1.
Eighth Avenue (Manhattan)
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Eighth Avenue is a north-south avenue on the west side of Manhattan in New York City, carrying northbound traffic below 59th Street. While the avenue has different names at different points in Manhattan, north of Frederick Douglass Circle, it resumes its Eighth Avenue designation, but is also known as Frederick Douglass Boulevard. The avenue ends north of 155th Street, and merges into the Harlem River Drive, the New York City Subway IND Eighth Avenue Line runs under Eighth Avenue. MTA Regional Bus Operations primarily operates two bus routes on the avenue, the northbound M20 serves Eighth Avenue between Abingdon Square and Columbus Circle, while the M10 serves the length of Eighth Avenue north of 59th Street in its entirety. The southernmost section is solely as Eighth Avenue between Abingdon Square and Columbus Circle. This portion of Eighth Avenue has carried traffic one-way northbound since June 6,1954, in fact, New York Citys annual gay pride parade takes place along the Greenwich Village section of Eighth Avenue. As its name indicates, CPW forms the edge of Central Park. It also forms the boundary of the Upper West Side. It runs 51 blocks from Columbus Circle to Frederick Douglass Circle, Central Park Wests expensive housing rivals that of Fifth Avenue on the Upper East Side. Most of these housing cooperatives were built around 1930, replacing late 19th century hotels with the same names, some, including The Century, The San Remo, and The Majestic, are twin towers. Other landmarks and institutions along its length include the New-York Historical Society, the area from 61st to 97th Streets is included in the Central Park West Historic District. The building located at 55 Central Park West is the infamous Spook Central from the movie Ghostbusters, the famed New York City restaurant Tavern on the Green is located off of Central Park West, at 66th Street, within the grounds of Central Park. In 1899, while exiting a streetcar, Henry Bliss was run over by a taxi at CPW and West 74th Street, becoming the first person to be run down and killed by a motor car in the Americas. North of Frederick Douglass Circle at 110th Street in Harlem, it is Frederick Douglass Boulevard, Frederick Douglass Boulevard eventually terminates near the Harlem River at the Harlem River Drive around West 159th Street. While Central Park West has its own system, address numbers on Frederick Douglass Boulevard continue from where they would be if Central Park West used the Eighth Avenue numbering system. Formerly described as being like Detroit in its urban blight, it is now gentrified, especially in the restaurants along its route and this gentrification is partly due to massive city investment. The share of whites jumped to 12.4 percent from 2.3 percent, median household income rose 28 percent, to $34,694. Notes New York Songlines, Eighth Avenue, a walking tour
2.
Thornton Tomasetti
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Thornton Tomasetti is an American 1, 200+ person structural engineering consulting firm headquartered in New York City. Founded in 1956 as Lev Zetlin & Associates, the 50-year-old company has locations throughout the world. The engineering firm provided the design for several of the worlds tallest building structures, including the Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Other structures designed by the firm include Soldier Field in Chicago, Petco Park in San Diego, among other architects of note, Thornton Tomasetti has collaborated with Cesar Pelli, Santiago Calatrava, Renzo Piano, and Rafael Vinoly. Thornton Tomasetti works to advance design and construction practices. About one-fifth of its staff are LEED accredited professionals, Thornton Tomasetti was the first structural engineering company to sign the AIA2030 Commitment. Thornton Tomasetti immediately began to branch out and enter the market with several innovative designs. The New York City office essentially began in 1956 as Lev Zetlin & Associates, Lev Zetlin also embraced the creative use of materials, most notably demonstrated in a bridge design made entirely of paper products for an International Paper ad. In 1993, Thornton Tomasetti acquired Cohen-Barreto-Marchertas and created a Chicago office, founded in 1965 by Eli Cohen, CBM pioneered the use of the now-common composite steel structural system, which combines a reinforced concrete core wall with a light steel floor framing. In the early 1960s, Cohens adaptation of the cooling tower design to high-rise offices required a change in the way the unions worked. Ironworker contracts forbid members of trades to work at higher elevations at job sites. But the proposed system was reviewed with them and they agreed to let concrete workers work above them, on September 8,2015, Thornton Tomasetti announced that it had merged with structural engineering firm Weidlinger Associates. The combined firm will have 1,200 employees operating in 34 cities internationally, in 2008 Thornton was awarded the Henry C. Turner Prize for Innovation in Construction Technology from the National Building Museum for his work with this program. Thornton Tomasetti Corporate Website ACE Mentor Program
3.
Cosentini Associates
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Cosentini Associates provides consulting engineering services for the building industry. Cosentini Associates was founded in 1951 by William Randolph Cosentini as W. R. Cosentini, William Cosentini was the second born child of Italian immigrant parents Eugenio and Vincenza Cosentini. He earned his MA in mechanical engineering from New York University, three years after founding the company, William Cosentini died in 1954 at 41 years of age. The company was established to provide consulting services in the mechanical and electrical engineering disciplines, in 1999, Cosentini greatly expanded its engineering and design resources by joining Tetra Tech, Inc. a nationwide alliance offering consulting, engineering, and technical services
4.
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
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Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design is one of the most popular green building certification programs used worldwide. Developed by the non-profit U. S. LEED also has grown from six volunteers on one committee to 119,924 staff, volunteers, LEED standards have been applied to approximately 83,452 registered and certified LEED projects worldwide, covering around 13.8 billion square feet. Many U. S. federal agencies and states and local governments require or reward LEED certification, however, four states have effectively banned the use of LEED in new public buildings, preferring other industry standards that the USGBC considers too lax. Proposals to modify the LEED standards are offered and publicly reviewed by USGBCs member organizations, GBCI also certifies projects pursuing LEED. LEED has evolved since 1998 to more accurately represent and incorporate emerging green building technologies, the pilot version, LEED New Construction v1.0, led to LEED NCv2.0, LEED NCv2.2 in 2005, and LEED2009 in 2009. LEED v4 was introduced in November,2013, until October 31,2016, new projects may choose between LEED2009 and LEED v4. New projects registering after October 31,2016 must use LEED v4, LEED2009 encompasses ten rating systems for the design, construction and operation of buildings, homes and neighborhoods. Five overarching categories correspond to the available under the LEED professional program. Up to 10 additional points may be earned, four points may be received for Regional Priority Credits. Its owner must share data on the energy and water use for five years after occupancy or date of certification. Each of the categories also have mandatory measures in each category. The weighting process has three steps, A collection of buildings are used to estimate the environmental impacts of any building seeking LEED certification in a designated rating scheme. NIST weightings are used to judge the importance of these impacts in each category. Data regarding actual impacts on environmental and human health are used to assign points to individual categories and measures and this system results in a weighted average for each rating scheme based upon actual impacts and the relative importance of those impacts to human health and environmental quality. The LEED council also appears to have assigned credit and measure weighting based upon the market implications of point allocation, in 2003, the Canada Green Building Council received permission to create LEED Canada-NC v1.0, which was based upon LEED-NC2.0. Many buildings in Canada are LEED certified in part due to their Rainwater harvesting practices, LEED certification is granted by the Green Building Certification Institute, which handles the third-party verification of a projects compliance with the LEED requirements. The certification process for design teams is made up of two applications, one including design credits, and one including construction credits. All of the LEED credits in each rating system are assigned to either the design application or the construction application, the design credits include those that are the purview of the architect and the engineer, and are documented in the official construction drawings
5.
42nd Street (Manhattan)
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42nd Street is a major crosstown street in the New York City borough of Manhattan, known for its theaters, especially near the intersection with Broadway at Times Square. It is also the name of the region of the district near that intersection. Washingtons attempt put him in danger of being captured, and his officers had to him to leave. The rout eventually subsided into an orderly retreat, john Jacob Astor purchased a 70 acres farm in 1803 that ran from 42nd Street to 46th Street west of Broadway to the Hudson River. The street was designated by the Commissioners Plan of 1811 that established the Manhattan street grid as one of 15 east-west streets that would be 100 feet in width, the Depot, which opened in 1871, was replaced by Grand Central Terminal in 1913. In 1980, it was turned into a successful Broadway musical which ran until 1989, from the late 1950s until the late 1980s, 42nd Street, nicknamed The Deuce, was the cultural center of American grindhouse theaters, which spawned an entire subculture. While the street outside the theatres was populated with, phony drug salesman, unkies alone in their heroin/cocaine dreamworld. Predatory chickenhawks spying on underage trade looking for pickups, ranssexuals, hustlers, and closety gays with a fetishistic homo- or heterosexual itch to scratch. It was common to see porn stars whose films were playing at the adult houses promenade down the block, not when you stepped onto the Deuce. Being a freak there would get you money, attention, entertainment, or maybe a robbery and a beating. For much of the mid and late 20th century, the area of 42nd Street near Times Square was home to activities often considered unsavory, in the early 1990s, city government encouraged a clean-up of the Times Square area. In 1993, the Walt Disney Corporation bought the New Amsterdam Theatre and it is now the flagship for Disneys theatrical productions in New York. This area is now co-signed as New 42nd Street to signify this change, the IRT 42nd Street Shuttle runs under 42nd Street between Broadway/Seventh Avenue and Park Avenue. Each line stops at Times Square and Grand Central, the Flushing Line also stops at Fifth Avenue and its predecessor, the 42nd Street Crosstown Line streetcar, had used 42nd Street. The George M. Cohan song Give My Regards to Broadway includes the lyrics Tell all the gang at Forty-Second Street / That I will soon be there. The Jim Croce song You Dont Mess Around with Jim includes the lyrics 42nd street got Big Jim Walker, the Billy Joel song Miami 2017 includes the lyrics Wed seen it all the time on 42nd Street. Ghosts of 42nd Street, A History of Americas Most Infamous Block, New York, HarperCollins Books, ISBN 0-688-17089-7. A detailed history that focuses primarily on the Times Square Theater District from the beginning of the 20th century through its successful restoration, down 42nd Street, Sex, money, culture and politics at the crossroads of the world
6.
