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Severodvinsk
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Severodvinsk is a city in the north of Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia, located in the delta of the Northern Dvina River,35 kilometers west of Arkhangelsk, the administrative center of the oblast. As of the 2010 Census, the population was 192,353, due to the presence of important military shipyards, Severodvinsk is an access restricted town for foreign citizens. Vikings explored the territories around the North Dvina River - part of Bjarmaland - at the start of the first millennium. British and Norman ships came to these places for mining, fur and fishing before the 13th century, tradition states that Saint Euphemius, an Orthodox missionary in Karelia, founded this monastery. The abbey stood in ruins until 1471, when two sons of Marfa Boretskaya died in a storm, their bodies were recovered on the beach near the monastery twelve days later. At the urging of Boretskaya, the monastery was restored and her sons were buried there, on August 24,1553, a ship of Richard Chancellor reached the salt-mining settlement of Nyonoksa, which is still famous for its traditional wooden architecture. The British sailors visited the Nikolo-Korelsky Monastery, where they were surprised to find a community of sailors in soutanes, in late 1613, during the Time of Troubles in Russia, Polish-Lithuanian vagabonds, the Lisowczycy, captured and looted Severodvinsk with the monastery. The Nikolo-Korelsky Monastery flourished after the establishment of the Muscovy Company, in August 1618 the harbour was visited by John Tradescant the elder, who conducted a survey of an island situated opposite the monastery. This island became known to the British as Rose Island, because it was there that Tradescant found a rare plant which he named Rosa moscovita. The surviving buildings of the monastery were constructed at the close of the Muscovite period, the five-domed cathedral of St. Nicholas was built between 1670 and 1674, preceded by the Assumption church, to which it is joined by a gallery. Several decades later, the walls and towers were built of timber, the Soviets transported the best-preserved of these towers to Kolomenskoye, Moscow, Severodvinsk is the second-largest city in Arkhangelsk Oblast. Its main industry remains defense-related — the construction and repair of submarines at the huge Northern Machine-building Enterprise SEVMASH, the Soviet Unions first nuclear submarine Leninsky Komsomol was built here in 1957. At the beginning of the 1980s the worlds largest submarine, a Typhoon class, was built here. The modern city of Severodvinsk developed in the Soviet period, as it began to be built it was called Sudostroy. It received town status in 1938 and until 1957 was named Molotovsk, on September 12,1957 it was renamed Severodvinsk. During World War II a significant portion of the materials delivered by the Arctic Convoys to Murmansk and Arkhangelsk for the Soviet Union were unloaded in Severodvinsk. For example, the Empire Elgar, a British heavy lift ship that arrived in Arkhangelsk with convoy PQ16, a Russian naval-base supports the sea trials of nuclear submarines from the major submarine construction- and repair-facilities located in the area. In Soviet times the 17th-century buildings of the Nikolo-Korelsky monastery, located on the territory of the shipyard, were adapted and used for shipbuilding purposes, in recent years the monastery buildings, specifically the main church, have been restored and re-consecrated
2.
Novohrad-Volynskyi
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Novohrad-Volynskyi is a city in the Zhytomyr Oblast of northern Ukraine. Originally known as Zvyahel, the city was renamed in 1795 after annexation of territories of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth by the Russian Empire soon after the third Partition of Poland. It serves as the center of Novohrad-Volynskyi Raion, though administratively it does not belong to the raion and is incorporated separately as a city of oblast significance. Population,55, 991 The city had an important Jewish community, at the start of the 20th century,10,000 Jews, 50% of the population, lived in the town. In 1919, the Pogroms in Ukraine reached Novohrad-Volynskyi, and the troops of Symon Petliura murdered 1,000 Jews, by the start of World War II only 6,840 Jews remained. Hundreds of Jews were murdered in mass executions perpetrated by an Einsatzgruppen in 1941, many Survivors were imprisoned in harsh conditions in a ghetto and murdered in November 1942, and an important part of the town was destroyed during the war. The town is best known as the birthplace of Lesya Ukrainka, famous nationalist Ukrainian poet, playwright, writer and more. Travel
3.
Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
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The Ukrainian SSR was a founding member of the United Nations, although it was legally represented by the All-Union state in its affairs with countries outside of the Soviet Union. From the start, the city of Kharkiv served as the republics capital. However, in 1934, the seat of government was moved to the city of Kyiv. Geographically, the Ukrainian SSR was situated in Eastern Europe to the north of the Black Sea, bordered by the Soviet republics of Moldavia, Byelorussia, the Ukrainian SSRs border with Czechoslovakia formed the Soviet Unions western-most border point. According to the Soviet Census of 1989 the republic had a population of 51,706,746 inhabitants, the name Ukraine, derived from the Slavic word kraj, meaning land or border. It was first used to part of the territory of Kievan Rus in the 12th century. The name has been used in a variety of ways since the twelfth century, after the abdication of the tsar and the start of the process of the destruction of the Russian Empire many people in Ukraine wished to establish a Ukrainian Republic. During a period of war from 1917-23 many factions claiming themselves governments of the newly born republic were formed, each with supporters. The two most prominent of them were the government in Kyiv and the government in Kharkiv, the former being the Ukrainian Peoples Republic and the latter the Ukrainian Soviet Republic. This government of the Soviet Ukrainian Republic was founded on 24–25 December 1917, in its publications it names itself either the Republic of Soviets of Workers, Soldiers, and Peasants Deputies or the Ukrainian Peoples Republic of Soviets. The last session of the government took place in the city of Taganrog, in July 1918 the former members of the government formed the Communist Party of Ukraine, the constituent assembly of which took place in Moscow. On 10 March 1919, according to the 3rd Congress of Soviets in Ukraine the name of the state was changed to the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic. After the ratification of the 1936 Soviet Constitution, the names of all Soviet republics were changed, transposing the second, during its existence, the Ukrainian SSR was commonly referred to as Ukraine or the Ukraine. On 24 August 1991, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic declared independence, since the adoption of the Constitution of Ukraine in June 1996, the country became known simply as Ukraine, which is the name used to this day. After the Russian Revolution of 1917, several factions sought to create an independent Ukrainian state, the most popular faction was initially the local Socialist Revolutionary Party that composed the local government together with Federalists and Mensheviks. The Bolsheviks boycotted any government initiatives most of the time, instigating several armed riots in order to establish the Soviet power without any intent for consensus, immediately after the October Revolution in Petrograd, Bolsheviks instigated the Kiev Bolshevik Uprising to support the Revolution and secure Kyiv. Due to a lack of support from the local population and anti-revolutionary Central Rada, however. Most moved to Kharkiv and received the support of the eastern Ukrainian cities, later, this move was regarded as a mistake by some of the Peoples Commissars
4.
Soviet Union
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The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991. It was nominally a union of national republics, but its government. The Soviet Union had its roots in the October Revolution of 1917 and this established the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic and started the Russian Civil War between the revolutionary Reds and the counter-revolutionary Whites. In 1922, the communists were victorious, forming the Soviet Union with the unification of the Russian, Transcaucasian, Ukrainian, following Lenins death in 1924, a collective leadership and a brief power struggle, Joseph Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s. Stalin suppressed all opposition to his rule, committed the state ideology to Marxism–Leninism. As a result, the country underwent a period of rapid industrialization and collectivization which laid the foundation for its victory in World War II and postwar dominance of Eastern Europe. Shortly before World War II, Stalin signed the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact agreeing to non-aggression with Nazi Germany, in June 1941, the Germans invaded the Soviet Union, opening the largest and bloodiest theater of war in history. Soviet war casualties accounted for the highest proportion of the conflict in the effort of acquiring the upper hand over Axis forces at battles such as Stalingrad. Soviet forces eventually captured Berlin in 1945, the territory overtaken by the Red Army became satellite states of the Eastern Bloc. The Cold War emerged by 1947 as the Soviet bloc confronted the Western states that united in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1949. Following Stalins death in 1953, a period of political and economic liberalization, known as de-Stalinization and Khrushchevs Thaw, the country developed rapidly, as millions of peasants were moved into industrialized cities. The USSR took a lead in the Space Race with Sputnik 1, the first ever satellite, and Vostok 1. In the 1970s, there was a brief détente of relations with the United States, the war drained economic resources and was matched by an escalation of American military aid to Mujahideen fighters. In the mid-1980s, the last Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, sought to reform and liberalize the economy through his policies of glasnost. The goal was to preserve the Communist Party while reversing the economic stagnation, the Cold War ended during his tenure, and in 1989 Soviet satellite countries in Eastern Europe overthrew their respective communist regimes. This led to the rise of strong nationalist and separatist movements inside the USSR as well, in August 1991, a coup détat was attempted by Communist Party hardliners. It failed, with Russian President Boris Yeltsin playing a role in facing down the coup. On 25 December 1991, Gorbachev resigned and the twelve constituent republics emerged from the dissolution of the Soviet Union as independent post-Soviet states
5.
