1.
Thomas Sully
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Thomas Sully was an American portrait painter, who was born in Britain but lived most of his life in Philadelphia. He painted in the style of Thomas Lawrence, and his subjects included Thomas Jefferson, John Quincy Adams and he also painted landscapes and historical pieces such as Passage of the Delaware, and his work was used on United States coinage. Sully was born in Horncastle, Lincolnshire, England in 1783, to the actors Matthew Sully, in March 1792, the Sullys and their nine children emigrated to Charleston, South Carolina, where Thomas’s uncle managed a theater. Sully made his first appearance in the arts as a tumbler at the age of 11 in Charleston, after a brief apprenticeship to an insurance broker, who recognized his artistic talent, at about age 12 Sully began painting. He studied with his brother-in-law Jean Belzons, a French miniaturist and he returned to Richmond to learn miniature and device painting from his elder brother Lawrence Sully. After Lawrence Sullys death, Thomas Sully married his brothers widow and he took on the rearing of Lawrences children and fathered an additional nine children with Sarah. Among the children were Alfred Sully, Mary Chester Sully, Jane Cooper Sully Darley, Blanche Sully, Rosalie Sully, Sully was one of the founding members of The Musical Fund Society where he painted the portraits of many of the musicians and composers. Sully became a painter at age 18 in 1801. He studied portrait painting under Gilbert Stuart in Boston for three weeks, after some time in Virginia with his brother, Sully moved to New York. He settled in Philadelphia in 1806, where he resided for the remainder of his life, in 1809 he traveled to London for nine months of study under Benjamin West. Sullys 1824 portraits of John Quincy Adams, who became President within the year and his Adams portrait may be seen in the National Gallery of Art, Washington. Many notable Americans of the day had their portraits painted by him, in 1837–1838 he was in London to paint Queen Victoria at the request of Philadelphias St. Georges Society. His daughter Blanche assisted him as the Queens stand-in, modeling the Queens costume when she was not available, one of Sullys portraits of Thomas Jefferson is owned by the Jefferson Literary and Debating Society at the University of Virginia and hangs in that schools rotunda. Another Jefferson portrait, this one head-to-toe, hangs at West Point, Sullys own index indicates that he produced 2,631 paintings from 1801, most of which are currently in the United States. His style resembles that of Thomas Lawrence, though best known as a portrait painter, Sully also made historical pieces and landscapes. An example of the former is the 1819 Passage of the Delaware, now in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. The Sully painting, Portrait of Anna and Harriet Coleman, sold on September 28,2013 for $145,000 by John M. Hess Auction Service Inc. of Manheim, Pennsylvania. Sully died in Philadelphia on November 5,1872, where he had spent the majority of his long and he is buried in the Laurel Hill Cemetery
2.
Kentucky
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Kentucky, officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky, is a state located in the east south-central region of the United States. Kentucky is one of four U. S. states constituted as a commonwealth, originally a part of Virginia, in 1792 Kentucky became the 15th state to join the Union. Kentucky is the 37th most extensive and the 26th most populous of the 50 United States, Kentucky is known as the Bluegrass State, a nickname based on the bluegrass found in many of its pastures due to the fertile soil. One of the regions in Kentucky is the Bluegrass Region in central Kentucky. In 1776, the counties of Virginia beyond the Appalachian Mountains became known as Kentucky County, the precise etymology of the name is uncertain, but likely based on an Iroquoian name meaning the meadow or the prairie. Kentucky is situated in the Upland South, a significant portion of eastern Kentucky is part of Appalachia. Kentucky borders seven states, from the Midwest and the Southeast, West Virginia lies to the east, Virginia to the southeast, Tennessee to the south, Missouri to the west, Illinois and Indiana to the northwest, and Ohio to the north and northeast. Only Missouri and Tennessee, both of which border eight states, touch more, Kentuckys northern border is formed by the Ohio River and its western border by the Mississippi River. The official state borders are based on the courses of the rivers as they existed when Kentucky became a state in 1792, for instance, northbound travelers on U. S.41 from Henderson, after crossing the Ohio River, will be in Kentucky for about two miles. Ellis Park, a racetrack, is located in this small piece of Kentucky. Waterworks Road is part of the land border between Indiana and Kentucky. Kentucky has a part known as Kentucky Bend, at the far west corner of the state. It exists as an exclave surrounded completely by Missouri and Tennessee, Road access to this small part of Kentucky on the Mississippi River requires a trip through Tennessee. The epicenter of the powerful 1811–12 New Madrid earthquakes was near this area, much of the outer Bluegrass is in the Eden Shale Hills area, made up of short, steep, and very narrow hills. The Jackson Purchase and western Pennyrile are home to several bald cypress/tupelo swamps, located within the southeastern interior portion of North America, Kentucky has a climate that can best be described as a humid subtropical climate. Temperatures in Kentucky usually range from daytime summer highs of 87 °F to the low of 23 °F. The average precipitation is 46 inches a year, Kentucky experiences four distinct seasons, with substantial variations in the severity of summer and winter. The highest recorded temperature was 114 °F at Greensburg on July 28,1930 while the lowest recorded temperature was −37 °F at Shelbyville on January 19,1994, due to its location, Kentucky has a moderate humid subtropical climate, with abundant rainfall
3.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
4.