Times Square
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It stretches from West 42nd to West 47th Streets. One of the worlds busiest pedestrian areas, it is also the hub of the Broadway Theater District, Times Square is one of the worlds most visited tourist attractions, drawing an estimated 50 million visitors annually. Approximately 330,000 people pass through Times Square daily, many of them tourists, the southern triangle of Times Square has no specific name, but the northernmost of the two triangles is called Father Duffy Square. Since 2008, the booth has been backed by a red, sloped, triangular set of stairs, which is used by people to sit, talk, eat. When Manhattan Island was first settled by the Dutch, three small streams united near what is now 10th Avenue and 40th street and these three streams formed the Great Kill. From there the Great Kill wound through the low-lying Reed Valley, known for fish and waterfowl, the name was retained in a tiny hamlet, Great Kill, that became a center for carriage-making, as the upland to the south and east became known as Longacre. Before and after the American Revolution, the area belonged to John Morin Scott, scotts manor house was at what is currently 43rd Street, surrounded by countryside used for farming and breeding horses. By 1872, the area had become the center of New Yorks horse carriage industry, the locality had not previously been given a name, and city authorities called it Longacre Square after Long Acre in London, where the horse and carriage trade was centered in that city. William Henry Vanderbilt owned and ran the American Horse Exchange there, in 1910 it became the Winter Garden Theatre. The first theater on the square, the Olympia, was built by cigar manufacturer, by the early 1890s this once sparsely settled stretch of Broadway was ablaze with electric light and thronged by crowds of middle- and upper-class theatre, restaurant and cafe patrons. In 1904, New York Times publisher Adolph S. Ochs persuaded Mayor George B, mcClellan, Jr. to construct a subway station there, and the area was renamed Times Square on April 8,1904. Just three weeks later, the first electrified advertisement appeared on the side of a bank at the corner of 46th Street, the north end later became Duffy Square, and the former Horse Exchange became the Winter Garden Theatre. The New York Times, according to Nolan, moved to spacious offices west of the square in 1913. The old Times Building was later named the Allied Chemical Building in 1963, now known simply as One Times Square, it is famed for the Times Square Ball drop on its roof every New Years Eve. In 1913, the Lincoln Highway Association, headed by entrepreneur Carl G. Fisher, chose the intersection of 42nd Street and Broadway to be the Eastern Terminus of the Lincoln Highway. This was the first road across the United States, which originally spanned 3,389 miles coast-to-coast through 13 states to its terminus in Lincoln Park in San Francisco. Times Square grew dramatically after World War I and it became a cultural hub full of theatres, music halls, and upscale hotels. Times Square quickly became New Yorks agora, a place to gather to await great tidings and to celebrate them, advertising also grew significantly in the 1920s, growing from $25 million to $85 million over the decade
7.
Manhattan
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Manhattan is the most densely populated borough of New York City, its economic and administrative center, and the citys historical birthplace. The borough is coextensive with New York County, founded on November 1,1683, Manhattan is often described as the cultural and financial capital of the world and hosts the United Nations Headquarters. Many multinational media conglomerates are based in the borough and it is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders which equals US$1062 today. New York County is the United States second-smallest county by land area, on business days, the influx of commuters increases that number to over 3.9 million, or more than 170,000 people per square mile. Manhattan has the third-largest population of New York Citys five boroughs, after Brooklyn and Queens, the City of New York was founded at the southern tip of Manhattan, and the borough houses New York City Hall, the seat of the citys government. The name Manhattan derives from the word Manna-hata, as written in the 1609 logbook of Robert Juet, a 1610 map depicts the name as Manna-hata, twice, on both the west and east sides of the Mauritius River. The word Manhattan has been translated as island of hills from the Lenape language. The United States Postal Service prefers that mail addressed to Manhattan use New York, NY rather than Manhattan, the area that is now Manhattan was long inhabited by the Lenape Native Americans. In 1524, Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano – sailing in service of King Francis I of France – was the first European to visit the area that would become New York City. It was not until the voyage of Henry Hudson, an Englishman who worked for the Dutch East India Company, a permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on the citadel of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam, the 1625 establishment of Fort Amsterdam at the southern tip of Manhattan Island is recognized as the birth of New York City. In 1846, New York historian John Romeyn Brodhead converted the figure of Fl 60 to US$23, variable-rate myth being a contradiction in terms, the purchase price remains forever frozen at twenty-four dollars, as Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace remarked in their history of New York. Sixty guilders in 1626 was valued at approximately $1,000 in 2006, based on the price of silver, Straight Dope author Cecil Adams calculated an equivalent of $72 in 1992. In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant was appointed as the last Dutch Director General of the colony, New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1653. In 1664, the English conquered New Netherland and renamed it New York after the English Duke of York and Albany, the Dutch Republic regained it in August 1673 with a fleet of 21 ships, renaming the city New Orange. Manhattan was at the heart of the New York Campaign, a series of battles in the early American Revolutionary War. The Continental Army was forced to abandon Manhattan after the Battle of Fort Washington on November 16,1776. The city, greatly damaged by the Great Fire of New York during the campaign, became the British political, British occupation lasted until November 25,1783, when George Washington returned to Manhattan, as the last British forces left the city
8.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
9.
Port Authority Bus Terminal
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The Port Authority Bus Terminal is the main gateway for interstate buses into Manhattan in New York City. It is owned and operated by the Port Authority of New York, the PABT, opened in 1950 between 8th and 9th Avenues and 40th and 41st Streets, was built to consolidate the many different private terminals spread across Midtown Manhattan. A second wing extending to 42nd Street was added in 1979 and it is one of three bus terminals operated by the PANYNJ, the others being the George Washington Bridge Bus Station in Upper Manhattan and the Journal Square Transportation Center in Jersey City. PABT serves as a terminus and departure point for routes, as well as for long-distance intercity routes. It has 223 departure gates and 1,250 car parking spaces, as well as commercial, in 2011, there were more than 2.263 million bus departures from the terminal. The terminal has reached peak capacity, leading to congestion. As it does not allow for parking, buses are required to use local streets or lots. The PANYNJ has been unsuccessful in its attempts to expand passenger facilities through public private partnership, in June 2013, it commissioned an 18-month study that would consider reconfiguration, expansion, and replacement options. Before construction of the PABT, there were several terminals scattered throughout Midtown Manhattan, the Dixie Bus Center on West 42nd, located on the ground floor of the hotel of the same name, opened in 1930 and operated until 1959. The South Wing of the PABT, originally built in the International Style, a vertical addition of three parking levels able to accommodate 1,000 cars was completed in 1963. Plans to expand the bus station to 42nd Street were floated as early as 1965, the North Wing was opened in 1979. This expansion increased capacity by 50 percent and created a new façade comprising 27 steel X-shaped trusses, based on this façade design, Virtualtourist listed the PABT in 2008 as one of the Worlds Top 10 Ugliest Buildings and Monuments. In 2007, the South Wing underwent a seismic retrofit in a $52 million building project to reinforce. The PANYNJ has attempted to expand the terminal through public–private partnerships by leasing air rights over the North Wing. In 1999, a 35-story building, to be known as 7 Times Square, was proposed to be constructed over the North Wing, however, the project was put on hold in 2001 due to a decline in the economy following the dot com bust. Between 2000 and 2011, the PANYNJ worked with Vornado Realty Trust, New escalators would be installed to help move passengers more quickly between the gate area and the ground floor. Construction was expected to begin in 2009 or 2010 and take four years to complete, the agreement expired in August 2009, and in May 2010, Vornado was given a retroactive extension on the deadline to August 2011. In July 2011, Vornado announced they had found a new partner to finance the tower, but in November 2011
10.