Order of Honour (Russia)
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Its statute was amended by decree №19 of January 6,1999 and more lately by decree №1099 of January 7,2010 which defined its present status. The Russian Federation Order provides continuity from the Soviet Unions identically named Order, the Soviet Order of Honor was denoted by a gray yellow edged ribbon. The obverse bears a white enamelled central medallion bordered by a laurel wreath. On the otherwise plain reverse, two rivets and the serial number at the bottom. The individuals below are recipients of the Order of Honour. A
6.
People's Artist of Russia
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It succeeded both the all-Soviet Union Peoples Artist of the USSR award, and more directly the local republics Peoples Artist of the RSFSR award, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Now, the status of the Peoples Artist of the Russian Federation has risen above that of the earlier RSFSR award, there are presently two levels to this award, The lower Honored Artist of Russia also translates as Meritorious Artist. This was equivalent to the earlier «Заслуженный артист РСФСР», which became «Заслуженный артист Российской Федерации», the higher Peoples Artist of Russia is the highest honorary title of the Russian Federation for outstanding achievements in the field of theater, music, circus, vaudeville and film art. Award makes the recipient eligible to receive the higher Peoples, for example, the light entertainment singer Sergei Georgievich Zakharov was awarded Honored Artist of the RSFSR in 1988, then Peoples Artist of Russia in 1996. Awards and decorations of the Russian Federation Ministerial Awards of the Russian Federation List of awards of independent services of the Russian Federation
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Honored Artist of the Russian Federation
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The title is awarded by a national government to actors, directors, film makers, writers, dancers, singers, painters, architects, etc. for exceptional achievements in arts. The honorary title was originally modeled after German honorific title for distinguished opera singers, historically, the title was bestowed by princes or kings, when it was styled Hofkammersänger. The term is used to translate two different Russian language titles, заслуженный артист and заслуженный художник. Both titles are awarded for achievements in the corresponding arts. Some other arts gave rise to special titles, Meritorious Architect, Meritorious Writer, the same distinction of Meritorious Artist and above that Peoples Artist exist also in Vietnam. Some other fields gave rise to special titles, such as Meritorious Teacher, list of Peoples Artists of Azerbaijan Peoples Artist Peoples Artist of Russia Merited Artist of Ukraine Merited Artist of Albania Full list of recipients, by republic
8.