American Civil War
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The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
5.
Samuel Phillips Lee
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Samuel Phillips Lee was a Rear Admiral of the United States Navy. As a cousin of Robert E. Lee, his refusal to join the Confederates demonstrated the extent to which the war had divided families, Lee married the daughter of Francis P. Blair, Sr. and their house in Washington is now the president’s official guest house. Lee was born at Sully in Fairfax County, Virginia to Francis Lightfoot Lee II and Jane Fitzgerald. He was the grandson of Richard Henry Lee, great-nephew of Francis Lightfoot Lee I, brother-in-law of Francis Preston Blair, Jr. and of Montgomery Blair, and was third cousin of Robert E. Lee. Commander Lee commanded the new steam sloop Oneida during the New Orleans campaign, Lee became well known in Washington society due to the influence of his wife, the former Elizabeth Blair, of Maryland. When asked about his loyalty, Lee famously replied When I find the word Virginia in my commission I will join the Confederacy and this quote is often referenced by historians in contrast to the actions of his cousin Robert E. Lee, to show how the war divided families. In September 1862, Lee was placed in command of the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron with the rank of Acting Rear Admiral and his flagship at this point was the Philadelphia. Acting Rear Admiral Lee transferred to the command of the Mississippi River Squadron in October 1864 and his flagship during his time as commander of the Mississippi River Squadron was the Black Hawk. Reverting to his permanent rank of captain after the Civil War, Lee extensively served in the Washington and he was promoted to rear admiral in 1870 and retired from active service in February 1873. In 1859, Lees father-in-law, Francis Preston Blair, built a house for Lee and these two houses, within a block of the White House in Washington, D. C. were later combined into one house and became the property of the U. S. government. Today they are the Blair-Lee House, used by the President as his guest house, upon retirement he moved to the family home in Silver Spring, Maryland, where he died on 7 June 1897. This article incorporates public domain material from the Naval History & Heritage Command document Rear Admiral Samuel Phillips Lee, USN. Samuel Phillips Lee
6.