The New York Times Building
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The New York Times Building is a skyscraper on the west side of Midtown Manhattan, New York City that was completed in 2007. Its chief tenant is The New York Times Company, publisher of The New York Times as well as the International New York Times, construction was by a joint venture of The New York Times Company, Forest City Ratner, and ING Real Estate. The original newspaper headquarters in 1851 were at 113 Nassau Street, in a building that stood until fairly recently. The slender tower was so constricted in space that the paper outgrew it within a decade and, in 1913, moved into the Times Annex,229 West 43rd Street, where it remained for almost a century. The project was announced on December 13,2001, a 52-story tower on the east side of Eighth Avenue between 40th and 41st Street across from the Port Authority of New York & New Jersey Bus Terminal. In addition, the new building—called by many New Yorkers The New Times Tower—keeps the paper in the Times Square area, the site for the building was obtained by the Empire State Development Corporation through eminent domain. With a mandate to acquire and redevelop blighted properties in Times Square, ten buildings were condemned by the ESDC, some owners sued, asserting that the area was no longer blighted, but lost in court. Once the 80, 000-square-foot site was assembled, it was leased to The New York Times Company, additionally, The New York Times Company received $26.1 million in tax breaks. The Times itself occupies 628,000 square feet on the 2nd to 21st floors, on December 16,2016, the New York Times announced that it was vacating at least 8 of the floors in order to generate rental income. The tower was designed by Renzo Piano Building Workshop and FXFOWLE Architects, the lighting design for the buildings nighttime identity was designed by the Office for Visual Interaction Inc. The tower rises 748 feet from the street to its roof, with the curtain wall extending 92 feet higher to 840 feet. As of 2010, the building was tied with the Chrysler Building as the fourth-tallest building in New York City, the tower is also the tenth-tallest building in the United States. The steel-framed building, cruciform in plan, has a screen of 1 5⁄8 ceramic rods mounted on the exterior of the curtain wall on the east, west. The rod spacing increases from the base to the top, adding transparency as the building rises, the steel framing and bracing is exposed at the four corner notches of the building. The new building is promoted as a green structure, the design incorporates numerous environmentally sustainable features for increased energy efficiency. The double skin curtain wall, automated louver shading system, dimmable lighting system, underfloor air distribution system, the use of floor-to-ceiling glass maximizes light and views for people inside and outside the building. The horizontal white ceramic rods on the facade, which are spaced to allow occupants to have unobstructed views while both seated and standing, act as an aesthetic veil and a sun shade. They are made of silicate, an extremely dense and high-quality ceramic chosen for its durability
11.
Microsoft
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Its best known software products are the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems, Microsoft Office office suite, and Internet Explorer and Edge web browsers. Its flagship hardware products are the Xbox video game consoles and the Microsoft Surface tablet lineup, as of 2016, it was the worlds largest software maker by revenue, and one of the worlds most valuable companies. Microsoft was founded by Paul Allen and Bill Gates on April 4,1975, to develop and it rose to dominate the personal computer operating system market with MS-DOS in the mid-1980s, followed by Microsoft Windows. The companys 1986 initial public offering, and subsequent rise in its share price, since the 1990s, it has increasingly diversified from the operating system market and has made a number of corporate acquisitions. In May 2011, Microsoft acquired Skype Technologies for $8.5 billion, in June 2012, Microsoft entered the personal computer production market for the first time, with the launch of the Microsoft Surface, a line of tablet computers. The word Microsoft is a portmanteau of microcomputer and software, Paul Allen and Bill Gates, childhood friends with a passion for computer programming, sought to make a successful business utilizing their shared skills. In 1972 they founded their first company, named Traf-O-Data, which offered a computer that tracked and analyzed automobile traffic data. Allen went on to pursue a degree in science at Washington State University. The January 1975 issue of Popular Electronics featured Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systemss Altair 8800 microcomputer, Allen suggested that they could program a BASIC interpreter for the device, after a call from Gates claiming to have a working interpreter, MITS requested a demonstration. Since they didnt actually have one, Allen worked on a simulator for the Altair while Gates developed the interpreter and they officially established Microsoft on April 4,1975, with Gates as the CEO. Allen came up with the name of Micro-Soft, as recounted in a 1995 Fortune magazine article. In August 1977 the company formed an agreement with ASCII Magazine in Japan, resulting in its first international office, the company moved to a new home in Bellevue, Washington in January 1979. Microsoft entered the OS business in 1980 with its own version of Unix, however, it was MS-DOS that solidified the companys dominance. For this deal, Microsoft purchased a CP/M clone called 86-DOS from Seattle Computer Products, branding it as MS-DOS, following the release of the IBM PC in August 1981, Microsoft retained ownership of MS-DOS. Since IBM copyrighted the IBM PC BIOS, other companies had to engineer it in order for non-IBM hardware to run as IBM PC compatibles. Due to various factors, such as MS-DOSs available software selection, the company expanded into new markets with the release of the Microsoft Mouse in 1983, as well as with a publishing division named Microsoft Press. Paul Allen resigned from Microsoft in 1983 after developing Hodgkins disease, while jointly developing a new OS with IBM in 1984, OS/2, Microsoft released Microsoft Windows, a graphical extension for MS-DOS, on November 20,1985. Once Microsoft informed IBM of NT, the OS/2 partnership deteriorated, in 1990, Microsoft introduced its office suite, Microsoft Office
12.
Proskauer Rose
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Proskauer Rose LLP is an international law firm headquartered in New York City. The firm was founded in 1875 and currently has thirteen offices worldwide, Proskauer is known for its labor and employment, litigation, corporate, private equity, finance, and intellectual property law departments. However, the firm is often in the headlines for its sports law group, Proskauer Rose is known for its sports law department, with clients including all four of the major sports leagues in the USA and Canada. Proskauers New York City office, located in Times Square, is its headquarters, the Boston office received Tier 1 rankings for its private investment fund, labor law, intellectual property, corporate finance, tax, and ERISA practice groups. Additionally, the pro bono and government work is led by former Massachusetts Attorney General Scott Harshbarger. The firms Boston office was noted for representing Facebook, Inc. The firms Washington DC office is known for its benefits and executive compensation, securities regulation and enforcement, healthcare. The firms Chicago office is primarily for its bankruptcy, healthcare. The New Orleans and Newark offices have strong niche practices of nationwide ERISA litigation and labor, the firms Boca Raton office has a prominent wealth management and planning group for high-net-worth clients, along with significant labor and employment, tax, and corporate law groups. Proskauers London office is the firms largest location outside of the United States, in 2013, Chambers UK ranked its private equity group as one of the best in the UK. The office also has highly rated tax, finance, and corporate practice groups, the firms Paris office is known internationally for its labor and employment law practice, along with its competition and antitrust, merger control, EU common market law, and corporate law groups. The firms Latin American presence is centered in São Paulo, Brazil, the firms Latin America practice is highly regarded, representing clients, such as Banco Itaú-BBA, Banco Votorantim, WestLB, Banco Santander, Votorantim Group, CSN, the Abril Group, and TV Band. Throughout its history, the headquarters has been located in the area of Times Square, in midtown Manhattan. A full-service practice, it is currently among the ten largest law firms in New York City, william R. Rose started the firm that is now Proskauer Rose when, at 21 years of age, he opened a law firm on Broadway in Downtown Manhattan in 1875. In 1907, Rose promoted associate Benjamin Paskus to partner and renamed the firm Rose & Paskus, Rose & Paskus was one of the first firms to develop a specialized tax practice after the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1913. In 1930, Judge Joseph M. Proskauer resigned his position on New Yorks Appellate Division to join the firm, the firm shortened its name to Proskauer Rose in 1997. Thus it cannot rely on long-standing ties to old money or big investment banks, in December 2004, a large group of lawyers from the Boston-based law firm of Testa, Hurwitz & Thibeault joined the Boston office of Proskauer Rose. In February 2012, Proskauer Rose increased its gross revenue by 6.4 percent to $686 million and its average profits per partner 9 percent to $1.7 million, in 2013, Proskauer Rose again increased its revenue by more than 7%, to over $700 million
13.
Answers.com
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Answers. com is an Internet-based knowledge exchange, which includes WikiAnswers, ReferenceAnswers, VideoAnswers, and five international language Q&A communities. The Answers. com domain name was purchased by entrepreneurs Bill Gross, the domain name was acquired by NetShepard and subsequently sold to GuruNet. The website is the product of the Answers Corporation, an Internet reference and Q&A company, founded by Bob Rosenschein, Mark Tebbe. The site supports English, French, Italian, German, Spanish, WikiAnswers is a community-generated social knowledge Q&A platform, using wiki-based technologies. GuruNet initially displayed its information through a software product, today known as 1-Click Answers. The product was launched as a product in 1999. Beginning in 2003 it was sold to users on a perpetual license base, on October 2004 GuruNet had an IPO on the American Stock Exchange under the symbol GRU and also acquired the Answers. com domain name early the same year for $80,000. The new model is based on generating advertising revenue, on August 2,2005, the companys shares started trading on NASDAQ instead of AMEX under the symbol ANSW. On October 17,2005, GuruNet changed its name to Answers Corporation, unifying the companys name and its website. From 2005 to late 2009, the Google search engine definitions feature, on July 2,2006, Answers. com released a trivia game known as blufr. In the fall of 2009, Answers. com launched a version of their website. At Jeff Pulvers 140 Characters Conference in New York City in April 2010, when tweeting a question to the sites official Twitter account, @AnswersDotCom, an automatic reply is given with a snippet of answer and a link to the full answer page on Answers. com. Aside from providing community-generated Q&A and reference information for published titles, Answers. com began offering videos as part of its VideoAnswers library and this was part of a partnership with video site 5min. In September 2010, blufr was relaunched with new design, game modes and it is available on the web and as an iPhone/iPod Touch app in the iTunes app store. It was announced in November 2010 that the Answers. com Q&A wiki community reached its 10 millionth answer, at the start of 2011, the site surpassed 11 million answers. Shortly after, on February 3, Answers. com announced in a release that it had agreed to be acquired by AFCV Holdings for $127 million in cash. AFCV Holdings, LLC, is a company of growth equity investor Summit Partners. Bob Rosenschein was quoted, The acquisition price of $10.50 per share represents a significant cash premium of approximately 33% over our 90-day volume-weighted average closing stock price
14.