State Prize of the Russian Federation
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The State Prize of the Russian Federation is a state honorary prize established in 1992 as the successor for the USSR State Prize following the breakup of the Soviet Union. The award consists of a cash prize amounting to 5 million Russian rubles, a medal, if a number of coauthors equally contributed to a prize-winning work the prize is divided among no more than three authors. The medal for the State Prize was developed by the artist Yevgeny Ukhnalyov, the design is based on the Coat of arms of Russia. It shows a gold double-headed eagle with a scepter and a Globus cruciger with a red shield showing St. George with the dragon. The eagle is crowned by two small and one large crown and put on a silver wreath consisted of palm and laurel branches joined by a red ribbon, the design was adopted in 2005. Complete listings are available on Russian Wikipedia, For example, Laureates of the State Prize of the Russian Federation for 1992, anatoly Savin Literature and the arts Andrey Logvin Literature and the arts Yelena Panova - for her role in Border. Afanasiev, S. Dodonov, Anatolii Zasov, Valerij Polyachenko, Olga Silchenko, Evgenii Snezhkin, Oleg Khoruzhii - for prediction and discovery of new structures in spiral galaxies. Humanitarian work Jacques Chirac - President of France Science and Technology Vladimir Arnold - Russian mathematician, Alexey Khokhlov - Polymer scientist, Andrey Zaliznyak - Russian linguist. Literature and the arts Alisa Freindlich - actress of the Tovstonogov Theater in Saint Petersburg, Andrey Kovalchuk - Russian sculptor, Yevgeny Kaspersky - anti-virus software inventor. Yuri Oganessian for the opening of the new field of stability of superheavy elements, anatoly Derevyanko for outstanding discoveries and works in the field of ancient history in Eurasia and the formation of anatomically modern humans
9.
TEFI
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TEFI is an annual award given in the Russian television industry, presented by the Russian Academy of Television. It has been awarded since 1994, TEFI is presented in various sectors, such as television shows, notable people in the television industry, journalists, channels. The winners are awarded with Orpheus statuette created by Ernst Neizvestny, —1997,2001 Zov Djungley —1999 O, shastlivchik —2000 Srazis s Natsiey —08 Total Recall —08 Other Gentleman show —1994 Spokoinoi nochi, malyshi
10.
Russian language
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Russian is an East Slavic language and an official language in Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and many minor or unrecognised territories. Russian belongs to the family of Indo-European languages and is one of the four living members of the East Slavic languages, written examples of Old East Slavonic are attested from the 10th century and beyond. It is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia and the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages and it is also the largest native language in Europe, with 144 million native speakers in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus. Russian is the eighth most spoken language in the world by number of native speakers, the language is one of the six official languages of the United Nations. Russian is also the second most widespread language on the Internet after English, Russian distinguishes between consonant phonemes with palatal secondary articulation and those without, the so-called soft and hard sounds. This distinction is found between pairs of almost all consonants and is one of the most distinguishing features of the language, another important aspect is the reduction of unstressed vowels. Russian is a Slavic language of the Indo-European family and it is a lineal descendant of the language used in Kievan Rus. From the point of view of the language, its closest relatives are Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Rusyn. An East Slavic Old Novgorod dialect, although vanished during the 15th or 16th century, is considered to have played a significant role in the formation of modern Russian. In the 19th century, the language was often called Great Russian to distinguish it from Belarusian, then called White Russian and Ukrainian, however, the East Slavic forms have tended to be used exclusively in the various dialects that are experiencing a rapid decline. In some cases, both the East Slavic and the Church Slavonic forms are in use, with different meanings. For details, see Russian phonology and History of the Russian language and it is also regarded by the United States Intelligence Community as a hard target language, due to both its difficulty to master for English speakers and its critical role in American world policy. The standard form of Russian is generally regarded as the modern Russian literary language, mikhail Lomonosov first compiled a normalizing grammar book in 1755, in 1783 the Russian Academys first explanatory Russian dictionary appeared. By the mid-20th century, such dialects were forced out with the introduction of the education system that was established by the Soviet government. Despite the formalization of Standard Russian, some nonstandard dialectal features are observed in colloquial speech. Thus, the Russian language is the 6th largest in the world by number of speakers, after English, Mandarin, Hindi/Urdu, Spanish, Russian is one of the six official languages of the United Nations. Education in Russian is still a choice for both Russian as a second language and native speakers in Russia as well as many of the former Soviet republics. Russian is still seen as an important language for children to learn in most of the former Soviet republics, samuel P. Huntington wrote in the Clash of Civilizations, During the heyday of the Soviet Union, Russian was the lingua franca from Prague to Hanoi
11.
