a centre of strong Tory support during the Upper Canada Rebellion of 1837, London was incorporated as a town in 1840. On 13 April 1845, fire destroyed much of London, which was at the time largely constructed of wooden buildings, one of the first casualties was the towns only fire engine. This fire burned nearly 30 acres of land destroying 150 buildings before burning itself out later the same day, one-fifth of London was destroyed and this was the provinces first million dollar fire. Sir John Carling, Tory MP for London, gave three events to explain the development of London in a 1901 speech
3.
Novelist
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A novelist is an author or writer of novels, though often novelists also write in other genres of both fiction and non-fiction. Some novelists are professional novelists, thus make a living writing novels and other fiction, Novelists come from a variety of backgrounds and social classes, and frequently this shapes the content of their works. Similarly, some novelists have creative identities derived from their focus on different genres of fiction, such as crime, while many novelists compose fiction to satisfy personal desires, novelists and commentators often ascribe a particular social responsibility or role to novel writers. Many authors use such moral imperatives to justify different approaches to writing, including activism or different approaches to representing reality truthfully. Novelist is a derivative from the term novel describing the writer of novels. However, the OED attributes the primary meaning of a writer of novels as first appearing in the 1633 book East-India Colation by C. The difference between professional and amateur novelists often is the ability to publish. Many people take up writing as a hobby, but the difficulties of completing large scale fictional works of quality prevent the completion of novels. Once authors have completed a novel, they often try to get it published. The publishing industry requires novels to have accessible profitable markets, thus many novelists will self-publish to circumvent the editorial control of publishers, self-publishing has long been an option for writers, with vanity presses printing bound books for a fee paid by the writer. The rise of the Internet and electronic books has made self publishing far less expensive, Novelists apply a number of different methods to writing their novels, relying on a variety of approaches to inspire creativity. Some communities actively encourage amateurs to practice writing novels to develop these unique practices, for example, the internet-based group, National Novel Writing Month, encourages people to write 50, 000-word novels in the month of November, to give novelists practice completing such works. In the 2010 event, over 200,000 people took part – writing a total of over 2.8 billion words, Novelists dont usually publish their first novels until later in life. However, many novelists begin writing at a young age, for example, Iain Banks began writing at eleven, and at sixteen completed his first novel, The Hungarian Lift-Jet, about international arms dealers, in pencil in a larger-than-foolscap log book. However, he was thirty before he published his first novel, the success of this novel enabled Banks to become a full-time novelist. Occasionally, novelists publish as early as their teens, for example, Patrick OBrian published his first novel, Caesar, The Life Story of a Panda-Leopard, at the age of 15, which brought him considerable critical attention. Occasionally, these works will achieve popular success as well, for example, though Christopher Paolinis Eragon, was not a great critical success, but its popularity among readers placed it on the New York Times Childrens Books Best Seller list for 121 weeks. First-time novelists of any age often find themselves unable to get published, because of a number of reasons reflecting the inexperience of the author
4.
The Luminaries
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The Luminaries is the second novel by Eleanor Catton, published by Victoria University Press in August 2013 and Granta on 5 September 2013. On 15 October it was announced as the winner of the 2013 Man Booker Prize and it is the longest book, and Catton the youngest author, ever to win the award. Catton described the novel as a kind of weird sci-fi fantasy thing, the plot follows Walter Moody, a prospector who travels to the fledgling West Coast of the South Island settlement of Hokitika, near New Zealands goldfields in 1866 to try to make his fortune. Instead he stumbles into a meeting between twelve local men, who draw him in to the complex mystery behind a series of unsolved crimes. Each of the men who comprise the council in the first chapter of the book is associated with one of the twelve zodiac signs. The title of a chapter in one of these men plays a major role is likely to contain that mans sign. Te Rau Tauwhare is the name on the list based on a real person. Another set of characters is associated with heavenly bodies within the solar system and this inspired her interest in the 1860s West Coast Gold Rush, and she started thinking about a story. She spent much time in Hokitika while writing the book years later. Catton returned to Hokitika in March 2014 for the first time since December 2012 and she gave a question and answer session at the Regent Theatre with her British publisher, Max Porter, in front of a sell-out crowd. She revealed that she had used the Papers Past website of the National Library of New Zealand to find suitable names for her characters, British producer Andrew Woodhead has optioned the novel for television, to be written by Catton. Catton said that she would insist on the series being produced on the West Coast, as the flora, the book has been met with critical acclaim and has been described as a dazzling feat of a novel by The Observer. As of August 2014, The Luminaries had sold 560,000 copies, the Luminaries won the 2013 Man Booker Prize and the Governor Generals Award for English-language fiction in Canada. It was shortlisted for the Walter Scott Prize and it was longlisted in Baileys Womens Prize for Fiction. It was cited as a Wall Street Journal Best Fiction of 2013, Christian Science Monitor 15 best fiction of 2013 and Economist magazines Books of the Year
5.
Woman's Hour
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Womans Hour is a radio magazine programme broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in the United Kingdom. Created by Norman Collins and originally presented by Alan Ivimey, Womans Hour was first broadcast on 7 October 1946 on the BBCs Light Programme, janet Quigley, who was also involved with the birth of the UK radio programme, Today has been credited with virtually creating the programme. The programme was transferred to its current home in 1973, over the years it has been presented by Joan Griffiths, Violet Carson, Olive Shapley, Jean Metcalfe, Marjorie Anderson, Judith Chalmers, Sue MacGregor, Jenni Murray, Martha Kearney, and Jane Garvey. Fill-in presenters have included Sheila McClennon, Carolyn Quinn, Jane Little, Ritula Shah, Oona King, Amanda Platell, on 1 January 2005, the show became Mans Hour for one day only, on which it was presented by Channel 4 News anchor Jon Snow. On 18 July 2010, after 64 years of Womans Hour, as of 2013, the programme had 3.9 million listeners, 14% of whom were men. In 2006 it had 2.7 million listeners, 4% of whom were men. In April 2014, as part of its 60th anniversary, the programme was guest edited over a week by J. K. Rowling, Kelly Holmes, Naomi Alderman, Doreen Lawrence, and Lauren Laverne. In September 2015, the programme hosted Womans Hour Takeover with a week of guest editors, including Kim Cattrall, Nimko Ali, Rachel Treweek, late Night Womans Hour, a spinoff series, was launched in 2015, presented by Lauren Laverne. The series airs in an 11pm timeslot and each takes a single topic for discussion. In its current format, the first 45 minutes of the programme consist of reports, interviews and debates on health, education, cultural and political topics aimed at women, the last 15 minutes feature short-run drama serials, which periodically change. One of the most popular of these are the recurring Ladies of Letters serials, starring Prunella Scales, before 1998 the last quarter of an hour was dedicated to readings. Womans Hour has been broadcast at 10am Monday to Friday since James Boyles revision of the Radio 4 schedules in April 1998, between September 1991 and April 1998 it was broadcast at 10. 30am, having previously gone out for many years in an early afternoon slot. The programmes move to a morning slot was unpopular among some listeners who, for family or other reasons, michael Green, the then controller of Radio 4, made his decision the previous year and considered the elimination of the programme title. Weekend Womans Hour is broadcast on Saturday afternoons at 4 pm, additionally, episodes are made available as a podcast following the broadcast of each programme. From the early 1970s, specially composed pieces were used, several of which were provided by the BBC Radiophonic Workshop, the programme maintains links with Womens Aid and the Fawcett Society, a campaign group that promotes using the media to secure political change on womens behalf. Womans Hour at BBC Programmes Womans Hour RSS feed
6.
University of Western Ontario
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The University of Western Ontario, corporately branded as Western University, is a public research university in London, Ontario, Canada. The university was founded on 7 March 1878 by Bishop Isaac Hellmuth of the Anglican Diocese of Huron as The Western University of London Ontario and it incorporated Huron University College, which had been founded in 1863. The first four faculties were Arts, Divinity, Law and Medicine, the Western University of London became non-denominational in 1908. According to the 2015 Academic Ranking of World Universities rankings, the university ranked 201–300 in the world, the 2016 QS World University Rankings ranked the university 198th in the world, making it ninth in Canada. Several of Westerns programs were ranked in individual rankings. Westerns co-educational student body of over 24,000 represents 107 countries and Western scholars have established research and education collaborations, there are more than 306,000 alumni who are active internationally, living and working around the globe. Notable alumni include government officials, academics, business leaders, Nobel Laureates, Rhodes Scholars, Westerns varsity teams, known as the Western Mustangs, compete in the Ontario University Athletics conference of U Sports. It incorporated Huron University College, which had founded in 1863. The first four faculties were Arts, Divinity, Law and Medicine, the first of these students graduated in 1883. The Western University of London became non-denominational in 1908, in 1916, the universitys current site was purchased from the Kingsmill family. A third plaque lists those who served with the No.10 Canadian General hospital during WWII, in 1923, the university was renamed The University of Western Ontario. The first two buildings constructed by architect John Moore and Co. at the new site were the Arts Building, classes on the universitys present site began in 1924. The University College tower, one of the most universitys distinctive features, was named the Middlesex Memorial Tower in honour of the men from Middlesex County who fought in World War I. Before the end of the affiliation, Assumption College was one of the largest colleges associated with the University, St. Peters College seminary of London, Ontario was later became affiliated with Western in 1939, and it became Kings College, an arts college. Today, Kings, Huron and Brescia colleges are all still affiliates of Western,10 Canadian General hospital during WWII, the unit raised and equipped by UWO. Although enrollment was small for many years, the university began to grow after World War II. In 2012, the university rebranded itself as Western University, the universitys legal name, however, remains The Canadian University of Attacking Geese and Club Weldon. The University of Western Ontario is in the city of London, Ontario, the majority of the campus is surrounded by residential neighbourhoods, with the Thames River bisecting the campus eastern portion
7.