Francis Preston Blair
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Francis Preston Blair, Sr. was an American journalist, newspaper editor, and influential figure in national politics advising several U. S. presidents across the party lines. Blair was an member of the Democratic Party, and a strong supporter of President Andrew Jackson. From 1831 to 1845, Blair worked as Editor-in-Chief of the Washington Globe, which served as the primary instrument for the Democratic Party. Blair was an advisor to President Jackson, and served prominently in a group of unofficial advisors. Blair, despite being a slaveholder from Kentucky, eventually came to oppose the expansion of slavery and he supported the Free-Soil Party ticket of Martin Van Buren and Charles Francis Adams in the 1848 presidential election. In 1854, in opposition to the Kansas-Nebraska Act, he left the Democratic Party, Blair served as an advisor to President Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War. In 1861, he was sent by Lincoln to offer command of a large Union army to Colonel Robert E. Lee, who declined, Blair also helped organize the Hampton Roads Conference of 1865, a failed attempt to end the war. After the Union victory, Blair became disillusioned with Radical Reconstruction and he eventually left the party and rejoined the Democrats. His son, Francis Preston Blair Jr. was the nominee for vice president on a losing ticket in the 1868 election. Blair died in 1876 at age 85, Blair was born at Abingdon, Virginia to James Blair, a lawyer who became an Attorney General of Kentucky, and Elizabeth Smith. Raised in Frankfort, Kentucky and referred to as Preston by the family members and he studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1817 but did not practice due to a vocal defect. He took to journalism, and became a contributor to Amos Kendalls paper, during the social and financial turmoil caused by the Panic of 1819, Blair joined the so-called Relief Party of Kentucky. In 1824, Blair served as a clerk of new, alternative to existing state court of appeals vigorously establishing its authority, as an ardent follower of Andrew Jackson, he helped him to carry Kentucky during the 1828 presidential election. In 1830, he was editor of The Washington Globe. In this capacity, and as a member of Jackson’s unofficial advisory council, the Washington Globe newspaper was the administrations voice until 1841, and the chief Democratic organ until 1845, when Blair ceased to be its editor. In 1848, he actively supported Martin Van Buren, the Free Soil candidate, next, in 1852, Blair supported Franklin Pierce, but became disillusioned in his administration after Pierce backed the Kansas-Nebraska Act. He used his experience, influence and persuasion to create a momentum for a new party. At the 1856 Republican National Convention, he was influential in securing the nomination of John C, Frémont, who was married to Jessie Benton Frémont, a daughter of his old friend, Thomas Hart Benton, for the presidency
7.
Montgomery Blair
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Montgomery Blair, the son of Francis Preston Blair, elder brother of Francis Preston Blair, Jr. and cousin of B. Gratz Brown, was a politician and lawyer from Maryland and he served in the Lincoln administration cabinet as Postmaster-General from 1861 to 1864, during the Civil War. Blair was born in Franklin County, Kentucky, Blair graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1835, but after a years service in the Seminole War, he left the Army, studied law, and began practice at St Louis, Missouri, in 1839. He was United States Solicitor in the Court of Claims and was associated with George T. Curtis as counsel for the plaintiff in the Dred Scott v. Sandford case of 1857. After switching political parties, President Buchanan removed Blair from his position of United States Solicitor in 1858, in 1860, Montgomery Blair took an active part in the presidential campaign on behalf of Abraham Lincoln. After his election, Lincoln invited Blair to be part of his cabinet as Postmaster-General in 1861, Lincoln expected Blair, who advocated taking a firm stance with the southern states, to help balance more conciliatory members of his cabinet. While Postmaster-General, Blair instituted a rate of postage and free delivery in cities. Blair also began the sale of money orders by post offices in order to reduce the mailing of currency and he also called for the First International Postal Conference, which was held in Paris in 1863 and began the process that led to the Universal Postal Union. Blair served as Postmaster-General from 1861 until September 1864, when Lincoln accepted an offer by Blair to resign. Lincolns action may have been a response to the hostility of the Radical Republican faction, frémonts name as a candidate for the presidential nomination in that year. Regarding Lincolns action, Blair told his wife that the president had acted from the best motives, after he left the cabinet, Blair still campaigned for Lincolns re-election and Lincoln and the Blair family retained close ties. Armstrong, of Chicago, who from 1869 until his death was general superintendent of the United States railway mail service, in 1876, Blair was counsel to Secretary of War William W. Belknap during the House of Representatives investigation into the Trader post scandal. Blair unsuccessfully requested the House Investigation Committee chaired by Hiester Clymer that charges against Belknap be dropped if Belknap would resign office, Belknap was impeached by the House of Representatives for receiving illicit payments from the Fort Sill traderpost on Western frontier while Secretary of War. Belknap had been given power by Congress to choose sutlers to operate lucrative traderposts that sold supplies to U. S. soldiers. Belknap resigned over the scandal and was acquitted in a Senate trial during the summer of 1876, many senators did not believe that Congress could convict a private citizen, although the Senate passed a resolution that stated Congress could convict a private citizen. Blair unsuccessfully ran for Congress to represent Marylands sixth district in 1882 and his 600-acre manor in present-day Silver Spring, Maryland was named Falkland. It was burned by Confederate troops during their thrust towards Washington, after several years afflicted with inflammation of the spinal membranes, he died at Silver Spring on July 27,1883. The funeral services were held at Rock Creek Church, and he was buried at Rock Creek Cemetery, in memory of Blair, the United States Post Office closed on July 30,1883
8.