Russia
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Russia, also officially the Russian Federation, is a country in Eurasia. The European western part of the country is more populated and urbanised than the eastern. Russias capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world, other urban centers include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a range of environments. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, the East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, in 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of states, most of the Rus lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion. The Soviet Union played a role in the Allied victory in World War II. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the worlds first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the second largest economy, largest standing military in the world. It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic, the Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015. Russias extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world, making it one of the producers of oil. The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction, Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and has been characterised as a potential superpower. The name Russia is derived from Rus, a state populated mostly by the East Slavs. However, this name became more prominent in the later history, and the country typically was called by its inhabitants Русская Земля. In order to distinguish this state from other states derived from it, it is denoted as Kievan Rus by modern historiography, an old Latin version of the name Rus was Ruthenia, mostly applied to the western and southern regions of Rus that were adjacent to Catholic Europe. The current name of the country, Россия, comes from the Byzantine Greek designation of the Kievan Rus, the standard way to refer to citizens of Russia is Russians in English and rossiyane in Russian. There are two Russian words which are translated into English as Russians
12.
Intergirl
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Intergirl is a 1989 Soviet drama film. Set in Leningrad in the time of perestroika during the 1980s, the film was the most popular Soviet film in 1989 and made a star of leading actress Elena Yakovleva. It is the adaptation of the eponymous story by Vladimir Kunin. A Swedish client of a prostitute catering to foreigners who is also a nurse from Leningrad with the name of Tanya Zaitseva suddenly makes her a marriage proposal. After another conversation with the police she goes with good news back home to her mother, who thinks that her daughter is just a nurse. Tanya did not hide the fact that she is getting married not for love, but because she wants to have an apartment, in a conversation with her mother she argues that prostitution is characteristic of all trades, all sell themselves. However, the mother can not imagine that Tatiana sells herself in the truest sense of the word, Tanyas former client and now fiance Ed Larsen is a pass for Tanya in the Western world of dreams. However, on her way gets the Soviet bureaucracy, to travel to Sweden Tanya needed help, the heaviest price she gets help from her father, whom she has not seen for 20 years. He requires 3,000 rubles for permission for emigration - a lot of money in those days, Tanya has to re-engage in prostitution to get the money. Sweden very quickly bores the heroine, the only outlet for her become Russian truck drivers working in the Sovtransavto, through whom she sends gifts to his mother in Leningrad. Swedish friends not for a moment forget how Tanya earned in the USSR, Ed really loves his wife, but is always making comments about her habits. Tanya - absolutely a stranger in a strange world and she wants to visit his mother. Meanwhile prostitute girlfriend Tanya says over the phone that the USSR at her case on speculation for illegal currency exchange. Investigators come to Tanyas mother and reveals the secrets of her daughters high earnings, morally broken mother-teacher commits suicide, household gas poisoning in his apartment. Skein, a neighbor of Tanya, smells gas at the site, bursts into the apartment, knocks out the window, pulls her mother to court and unsuccessfully tries to save her and she struggled in vain knocking on the door to the neighbors. At this moment in Sweden Tanya turns as if to hear the knock and she feels that there was something terrible. In a panic, she jumps into the car, goes to the airport, the drama of the final episode reinforces the Russian folk song Tramp, which is the leitmotif of the film. Elena Yakovleva has won the Best Actress award at Nika,1990, Intergirl at the Internet Movie Database Intergirl at AllMovie Screenshots Online version Online version at Movie. ru
13.
Encore, Once More Encore!