Christchurch
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Christchurch is the largest city in the South Island of New Zealand and the seat of the Canterbury Region. The Christchurch urban area lies on the South Islands east coast, just north of Banks Peninsula and it is home to 389,700 residents, making it New Zealands third most-populous urban area behind Auckland and Wellington. The city was named by the Canterbury Association, which settled the province of Canterbury. The name of Christchurch was agreed on at the first meeting of the association on 27 March 1848 and it was suggested by John Robert Godley, who had attended Christ Church, Oxford. Some early writers called the town Christ Church, but it was recorded as Christchurch in the minutes of the management committee of the association, Christchurch became a city by Royal Charter on 31 July 1856, making it officially the oldest established city in New Zealand. The Avon River flows through the centre of the city, with a park located along its banks. At the request of the Deans brothers, the river was named after the River Avon in Scotland, the usual Māori name for Christchurch is Ōtautahi. This was originally the name of a site by the Avon River near present-day Kilmore Street. The site was a dwelling of Ngāi Tahu chief Te Potiki Tautahi. The Ōtautahi name was adopted in the 1930s, prior to that the Ngāi Tahu generally referred to the Christchurch area as Karaitiana, a transliteration of the English word Christian. The citys name is abbreviated by New Zealanders to Chch. In New Zealand Sign Language, the name is the fingerspelled letter C signed twice, with the second to the right of the first. Archaeological evidence found in a cave at Redcliffs in 1876 has indicated that the Christchurch area was first settled by moa-hunting tribes about 1250 CE. These first inhabitants were thought to have followed by the Waitaha tribe. Following tribal warfare, the Waitaha were dispossessed by the Ngati Mamoe tribe and they were in turn subjugated by the Ngāi Tahu tribe, who remained in control until the arrival of European settlers. Their abandoned holdings were taken over by the Deans brothers in 1843 who stayed, the First Four Ships were chartered by the Canterbury Association and brought the first 792 of the Canterbury Pilgrims to Lyttelton Harbour. These sailing vessels were the Randolph, Charlotte Jane, Sir George Seymour, the Charlotte Jane was the first to arrive on 16 December 1850. The Canterbury Pilgrims had aspirations of building a city around a cathedral and college, the name Christ Church was decided prior to the ships arrival, at the Associations first meeting, on 27 March 1848
8.
Leeds
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Leeds /liːdz/ is a city in West Yorkshire, England. Historically in Yorkshires West Riding, the history of Leeds can be traced to the 5th century when the name referred to an area of the Kingdom of Elmet. The name has applied to many administrative entities over the centuries. It changed from being the appellation of a small borough in the 13th century, through several incarnations. In the 17th and 18th centuries Leeds became a centre for the production. During the Industrial Revolution, Leeds developed into a mill town, wool was the dominant industry but flax, engineering, iron foundries, printing. From being a market town in the valley of the River Aire in the 16th century Leeds expanded and absorbed the surrounding villages to become a populous urban centre by the mid-20th century. The city has the third largest jobs total by local authority area with 480,000 in employment and self-employment at the beginning of 2015. Leeds is also ranked as a world city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Leeds is served by four universities, and has the fourth largest student population in the country and has the fourth largest urban economy. After London, Leeds is the largest legal and financial centre in the UK, with over 30 national and international banks located in the city. Leeds is also the UKs third largest manufacturing centre with around 1,800 firms and 39,000 employees, the largest sub-sectors are engineering, printing and publishing, food and drink, chemicals and medical technology. Outside of London, Leeds has the third busiest railway station, Public transport, rail and road communications networks in the region are focused on Leeds and there are a number of twinning arrangements with towns and cities in other countries. The name Leeds derives from the old Brythonic word Ladenses meaning people of the fast-flowing river and this name originally referred to the forested area covering most of the Brythonic kingdom of Elmet, which existed during the 5th century into the early 7th century. An inhabitant of Leeds is locally known as a Loiner, a word of uncertain origin, the term Leodensian is also used, from the citys Latin name. Leeds developed as a town in the Middle Ages as part of the local agricultural economy. Before the Industrial Revolution it became a centre for the manufacture of woollen cloth. Leeds handled one sixth of Englands export trade in 1770, growth, initially in textiles, was accelerated by the building of the Aire and Calder Navigation in 1699 and the Leeds and Liverpool Canal in 1816
9.
Lawnswood School
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Lawnswood School is a mixed secondary school and sixth form located in the Lawnswood area of Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. The school was founded in 1972 and had its first comprehensive intake in 1974, the sixth form was judged as Grade 2 and consistently good in the 2009 Ofsted inspection, but the school as a whole was rated as Grade 4 for overall effectiveness. And consequently placed into special measures, however, the school was said to be improving. During an early 2011 Ofsted visit, the school was judged to be making progress in all the key areas. In late 2013, Ofsted rated the school Grade 2 for overall effectiveness, alan Bennett, English playwright, screenwriter and author James Brown, founder of Loaded John Craven BBC journalist and television presenter Mark Curry, Television presenter
10.
Burnside High School
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Burnside High School is a state co-educational secondary school located in the suburb of Burnside in Christchurch, New Zealand. With a roll of 2521 students, it is the largest school in New Zealand outside Auckland, the Burnside property, an area of 59 hectares, belonged to Canterbury University College as an endowment. When the college considered moving away from its central city site, the Burnside property was considered, a reduced land area was used by the Ministry of Education for Burnside High School. The schools construction started in 1959, a swimming pool was added in 1961, which became fully functional in 1964 after the addition of filtration equipment. The gymnasium was constructed afterwards. In 2004 and 2005 construction of a new block, library and these were opened in 2006 by Helen Clark, then Prime Minister of New Zealand. The schools fiftieth jubilee was held in 2010, attended by John Key, following damage caused by the February 2011 Christchurch earthquake, Avonside Girls High School shared the facilities of Burnside High School. Avonside Girls High School relocated back to their site in 2012. Burnside High School, due to being relatively undamaged and with power and water restored shortly after the quake, was used as a centre by Civil Defence. On 28 March 2012 the school was put into lockdown after students reported seeing a man walking the grounds carrying a silver pistol, Burnside, like many secondary schools in Christchurch, operates an enrolment scheme to help curb roll numbers and prevent overcrowding. The schools zone includes the suburbs of Burnside and Bryndwr, and parts of Bishopdale, Fendalton, Ilam, at the August 2013 Education Review Office review of the school, the school had 2416 students enrolled, including 135 international students. Forty-seven percent of students were male and 53 percent were female, sixty-three percent of students identified as European,22 percent as Asian, eight percent as Māori, two percent as Pacific Islanders, and five percent as another ethnicity. The school is split into four divisions - North, South, West and Senior, each division has a guidance counsellor, three deans and a divisional principal and, in addition, Senior Division includes a careers advisor. The school has a Principal, Second Principal, Assistant Principal,3 Divisional Principals,12 deans and 13 Heads of Department, current Leadership/Management, Principal, Phil Holstein - commenced in 2015. Like most New Zealand state secondary schools built in the 1960s, the Nelson 2H is distinguished by its two-storey H-shaped classroom blocks, with stairwells at each end of the block and a large ground floor toilet and cloak area on one side. Burnside has five of these blocks, A, B, D, E and F blocks, as a state school, Burnside High School follows the New Zealand Curriculum. In Years 11 to 13, students complete the National Certificate of Educational Achievement, eleanor Catton - Acclaimed author,2013 Man Booker Prize winner. Member of the 2011 Rugby World Cup winning team, a History of the University of Canterbury, 1873–1973
11.
University of Canterbury
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The University of Canterbury in Christchurch is New Zealands second oldest university. It was founded in 1873 as Canterbury College, the first constituent college of the University of New Zealand, the University originated in 1873 in the centre of Christchurch as Canterbury College, the first constituent college of the University of New Zealand. It became the institution in New Zealand providing tertiary-level education. Its foundation professors arrived in 1874, namely, Charles Cook, Alexander Bickerton, in 1933, the name changed from Canterbury College to Canterbury University College. In 1957 the name changed again to the present University of Canterbury, until 1961, the University formed part of the University of New Zealand, and issued degrees in its name. That year saw the dissolution of the system of tertiary education in New Zealand. Upon the UNZs demise, Canterbury Agricultural College became a constituent college of the University of Canterbury, Lincoln College became independent in 1990 as a full university in its own right. Over the period from 1961 to 1974, the university relocated from the centre of the city to its much larger current site in the suburb of Ilam. The neo-gothic buildings of the old campus became the site of the Christchurch Arts Centre, in 2004, the University underwent restructuring into four Colleges and a School of Law, administering a number of schools and departments. For many years the university worked closely with the Christchurch College of Education, leading to a merger in 2007. In September 2011, plans were announced to demolish some University buildings that were damaged from an earthquake, in the months following the earthquake, the University lost 25 per cent of its first-year students and 8 per cent of continuing students. The number of students, who pay much higher fees and are a major source of revenue. By 2013, the University had lost 22 per cent of its students, however, a record number of 886 PhD students are enrolled at the University of Canterbury as of 2013. In October 2011, staff were encouraged to take voluntary redundancies, the university was first governed by a board of governors, then by a college council, and since 1957 by a university council. The council is chaired by a chancellor, the Council includes representatives from the faculties, students and general staff, as well as local industry, employer and trade union representatives. Initially, the board was given power to fill their own vacancies, Professor Roy Sharp assumed the position of Vice-Chancellor on 1 March 2003. In May 2008 he announced his imminent resignation from the position, the then current Deputy Vice-Chancellor, Professor Ian Town, assumed the role of acting Vice-Chancellor on 1 July 2008. On 15 October 2008 the University announced that Dr Rod Carr, a former banker, under Carrs leadership, UCs position in the QS World University Rankings has steadily declined by about 30%, as of September 2014
12.