E-Trade
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E-Trade Financial Corporation is a financial services company headquartered in New York City. It is an online discount stock brokerage firm for self-directed investors, investors can buy and sell such securities as stocks, bonds, options, mutual funds, and exchange-traded funds via electronic trading platforms or by phone. E-Trade Financial also provides banking services to investors, such as sweep deposits. As of December 31,2016, the company had 3.5 million brokerage accounts, in 2016, the company processed 164,134 daily average revenue trades. The companys primary offices are in Alpharetta, Georgia, Jersey City, New Jersey, Arlington, Virginia, Sandy, Utah, Menlo Park, California, and New York City. In 1982, William A. Porter and Bernard A. Newcomb founded TradePlus in Palo Alto, in 1991 Porter and Newcomb founded a new company, E-Trade Securities, Inc. with several hundred thousand dollars of startup capital from TradePlus. E*Trade offered its services via America Online and Compuserve. In 1994 its revenues neared $11 million, up from $850,000 in 1992, by June 30,1996, the company had 73,000 customers and processed 8,000 trades per day, with quarterly revenue of $15 million. In August 1996, the company executed an initial public offering, in 2001, the company acquired Web Street Securities, a publicly traded online brokerage firm, for $45 million in stock. Web Street had offices in Beverly Hills, Boston, Denver, in 2003, Toronto-Dominion Bank held talks to merge its TD Waterhouse discount brokerage with E*Trade, but the two sides could not come to an agreement over control of the merged entity. TD Waterhouse wound up merging with Ameritrade to form TD Ameritrade, after the merger, E*Trade continued talks to merge with TD Ameritrade but the two sides could not agree on price and governance rights. In August 2005, E*Trade Financial acquired Harrisdirect, formerly a discount brokerage service of Bank of Montreal, two months later, E*Trade acquired Brown & Company, formerly a discount brokerage service of JPMorgan Chase & Co. for $1.6 billion in cash. In July 2007, Etrade Australia, which was a separately operated company owned 6% by E*Trade Financial, was purchased by Australian ANZ Bank for $432 million and this resulted in a net $2.2 billion reduction in assets on the companys balance sheet. Citadel received a seat on E-Trade Financials Board of Directors and Mitch Caplan resigned as E-Trades CEO. Although E-Trades management admitted that the deal was costly for the company, it removed the risk associated with the subprime investments, in November 2007, E*Trade revoked the brand name license from SBI E*Trade Securities in Japan. In March 2008, E*Trade named Donald Layton, formerly JPMorgan Chase vice chairman, Layton had joined E*Trades board of directors in November 2007, at the same time as the Citadel deal. In July 2008, E*Trade sold its Canadian division to Scotiabank for CAD$444 million, in December 2009, Robert Druskin, a former chief operating officer of Citigroup Inc. was named interim CEO and chairman. The company also announced it would seek approval for a 1-for-10 reverse stock split
15.
EMarketer
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EMarketer is a 93%-owned subsidiary market research company that provides insights and trends related to digital marketing, media and commerce. EMarketer, founded in 1996, is located in New York and its clients include two-thirds of Fortune 500 companies. The company was acquired by Axel Springer in June 2016 for $242 million, subscribers have access to eMarketers data via a Web-based client portal. Within the database, analysts, forecasters, and researchers publish industry reports, forecasts, comparative estimates, charts, articles, interviews, case studies, web conferencing and videos. The company curates, compares, and contextualizes information from sources to provide macro-level understanding of digital trends related to advertising, marketing, media. The eDaily is an email newsletter with a circulation of 120. The newsletter covers portions of eMarketers latest analysis, topics include trends in mobile, social and online advertising. 1999 Advertising Age and eMarketer co-authored first-ever comprehensive report published on online advertising,2011 Co-founder & former CEO, Geoff Ramsey, received ad, tech Industry Achievement Award for digital marketing. 2012 Private investment firm acquired $25 million minority stake,2013 eMarketer relocated headquarters to 11 Times Square
16.
Frozen yogurt
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Frozen yogurt is a frozen dessert made with yogurt and sometimes other dairy products. It is usually more tart than ice cream, as well as being lower in fat and it is different from ice milk and conventional soft serve. Unlike yogurt, frozen yogurt is not regulated by the U. S. Food, frozen yogurt may or may not contain live and active bacteria cultures. People have been eating plain yogurt for over four millennia, particularly in the Middle East, yogurt was brought to the U. S. in the early 1900s and steadily increased in popularity as a health food item over the next several decades. In the 1930s Dannon began selling prepackaged yogurt for the first time in the U. S, by the 1970s, with the popularity of ice cream surging, freezing and production technology was transferred to the production of frozen yogurt. Many consumers, however, complained about the yogurt taste, capitalizing on consumer demand for a sweet product that tasted like ice cream but was healthier, TCBY opened its first store in 1981. Unlike previous pre-packaged versions introduced earlier, TCBYs yogurt was soft-serve dispensed at the point of sale through a machine, TCBY became the largest frozen yogurt franchise in the world at that time. As others saw the success of TCBY, frozen yogurt took off in the 1980s, demand for frozen yogurt slowed considerably in the late 1990s as Americans turned their attention to high-protein, high-fat diets. Low-fat foods such as frozen yogurt fell out of favor as food trends favored higher fat, trends changed back to frozen yogurt in the mid 2000s with the advent of live probiotic powder-based mixes invented by John Wudel, pioneer of alternative sweeteners in the frozen dessert industry. Dry base mix made frozen yogurt accessible in many countries outside the United States for the first time, in 2005, a small retail shop in California named Pinkberry introduced a new extra tart variety of soft-serve frozen yogurt to the market. In 2006, Yogurtland invented the first self-serve frozen yogurt concept when they opened their first shop in Fullerton, CA, self-serve pioneer Yogurtland, which now has more than 320 shops, features dairy-free, no sugar added and gluten-free frozen yogurt choices. The company also owns its dairy, allowing it to control the process to ensure a high quality product. Frozen yogurt usually consists of milk solids, some kind of sweetener, milk fat, yogurt culture, natural or artificial flavorings, milk fat comprises about 0. 55–6% of the yogurt. Added in quantities proportional to the amount of milk solids. Milk solids account for 8–14% of the volume, providing lactose for sweetness and proteins for smoothness. Cane or beet sugar provides 15–17% of the yogurts ingredients, in addition to adding sweetness, the sugar increases the volume of solid ingredients in the yogurt, improving body and texture. Animal gelatin and/or vegetable additives stabilize the yogurt, reducing crystallization and this stabilization ensures that the frozen yogurt maintains a smooth consistency regardless of handling or temperature change. Major companies often use assembly lines specifically dedicated to frozen yogurt production, the milk products and stabilizing agent are combined and homogenized
17.
Norges Bank
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Norges Bank / Noregs Bank is the central bank of Norway. The limited transparency of some SWFs makes it difficult to make assessments of their assets under management. On 31 December 2010, the bank had 590 employees, all Executive Board appointments are made by the King of Norway, after a decision by the Council of State. The Chairman of the Executive Board, Øystein Olsen, who presides over the Bank, is also the acting Central Bank Governor, both the Governor and the Deputy Governor make speaking appearances across the country on a number of occasions each year. The bank then decided that the unit was to be the speciedaler. The Money Act of 17 April 1875 discontinued the terms daler and skilling and this was done to prepare for Norways entry, on 16 October that year, into the Scandinavian Monetary Union. This union had established between Denmark and Sweden in 1873 on the recommendation of a joint commission to establish a common Scandinavian coin based on gold. It meant that the other coins were to be legal tender on the same basis as those struck at home. The union functioned until 1914, thereafter it lacked all practical significance, during the second world war, the seat of Norges Bank was temporarily moved to London in 1940, in that the Norwegian government-in-exile established a new board. The banks gold reserves were evacuated via Åndalsnes, Molde and Tromsø to London and this gold and the banks other currency reserves were under the control of the London board. At the same time, the bank continued its operations in Norway under the direction of the Nazis until the war was over, a commission of inquiry after the war concluded that the Banks Oslo management had taken a firm and correct attitude towards the Nazi authorities. In 1962, the Mint Supervisory Authority and the Royal Mint were transferred from the state to Norges Bank, NBIM is a separate part of Norges Bank and is responsible for the operational management of the Government Pension Fund - Global. NBIM also manages Norges Banks foreign exchange reserves, NBIM invests the funds assets and the foreign exchange reserves in international equities and fixed income instruments, money market instruments and derivatives. Karl Gether Bomhoff Nicolai Rygg Arnold C
18.