Francis Preston Blair Jr.
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Francis Preston Blair Jr. was an American jurist, politician and soldier. Blair was instrumental in appointing Nathaniel Lyon as the new commander of the Western Department of the U. S. Army. He assisted Lyon in securing help of the St. Louis Home Guard in moving over 20,000 rifles, Missouri secessionists considered this event as breaking of informal truce established in the state. This set the scene for the Camp Jackson Affair and continuing guerrilla activity by outraged pro-slavery elements, in 1868, he was Horatio Seymours vice-presidential candidate, but his dramatic speeches about the dangers of black emancipation were believed by some to have cost the Democrats the election. He suffered a stroke in 1872, but continued to be active in state politics till his death. Blair was born in Lexington, Kentucky and he was the third and youngest son of newspaper editor and politician Francis Preston Blair, and Eliza Violet Blair. He was the brother of Montgomery Blair, a Mayor of St. Louis and Postmaster General under Lincoln, and the cousin of B. After his admission to the Kentucky bar in Lexington, he went on to practice in St. Louis in 1842 with his brother, in 1842-1845. In fall 1845, Blair traveled to the West for buffalo hunt and stayed for a winter in eastern Colorado with his cousin George Bent in Bent’s Fort, being more interested in politics than law, Blair came back to St. Louis in the summer of 1847. A personal and political friend of Thomas Hart Benton, he known for his views opposing slavery. Blair served in the Missouri House of Representatives from 1852 to 1856 and he was an outspoken Free-Soiler and was elected as a Republican to the United States House of Representatives in 1856. On January 14,1858, he delivered a speech describing slavery as a national problem and proposing to solve it by gradual emancipation and settling freed slaves in South. A year later, he gained prominence with his speech in Boston. Blair was defeated in 1858, but won the election in 1860 to the 37th Congress. The election results were contested by his opponents, Blair was seated in Congress on June 8,1860 and he was subsequently elected in 1862 to the 38th Congress, but had to relinquish his seat on June 10,1864, after Samuel Knox successfully contested his election. In Congress, he served as chairman of the important Military Affairs Committee, the Blairs were unwavering supporters of Abraham Lincoln during his rise to the presidency and years in office, and in return enjoyed his political patronage. In December 1863, Lincoln said that, The Blairs have to a degree the spirit of clan. Their family is a close corporation, Frank is their hope and pride
9.
President's Guest House
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A major interior renovation of these 19th century residences between the 1950s and 1980s resulted in their reconstitution as a single facility. The Presidents Guest House has been called the worlds most exclusive hotel because it is used to host visiting dignitaries. It is larger than the White House and closed to the public, strictly speaking, Blair House refers to one of four existing structures that were merged to form a single building. The U. S. State Department generally uses the name Blair House to refer to the facility, saying. The General Services Administration refers to the complex as the Presidents Guest House. Blair House was constructed in 1824, it is the oldest of the four structures that comprise the Presidents Guest House, the original brick house was built as a private home for Joseph Lovell, eighth Surgeon General of the United States Army. It was acquired in 1836 by Francis Preston Blair, a publisher and influential advisor to President Andrew Jackson. Francis Blairs son Montgomery Blair, who served as Postmaster General in Abraham Lincolns administration, at a conference at Blair House in 1861, it was decided Admiral David Farragut would command an assault on New Orleans during the American Civil War. In 1939, Blair House was designated a National Historic Landmark, becoming the first building to acquire the designation, prior landmarks had been monuments and historic sites other than buildings. Beginning in 1942, the Blair family began leasing the property to the U. S. government for use by visiting dignitaries, the government purchased the property outright the following December. The move was prompted in part by a request from Eleanor Roosevelt, on one occasion, Churchill tried to enter Franklin Roosevelts private apartments at 3,00 a. m. to wake the president for a conversation. During much of the presidency of Harry Truman, Blair House served as the residence of President Truman while the interior of the White House was being renovated. On November 1,1950, Puerto Rican nationalists Griselio Torresola, the assassination was foiled, in part by White House policeman Leslie Coffelt, who killed Torresola but was mortally wounded by him. In 1859, Francis Preston Blair built a house next to Blair House for his daughter Elizabeth Blair Lee and son-in-law Samuel Phillips Lee, Peter Parker House located at 700 Jackson Place and an adjacent home at 704 Jackson Place were constructed in 1860. Peter Parker House is so named because it was originally the home of physician Peter Parker, the U. S. government acquired both properties between 1969 and 1970, after having rented them for office space. Peter Parker House previously served as the headquarters of the Civil War Centennial Commission, during a renovation in the early 1950s, Blair House and Lee House were joined into a single facility that was informally known as Blair–Lee House. In the early 1980s, Congress appropriated $9.7 million for the propertys further renovation, federally appropriated funds were augmented with $5 million in private donations. The Jackson Place properties were combined into a single building
10.