Master's degree
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A masters degree normally requires previous study at the bachelors level, either as a separate degree or as part of an integrated course. The original meaning of the degree was thus that someone who had been admitted to the rank of master in one university should be admitted to the same rank in other universities. This gradually became formalised as the licentia docendi, initially, the Bachelor of Arts was awarded for the study of the trivium and the Master of Arts for the study of the quadrivium. The nineteenth century saw an expansion in the variety of masters degrees offered. By 1861 this had been adopted throughout Scotland as well as by Cambridge and Durham in England, when the Philadelphia College of Surgeons was established in 1870, it too conferred the Master of Surgery, the same as that in Europe. In the United States, the first masters degrees were awarded at Harvard University soon after its foundation, at Harvard the 1700 regulations required that candidates for the masters degree had to pass a public examination, but by 1835 this was awarded Oxbridge-style 3 years after the BA. In Scotland, Edinburgh maintained separate BA and MA degrees until the mid nineteenth century, in Scotland all the statutes of the Universities which enforced conditions on the grant of degrees were a dead letter. Probably the most important masters degree introduced in the 19th century was the Master of Science, at the University of Michigan this was introduced in two forms in 1858, in course, first awarded in 1859, and on examination, first awarded in 1862. The in course MS was last awarded in 1876, in Britain, however, the degree took a while longer to arrive. The same two degrees, again omitting the masters, were awarded at Edinburgh, despite the MA being the undergraduate degree for Arts in Scotland. In 1862, a Royal Commission suggested that Durham should award masters degrees in theology and science and this scheme would appear to have then been quietly dropped, with Oxford going on to award BAs and MAs in science. The Master of Science degree was introduced in Britain in 1878 at Durham. At the Victoria University both the MA and MSc followed the lead of Durhams MA in requiring an examination for those with an ordinary bachelors degree. The Bologna declaration in 1999 started the Bologna Process, leading to the creation of the European Higher Education Area, as the process continued, descriptors were introduced for all three levels in 2004, and ECTS credit guidelines were developed. This led to questions as to the status of the masters degrees. In 1903, the London Daily News criticised the practice of Oxford and Cambridge, calling their MAs the most stupendous of academic frauds, in 1900, Dartmouth College introduced the Master of Commercial Science, first awarded in 1902. This was the first masters degree in business, the forerunner of the modern MBA, the idea quickly crossed the Atlantic, with Manchester establishing a Faculty of Commerce, awarding Bachelor and Master of Commerce degrees, in 1903. Over the first half of the century the masters degrees for honours graduates vanished as honours degrees became the standard undergraduate qualification in the UK
13.
Victoria University of Wellington
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Victoria University of Wellington is a university in Wellington, New Zealand. It was established in 1897 by Act of Parliament, and was a constituent college of the University of New Zealand, the university is well known for its programmes in law, the humanities, and some scientific disciplines, and offers a broad range of other courses. Entry to all courses at first year is open, and entry to second year in some programmes is restricted, Victoria had the highest average research grade in the New Zealand Governments Performance-Based Research Fund exercise in 2012, having been ranked 4th in 2006 and 3rd in 2003. Victoria has been ranked 229th in the Worlds Top 500 universities by the QS World University Rankings, in 2017s QS World University Rankings Victoria was ranked in the top 2% of universities in the world, and in the top 1% for 14 subjects. Victoria is named after Queen Victoria, as 1897 was the 60th anniversary of her coronation, there was a dispute initially as to where to site it, and it opened in temporary facilities in Thorndon. It was eventually decided to place it in Kelburn, where it still has its primary campus. This decision was influenced by the Cable Car companys offer of a donation of £1,000 if it were located in Kelburn so that students would patronise the Cable Car from the city, the foundation stone of the historic Hunter Building was laid in 1904. An extramural branch was founded at Palmerston North in 1960 and it merged with Massey College on 1 January 1963. Having become a branch of Victoria upon the University of New Zealands 1961 demise, in 2004, Victoria celebrated the 100th birthday of its first home, the Hunter Building. In 2015, Victoria opened a new campus in Auckland to service the growing demand for its courses and its main campus is in Kelburn, a suburb on a hill overlooking the Wellington central business district, where its administration and humanities & social science and science faculties are based. A smaller campus in Te Aro is the base for the architecture, the Faculty of Education is in the Karori campus. The newest facility, the Victoria University Coastal Ecology Laboratory supports research programmes in marine biology, the Court of Convocation is composed of all graduates who choose to participate. Charles Wilson, at the time the librarian of the parliamentary library, was a member of the original council. For New Zealand residents entry to most courses is open, with a few exceptions, there is selection for entry into the second year in degrees such as the LLB, BArch and BDes. BA in criminology and creative writing is based on selection. It is one of three institutions to offer a degree in architecture in New Zealand. In conjunction with Massey University it owns the New Zealand School of Music, the blazon for the arms is, Vert on a fesse engrailed between three Crowns Or, a Canton Azure charged with four Estoilles Argent. What this means, The colour of the shield is first described, Vert is green so the shield is green
14.
Bruce Catton
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Charles Bruce Catton was an American historian and journalist, best known for his books on the American Civil War. Known as a historian, Catton specialized in popular history, featuring colorful characters and historical vignettes, in addition to the basic facts, dates. Although his books were well researched and supported by footnotes, they were not generally presented in an academic style. He won a Pulitzer Prize in 1954 for A Stillness at Appomattox, Charles Bruce Catton was born in Petoskey, Michigan, to George R. and Adela M. Catton, and raised in Benzonia, Michigan. His father was a Congregationalist minister, who accepted a position in Benzonia Academy. As a boy, Catton first heard the reminiscences of the veterans who had fought in the Civil War. In 1916, Catton began attending Oberlin College, but he left without completing a degree because of World War I. After serving briefly in the United States Navy during World War I, Catton became a reporter and editor for The Cleveland News, the Boston American, Catton tried twice to complete his studies, but found himself repeatedly pulled away by his newspaper work. Oberlin College awarded him a degree in 1956. At the start of World War II, Catton was too old for military service, in 1941, he took a position as Director of Information for the War Production Board, and later he held similar posts in the Department of Commerce and the Department of the Interior. His experiences as a federal employee prepared him to write his first book, The War Lords of Washington, although the book was not a commercial success, it inspired Catton to leave the federal government to become a full-time author. In 1954, Catton accepted the position as founding editor of the new American Heritage magazine, Catton served initially as a writer, reviewer, and editor. In the first issue, he wrote, We intend to deal with great, unfinished. Our American heritage is greater than any one of us and it can express itself in very homely truths, in the end it can lift up our eyes beyond the glow in the sunset skies. Army of the Potomac trilogy In the early 1950s, Catton published three books known as the Army of the Potomac trilogy. In Mr. Lincolns Army, the first volume of his history of the Army of the Potomac, Catton covered the armys formation, mcClellan, the Peninsula Campaign, the Northern Virginia Campaign, and the Battle of Antietam. In the second volume, Glory Road, Catton covered the armys history under new commanding generals, from the Battle of Fredericksburg to the Battle of Gettysburg. In his final volume of the trilogy, A Stillness at Appomattox and it was his first commercially successful work and it won both the Pulitzer Prize for History and a National Book Award for Nonfiction
15.
Debut novel
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A debut novel is the first novel a novelist publishes. First-time novelists without a previous published reputation, such as publication in nonfiction, magazines, or literary journals, sometimes new novelists will self-publish their debut novels, because publishing houses will not risk the capital needed to market books by an unknown author to the public. Most publishers purchase rights to novels, especially debut novels, through literary agents, for this reason, literary communities have created awards that help acknowledge exceptional debut novels. The books film rights were purchased soon after by producer Scott Rudin. For similar reasons that advances are not very large—novels frequently dont sell well until the author gains a literary reputation. There are exceptions, however, YouTube star Zoella published her debut novel Girl Online in November 2014, the novel saw huge sales because she already had an established audience, and publishers were willing to run a large print run. By comparison, bestselling Fifty Shades of Grey sold 14,814 copies in its first week, or later popular novels like Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone, only receive small initial print runs. Debut novels that do well will be reprinted as sales increase due to word of mouth popularity of the novels — publishers dont often run large marketing campaigns for debut novelists, there are numerous literary prizes for debut novels often associated with genre or nationality. These prizes are in recognition of the difficulties faced by debut novelists and bring attention to deserving works, often an authors first novel will not be as complex stylistically or thematically as subsequent works and often will not feature the authors typical literary characteristics. As examples, Astor points to J. R. R, sometimes, instead of writing novels to begin their career, some authors will start with short stories, which can be easier to publish and allow authors to get started in writing fiction. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the earliest attested usage of first novel is from 1876, however, the term is much older, with instances going back to at least 1800. The Oxford English Dictionary doesnt have an entry for debut novel, the earliest usage of debut novel in the Google Books database is 1930. The Google Books Ngram Viewer shows it becoming more used after about 1980
16.