New York City Subway
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Opened in 1904, the New York City Subway is one of the worlds oldest public transit systems, one of the worlds most used metro systems, and the metro system with the most stations. It offers service 24 hours per day, every day of the year, the New York City Subway is the largest rapid transit system in the world by number of stations, with 472 stations in operation. Stations are located throughout the boroughs of Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, the Port Authority Trans-Hudson and the AirTrain JFK, in Manhattan and Queens respectively, accept the subways MetroCard but are not operated by the MTA and do not allow free transfers. Another mass transit service that is not operated by the MTA, the system is also one of the worlds longest. Overall, the system contains 236 miles of routes, translating into 665 miles of track. In 2015, the subway delivered over 1.76 billion rides, averaging approximately 5.7 million daily rides on weekdays and a combined 5.9 million rides each weekend. Of the systems 25 services,22 of them pass through Manhattan, the exceptions being the G train, the Franklin Avenue Shuttle, and the Rockaway Park Shuttle. Large portions of the subway outside Manhattan are elevated, on embankments, or in open cuts, in total, 40% of track is not underground despite the subway moniker. Many lines and stations have both express and local services and these lines have three or four tracks. Normally, the two are used for local trains, while the inner one or two are used for express trains. Stations served by express trains are typically major transfer points or destinations, alfred Ely Beach built the first demonstration for an underground transit system in New York City in 1869 and opened it in February 1870. The tunnel was never extended for political and financial reasons, although extensions had been planned to take the tunnel southward to The Battery, the Great Blizzard of 1888 helped demonstrate the benefits of an underground transportation system. A plan for the construction of the subway was approved in 1894, the first underground line of the subway opened on October 27,1904, almost 36 years after the opening of the first elevated line in New York City, which became the IRT Ninth Avenue Line. The fare was $0.05 and on the first day the trains carried over 150,000 passengers, the oldest structure still in use opened in 1885 as part of the BMT Lexington Avenue Line in Brooklyn and is now part of the BMT Jamaica Line. The oldest right-of-way, which is part of the BMT West End Line near Coney Island Creek, was in use in 1864 as a railroad called the Brooklyn, Bath. By the time the first subway opened, the lines had been consolidated into two privately owned systems, the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company and the Interborough Rapid Transit Company, the city built most of the lines and leased them to the companies. This required it to be run at cost, necessitating fares up to double the five-cent fare popular at the time, in 1940, the city bought the two private systems. Some elevated lines ceased service immediately while others closed soon after, integration was slow, but several connections were built between the IND and BMT, these now operate as one division called the B Division
19.
1 (New York City Subway service)
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The 1 Broadway–Seventh Avenue Local is a rapid transit service in the A Division of the New York City Subway. Its route emblem, or bullet, is colored tomato red since it uses the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line for its entire route, the 1 operates local at all times between Van Cortlandt Park–242nd Street in Riverdale, Bronx and South Ferry in Lower Manhattan. When the first subway opened between 1904 and 1908, one of the main service patterns was the West Side Branch, trains ran from Lower Manhattan to Van Cortlandt Park via what is now the IRT Lexington Avenue Line, 42nd Street Shuttle, and IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line. There was both local and express service with trains using the express tracks south of 96th Street. Some express trains ran to Atlantic Avenue in Brooklyn via the Joralemon Street Tunnel during rush hours while all other trains turned around at City Hall or the South Ferry outer loop. This shuttle was extended south to South Ferry, with a shuttle on the Brooklyn branch between Chambers Street and Wall Street, on July 1,1918. Finally, the new H system was implemented on August 1,1918, late night service was not operated. All 1 Local trains ran from 137th Street to South Ferry days and evenings, on September 5,1937, the practice of splitting Sunday morning trains at Brooklyn Museum was discontinued, with the alternate trains going to New Lots Avenue or Flatbush Avenue. As of July 1,1938, all evening and Sunday trains were rerouted to New Lots Avenue, by 1945, all 1 Local peak period trains were cut back from Dyckman Street to 137th Street. Beginning on May 10,1946, all 1 Brooklyn trains were made express during late nights running on 12 minute headways, previously all 1 trains ran local from 12,30 to 5, 30am and they alternated between Flatbush and New Lots Avenues. On December 20,1946, all night trains were routed to Flatbush Avenue. On June 12,1949, 137th Street to South Ferry Sunday locals were discontinued, on March 15,1954, weekend 137th Street to South Ferry locals were discontinued, and simultaneously weekend Brooklyn trains were rerouted to Flatbush Avenue. An attempt was made to extend service further north on January 14,1955. This proved unsuccessful, and ended on June 28,1956, meanwhile, in Brooklyn, weekday trains were rerouted to Flatbush Avenue on December 20,1957, and evening 137th Street to South Ferry locals were discontinued on May 23,1958. Under a $100,000,000 rebuilding program, increased and lengthened service was implemented during peak hours on the 1 train, switching north of 96th Street was eliminated. On February 6,1959,1 trains began to run between 242nd Street and South Ferry all times, trains began to be branded as Hi-Speed Locals, being as fast as the old express service was with new R21s and R22s on the line. During rush hour in the direction, alternate trains, those running from 242nd Street. The bypassed stations were served by locals originating from Dyckman Street and this express service was discontinued on May 24,1976, after which all 1 trains began to make all stops
20.
2 (New York City Subway service)
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The 2 Seventh Avenue Express is a rapid transit service in the A Division of the New York City Subway. Its route emblem, or bullet, is colored tomato red since it uses the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line through most of Manhattan. The 2 operates at all times between 241st Street in Wakefield, Bronx and Flatbush Avenue–Brooklyn College in Flatbush, Brooklyn, making all stops in the Bronx, daytime 2 service runs express in Manhattan, late night service operates local. The service operates via White Plains Road in the Bronx, Lenox Avenue and Seventh Avenue in Manhattan and Eastern Parkway, limited rush hour service also operates between the Bronx and New Lots Avenue in East New York, Brooklyn due to capacity issues at Flatbush Avenue. The first section of what became the current 2 entered service on November 26,1904 from the temporary 180th Street–Bronx Park terminal via the West Farms El to 149th Street–3rd Avenue. On July 10,1905, the connection between the IRT Lenox Avenue Line and IRT White Plains Road Line opened, allowing subway service from Manhattan to the Bronx. On January 9,1908, the Joralemon Street Tunnel opened, at this time, trains ran from East 180th Street to Borough Hall. On May 1,1908, trains were extended to Nevins Street, on March 3,1917, the IRT White Plains Road Line was extended to 219th Street. On March 31,1917, the IRT White Plains Road Line was extended to 238th Street–Nereid Avenue, on August 1,1918, the entire IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line was completed. On April 15,1919, the Clark Street Tunnel, connecting the line to Brooklyn, beginning on December 19,1919, trains ran to South Ferry with some rush hour trains to Atlantic Avenue. In 1923, during rush hours,2 trains alternated between South Ferry and Utica Avenue, beginning December 1,1924,2 trains that ended at South Ferry were extended to New Lots Avenue. As of 1934,2 trains ran from 180th Street-Bronx Park to Flatbush Avenue weekdays and Saturday during daytime and to South Ferry evenings and Sundays, late-night service was from 241st St to South Ferry, making all stops. There were occasional lay-up/put-ins from New Lots, four weekday evening trains turned at Atlantic. On September 5,1937, some evening rush hour trains started running to Flatbush Avenue, as of July 1,1938, weekday and Saturday evening service was extended to Flatbush Avenue from South Ferry. Sunday service was extended to Flatbush Avenue on March 5,1950, beginning on December 26,1950, alternate weekday rush trains were extended to 241st Street in the peak direction, but PM rush service to 241st Street was discontinued on June 26,1952. Beginning on August 4,1952, the 180th Street - Bronx Park station was closed, morning rush hour service to 241st Street, on October 2,1953, was cut back to Gun Hill Road. On March 19,1954, weekend service was rerouted to New Lots Avenue at all times except late nights, on May 4,1957, a track connection to the IRT Dyre Avenue Line was completed and daytime 2 trains were rerouted to Dyre Avenue. Evening service remained a shuttle between Dyre Avenue to East 180th Street, and morning service from Gun Hill Road was discontinued
21.
3 (New York City Subway service)
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The 3 Seventh Avenue Express is a rapid transit service in the A Division of the New York City Subway. Its route emblem, or bullet, is colored tomato red since it uses the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line through most of Manhattan, on November 23,1904, the IRT Lenox Avenue Line opened between 96th Street and 145th Street. 3 trains ran between 145th Street and City Hall, making all stops, on July 1,1918, the entire IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line was completed. 3 trains were rerouted south of 42nd Street from the IRT Lexington Avenue Line to this new line and they now made all stops to South Ferry. As of 1934,3 service operated between 145th Street and South Ferry except late nights, when operated between 145th Street and 96th Street, making local stops. Beginning on January 4,1955, some 3 trains ran express in Manhattan during rush hours and were extended to Flatbush Avenue, late night service was discontinued between 145th Street and 96th Street. Beginning on December 20,1957,3 trains were rerouted to New Lots Avenue during rush hours, on February 6,1959, all trains except late nights made express stops in Manhattan as part of the West Side Improvement and ran to Flatbush Avenue. Beginning on April 8,1960,3 trains rerouted to New Lots, weekday evening service was cut to a shuttle 145th Street to 135th Street only. Beginning on April 18,1965,3 service ran to Flatbush Avenue again, beginning on October 17,1965, weekend evening service was also cut to a shuttle 145th Street to 135th Street. On May 13,1968, trains were extended to the newly completed 148th Street – Lenox Terminal, beginning on December 15,1968, all-night shuttle service between 145th Street and 135th Street were brought back, this was the first time since 1955. Beginning on May 23,1976, the current practice of starting Sunday service late began. Beginning on July 10,1983, the 2 and 3 trains swapped Brooklyn Terminals, beginning on August 5,1990, late-night shuttles between 148th Street and 135th Street were discontinued and replaced by shuttle buses. Beginning on September 4,1994, late-night shuttles between 148th Street and 135th Street were resumed, but were discontinued again on September 10,1995, from March 2 to October 12,1998, the IRT Lenox Avenue Line was rehabilitated. Most 3 service was rerouted to 137th Street–City College, after September 11,2001, the 3 service became a local in Manhattan. After a few switching delays at 96th Street, service was changed on September 19,2001 and it ran in Manhattan as an express between Harlem–148th Street and 14th Street and was replaced by 1 service in Brooklyn. It returned to New Lots Avenue on September 15,2002, on July 27,2008, late night 3 service was restored, operating as an express between 148th Street and Times Square–42nd Street. The following table shows the lines used by the 3, with shaded boxes indicating the route at the times, For a more detailed station listing. MTA NYC Transit –3 Seventh Avenue Express 3 Subway Timetable, Effective November 7,2016
22.