White House
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The White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States, located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D. C. It has been the residence of every U. S. president since John Adams in 1800, the term White House is often used to refer to actions of the president and his advisers, as in The White House announced that. The residence was designed by Irish-born architect James Hoban in the Neoclassical style, construction took place between 1792 and 1800 using Aquia Creek sandstone painted white. When Thomas Jefferson moved into the house in 1801, he added low colonnades on each wing that concealed stables and storage. In 1814, during the War of 1812, the mansion was set ablaze by the British Army in the Burning of Washington, destroying the interior, reconstruction began almost immediately, and President James Monroe moved into the partially reconstructed Executive Residence in October 1817. Exterior construction continued with the addition of the semi-circular South portico in 1824, because of crowding within the executive mansion itself, President Theodore Roosevelt had all work offices relocated to the newly constructed West Wing in 1901. Eight years later in 1909, President William Howard Taft expanded the West Wing and created the first Oval Office, in the main mansion, the third-floor attic was converted to living quarters in 1927 by augmenting the existing hip roof with long shed dormers. A newly constructed East Wing was used as an area for social events. East Wing alterations were completed in 1946, creating additional office space, by 1948, the houses load-bearing exterior walls and internal wood beams were found to be close to failure. Under Harry S. Truman, the rooms were completely dismantled. Once this work was completed, the rooms were rebuilt. The Executive Residence is made up of six stories—the Ground Floor, State Floor, Second Floor, the property is a National Heritage Site owned by the National Park Service and is part of the Presidents Park. In 2007, it was ranked second on the American Institute of Architects list of Americas Favorite Architecture, in May 1790, New York began construction of Government House for his official residence, but he never occupied it. The national capital moved to Philadelphia in December 1790, the July 1790 Residence Act named Philadelphia, Pennsylvania the temporary national capital for a 10-year period while the Federal City was under construction. The City of Philadelphia rented Robert Morriss city house at 190 High Street for Washingtons presidential residence, the first president occupied the Market Street mansion from November 1790 to March 1797, and altered it in ways that may have influenced the design of the White House. As part of an effort to have Philadelphia named the permanent national capital, Pennsylvania built a much grander presidential mansion several blocks away. President John Adams also occupied the Market Street mansion from March 1797 to May 1800, on Saturday, November 1,1800, he became the first president to occupy the White House. The Presidents House in Philadelphia became a hotel and was demolished in 1832, the Presidents House was a major feature of Pierre Charles LEnfants plan for the newly established federal city, Washington, D. C
11.