The Rehearsal (novel)
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The Rehearsal is the debut novel by Eleanor Catton. It was released by Victoria University Press in New Zealand in 2008, the Rehearsal was later bought by Granta Books in the UK and released there in July 2009. The novel is split into two loosely interconnecting stories, in the first story a saxophone teacher becomes aware that Victoria, the older sister of Isolde, one of her pupils, has had a sexual affair with the music teacher, Mr. Saladin. While the adults believe that Victoria was raped, Victorias fellow students believe that the relationship was consensual and they are forced to attend counselling provided by the school. Isolde, who is two years younger than the rest of the students, is forced to attend with the older girls, while there she develops an interest in Julia, who is rumoured to be a lesbian, because she deliberately provokes the councillor. The saxophone teacher invites Julia and Isolde to a concert and the two become friends. Meanwhile Stanley, a school graduate, successfully auditions for the Institute. While there he finds himself driven to the middle of the pack and is not thought of as being particularly talented and he begins to crave the attention and adulation of his teachers. The first year students are expected to put on a show of their own creation which the instructors are not involved in and they eventually settle on putting on a show about the scandal between Victoria and Mr. Saladin. While rehearsing Stanley runs into Isolde, coming from her private saxophone lessons, the Head of Movement also reveals that Isolde is Victorias sister which Stanley had not previously realized. Terrified he meets with Isolde and has a fight with her, to make it up to him Isole takes her parents to Stanleys show, failing to realize what the play is about. After the show her family and Stanley and his father get together to discuss what has happened, in the aftermath of the affair Victoria returns to school and everything gradually goes back to normal. She asks Julia if she has slept with her sister and asks her to give her enough facts so that she can at least imagine what happened between them, the Rehearsal describes theatric technique in great detail and uses what Catton describes as themes of performance and performativity. The initial reaction in New Zealand was positive, but with reservations, louise OBrien in the Listener wrote of, a new talent who has arrived fully formed, with an accomplished, confident and mature voice. This is a novel, striking and strange and brave. However, OBrien thought that characterisation impaired the reader’s emotional involvement, the Rehearsal received positive overseas reviews. Ed Caesar in The Times speaks of The Rehearsal as imperfect, author Joshua Ferris called it a glimpse into the future of the novel itself. “Eleanor Catton’s The Rehearsal, Theatrical Fantasy and the Gaze. ”Mosaic, A Journal for the Interdisciplinary Study of Literature
17.
Iowa Writers' Workshop
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Writer Lan Samantha Chang is its director. Graduates earn a Master of Fine Arts degree in English, the program began in 1936 with the gathering of poets and fiction writers under the direction of Wilbur Schramm. The workshops second director from 1941–1965 was Cedar Rapids, Iowa, under his tenure, the Writers’ Workshop became a national landmark. He successfully secured donations for the workshop from the community for about 20 years, including locals such as Maytag and Quaker Oats, as well as U. S. Steel. Between 1953 and 1956, the Rockefeller Foundation donated $40,000, henry Luce, the publisher of TIME and Life magazines, and Gardner Cowles, Jr. who published Look magazine, provided publicity for the workshops events. From 1965–1969, the workshop had several different directors, John Leggett was the director from 1969–86 and attracted writers such as T. C. Boyle, Ethan Canin, Michael Cunningham, Gail Godwin, Denis Johnson, from 1987 until his death in 2005, Frank Conroy directed the workshop and was Engles longest lasting successor. Lan Samantha Chang became the director in 2006, the Program in Creative Writing, at the University of Iowa in Iowa City, Iowa, is more commonly known as the Iowa Writers Workshop graduate-level creative writing program in the United States. Graduates earn a Master of Fine Arts degree in English, Iowa has the oldest creative writing program in the country offering an MFA credential. The workshop is staffed by three permanent and several visiting faculty, the modest requirements are intended to prepare the student for the realities of professional writing, where self-discipline is paramount. The graduate workshop courses meet weekly, before each three-hour class, a small number of students submit material for critical reading by their peers. The class itself consists of a discussion during which the students. The specifics of how the class is conducted vary somewhat from teacher to teacher, in 2003, the workshop received a National Humanities Medal from the National Endowment for the Humanities. It was the first medal awarded to a university and only the given to an institution rather than an individual. As of 2010, Iowa Writers Workshop alumni won 17 Pulitzer Prizes, as well as numerous National Book Awards, poets Laureate have been graduates of the workshop, including the current U. S. Robert Penn Warren,1947 Pulitzer for All the Kings Men, wallace Stegner,1972 Pulitzer for Angle of Repose, MA,1932, PhD, English,1935. James Alan McPherson,1977 Pulitzer for Elbow Room, MFA,1969, John Cheever,1979 Pulitzer for The Stories of John Cheever, former faculty member. Jane Smiley,1992 Pulitzer for A Thousand Acres, MA,1975, MFA, English,1976, PhD, philip Roth,1998 Pulitzer for American Pastoral, former faculty member
18.
Daily Mail
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The Daily Mail is a British daily middle-market tabloid newspaper owned by the Daily Mail and General Trust and published in London. Its sister paper The Mail on Sunday was launched in 1982, Scottish and Irish editions of the daily paper were launched in 1947 and 2006 respectively. A survey in 2014 found the age of its reader was 58. It had a daily circulation of 1,510,824 copies in November 2016. Its website has more than 100 million unique visitors per month, the Daily Mail has been accused of racism, and printing sensationalist and inaccurate scare stories of science and medical research. The Mail was originally a broadsheet but switched to a format on 3 May 1971. On this date it absorbed the Daily Sketch, which had been published as a tabloid by the same company. The publisher of the Mail, the Daily Mail and General Trust, is currently a FTSE250 company, the paper has a circulation of around two million, which is the fourth largest circulation of any English-language daily newspaper in the world. Circulation figures according to the Audit Bureau of Circulations in March 2014 show gross daily sales of 1,708,006 for the Daily Mail. According to a December 2004 survey, 53% of Daily Mail readers voted for the Conservative Party, compared to 21% for Labour, the main concern of Viscount Rothermere, the current chairman and main shareholder, is that the circulation be maintained. The Mail has been edited by Paul Dacre since 1992, the Daily Mail, devised by Alfred Harmsworth and his brother Harold, was first published on 4 May 1896. It cost a halfpenny at a time when other London dailies cost one penny, and was more populist in tone and more concise in its coverage than its rivals. The planned issue was 100,000 copies but the print run on the first day was 397,215, Lord Salisbury, 19th-century Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, dismissed the Daily Mail as a newspaper produced by office boys for office boys. By 1902, at the end of the Boer Wars, the circulation was over a million, from the beginning, the Mail also set out to entertain its readers with human interest stories, serials, features and competitions. In 1900 the Daily Mail began printing simultaneously in both Manchester and London, the first national newspaper to do so, the same production method was adopted in 1909 by the Daily Sketch, in 1927 by the Daily Express and eventually by virtually all the other national newspapers. Printing of the Scottish Daily Mail was switched from Edinburgh to the Deansgate plant in Manchester in 1968 and, for a while, in 1987, printing at Deansgate ended and the northern editions were thereafter printed at other Associated Newspapers plants. In 1906 the paper offered £1,000 for the first flight across the English Channel, punch magazine thought the idea preposterous and offered £10,000 for the first flight to Mars, but by 1910 both the Mails prizes had been won. Before the outbreak of World War I, the paper was accused of warmongering when it reported that Germany was planning to crush the British Empire
19.
Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall
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Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall, GCVO, CSM, PC, is the second wife of Charles, Prince of Wales, who is the eldest child and heir apparent of Queen Elizabeth II. Instead of using the title of Princess of Wales, she uses the title Duchess of Cornwall, in Scotland, she is known as the Duchess of Rothesay. Camilla was born into a family as the eldest child of Major Bruce Shand and his wife, the Honourable Rosalind Cubitt. She was raised in East Sussex and South Kensington, and was educated in England, Switzerland, subsequently, she worked for different firms based in central London, most notably the decorating firm Sibyl Colefax & John Fowler. In 1973, Camilla married British Army officer Andrew Parker Bowles, for many years, Camilla was in a relationship with the Prince of Wales before and after their former marriages. The relationship became highly publicised in the media and attracted worldwide scrutiny, as the Duchess of Cornwall, Camilla assists the Prince of Wales on his official duties. She is also the patron, president and a member of numerous charities, since 1994, she has taken action on osteoporosis, which has earned her honours and awards. She has also raised awareness in areas including rape and sexual abuse, literacy and poverty, Camilla Rosemary Shand was born at Kings College Hospital, London, on 17 July 1947 at 7,00 am. She grew up in the Laines, a house located in Plumpton, East Sussex. Her parents were British Army officer turned businessman Major Bruce Shand and his wife, the Hon. Rosalind and she has one younger sister, Annabel Elliot, and had a younger brother, Mark Shand. Her maternal great-grandmother, Alice Keppel, was a mistress of King Edward VII from 1898 to 1910, on 1 November 1947, Camilla was baptised at Firle Church, Sussex. Her godparents were Hon. Henry Cubitt, Major Neil Speke, Mrs Heathcoat-Amory, Mrs Lombard Hobson, Camillas mother worked for an adoption agency, while her father had different business interests after retiring from the army. He was most notably a partner in Block, Grey and Block, during her childhood years, Camilla became an avid reader due to the influence of her father, who read to her frequently. She grew up with dogs and cats, and, at a young age, according to her, childhood was perfect in every way. Biographer Gyles Brandreth describes her background and childhood, Camilla is often described as having had an Enid Blyton sort of Childhood, in fact, it was much grander than that. The Shands had position and they had help—help in the house, help in the garden and they opened their garden for the local Conservative Party Association summer fête. At the age of five, Camilla was sent to Dumbrells and she left Dumbrells aged ten to attend Queens Gate School in Queens Gate, South Kensington. Her classmates at Queens Gate knew her as Milla, her pupils included the singer Twinkle
20.