7 (New York City Subway service)
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Its route emblem, or bullet, is colored raspberry, with local service denoted by a and express service by a <7>. Both services operate between Main Street in Flushing, Queens and 34th Street–Hudson Yards in Chelsea, Manhattan, Local service operates at all times, while express service runs only during rush hours and early evenings in the peak direction and during special events. On June 13,1915, the first test train on the IRT Flushing Line ran between Grand Central and Vernon Boulevard–Jackson Avenue, followed by the start of service on June 22. Over the next thirteen years, the line was extended piece by piece between Times Square and Flushing–Main Street, after the former opened on March 14,1927, the 7 designation was assigned to trains since the introduction of the front rollsigns on the R12 in 1948. On November 12,1947, four trains were placed in service on the 7 to accommodate passengers using new parking facilities adjacent to the Willetts Point Boulevard station. On July 14,1948,31 additional cars were placed into service on the 7, on March 12,1953, two nine-car super expresses began operating from Flushing–Main Street to Times Square in the AM rush hour. The super expresses stopped at Main Street, and Willets Point before skipping all stops to Queensboro Plaza, skipping the Woodside, the running time was cut down to 23 minutes from 25 minutes. Holiday and Saturday express service was discontinued on March 20,1954, at some point afterwards, weekday midday express service was discontinued, but was restored on November 29,1971, before being discontinued again by August 29,1975. From May 13,1985, to August 21,1989, the major element was the replacement of rails on the Queens Boulevard viaduct. <7> express service was suspended for the duration of the project, however, extra 7 service was provided for Mets games, the stop was added a few months later after pressure from community opposition. <7> express service was suspended again between 61st Street–Woodside and Queensboro Plaza, temporary platforms were installed to access the track in the four intermediate stations. The work began in April 1993, when the viaduct reconstruction finished on March 31,1997, full <7> express service was reinstated. Throughout this entire period, ridership grew steadily. In 1999, <7> express service was expanded from rush hours only to weekdays from 6,30 a. m. to 10,00 p. m. However, work has been underway since 2008 to convert the 7 service to accommodate CBTC. Expected to cost $585.9 million, CBTC will allow two trains per hour as well as two additional trains for the 7 Subway Extension, providing a 7% increase in capacity. New cars on order for the A Division are compatible with CBTC, installation of CBTC and delivery of the trains will both be completed in 2016. The 7 Subway Extension, which travels west and south to 34th Street and 11th Avenue, the 34th Street–Hudson Yards station, originally scheduled to open in December 2013, began serving passengers on September 13,2015. However, the station construction project would not be completed until sometime in 2016
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A (New York City Subway service)
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The A Eighth Avenue Express is a rapid transit service in the B Division of the New York City Subway. Its route emblem, or bullet, is colored vivid blue since it uses the IND Eighth Avenue Line in Manhattan, the A operates between 207th Street in Inwood, Manhattan and Mott Avenue in Far Rockaway, Queens, or Lefferts Boulevard in Richmond Hill, Queens. The A is the Central Park West / Eighth Avenue Express in Manhattan, Fulton Street Express in Brooklyn, the A provides the longest one-seat ride in the system, at 32 miles between Inwood and Far Rockaway and has a weekday ridership of 600,000. Five rush hour trips run to and from Beach 116th Street in Rockaway Park, Queens, at all times, a shuttle train operates between Broad Channel, where it connects with the A, and Rockaway Park. During late nights, the A makes all stops along its route and originates/terminates at Far Rockaway only. The A and AA were the first services on the IND Eighth Avenue Line when it opened on September 10,1932, the Independent Subway System used single letters to refer to express services and double letters for local services. The A ran express between 207th Street and Chambers Street/World Trade Center, and the AA ran local between 168th Street and Chambers St/World Trade Center, known at the time as Hudson Terminal, the AA used a red bullet. During late nights and Sundays, the A did not run, on April 9,1936, the IND Fulton Street Line was opened to Rockaway Avenue. The 1936 completion played a part in the establishment of Bedford-Stuyvesant as Brooklyns central African American community. On December 30,1946 and November 28,1948, the line was extended to Broadway–East New York and Euclid Avenue, respectively. On October 24,1949, express service in Brooklyn to Broadway–East New York began with the A running express during rush hours, on April 29,1956, Grant Avenue was opened, and the line was extended over the BMT Fulton Street Line to Lefferts Boulevard. Weekdays except midnights, alternate trains terminated at Lefferts Boulevard and at Euclid Avenue, during weekends, they terminated at Euclid Avenue with a shuttle to Lefferts Boulevard. Two months later, on June 28,1956, the former Long Island Rail Road Rockaway Line was rebuilt to subway specifications, at this time, rush hour express service on the Fulton Street Line with the E train began. On September 16,1956, the A was extended to the Rockaways replacing the E, at the time, alternate trains continued running to Lefferts Boulevard. On January 27,1957, non-rush hour through service to the Rockaways was discontinued and was replaced by a shuttle running between Euclid Avenue and Wavecrest, non-rush hour A train service is now to Lefferts Boulevard. This may also be the time that the E replaced the A again in the Rockaways, on January 16,1958, a new terminal was created at Far Rockaway–Mott Avenue, and the through connection to the Long Island Rail Roads Far Rockaway station was severed. On September 8,1958, the A train replaced the E train in the Rockaways again, round-robin service from Euclid Avenue to both Rockaway terminals began, non-rush hours, while through A service runs to Lefferts Boulevard. In September 1959, the A begins to run local in Brooklyn at all times, in 1963, the E train was extended to the Rockaways, and the A train ran local to Euclid Avenue or Lefferts Boulevard at all times
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C (New York City Subway service)
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The C Eighth Avenue Local is a 19-mile-long rapid transit service in the B Division of the New York City Subway. Its route emblem, or bullet, is colored vivid blue since it uses the IND Eighth Avenue Line in Manhattan, during late night hours, the A train, which runs express along the entire C route during daytime hours, makes all stops. The C and CC services began operation on July 1,1933 when the IND Concourse Line opened, the Independent Subway System used single letters to refer to express services and double letters to local services. The CC provided local service between Bedford Park Boulevard and Chambers Street/World Trade Center during rush hours, and was extended to 205th Street during non-rush hours, the C ran express, from 205th Street to Bergen Street in Brooklyn during rush hours. Beginning August 19,1933, C service was cut back from Bergen Street, at the same time, CC service was cut back from 205th Street during non-rush hours. On January 1,1936, C service was extended to Jay Street–Borough Hall, on April 9,1937, C service was extended to Hoyt–Schermerhorn Streets. After July 1,1937, a few C trains continued to run to Bergen Street southbound in the AM rush hour, also on the same date, weekend C service was discontinued, and CC service was extended to 205th Street to compensate. Beginning December 15,1940, the D train entered service with the opening of the IND Sixth Avenue Line and it joined the C as the peak direction Concourse Express. CC trains now ran between Hudson Terminal and Bedford Park during rush hours and on Saturdays and during other times, the D made local stops in the Bronx, replacing CC service. On the same date, limited morning rush hour service began between 205th Street, Bronx and Utica Avenue, Brooklyn, making local stops on the IND Fulton Street Line, beginning October 10,1944, C trains no longer ran on Saturdays. On October 24,1949, C express service was discontinued, additional D service was added to offset this loss. The CC, which ran during rush hours, began terminating at Broadway–Lafayette Street Mondays to Fridays. On December 29,1951, CC trains were discontinued on Saturdays, on October 30,1954, CC trains returned to its previous terminal at Hudson Terminal. On August 30,1976, the CC train replaced the E train as the local along Fulton Street and it became the only subway train to run through all four boroughs served by the subway. The Rockaway Park Shuttle service at time was renamed CC, before then. This shuttle was the only non-rush CC service, on May 6,1985, the IND practice of using double letters to indicate local service was discontinued. The CC service was renamed the C, the Rockaway Park Shuttle is renamed H. On December 10,1988, the K train was discontinued, and it ran from Bedford Park Boulevard to Rockaway Park rush hours, 145th Street to Euclid Avenue middays, and from 145th Street to World Trade Center during evenings and weekends
25.