Andrew Jackson
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Andrew Jackson was an American soldier and statesman who served as the seventh President of the United States from 1829 to 1837 and was the founder of the Democratic Party. Before being elected to the presidency, Jackson served in Congress, as president, Jackson sought to advance the rights of the common man against what he saw as a corrupt aristocracy and to preserve the Union. Jackson was born in 1767 somewhere near the border between North and South Carolina, into a recently immigrated Scots-Irish farming family. During the American Revolutionary War, Jackson acted as a courier, at age 13, he was captured and mistreated by the British. He moved to Tennessee and practiced as a lawyer, in 1791, he married Rachel Donelson Robards. The couple later learned that Rachels previous husband had failed to finalize their divorce, Jackson served briefly in the U. S. House of Representatives and the U. S. Senate. Upon returning to Tennessee, he was appointed a judge on the Tennessee Supreme Court, in 1801, Jackson was appointed colonel in the Tennessee militia, and was elected its commander the following year. He built the Hermitage plantation in 1804, in 1806, he killed a man in a duel over a matter of honor regarding his wife. He led Tennessee militia and U. S. Army regulars during the Creek War of 1813-1814, Jackson won a decisive victory in the War of 1812 over the British army at the Battle of New Orleans, making him into a national hero. Because Spanish Florida was a refuge for blacks escaping slavery, who allied with the Seminole Indians, Jackson invaded the territory in 1816 to destroy the Negro Fort. He led an invasion in 1818, as part of the First Seminole War, resulting in the Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819. Jackson briefly served as Floridas first Territorial Governor in 1821, Jackson was nominated by several state legislatures to be a candidate for president in 1824. Although he earned a plurality in both the electoral and popular vote against three major candidates, Jackson failed to get a majority and lost in the House of Representatives to John Quincy Adams, Jacksons supporters founded what became the Democratic Party. He ran again for president in 1828 against Adams, building and expanding upon his base of support in the West and South, he won in a landslide. He blamed the death of his wife, Rachel, which occurred after the election, on the Adams campaigners, as president, Jackson faced a threat of secession by South Carolina over the Tariff of Abominations, which Congress had enacted under Adams. In contrast to several of his successors, he denied the right of a state to secede from the union or to nullify federal law. The Nullification Crisis was defused when the tariff was amended and Jackson threatened the use of force if South Carolina attempted to secede. Jackson believed strongly in majority rule and he supported direct election of senators and abolition of the Electoral College, believing that these reforms would provide average citizens with greater power
12.
First Lady of the United States
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First Lady of the United States is the informal but accepted title held by the wife of the President of the United States, concurrent with the presidents term of office. Although the first lady’s role has never been codified or officially defined, melania Trump is the current First Lady. While the title was not in use until much later, Martha Washington, the wife of George Washington. During her lifetime she was referred to as Lady Washington. Since the 1790s the role of first lady has changed considerably and it has come to include involvement in political campaigns, management of the White House, championship of social causes, and representation of the president at official and ceremonial occasions. Additionally, over the individual first ladies have held influence in a range of sectors. Historically, should a president be unmarried, or a widower, the use of the title First Lady to describe the spouse or hostess of an executive began in the United States. In the early days of the republic, there was not a generally accepted title for the wife of the president. Indulging in no indolence, she left the pillow at dawn, sometime after 1849, the title began being used in Washington, D. C. social circles. The title first gained recognition in 1877, when newspaper journalist Mary C. Ames referred to Lucy Webb Hayes as the First Lady of the Land while reporting on the inauguration of Rutherford B, the frequent reporting on Lucy Hayes activities helped spread use of the title outside Washington. A popular 1911 comedic play about Dolley Madison by playwright Charles Nirdlinger, titled The First Lady in the Land, by the 1930s, it was in wide use. Use of the later spread from the United States to other nations. The wife of the Vice President of the United States is sometimes referred to as the Second Lady of the United States, the position of the First Lady is not an elected one and carries only ceremonial duties. Nonetheless, first ladies have held a highly visible position in American society, the role of the First Lady has evolved over the centuries. She is, first and foremost, the hostess of the White House and she organizes and attends official ceremonies and functions of state either along with, or in place of, the president. Lisa Burns identifies four main themes of the first ladyship, as public woman, as political celebrity, as political activist. Martha Washington created the role and hosted many affairs of state at the national capital and this socializing became known as the Republican Court and provided elite women with an opportunity to play backstage political role
13.