Guildhall, London
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Guildhall is a Grade I-listed building in the City of London, England. It is situated off Gresham and Basinghall streets, in the wards of Bassishaw, the building has been used as a town hall for several hundred years, and is still the ceremonial and administrative centre of the City of London and its Corporation. It should not be confused with Londons City Hall, the centre for Greater London. The term Guildhall refers both to the building and to its main room, which is a medieval great hall. The building is referred to as Guildhall, never the Guildhall. The nearest London Underground stations are Bank, St Pauls and Moorgate, the great hall is believed to be on a site of an earlier Guildhall. Possible evidence for this derivation may be in a reference to John Parker, the first documentary reference to a London Guildhall is dated 1128 and the current halls west crypt may be part of a late-13th century building. Legendary British history made Guildhalls site the site of the palace of Brutus of Troy, the current building began construction in 1411 and completed in 1440, and it is the only non-ecclesiastical stone building in the City to have survived through to the present day. The complex contains several other historic interiors besides the hall, including the large medieval crypts, the old library, and it also played a part in Jack Cades 1450 rebellion. The 1783 hearing of the infamous Zong case, the outcome of which focused public outrage about the slave trade. On 16 November 1848, the pianist Frédéric Chopin made his last public appearance on a platform here. Guildhall contains memorials to Pitt the Elder, Pitt the Younger, Admiral Lord Nelson, the Duke of Wellington, William Beckford, the Great Hall did not completely escape damage in the Great Fire of London in 1666, it was partially restored in 1670. The present grand entrance, in Hindoostani Gothic, was added in 1788 by George Dance, a more extensive restoration than that in 1670 was completed in 1866 by the City of London architect Sir Horace Jones, who added a new timber roof in close keeping with the original. This replacement was destroyed during the Second Great Fire of London on the night of 29/30 December 1940 and it was replaced in 1954 during works designed by Sir Giles Gilbert Scott. Guildhall Art Gallery was added to the complex in the 1990s, Guildhall Library, a public reference library with specialist collections on London, which include material from the 11th century onwards, is also housed in the complex. The Clockmakers Museum was previously located at Guildhall but as of 2015 has been relocated to the Science Museum, the marathon route of the 2012 Summer Olympics passed through Guildhall Yard. Two giants, Gog and Magog, are associated with Guildhall, legend has it that the two giants were defeated by Brutus and chained to the gates of his palace on the site of Guildhall. Carvings of Gog and Magog are kept in Guildhall and 7-foot high wicker effigies of them donated by the Worshipful Company of Basketmakers in 2007 lead the procession in the annual Lord Mayors Show, early versions of Gog and Magog were destroyed in Guildhall during the Great Fire of London
21.
Jaipur Literature Festival
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The Jaipur Literature Festival is an annual literary festival which takes place in the Indian city of Jaipur each January. It was founded in 2006, and from 2008 has been produced by Teamwork Arts,2016 is the ninth edition of the ZEE Jaipur Literature Festival. The worlds largest free festival, it was described by Miranda Seymour in the Mail on Sunday of 10 August 2008 as the grandest literary festival of them all. The Diggi Palace Hotel serves as the venue of the festival with sessions held in the Hall of Audience. The festival directors are the writers Namita Gokhale and William Dalrymple, surina Narula is the Founder Sponsor and Festival Advisor for the literature festival. JVFs Community Director Vinod Joshi is its regional advisor, all events at the festival are free and not ticketed. In 2012, a number of events occurred related to the Salman Rushdie, the 2006 inaugural Jaipur Literature Festival had 18 writers including Hari Kunzru, William Dalrymple, Shobhaa De and Namita Gokhale and 14 others. It drew a crowd of about 100 attendees, including some who appeared to be tourists who had simply got lost, in 2007 the festival grew in size and featured Salman Rushdie, Kiran Desai, Suketu Mehta, Shashi Deshpande, and William Dalrymple. The special theme was the tradition, in India and elsewhere. The 2010 festival had about 30,000 attendees and 172 authors/speakers, including Geoff Dyer, Henry Louis Gates Jr. Jamaica Kincaid, Niall Ferguson, Vikram Chandra and Hemant Shesh. The 2011 festival had 226 writers like Hemant Shesh, Prasoon Joshi, Javed Akhtar, Gulzar /speakers, including Nobel-winners J. M. Coetzee and Orhan Pamuk. The 2012 festival was held from 20–24 January, with the show host Oprah Winfrey. Rushdie later cancelled, and indeed cancelled his tour of India citing possible threats to his life as the primary reason. Rushdie investigated police reports that hitmen had been hired to assassinate him, Kunzru later wrote, Our intention was not to offend anyones religious sensibilities, but to give a voice to a writer who had been silenced by a death threat. Scottish novelist Allan Massie wrote, The response to words should be words and words in the form of argument, manoj Joshi, writing in Britains Daily Mail, said the whole affair had brought to the fore the contradictions of modern India. Peter Florence, Director, Hay Festivals, said the affair showed the importance of book festivals. On 28 January, Rushdie responded to Chetan Bhagat via Twitter after the popular writer taunted him, the 2015 festival was scheduled from January 21–25. Earlier that year it had reported that the tentative list of speakers this season will be 181 including VS Naipaul, Chetan Bhagat
22.
John Key
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John Phillip Key is a New Zealand politician who served as the 38th Prime Minister of New Zealand and leader of the New Zealand National Party. He was elected leader of the party in November 2006 and appointed Prime Minister in November 2008, born in Auckland before moving to Christchurch when he was a child, Key attended the University of Canterbury and graduated in 1981 with a bachelor of commerce. In 1999 he was appointed a member of the Foreign Exchange Committee of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York until leaving in 2001 and he has held the seat since then. In 2004, he was appointed Finance Spokesman for National and eventually succeeded Don Brash as the National Party leader in 2006. After two years as Leader of the Opposition, Key led his party to victory at the November 2008 general election, and repeated this feat at both the November 2011 and September 2014 elections. He was expected to lead National into the 2017 election, as Prime Minister, Key led the Fifth National Government of New Zealand which entered government at the beginning of the late-2000s recession in 2008. In his first term, Keys government implemented a GST rise, Key was born in Auckland, New Zealand, to George Key and Ruth Key, on 9 August 1961. His father was an English immigrant and a veteran of the Spanish Civil War, Key and his two sisters were raised in a state house in the Christchurch suburb of Bryndwr, by his mother, an Austrian Jewish immigrant. Key is the prime minister or premier of New Zealand to have Jewish ancestry, after Julius Vogel. He attended Aorangi School, and then Burnside High School from 1975 to 1979, then he attended the University of Canterbury and earned a Bachelor of Commerce degree in accounting in 1981. He has attended management studies courses at Harvard University, Key met his wife Bronagh when they were both students at Burnside High School. She also has a BCom degree, and worked as a consultant before becoming a full-time mother. They have two children, Stephie and Max, Max is a night-time radio host for George FM, and is also a singer. On 25 July 2008, Key was added to the New Zealand National Business Review Rich List for the first time, the list details the wealthiest New Zealand individuals and family groups. He had a wealth of NZ$50 million, making him the wealthiest New Zealand Member of Parliament. Keys first job was in 1982, as an auditor at McCulloch Menzies, in 1995, he joined Merrill Lynch as head of Asian foreign exchange in Singapore. Some co-workers called him the smiling assassin for maintaining his usual cheerfulness while sacking dozens of staff after heavy losses from the 1998 Russian financial crisis and he was a member of the Foreign Exchange Committee of the New York Federal Reserve Bank from 1999 to 2001. In 1998, on learning of his interest in pursuing a political career, former party leader Jenny Shipley describes him as one of the people she deliberately sought out and put my head on the line–either privately or publicly–to get them in there
23.
Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand
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The Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand is a left-wing political party in New Zealand. Like many Green parties around the world it has four pillars, ecology, social responsibility, grassroots democracy and it is a member of the Global Greens. The party has both a male and female co-leader, currently Metiria Turei and James Shaw, the male co-leader position was vacant following the November 2005 death of Rod Donald until the 2006 annual general meeting when Russel Norman was elected using the alternative vote system. Following former female co-leader Jeanette Fitzsimonss decision to step down in February 2009, Shaw was elected at the Partys 2015 AGM over fellow MPs Gareth Hughes and Kevin Hague, and Party member Vernon Tava. In the 2014 general election, the Green Partys share of the party vote fell slightly to 10. 70% from 11. 06% in 2011 and it is the third largest political party in the House of Representatives with 14 seats. In addition, the Green Party contests Auckland Council elections under the City Vision banner, in concert with the Labour Party, the Greens place particular emphasis on environmental issues. In recent times, they have expressed concerns about mining of national parks, fresh water, climate change, peak oil and they have also spoken out in support of human rights, and against the military operations conducted by the United States and other countries in Afghanistan and Iraq. In its economic policies, the Green Party stresses factors such as sustainability, taxing the indirect costs of pollution and it also states that measuring economic success should concentrate on measuring well-being rather than analysing economic indicators. The party has said if it forms a government in the 2017 election it will legalise cannabis. Under its proposal, people would be able to legally grow, the party would also urgently amend the law so sick people using medicinal marijuana were not penalised. This world is finite, therefore unlimited material growth is impossible, social responsibility, Unlimited material growth is impossible. Therefore the key to social responsibility is the just distribution of social and natural resources, appropriate decision-making, For the implementation of ecological wisdom and social responsibility, decisions will be made directly at the appropriate level by those affected. Non-violence, Non-violent conflict resolution is the process by which ecological wisdom, social responsibility and this principle applies at all levels. The Executive is the administrative body, responsible for the day to day overall administration of the party, instructed by and answerable to the membership, provinces. A province is a collection of branches which has sufficient sense of common identity defined by geographical boundaries. Branches are a collection of members with a geographical area of responsibility. There are a number of identity or interest-based networks across the party, the Values Party originated in 1972 at Victoria University of Wellington. While it gained a measure of support in several elections
24.