E (New York City Subway service)
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The E Eighth Avenue Local is a rapid transit service in the B Division of the New York City Subway. Its route emblem, or bullet, is vivid blue since it uses the IND Eighth Avenue Line in Manhattan, E trains also serve two local stops in eastern Queens on evenings and weekends. Limited rush hour service runs express to and from 179th Street at the end of the Queens Boulevard Line. On August 19,1933, E service officially began, running between Roosevelt Avenue – Jackson Heights and the Hudson Terminal. The E would not yet run express via Queens Boulevard as the IND Crosstown Line did not yet fully open until Brooklyn, on January 1,1936, the IND Sixth Avenue Line opened to East Broadway and the E was extended there. E trains no longer served stations on the Eighth Avenue Line south of West Fourth Street, E service was again extended when the Queens Boulevard Line was extended to Kew Gardens–Union Turnpike on December 31,1936, and then to 169th Street on April 24,1937. E trains began running express between Continental Avenue and Queens Plaza on April 24,1937, on September 12,1938, several weekday rush hour trains began terminating at Jay Street in the morning, and a few entered service at Smith–Ninth Streets in the evening. Between 1939 and 1940, select PM E trains ran to-and-from the Horace Harding Boulevard terminal at the 1939 New York Worlds Fair, on December 15,1940, service on the entire Sixth Avenue Line began. The E was cut back to Broadway–Lafayette Street, south of that station, it was replaced by the F train. On October 24,1949 the E was extended during rush hours to Broadway – East New York running via Fulton Street Local, on December 10,1950, 179th Street opened. E service terminated there, running express between Queens Plaza and 71st Avenue and local from 71st Avenue to 179th Street, the E began running eleven car trains during rush hours on September 8,1953. The extra train car increased the carrying capacity by 4,000 passengers. Then, on October 30,1954, E trains began running to Hudson Terminal during non-rush hours, during non-rush hours, service was provided by shuttle service between Euclid and Rockaway Park or Wavecrest. On September 16,1956, rush hour E service was cut back to Euclid Avenue when Rockaway service was replaced by the A train. The A and E later switched southern terminals again, and on September 8,1958 the E began running to the Rockaways during rush hours, some E trains were extended to Lefferts Boulevard in June of that year due to complaints. In 1963–1964, the E was extended to the Rockaways during rush hours, with some put-ins beginning at Euclid Avenue, on March 23,1970, southbound E trains, during rush hours, began stopping at the lower level of the 42nd Street station. On January 2,1973, the E train became the local in Brooklyn again, finally, on August 27,1976, E service in Brooklyn was eliminated with all trains terminating at World Trade Center. Brooklyn service was replaced by the CC local, on December 11,1988, the IND Archer Avenue Line opened
26.
N (New York City Subway service)
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The N Broadway Express is a rapid transit service in the B Division of the New York City Subway. Its route emblem, or bullet, is colored sunflower yellow, during rush hours, some N trains operate to 96th Street due to capacity issues at Astoria–Ditmars Boulevard. On weekends, it all stops in Manhattan. Daytime service runs over the side of the Manhattan Bridge. During late nights, the N serves all stops along its entire route, the route that is now the N was originally BMT service 4, known as the Sea Beach Line or Sea Beach Express. On June 22,1915, the current BMT Sea Beach Line opened, originally, it used the south tracks of the Manhattan Bridge, which at that time connected to the BMT Nassau Street Line. On September 4,1917, the first part of the BMT Broadway Line, trains ran from 14th Street–Union Square to Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue, now using the bridges northern tracks. On January 15,1918, service was extended to Times Square–42nd Street, on May 2,1957, service was extended north via the express tracks to 57th Street–Seventh Avenue. In 1959, trains stopping at DeKalb Avenue during midday hours. Previously, they bypassed DeKalb Avenue at all times except late nights, beginning on January 1,1961, trains bypassed DeKalb Avenue during rush hours only. In addition, on evenings, late nights, and all day Sundays. The N designation begins to appear when R27 subway cars are moved to the line in April 1961 and this short-lived service began on November 27,1967 and ended April 12,1968 due to low ridership. Starting on Monday, April 15,1968, the five NX trips instead ran as N trips, on August 30,1976, N service was extended north over the BMT 60th Street Tunnel Connection to Forest Hills–71st Avenue to replace the discontinued EE. On August 27,1977, N service was cut back during late nights, reconstruction of the Manhattan Bridge between 1986 and 2004 disrupted N service, usually removing it from the bridge. On April 26,1986, the M, which was rerouted from the BMT Brighton Line to the BMT West End Line, on May 24,1987, the N swapped northern terminals with the R. The N was switched to Astoria–Ditmars Boulevard, while the R went to Forest Hills–71st Avenue, on September 30,1990, full service on the Manhattan Bridge was briefly restored. Express service on Broadway ran all times except nights and this very short service was halted by the discovery of a cracked beam under the south side tracks on the bridge. In 1994, the N switched back to express in Brooklyn only, from Atlantic Avenue–Pacific Street to 59th Street, from 1994 to 1996, the southern terminal of the N was 86th Street due to rehabilitation work at Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue
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Q (New York City Subway service)
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The Q Broadway Express is a rapid transit service in the B Division of the New York City Subway. Its route emblem, or bullet, is colored sunflower yellow since it uses the BMT Broadway Line in Manhattan, the former designation for the service was the number 1, itself introduced in 1924, a designation shared by all Brighton Line mainline services. The letter designations did not appear on equipment that carried the former route numbers. Therefore, older equipment that carried the number 1 continued to be signed 1 until they were withdrawn from service in 1965, also with the introduction of the R27 fleet, the mainline local services on the Brighton Line were given double letters in conformance with IND practice. Ordinarily this would have produced a QQ service, but this designation was never used, the so-called Bankers Special express, which operated a few trains in the morning and evening rush hours to the Wall Street financial district was not given a separate designation. As this service continued to use equipment for years after the letters were introduced. With the advent of the Chrystie Street services, the Q designation was suspended as Brighton Line express service was provided by the D service via 6th Avenue in Manhattan. The QT and QB designations were both to be dropped as the Brighton Locals were rerouted to the Nassau Street Loop in lower Manhattan and through routed to Jamaica via the BMT Jamaica Line. The QB designation was retained as it was decided to run a few local trains up the BMT Broadway Line to answer complaints that the new services provided no access to the Broadway Line. The service history below includes predecessor services that became the Q service before the identifier was introduced, passengers could make connections with the horsecars of the Brooklyn City Railroad at the Prospect Park terminal. A physical connection was made there both east and west to the LIRR as Bedford Junction, by mutual agreement trains of the BB&CI operated on the LIRR to its terminal at Flatbush and Atlantic Avenues, provided a much better connection to Downtown Brooklyn and ferries to Manhattan. LIRR trains also operated to Brighton Beach from Flatbush and Atlantic and from its own terminal in Long Island City, initially, service operated during the summer season only. In 1900, elevated trains were through-routed to Park Row without need to change trains, Brighton Beach local and express service was extended to a new West End terminal at Stillwell and Surf Avenues, the location of the terminal for the BMT Southern Division, in May 1919. During late nights, all used the tunnel. During the 1930s, limited morning rush hour service ran via the side of the Manhattan Bridge to Chambers Street. On June 29,1950, trains running there during the evening rush as well. On October 17,1949, the IRT Astoria Line was converted to BMT operation, Local trains were extended via this line to Astoria–Ditmars Boulevard. Number 2 Fourth Avenue Locals ran here at all times, on April 27,1950, Brighton Locals operated through to Ditmars Boulevard, Astoria all day on weekdays and Saturdays
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R (New York City Subway service)
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The R Broadway Local is a rapid transit service in the B Division of the New York City Subway. Its route emblem, or bullet, is colored sunflower yellow since it uses the BMT Broadway Line in Manhattan, the service that later became the R was the BMT2. When it entered service on January 15,1916, it ran between Chambers Street on the BMT Nassau Street Line and 86th Street, using the Manhattan Bridge to cross the East River, service on the BMT Broadway Line began exactly two years later on January 15,1918. On July 10,1919 service may have extended to 57th Street. The Montague Street Tunnel opened on October 1,1920, and at time it took its current shape. Bay Ridge–95th Street station opened on October 31,1925, during this time, rush-hour specials to Chambers Street were added and later removed, only to be added again. At one time, including 1931, additional midday service operated local between 57th Street and Whitehall Street–South Ferry, the 2 also used the Nassau Street Loop during rush hours, entering Manhattan via the Manhattan Bridge or Montague Street Tunnel and leaving via the other. On June 29,1950, special rush hour trains began running between Bay Ridge–95th Street and Chambers Street via the side of the Manhattan Bridge and/or the Montague Street Tunnel. This was discontinued two years later, on January 1,1961, the northern terminal was relocated to its current location at Forest Hills–71st Avenue, via the BMT 60th Street Tunnel Connection, which is also known as the 11th Street Cut. Night and weekend RR trains still terminated at 57th Street in Manhattan, in the winter of 1960–1961, letters started to appear on the RR with the introduction of the R27s, which featured it on roll signs. The route was known as the Fourth Avenue Local via Tunnel, on November 27,1967, the day after the IND Chrystie Street Connection opened, the RR was moved back to Astoria–Ditmars Boulevard on the BMT Astoria Line. The Nassau Street specials were through-routed from Bay Ridge – 95th Street to 168th Street in Jamaica as RJ, under the first color scheme, RR was colored green and RJ was red. In the original Chrystie Street routing plans, the TA planned to eliminate the RR service. The RJ service only lasted from November 1967 until July 1,1968 when it was cut back to Chambers Street and renamed as additional RR rush-hour peak-direction service. With track connections between the Nassau Street Loop and the tracks of the Manhattan Bridge severed as part of the November 1967 realignment. On May 6,1985, when letters were eliminated. Proposed on October 15,1986 but put in effect on May 24,1987, the change was made to give the R direct access to the Jamaica Yard, and previously, R trains had to run light to/from the Coney Island Yard. Starting on April 28,1986, the Nassau Street Line R service was extended to Metropolitan Avenue for layups, after the N/R swap, the Nassau R used East New York Yard equipment