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Encore, Once More Encore. is a 1992 post-war eccentric tragi-comedy set at the end of the Forties and the beginning of the Fifties. The film has won 5 awards, including The Best Film Nika Award,1993, in a distant garrison town, life proceeds at a measured past. The officers drink and debauch, while the soldiers serve, meanwhile, accidentally unleashed human emotions are suffocated by the atmosphere of cruelty and hypocrisy. Lt. Poletaev is an irrepressible character, even the grim character of service in the Red Army following World War II isnt enough to dampen his spirits. Instead, he keeps things lively by accompanying the bases chorus on his accordion and he succeeds in both his quests. Not only that, but one of the singers and he have a nice little romantic spark going. Its too bad that shes the live-in lover of his boss, I made a film about love. About a Lieutenant, who fell in love with a Colonels young, the Colonel s got two wives, the first from the pre-war times and the second whom he met in the war and fell head over heels. Pangs of conscience, painful doubts, sidelong glances, only shot in the head can cleave this knot. says director Pyotr Todorovsky. Encore, Once More Encore. at the Internet Movie Database Movie Trailer and Screenshots
14.
Sovremennik Theatre
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Moscow Sovremennik Theatre is a theatre company in Moscow founded in 1956. The Sovremennik Theatre was founded by a group of young Soviet actors during the Khrushchev Thaw, among the founders, all of whom graduated from Moscow Art Theatre School-Studio, were Oleg Yefremov, Galina Volchek, Igor Kvasha, Liliya Tolmachyova, Yevgeniy Yevstigneyev and Oleg Tabakov. The debut production was Victor Rozovs play Forever Alive, the theatres first artistic director, Oleg Yefremov, left in 1970. Since then the theatre is led by Galina Volchek
15.
State Prize of Russian Federation
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The State Prize of the Russian Federation is a state honorary prize established in 1992 as the successor for the USSR State Prize following the breakup of the Soviet Union. The award consists of a cash prize amounting to 5 million Russian rubles, a medal, if a number of coauthors equally contributed to a prize-winning work the prize is divided among no more than three authors. The medal for the State Prize was developed by the artist Yevgeny Ukhnalyov, the design is based on the Coat of arms of Russia. It shows a gold double-headed eagle with a scepter and a Globus cruciger with a red shield showing St. George with the dragon. The eagle is crowned by two small and one large crown and put on a silver wreath consisted of palm and laurel branches joined by a red ribbon, the design was adopted in 2005. Complete listings are available on Russian Wikipedia, For example, Laureates of the State Prize of the Russian Federation for 1992, anatoly Savin Literature and the arts Andrey Logvin Literature and the arts Yelena Panova - for her role in Border. Afanasiev, S. Dodonov, Anatolii Zasov, Valerij Polyachenko, Olga Silchenko, Evgenii Snezhkin, Oleg Khoruzhii - for prediction and discovery of new structures in spiral galaxies. Humanitarian work Jacques Chirac - President of France Science and Technology Vladimir Arnold - Russian mathematician, Alexey Khokhlov - Polymer scientist, Andrey Zaliznyak - Russian linguist. Literature and the arts Alisa Freindlich - actress of the Tovstonogov Theater in Saint Petersburg, Andrey Kovalchuk - Russian sculptor, Yevgeny Kaspersky - anti-virus software inventor. Yuri Oganessian for the opening of the new field of stability of superheavy elements, anatoly Derevyanko for outstanding discoveries and works in the field of ancient history in Eurasia and the formation of anatomically modern humans
16.
Yermolova Theatre
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The Yermolova Theatre is a theatre company in the Tverskoy District of central Moscow. It is under the direction of Vladimir Andreyev. The theatres building was built in the 1830s, and is one of the largest on Tverskaya Street, tickets for productions cost about 50-300 roubles. The theatre company was founded by graduates of the Maly Theatre studio in 1925 and it started out like most theatres did back then, as a school at first, then a travelling company and eventually became a stationary company. It was one of Moscows most popular dramatic theatres from 1940 to 1960
17.