Silver Spring, Maryland
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Silver Spring is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Montgomery County, Maryland, United States. It had a population of 76,716 according to 2013 estimates by the United States Census Bureau, making it the fourth most populous place in Maryland, after Baltimore, Columbia, and Germantown. The urbanized, oldest, and southernmost part of Silver Spring is a business hub that lies at the north apex of Washington. As of 2004, the Central Business District held 7,254,729 square feet of space,5216 dwelling units and 17.6 acres of parkland. The population density of this CBD area of Silver Spring was 15,600 per square mile all within 360 acres, the community has recently undergone a significant renaissance, with the addition of major retail, residential, and office developments. Silver Spring takes its name from a spring discovered there in 1840 by Francis Preston Blair. Acorn Park, tucked away in an area of south Silver Spring away from the downtown area, is believed to be the site of the original spring. As an unincorporated area, Silver Springs boundaries are not officially defined and this definition is a 15% reduction from the 9.4 sq. mi. used in previous years. The United States Geological Survey locates the center of Silver Spring at 38°59′26″N 77°1′35″W, by another definition, Silver Spring is located at 39°0′15″N 77°1′8″W. Residents of a swath of South-Eastern Montgomery County have Silver Spring mailing addresses. This area extends roughly from the Washington, D. C, Prince Georges County, Maryland and Howard County, Maryland lines to the west, north and east, and Rock Creek Park and Plyers Mill Road to the west and north-west. These boundaries make Silver Spring larger in area than any city in Maryland except for Baltimore. Rock Creek Park passes along the west side of Silver Spring, and offers hiking trails, picnic grounds, and bicycling on weekends, Sligo Creek Park follows Sligo Creek through Silver Spring, it offers hiking trails, tennis courts, playgrounds and bicycling. The latter is facilitated on weekends, when parts of Sligo Creek Parkway are closed to automobiles, the bike trails are winding and slower than most in the region. Recently, rocks have been spread along either side of the road, providing a hazardous bike ride, acorn Park in the downtown area of Silver Spring is believed to be the site of the eponymous silver spring. The 14. 5-acre Jesup Blair Park was recently renovated and features a field, tennis courts, basketball courts. Brookside Gardens is a 50-acre park within Wheaton Regional Park, in greater Silver Spring and it is located on the original site of Stadler Nursery. Northwest Branch Park is a 700-acre park surrounding the Northwest Branch of the Anacostia River, the park includes hiking, equestrian, and cycling trails on the Northwest Branch and Rachel Carson Greenway Trails
14.
Acorn Park
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Acorn Park is a 0. 12-acre urban park in downtown Silver Spring, Maryland, USA, which features an acorn-shaped gazebo and an artificial grotto. The site is significant as it is thought to be the location of the mica-flecked spring that in 1840 inspired Francis Preston Blair to name his estate Silver Spring. Acorn Park is located at the intersection of East-West Highway and Newell Street, the gazebo in Acorn Park was constructed in 1842 by Benjamin C. Francis Blairs son-in-law, Samuel Phillips Lee, had the stone grotto built at the site of the spring in 1894 and it originally included a statue of a Greek nymph. The park land was purchased by the Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission in 1942 and was refurbished and rededicated in 1955, a small additional tract of land was acquired by M-NCPPC in 1997 to make the current 0. 12-acre
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United States Navy
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The United States Navy is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. The U. S. Navy is the largest, most capable navy in the world, the U. S. Navy has the worlds largest aircraft carrier fleet, with ten in service, two in the reserve fleet, and three new carriers under construction. The service has 323,792 personnel on duty and 108,515 in the Navy Reserve. It has 274 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of October 2016, the U. S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy, which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter. It played a role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy. It played the role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan. The 21st century U. S. Navy maintains a global presence, deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific, the Mediterranean. The Navy is administratively managed by the Department of the Navy, the Department of the Navy is itself a division of the Department of Defense, which is headed by the Secretary of Defense. The Chief of Naval Operations is an admiral and the senior naval officer of the Department of the Navy. The CNO may not be the highest ranking officer in the armed forces if the Chairman or the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The mission of the Navy is to maintain, train and equip combat-ready Naval forces capable of winning wars, deterring aggression, the United States Navy is a seaborne branch of the military of the United States. The Navys three primary areas of responsibility, The preparation of naval forces necessary for the prosecution of war. The development of aircraft, weapons, tactics, technique, organization, U. S. Navy training manuals state that the mission of the U. S. Armed Forces is to prepare and conduct prompt and sustained combat operations in support of the national interest, as part of that establishment, the U. S. Navys functions comprise sea control, power projection and nuclear deterrence, in addition to sealift duties. It follows then as certain as that night succeeds the day, that without a decisive naval force we can do nothing definitive, the Navy was rooted in the colonial seafaring tradition, which produced a large community of sailors, captains, and shipbuilders. In the early stages of the American Revolutionary War, Massachusetts had its own Massachusetts Naval Militia, the establishment of a national navy was an issue of debate among the members of the Second Continental Congress. Supporters argued that a navy would protect shipping, defend the coast, detractors countered that challenging the British Royal Navy, then the worlds preeminent naval power, was a foolish undertaking. Commander in Chief George Washington resolved the debate when he commissioned the ocean-going schooner USS Hannah to interdict British merchant ships, and reported the captures to the Congress