Peter Leitch (businessman)
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Sir Peter Charles Leitch KNZM QSM, also known as The Mad Butcher, is a New Zealand businessman. Born in Wellington, he left school at age 15 on account of dyslexia to work as a newspaper boy and he gained a job as a butchers apprentice in a Seatoun butchery at the age of 16, before later moving to Auckland. In 1971, he opened a butchery in Rosella Road, Mangere East, in 2012, The Mad Butcher butchery chain had 36 stores from Whangarei to Dunedin. Leitch is known for his work for charity and for his support of New Zealand rugby league, the Mangere East Hawks and the Warriors. He managed the Kiwis victorious Tri-Nations campaign in late 2005, in recognition of his support of the Warriors the club have retired the #19 jersey in his honour. The Mad Butcher Suburban Newspapers Community Trust is a vehicle he helped create to benefit charities. Leitch is chairman of the trust, and the deputy chairman is David Penny and he has also fundraised for Allergy New Zealand, Diabetes Auckland, the Prostate Cancer Foundation and Macular Degeneration New Zealand. He was voted the 41st most influential New Zealander by Listener Magazine in 2004, in his frequent radio advertisements, his voice rises to put the major stress and volume on the 99 cents which ends the price of each meat item advertised. In the Queens Birthday Honours 1991 Leitch was awarded the Queens Service Medal for community service, in the New Year Honours 2010 Leitch was appointed as a Knight Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit for services to business and philanthropy. Later that year he featured on the TV One programme This is Your Life, in 2008, Leitch released his autobiography What a Ride, Mate. the Life and Times of the Mad Butcher, co-authored with Phil Gifford. 2008 was also the first year that the Peter Leitch QSM Challenge Trophy was contested, in 2011 he was made patron of the New Zealand Rugby League, replacing Helen Clark. In January 2017, a Māori resident of Waiheke Island posted a video on Facebook claiming that Leitch had racially abused her while she was on a wine tasting tour on the island. Leitch agreed that during the exchange he told her that Waiheke is a white mans island also, but says his comments were misinterpreted and that it was merely banter. After initially saying that Leitch was the least racist person I know, Mad Butcher Website Sir Peter Leitchs Personal Website Hawkes Bay Today, Mad Butcher tells fans of Warriors, Get over it, accessed 7 June 2010. Academy Publishing, Maddening Simple Philosophy, accessed 7 June 2010, howick and Pakuranga Times, The Times Interview - Peter Leitch, Explain Yourself to Dean Wedlake, accessed 7 June 2010
25.
Richie McCaw
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Richard Hugh Richie McCaw ONZ is a New Zealand former rugby union player. He captained the team, the All Blacks, in 110 out of his 148 test matches. He is the most capped test rugby player of all time, McCaw predominantly played in the openside flanker position for the New Zealand, Crusaders and Canterbury teams, but also played as a blindside flanker and no.8. During McCaws career, Canterbury won the NPC five times, as well as two world cups, the All Blacks won seven Tri-Nations titles, completed three successful Grand Slam tours and won the Bledisloe Cup eight times. He made his debut in 2001 for the Crusaders, and was selected for the All Blacks 2001 end-of-year tour and his debut for New Zealand was against Ireland, where he was awarded man-of-the-match. McCaw became a selection for New Zealand, only missing a few games due to recurring concussions. In 2006 he was appointed captain of the All Blacks, whom he led at the 2007 World Cup, McCaw was the first All Black to reach 100 caps, and the first rugby union player to win 100 tests. He is the player in rugby union history with 148 caps. McCaw has also equaled the record for most appearances at the Rugby World Cup with Jason Leonard, McCaws great-great-grandfather immigrated to New Zealand from the Scottish Borders in 1893, and settled in the Hakataramea Valley, South Canterbury. McCaws father still works the family farm and his mother is a local teacher, on New Years Eve 1980, Richard Hugh McCaw was born in the nearby town of Oamaru. He grew up on his parents farm along with his sister Joanna, McCaw started flying gliders with his grandfather, a Tempest pilot during World War II credited with shooting down 20 V1 missiles, when he was nine years old. He played rugby for the local Kurow rugby club as a youngster, but it was not until 1994, when he boarded at Otago Boys High School in Dunedin, that he started to take the game seriously. In his last year at Otago Boys High, McCaw was head boy, proxime accessit to the dux, McCaw came to the attention of national selectors during a 5-all draw with Rotorua Boys High School in the 1998 New Zealand secondary schools rugby final in Christchurch. However, he failed to make the New Zealand Secondary Schools Team, losing out to Sam Harding, Angus McDonald, with Sam Harding moving south to study at the University of Otago, McCaw headed to Christchurchs Lincoln University to study agricultural science and pursue his rugby interests. He achieved all but two papers for his Bachelor of Agricultural Science degree before deciding to pursue his career instead. He received a doctorate on recognition of his sporting achievements in April 2012. In 1999, McCaw was selected in the New Zealand under-19 squad, during that series, McCaw realised his All Blacks dream could be attainable. The following year he was selected in the New Zealand under-21 squad, on 31 March 2001, he made his Super Rugby debut with the Crusaders, playing a few minutes in a losing effort against the Hurricanes
26.
Sean Plunket
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Oliver Sean Plunket is a New Zealand broadcast journalist. Plunket was born in Christchurch, the son of journalist Patrick Plunket and he was educated at Plimmerton Primary School and Nelson College from 1980 to 1982, where he was a member of the 1st XV rugby union team in 1981 and 1982. He went on to study at the Wellington Polytechnic School of Journalism, from 1997 to 2010, he was one of two breakfast hosts of Morning Report between 6 am and 9 am weekdays on Radio New Zealand National. His regular co-host was Geoff Robinson, in 2009, Plunket lost a dispute with his employer, Radio New Zealand, who he took to the Employment Relations Authority. Plunket announced his resignation from Radio New Zealand in June 2010, from January 2011 to December 2012 he presented Sean Plunket Mornings on the Wellington branch of Newstalk ZB. From April 2013 to December 2015 Plunket hosted the 9 am–midday weekday slot on Radio Live and he currently writes a weekly column for The Dominion Post. Plunket has been a recipient of Qantas Media Awards in radio and television categories, the New Zealand Radio Awards and the 2001 European Union Journalist Award
27.
Dirty Politics
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Dirty Politics, subtitled How attack politics is poisoning New Zealand’s political environment, is a book by Nicky Hager published in August 2014. The book is based on emails hacked from Cameron Slaters Gmail account, Hagers book describes a lengthy history of correspondence between Slater and Justice Minister Judith Collins that eventually contributed to her resignation as a Minister. In response to the allegations in the book, Prime Minister John Key said that he talked to Slater on a regular basis, Hager claimed that using bloggers rather than journalists allowed Key to maintain a friendly public persona, while using right-wing blogs as a vehicle to attack opponents. Other bloggers mentioned in the book include Matthew Hooten, Cathy Odgers, whale Oil Beef Hooked is the personal blog of Cameron Slater which he started in 2005. Slater, the son of former National Party president John Slater and he admitted at that time to suffering from depression and has a reputation for vitriol and anger. He said in 2010 that he didnt care if people regarded him as stupid, in January 2014, WhaleOil was hacked some time after he posted a blog post with the headline Feral dies in Greymouth, did world a favour. Three other children in this family had already been killed in accidents, some weeks later, Hager received an 8 gigabyte USB stick in the mail containing thousands of pages of emails hacked from Slaters website. Hager contacted the hacker, known as Rawshark, and persuaded him that putting the information in a book would provide something more lasting and of bigger value than releasing it on Twitter. Hager says Rawshark was motivated by his dislike of Slater, and he then spent a significant amount of time analysing the content and only published material which he believed was in the public interest. He was careful to avoid releasing sensitive material about Slater and others mentioned in the hacked emails which did not involve a significant public interest, the production, printing, and distribution of the book was done in secret by Craig Potton Publishing. Co-owner of the company, Robbie Burton, said, It was one of the great and surreal. Burton said the secrecy was necessary because they were wary that the book might annoy some people with deep pockets who might be inclined to revenge, the book was produced very quickly by Craig Potton Publishing, where staff worked on it from Thursday evening to the following Tuesday. Dirty Politics was released at Unity Books in Wellington on 13 August 2014, four days after release, it had sold about 10,000 copies, in addition to 1,000 e-book sales. Robbie Burton, executive director of Craig Potton Publishing, said, Ive never seen anything like this before, a week after release, sales had reached approximately 15,000, and by mid September, sales were at almost 20,000. The first two chapters are available free on-line, two weeks after the release of the book, Hager spoke at the four-day biennial Writers & Readers Festival in Christchurch. The discussion was mainly about the freedom of speech in Western democracies, Hager provides numerous incidents of dirty politics in the book. He describes multiple email exchanges between Cameron Slater and National Party spin doctor Jason Ede who works for Prime Minister John Key, up till August 2011 Mr Ede was employed by Ministerial Services and, in effect, was paid by the taxpayer. Hager says Ede tried to avoid scrutiny by using a dynamic IP address, when the book was published, Mr Ede was employed by the National Party, rather than by John Key, but was still working from the Prime Ministers office
28.