Moscow
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Moscow is the capital and most populous city of Russia, with 13.2 million residents within the city limits and 17.8 million within the urban area. Moscow has the status of a Russian federal city, Moscow is a major political, economic, cultural, and scientific center of Russia and Eastern Europe, as well as the largest city entirely on the European continent. Moscow is the northernmost and coldest megacity and metropolis on Earth and it is home to the Ostankino Tower, the tallest free standing structure in Europe, the Federation Tower, the tallest skyscraper in Europe, and the Moscow International Business Center. Moscow is situated on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District of European Russia, the city is well known for its architecture, particularly its historic buildings such as Saint Basils Cathedral with its brightly colored domes. Moscow is the seat of power of the Government of Russia, being the site of the Moscow Kremlin, the Moscow Kremlin and Red Square are also one of several World Heritage Sites in the city. Both chambers of the Russian parliament also sit in the city and it is recognized as one of the citys landmarks due to the rich architecture of its 200 stations. In old Russian the word also meant a church administrative district. The demonym for a Moscow resident is москвич for male or москвичка for female, the name of the city is thought to be derived from the name of the Moskva River. There have been proposed several theories of the origin of the name of the river and its cognates include Russian, музга, muzga pool, puddle, Lithuanian, mazgoti and Latvian, mazgāt to wash, Sanskrit, majjati to drown, Latin, mergō to dip, immerse. There exist as well similar place names in Poland like Mozgawa, the original Old Russian form of the name is reconstructed as *Москы, *Mosky, hence it was one of a few Slavic ū-stem nouns. From the latter forms came the modern Russian name Москва, Moskva, in a similar manner the Latin name Moscovia has been formed, later it became a colloquial name for Russia used in Western Europe in the 16th–17th centuries. From it as well came English Muscovy, various other theories, having little or no scientific ground, are now largely rejected by contemporary linguists. The surface similarity of the name Russia with Rosh, an obscure biblical tribe or country, the oldest evidence of humans on the territory of Moscow dates from the Neolithic. Within the modern bounds of the city other late evidence was discovered, on the territory of the Kremlin, Sparrow Hills, Setun River and Kuntsevskiy forest park, etc. The earliest East Slavic tribes recorded as having expanded to the upper Volga in the 9th to 10th centuries are the Vyatichi and Krivichi, the Moskva River was incorporated as part of Rostov-Suzdal into the Kievan Rus in the 11th century. By AD1100, a settlement had appeared on the mouth of the Neglinnaya River. The first known reference to Moscow dates from 1147 as a place of Yuri Dolgoruky. At the time it was a town on the western border of Vladimir-Suzdal Principality
18.
Flight Crew (film)
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Flight Crew is a Russian disaster film directed by Nikolay Lebedev and produced by Russia-1 Channel which released in April 2016. It stars Vladimir Mashkov, Danila Kozlovsky and Agne Grudyte, inspired by the 1979 Soviet film Air Crew, it was the second catastrophe film shot in the Russian Federation. The film was shot in digital 3D IMAX camera and become the second Russian film shot using this equipment, the premiere took place on April 21,2016. In foreign distribution, the owner of rights to the film was the film company Paramount Pictures, talented young pilot Alexey Gushchin does not accept authority and acts in accordance with a personal code of honor. For failure to comply with an order, he is prevented from flying a military aircraft again and in spite of that. He applies to an airline and displays remarkable flying talent. Alexey becomes the second pilot-trainee on the Tu-204SM under the guidance of a crew commander. Their work relationship is not easy, but due to Alexeys talent, Leonid chooses to keep him at his side, together, the two pilots manage to escape the island on two planes, however, the smaller cargo plane has not enough fuel. Using a risky maneuver, the crew manages to transfer passengers via sky line between the two vessels in air moments before the plane would run out of fuel and crash into the ocean. After the rough, but successful landing in lightning storm the two are terminated from their positions as pilots, and are transferred to Aeroflot as flight interns. Director Nikolai Lebedev wanted to make a film, but did not negotiate with potential producers, until Leonid Vereshchagin. The director started work with the support of Alexander Mitta, who directed the film of the same name in 1979. The movie received support from Russian Government which funded the movie through the National Cinema Foundation, filming started on September 18,2014 and wrapped on 10 February 2015. The filming took place in Moscow, Moscow region and in the Crimean peninsula, in the peninsula they filmed the earthquake-prone island volcano in the Indian Ocean. The crew shot the scenes in two planes, The Tupolev Tu-204SM and decommissioned Tupolev Tu-154 of Kosmos Airlines. The film was shot in digital 3D IMAX and become the second Russian film shot using this equipment after Stalingrad by Fedor Bondarchuk, the film has been dubbed into English for international markets by LipSync Chemistry in London. The film has released in Russia and other post-Soviet states in April,2016. The movie was released in China
19.