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W (New York City Subway service)
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The W Broadway Local is a rapid transit service of the New York City Subways B Division. Its route emblem, or bullet, is colored sunflower yellow since it uses the BMT Broadway Line in Manhattan, the W operates only on weekdays. Some W trains operate to/from Gravesend-86th Street due to capacity issues on the lower level at City Hall. The W is internally staffed and scheduled as part of the N, introduced on July 22,2001, the W initially ran until June 25,2010, when it was eliminated due to the Metropolitan Transportation Authoritys financial crisis. The MTA restored the route on November 7,2016, using its original emblem and 2004–2010 routing, the W was originally conceived as an extra Broadway Line local service running on the Astoria and Broadway lines to Whitehall Street. This service was essentially a variant of the N route, which in the 1970s and 1980s ran express between Queens and Brooklyn, with trains running local between Queens and Whitehall Street. However, reconstruction of the Manhattan Bridge between 1986 and 2004 forced the N, which normally ran express on the Broadway Line and on the Bridge and this service change precluded W local service from running as envisioned. The W bullet appeared on signs as a yellow diamond bullet. The W also appeared on the signs of the R44s and R46s with any route. The W was introduced on July 22,2001 when the Manhattan Bridge north tracks closed for reconstruction, the Bridges south side tracks, which led to the Broadway Line, reopened after being closed since 1988. This split had already made from 1986 to 1988, when a part-time orange B only ran north of 34th Street–Herald Square on the Sixth Avenue Line. At the same time, a full-time yellow B ran from Coney Island in Brooklyn across the side of the bridge. This old pattern was restored in 2001, but instead of having two B services, the yellow B was instead named the W. This route began at Coney Island and ran up the West End Line, BMT Fourth Avenue Line, Manhattan Bridge south tracks, Broadway Line, and BMT Astoria Line to Astoria–Ditmars Boulevard. Evening service ended at 57th Street–Seventh Avenue in Manhattan, late night service at 36th Street in Brooklyn, and weekend service at Atlantic Avenue–Pacific Street in Brooklyn. After September 11,2001, Broadway Line service in Lower Manhattan was suspended and it made all stops except in Brooklyn north of 36th Street. During late nights, it ran in two sections, between Ditmars Boulevard and 34th Street, skipping 49th Street in the direction, and in Brooklyn between 36th Street and Coney Island. Normal service on both routes resumed on October 28,2001, the Astoria express service, being unpopular with residents, was discontinued on January 15,2002
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42nd Street Shuttle
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The 42nd Street Shuttle is a New York City Subway shuttle train service that operates in Manhattan. Part of a former Interborough Rapid Transit Company line, it is referred to as the Grand Central/Times Square Shuttle. It runs at all times except nights, connecting Times Square to Grand Central under 42nd Street. It is the shortest regular service in the system, running about 2,700 feet in two minutes. The 42nd Street Shuttle is part of the A Division of New York City Transit, in order to distinguish it from the other shuttles in the system, NYCT Rapid Transit Operations internally refers to it as the 0. Its route bullet is colored slate gray on route signs, station signs. The subway through which the shuttle runs was opened on October 27,1904, in 1910, the platforms at the two stations were extended. A plan called the Dual System of Rapid Transit in 1913 was worked out with the Interborough Rapid Transit and the Brooklyn Rapid Transit companies, as part of the plan, the existing IRT subway would be reconfigured into what was called the H system. From 42nd Street, new lines would be built northward in Lexington Avenue and southward in Seventh Avenue, connecting with the old subway to form East Side, the leftover segment under 42nd Street was to be used for a shuttle connecting the two main lines. 400 feet was left between the end of the old station and the new station, and therefore a new station was to be built for the shuttle, ending close to the new station on the Lexington Avenue Line. Trackways were built continuing east under 42nd Street to bring the two tracks into the new station, which was a narrow island platform between the two tracks. It was expected that two tracks would be more adequate for the shuttle. The station was not ready in time, and therefore temporary wooden flooring was laid over part of the trackways at Times Square, the shuttle was heavily used, and the crowding conditions were so bad that the shuttle was ordered closed the next day by the Public Service Commission. The new, unused trackways of the station were covered with flooring. The shuttle reopened on September 28,1918, with improved passageways, Track 2 at the Grand Central station was covered over by a wooden platform. On the walls of the stations, black bands and green bands were painted to guide passengers to the shuttle platforms. The shuttle was meant to be temporary, and by 1920, throughout the history of the shuttle there have been proposals to extend and improve the line both to the east and to the west. However, it is not feasible to extend the line in direction, as the line is at the same level as the tracks of the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line
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SkyscraperPage
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SkyscraperPage is an internet forum for skyscraper hobbyists and enthusiasts that tracks existing and proposed skyscrapers around the world. SkyscraperPage. com drawings have appeared in National Geographics website, Wired, Condé Nast, The Globe and they are based in Victoria, British Columbia. The site has a database of scale-model illustration skyscrapers and other major macro-engineering projects, the scale of the drawings are one pixel per meter. The images are created using pixel art, using these diagrams, skyscrapers and other tall structures from any cities can be compared. General information is given about each structure, such as the location, the year built, if available. In 2008, the site had over 22,000 custom made drawings of skyscrapers, there were 600 artists signed up with the site, about half of whom were active. List of Internet forums List of tallest buildings in the world
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HuffPost
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On February 7,2011, AOL acquired the mass market Huffington Post for US$315 million, making Arianna Huffington editor-in-chief of The Huffington Post Media Group. In July 2012, The Huffington Post was ranked #1 on the 15 Most Popular Political Sites list by eBizMBA Rank, Traffic Rank from both Compete and Quantcast. In 2012, The Huffington Post became the first commercially run United States digital media enterprise to win a Pulitzer Prize, the Huffington Post was founded by Arianna Huffington on May 9,2005. It has a community, with over one million comments made on the site each month. Prior to The Huffington Post, Huffington hosted a website called Ariannaonline. com and her first foray into the Internet was a website called Resignation. com, which called for the resignation of President Bill Clinton and was a rallying place for conservatives opposing Clinton. In August 2013, the website banned anonymous comments, in approximately June 2007, the site launched its first local version, HuffPost Chicago. In June 2009, HuffPost New York was launched, followed shortly by HuffPost Denver which launched on September 15,2009, and HuffPost Los Angeles which launched on December 2,2009. In 2011, three new editions were launched, HuffPost San Francisco on July 12, HuffPost Detroit, on November 17. HuffPost Hawaii was launched in collaboration with the investigative reporting. The Huffington Post launched its first international edition, HuffPost Canada, on July 6 of the same year, the Huffington Post UK launched its UK edition. On February 8, another French language edition was launched in the Canadian province of Quebec, on May Day, a U. S. -based Spanish-language edition was launched under the name HuffPost Voces, replacing AOLs Hispanic news platform, AOL Latino. The following month an edition for Spain was announced, as was one for Germany, on September 24, an Italian edition, LHuffington Post, was launched, directed by journalist Lucia Annunziata in collaboration with the media company Gruppo Editoriale LEspresso. On May 6,2013, an edition for Japan was launched with the collaboration of The Asahi Shimbun, with the launch of Al Huffington Post, there is a third francophone edition, this time for the Maghreb area. On October 10, Munich-based Huffington Post Deutschland has been put online in cooperation with the liberal-conservative magazine Focus, in January 2014, Arianna Huffington and Nicolas Berggruen announced the launch of the WorldPost, created in partnership with the Berggruen Institute. Its contributors have included former British prime minister Tony Blair, Google CEO Eric Schmidt, novelist Jonathan Franzen, on January 29,2014, the Brazilian version was launched as Brasil Post, in partnership with Abril Group, the first in Latin America. In September 2014, Huffington Post announced they will launch in Greece, India, and introduce HuffPost Arabi, on August 18,2015, HuffPost Australia was launched. The Huffington Post planned to launch a Chinese version in 2015, due to strict media controls, the content of Chinese version would not include serious news report, only entertainment and lifestyle. In 2011, after its purchase by AOL, The Huffington Post subsumed many of AOLs Voices properties, the Voices brand was expanded in September 2011 with the launch of Gay Voices, a vertical dedicated to LGBT-relevant articles
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Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Media related to 11 Times Square at Wikimedia Commons