Auckland
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Auckland is a city in the North Island of New Zealand. It is the most populous area in the country. Auckland has a population of 1,495,000, which constitutes 32 percent of New Zealands population, a diverse and multicultural city, Auckland is home to the largest Polynesian population in the world. It has also been called Ākarana, the Māori pronunciation of Auckland, the Auckland urban area ranges to Waiwera in the north, Kumeu in the northwest, and Runciman in the south. It is not contiguous, the section from Waiwera to Whangaparāoa Peninsula is separate from its nearest neighbouring suburb of Long Bay, the surrounding hills are covered in rainforest and the landscape is dotted with dozens of dormant volcanic cones. The central part of the area occupies a narrow isthmus between the Manukau Harbour on the Tasman Sea and the Waitemata Harbour on the Pacific Ocean. It is one of the few cities in the world to have harbours on two major bodies of water. The isthmus on which Auckland resides was first settled around 1350 and was valued for its rich, Māori population in the area is estimated to have peaked at 20,000 before the arrival of Europeans. After a British colony was established in 1840, the new Governor of New Zealand, William Hobson and he named the area Auckland for George Eden, Earl of Auckland, British First Lord of the Admiralty. It was replaced as the capital in 1865, but immigration to the new city stayed strong, today, Aucklands Central Business District is the major financial centre of New Zealand. Auckland is classified as a Beta World City because of its importance in finance, commerce, media, entertainment, arts, education and tourism. Aucklands landmarks such as the Auckland Art Gallery Toi o Tāmaki, the Harbour Bridge, the Sky Tower, the isthmus was settled by Māori around 1350, and was valued for its rich and fertile land. Many pā were created, mainly on the volcanic peaks, Māori population in the area is estimated to have been about 20,000 people before the arrival of Europeans. As a result, the region had relatively low numbers of Māori when European settlement of New Zealand began, there is, however, nothing to suggest that this was the result of a deliberate European policy. Auckland was officially declared New Zealands capital in 1841 and the transfer of the administration from Russell in the Bay of Islands was completed in 1842. However, even in 1840 Port Nicholson was seen as a choice for an administrative capital because of its proximity to the South Island. After losing its status as capital, Auckland remained the city of the Auckland Province until the provincial system was abolished in 1876. Each of the four settlements had about 800 settlers, the men being fully armed in case of emergency but spent nearly all their time breaking in the land and establishing roads
29.
Women's Prize for Fiction
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The Baileys Womens Prize for Fiction is one of the United Kingdoms most prestigious literary prizes. It is awarded annually to an author of any nationality for the best original full-length novel written in English. The prize was established to recognise the achievement of female writers. The inspiration for the Baileys Prize was the Booker Prize of 1991, a group of women and men working in the industry – authors, publishers, agents, booksellers, librarians, journalists – therefore met to discuss the issue. Research showed that women’s literary achievements were not acknowledged by the major literary prizes. The winner of the prize receives £30,000, along with a sculpture called the Bessie created by artist Grizel Niven. Typically, a longlist of nominees is announced around March each year, followed by a shortlist in June, the winner is selected by a board of five leading women each year. In support of the 2004 award, the Orange Prize for Fiction published a list of 50 contemporary essential reads, the books were chosen by a sample of 500 people attending the Guardian Hay Festival and represent the audiences must have books by living UK writers. The list is called the Orange Prize for Fictions 50 Essential Reads by Contemporary Authors, the prize was originally sponsored by Orange, a telecommunications company. In May 2012, it was announced Orange would be ending its sponsorship of the prize. There was no sponsor for 2013, sponsorship was by private benefactors, led by Cherie Blair and writers Joanna Trollope. Beginning in 2014, the prize was sponsored by the liquor brand Baileys Irish Cream, in January 2017, Diageo announced that it had regretfully decided to make way for a new sponsor, the 2017 prize to be announced in June, will be the last it supports. In May 2014, Baileys Womens Prize for Fiction launched the campaign to find out which books. Nineteen inspirational women were chosen to launch the campaign and then thousands of people from the public submitted their ideas via Twitter. The 20 winners were announced 29 July 2014, the organizers noted that over half the winning books were published before 1960. To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee The Handmaids Tale, Margaret Atwood Jane Eyre, Charlotte Bronte Harry Potter, after the prize was founded, Auberon Waugh nicknamed it the Lemon Prize, while Germaine Greer said there would soon be a prize for writers with red hair. A. S. Byatt, who won the 1990 Man Booker Prize, said it was a sexist prize and she refused to have her work considered for this prize. In 2007, former editor of The Times Simon Jenkins called the prize sexist, in 2008, writer Tim Lott suggested the Orange Prize is sexist and discriminatory, and it should be shunned
30.
Amazon.ca First Novel Award
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It has been awarded since 1976. The First Novel Award was founded by the literary magazine Books in Canada, between 1976 and 1994, the award was sponsored by SmithBooks. During this period, the award was known as the SmithBooks/Books in Canada First Novel Award, when SmithBooks was acquired by Chapters, it became the Chapters/Books in Canada First Novel Award. The award was reorganized when Books in Canada was acquired by Adrian, the Steins retained a first novel editor, introduced a comprehensive first novel review program, and formalized the adjudication process. In 1999, the decided to end its affiliation with Chapters. The Amazon. com arrangement saw the prize award doubled to $10,000, the award was sold to Amazon. com in 2009 and its name was changed to the current incarnation. For clarity, the list below is organized by the year of presentation rather than the year of publication eligibility, First Novel Award at Amazon. ca Official Books in Canada website
31.
Booker Prize
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The Man Booker Prize for Fiction is a literary prize awarded each year for the best original novel, written in the English language and published in the UK. The winner of the Man Booker Prize is generally assured international renown and success, therefore, from its inception, only Commonwealth, Irish, and South African citizens were eligible to receive the prize, in 2014, however, this eligibility was widened to any English-language novel. A high-profile literary award in British culture, the Booker Prize is greeted with great anticipation and it is also a mark of distinction for authors to be selected for inclusion in the shortlist or even to be nominated for the longlist. The foundation is an independent registered charity funded by the profits of Booker Prize Trading Ltd. In 1970, Bernice Rubens became the first woman to win the Booker Prize, the rules of the Booker changed in 1971, previously, it had been awarded retrospectively to books published prior to the year in which the award was given. In 1971 the year of eligibility was changed to the same as the year of the award, in effect, this meant that books published in 1970 were not considered for the Booker in either year. The Booker Prize Foundation announced in January 2010 the creation of an award called the Lost Man Booker Prize. Alice Munro has a place in Booker Prize history, The Beggar Maid is the only short story collection to have been shortlisted. Before 2001, each years longlist of nominees was not publicly revealed, John Sutherland, who was a judge for the 1999 prize, has said, There is a well-established London literary community. Rushdie doesnt get shortlisted now because he has attacked that community and that is not a good game plan if you want to win the Booker. Norman Mailer has found the thing in the US – you have to be a citizen if you want to win prizes. The real scandal is that Amis has never won the prize, in fact, he has only been shortlisted once and that was for Times Arrow, which was not one of his strongest books. He pissed people off with Dead Babies and that lodged in the culture. There is also the feeling that he has looked towards America. In 1972, the winning writer John Berger, known for his Marxist worldview and he blamed Bookers 130 years of sugar production in the Caribbean for the regions modern poverty. Berger donated half of his £5,000 prize to the British Black Panther movement, because they had a socialist, in 1980, Anthony Burgess, writer of Earthly Powers, refused to attend the ceremony unless it was confirmed to him in advance whether he had won. His was one of two books considered likely to win, the other being Rites of Passage by William Golding, the judges decided only 30 minutes before the ceremony, giving the prize to Golding. Both novels had been seen as favourites to win leading up to the prize, 1983s judging produced a draw between J. M. Coetzees Life & Times of Michael K and Salman Rushdies Shame, leaving chair of judges Fay Weldon to choose between the two
32.
Walter Scott Prize
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The Walter Scott Prize for historical fiction is a British literary award founded in 2010. At £25,000, it is one of the largest literary awards in the UK, eligible books must have been first published in the UK, Ireland or Commonwealth in the preceding year. For the purpose of the award, historical fiction is defined as being that where the events take place more than 60 years ago. The winner is announced each June at the Borders Book Festival in Melrose, hilary Mantel for Wolf Hall about Thomas Cromwell. Adam Thorpe for Hodd about Robin Hood, robert Harris for Lustrum about Cicero Sarah Dunant for Sacred Hearts about a 16th-century Italian convent. Iain Pears for Stones Fall about an early 20th-century mystery/thriller, simon Mawer for The Glass Room about 1930s Czech. Adam Foulds for The Quickening Maze about John Clare and Alfred Tennyson, the shortlist was announced on 1 April and the winner was announced on 19 June, Andrea Levy for The Long Song set in 1820s Jamaica. Tom McCarthy for C set in turn of the 20th-century Europe, david Mitchell for The Thousand Autumns of Jacob de Zoet about late 18th-century Shogun Japan. Joseph OConnor for Ghost Light set in 20th-century England and Ireland, C. J. Sansom for Heartstone set in England during the summer of 1545. Andrew Williams for To Kill A Tsar set in St Petersburg around turn of 20th century, the shortlist was announced on 4 April 2012 and the winner was announced on 16 June
33.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
34.