IMDb
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In 1998 it became a subsidiary of Amazon Inc, who were then able to use it as an advertising resource for selling DVDs and videotapes. As of January 2017, IMDb has approximately 4.1 million titles and 7.7 million personalities in its database, the site enables registered users to submit new material and edits to existing entries. Although all data is checked before going live, the system has open to abuse. The site also featured message boards which stimulate regular debates and dialogue among authenticated users, IMDb shutdown the message boards permanently on February 20,2017. Anyone with a connection can read the movie and talent pages of IMDb. A registration process is however, to contribute info to the site. A registered user chooses a name for themselves, and is given a profile page. These badges range from total contributions made, to independent categories such as photos, trivia, bios, if a registered user or visitor happens to be in the entertainment industry, and has an IMDb page, that user/visitor can add photos to that page by enrolling in IMDbPRO. Actors, crew, and industry executives can post their own resume and this fee enrolls them in a membership called IMDbPro. PRO can be accessed by anyone willing to pay the fee, which is $19.99 USD per month, or if paid annually, $149.99, which comes to approximately $12.50 per month USD. Membership enables a user to access the rank order of each industry personality, as well as agent contact information for any actor, producer, director etc. that has an IMDb page. Enrolling in PRO for industry personnel, enables those members the ability to upload a head shot to open their page, as well as the ability to upload hundreds of photos to accompany their page. Anyone can register as a user, and contribute to the site as well as enjoy its content, however those users enrolled in PRO have greater access and privileges. IMDb originated with a Usenet posting by British film fan and computer programmer Col Needham entitled Those Eyes, others with similar interests soon responded with additions or different lists of their own. Needham subsequently started an Actors List, while Dave Knight began a Directors List, and Andy Krieg took over THE LIST from Hank Driskill, which would later be renamed the Actress List. Both lists had been restricted to people who were alive and working, the goal of the participants now was to make the lists as inclusive as possible. By late 1990, the lists included almost 10,000 movies and television series correlated with actors and actresses appearing therein. On October 17,1990, Needham developed and posted a collection of Unix shell scripts which could be used to search the four lists, at the time, it was known as the rec. arts. movies movie database
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Virtual International Authority File
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The Virtual International Authority File is an international authority file. It is a joint project of national libraries and operated by the Online Computer Library Center. The project was initiated by the US Library of Congress, the German National Library, the National Library of France joined the project on October 5,2007. The project transitions to a service of the OCLC on April 4,2012, the aim is to link the national authority files to a single virtual authority file. In this file, identical records from the different data sets are linked together, a VIAF record receives a standard data number, contains the primary see and see also records from the original records, and refers to the original authority records. The data are available online and are available for research and data exchange. Reciprocal updating uses the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting protocol, the file numbers are also being added to Wikipedia biographical articles and are incorporated into Wikidata. VIAFs clustering algorithm is run every month, as more data are added from participating libraries, clusters of authority records may coalesce or split, leading to some fluctuation in the VIAF identifier of certain authority records
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Integrated Authority File
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The Integrated Authority File or GND is an international authority file for the organisation of personal names, subject headings and corporate bodies from catalogues. It is used mainly for documentation in libraries and increasingly also by archives, the GND is managed by the German National Library in cooperation with various regional library networks in German-speaking Europe and other partners. The GND falls under the Creative Commons Zero license, the GND specification provides a hierarchy of high-level entities and sub-classes, useful in library classification, and an approach to unambiguous identification of single elements. It also comprises an ontology intended for knowledge representation in the semantic web, available in the RDF format