BBC Radio 4
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BBC Radio 4 is a radio station owned and operated by the British Broadcasting Corporation that broadcasts a wide variety of spoken-word programmes including news, drama, comedy, science and history. It replaced the BBC Home Service in 1967, the station controller is Gwyneth Williams, and the station is part of BBC Radio and the BBC Radio department. The station is broadcast from the BBCs headquarters at Broadcasting House and it is also available through Freeview, Sky, Virgin Media and on the Internet. It is notable for its news bulletins and programmes such as Today and The World at One, BBC Radio 4 is the second most popular British domestic radio station by total hours, after Radio 2 – and the most popular in London and the South of England. It recorded its highest audience, of 11 million listeners, in May 2011 and was UK Radio Station of the Year at the 2003,2004 and 2008 Sony Radio Academy Awards and it also won a Peabody Award in 2002 for File On 4, Export Controls. Costing £71.4 million, it is the BBCs most expensive national radio network and is considered by many to be its flagship. There is no comparable British commercial network, Channel 4 abandoned plans to launch its own speech-based digital radio station in October 2008 as part of a £100m cost cutting review, in 2010 Gwyneth Williams replaced Mark Damazer as Radio 4 controller. Damazer became Master of St Peters College, Oxford, music and sport are the only fields that largely fall outside the stations remit. It broadcasts occasional concerts, and documentaries related to forms of both popular and classical music, and the long-running music-based Desert Island Discs. As a result, for around 70 days a year listeners have to rely on FM broadcasts or increasingly DAB for mainstream Radio 4 broadcasts – the number relying solely on long wave is now a small minority. The cricket broadcasts take precedence over on-the-hour news bulletins, but not the Shipping Forecast, as well as news and drama, the station has a strong reputation for comedy, including experimental and alternative comedy, many successful comedians and comedy shows first appearing on the station. The BBC Home Service was the predecessor of Radio 4 and broadcast between 1939 and 1967 and it had regional variations and was broadcast on medium wave with a network of VHF FM transmitters being added from 1955. Radio 4 replaced it on 30 September 1967, when the BBC renamed many of its radio stations. For a time during the 1970s Radio 4 carried regional news bulletins Monday to Saturday and these were broadcast twice at breakfast, at lunchtime and an evening bulletin was aired at 5. 55pm. There were also programme variations for the parts of England not served by BBC Local Radio stations and these included Roundabout East Anglia, a VHF opt-out of the Today programme broadcast from BBC Easts studios in Norwich each weekday from 6.45 am to 8.45 am. Roundabout East Anglia came to an end in 1980, when local services were introduced to East Anglia with the launch of BBC Radio Norfolk. All regional news bulletins broadcast from BBC regional news bases around England ended in August 1980 apart from in the south west, in September 1991 it was decided that the main Radio 4 service would be on FM as coverage had extended to cover almost all of the UK. Opt-outs were transferred to long wave, currently Test Match Special, extra shipping forecasts, The Daily Service, long wave very occasionally opts out at other times, such as to broadcast special services, the most recent being when Pope Benedict XVI visited Britain in 2010
35.
The Guardian
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The Guardian is a British daily newspaper, known from 1821 until 1959 as the Manchester Guardian. Along with its sister papers The Observer and The Guardian Weekly, The Guardian is part of the Guardian Media Group, the Scott Trust became a limited company in 2008, with a constitution to maintain the same protections for The Guardian. Profits are reinvested in journalism rather than to the benefit of an owner or shareholders, the Guardian is edited by Katharine Viner, who succeeded Alan Rusbridger in 2015. In 2016, The Guardians print edition had a daily circulation of roughly 162,000 copies in the country, behind The Daily Telegraph. The newspaper has an online UK edition as well as two international websites, Guardian Australia and Guardian US, the newspapers online edition was the fifth most widely read in the world in October 2014, with over 42.6 million readers. Its combined print and online editions reach nearly 9 million British readers, notable scoops include the 2011 News International phone hacking scandal, in particular the hacking of murdered English teenager Milly Dowlers phone. The investigation led to the closure of the UKs biggest selling Sunday newspaper, and one of the highest circulation newspapers in the world, in 2016, it led the investigation into the Panama Papers, exposing the then British Prime Minister David Camerons links to offshore bank accounts. The Guardian has been named Newspaper of the Year four times at the annual British Press Awards, the paper is still occasionally referred to by its nickname of The Grauniad, given originally for the purported frequency of its typographical errors. The Manchester Guardian was founded in Manchester in 1821 by cotton merchant John Edward Taylor with backing from the Little Circle and they launched their paper after the police closure of the more radical Manchester Observer, a paper that had championed the cause of the Peterloo Massacre protesters. They do not toil, neither do they spin, but they better than those that do. When the government closed down the Manchester Observer, the champions had the upper hand. The influential journalist Jeremiah Garnett joined Taylor during the establishment of the paper, the prospectus announcing the new publication proclaimed that it would zealously enforce the principles of civil and religious Liberty. Warmly advocate the cause of Reform, endeavour to assist in the diffusion of just principles of Political Economy and. Support, without reference to the party from which they emanate, in 1825 the paper merged with the British Volunteer and was known as The Manchester Guardian and British Volunteer until 1828. The working-class Manchester and Salford Advertiser called the Manchester Guardian the foul prostitute, the Manchester Guardian was generally hostile to labours claims. The Manchester Guardian dismissed strikes as the work of outside agitators –, if an accommodation can be effected, the occupation of the agents of the Union is gone. CP Scott made the newspaper nationally recognised and he was editor for 57 years from 1872, and became its owner when he bought the paper from the estate of Taylors son in 1907. Under Scott, the moderate editorial line became more radical, supporting William Gladstone when the Liberals split in 1886
36.
Brisbane Times
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Brisbane Times is an online newspaper for Brisbane and Queensland, Australia. The Brisbane Times was launched on 7 March 2007 by then-Queensland Premier Peter Beattie, the publication started with 14 journalists in an attempt by Fairfax to break into the South East Queensland market, competing against the website of News Corporations incumbent The Courier-Mail. The founding managing editor was Mitchell Murphy, the current managing editor is Simon Holt, according to third-party web analytics providers Alexa and SimilarWeb, the Brisbane Times is the 191st and 250th most visited website in Australia respectively, as of August 2015. SimilarWeb rates the site as the 24th most visited website in Australia. List of newspapers in Australia Official website Newspapers of Australia
37.
Fairfax Media
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Fairfax Media Limited is one of the largest media companies in Australia and New Zealand, with investment in newspaper, magazines, radio and the Internet. John Fairfax purchased The Sydney Morning Herald in 1841 and the family retained control of the business until late in the twentieth century. Fairfax has a portfolio of leading online products, including the digital news brands, SMH. com. au, an Australian news site and AFR. com, a financial news site. The group also has leading online marketplaces including Domain. com. au for real estate, events, a major events business including City2Surf and GoodFood Month. Australian Community Media, a network of regional, rural and local newspapers including The Canberra Times, Newcastle Herald, Digital Ventures, encompasses digital publisher Allure Media, and partnerships with Huffington Post for HuffPost Australia and Nine Entertainment Co. for Stan, the video streaming service. New Zealand Media, including national brand Stuff. co. nz and metro titles The Dominion Post in Wellington and The Press in Christchurch. In 2014, Fairfax entered into a joint venture partnership with Nine Entertainment Co, called StreamCo, in 2015, Fairfax Media and The Huffington Post Media Group launched HuffPost. com. au, an Australian edition of The Huffington Post. HuffPost Australia is The Huffington Post’s 15th site in the expanding global presence. In December 2015, automotive digital business 112 and Fairfaxs Drive. com. au announced the formation of a 50,50 joint venture in the online motor sector. Fairfax will license the Drive brand and Drive. com. au URL to 112, which owns and operates themotorreport. com. au. The groups chairman is Nick Falloon and the executive officer is Greg Hywood. John Fairfax purchased The Sydney Morning Herald in 1841, several generations of the Fairfax family continued to control the company. Fairfax Media was founded by the Fairfax family as John Fairfax and Sons, the Fairfax family lost control of the company in December 1990. It was renamed from John Fairfax Holdings to Fairfax Media in 2007, the Australian Financial Review was founded in 1951. In that decade, Fairfax started two stations, ATN and QTQ. Fairfax began expanding in the 1960s, acquiring, among others, The Age, The Newcastle Herald, in 1979, Rupert Murdoch attempted to take over rival The Herald and Weekly Times. Due to the costs of defending the takeover, Fairfax sold its television properties, in 1987, Warwick Fairfax, then aged 26, controversially bought out his familys holdings in the company by borrowing heavily. He successfully took it over, but, on 10 December 1990, the company collapsed, in April 2003, Fairfax acquired the publishing assets of New Zealands Independent Newspapers Limited, including many of New Zealands highest-profile newspapers