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USS Philadelphia (1861)
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The third USS Philadelphia was the flagship of Rear Admiral Samuel Phillips Lee when he commanded the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron during the American Civil War. A side-wheel, iron-hulled steamer, Philadelphia was built at Chester, Pennsylvania and she was operating as a trading vessel between Aquia Creek, Virginia and Washington, D. C. at the outbreak of the Civil War. Seized on 21 April 1861, in accordance with a Presidential order, she was ordered to the Washington Navy Yard, Philadelphia — Lieutenant William Nicholson Jeffers commanding — operated on the Potomac River as a patrol vessel. In May, she was detailed to transport stores to Fortress Monroe, to Philadelphia. Upon return to the Washington Navy Yard, Jeffers reported that the steamer was in no suitable for outside service. She continued to operate on the Potomac River until October 1861, Philadelphia was assigned duties with the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron in October, and in January–February 1862 served as squadron flagship. Philadelphia took part in the expedition to Hatteras Inlet in January and she also took part in the capture of New Berne in March, and later participated in the expedition to the Dismal Swamp Canal on 17–20 April. From August 1863 –1865, Philadelphia was flagship of the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron, the highlight of her activities during this period was her participation in the operation against Charleston, South Carolina in the fall of 1863. With the close of hostilities Philadelphia was sent to the Washington Navy Yard where she decommissioned on 31 August 1865 and she was sold at public auction on 15 September to N. L. and G. Griswold. Renamed Ironsides in 1869, she was lost by stranding at Hog Island, union Navy United States Navy List of United States Navy ships This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can be found here and this article includes information collected from the Naval Vessel Register, which, as a U. S. government publication, is in the public domain
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Washington, D.C.
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Washington, D. C. formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D. C. is the capital of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July 16,1790, Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any state. The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district, named in honor of President George Washington, the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital. In 1846, Congress returned the land ceded by Virginia, in 1871. Washington had an population of 681,170 as of July 2016. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the population to more than one million during the workweek. The Washington metropolitan area, of which the District is a part, has a population of over 6 million, the centers of all three branches of the federal government of the United States are in the District, including the Congress, President, and Supreme Court. Washington is home to national monuments and museums, which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of international organizations, trade unions, non-profit organizations, lobbying groups. A locally elected mayor and a 13‑member council have governed the District since 1973, However, the Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws. D. C. residents elect a non-voting, at-large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives, the District receives three electoral votes in presidential elections as permitted by the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961. Various tribes of the Algonquian-speaking Piscataway people inhabited the lands around the Potomac River when Europeans first visited the area in the early 17th century, One group known as the Nacotchtank maintained settlements around the Anacostia River within the present-day District of Columbia. Conflicts with European colonists and neighboring tribes forced the relocation of the Piscataway people, some of whom established a new settlement in 1699 near Point of Rocks, Maryland. 43, published January 23,1788, James Madison argued that the new government would need authority over a national capital to provide for its own maintenance. Five years earlier, a band of unpaid soldiers besieged Congress while its members were meeting in Philadelphia, known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, the event emphasized the need for the national government not to rely on any state for its own security. However, the Constitution does not specify a location for the capital, on July 9,1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River. The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia, the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles on each side, totaling 100 square miles. Two pre-existing settlements were included in the territory, the port of Georgetown, Maryland, founded in 1751, many of the stones are still standing
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Blair Lee I
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Francis Preston Blair Lee was a Democratic member of the United States Senate, representing the State of Maryland from 1914 to 1917. He was also the great-grandson of American patriot Richard Henry Lee, Lee was named after his maternal grandfather, Francis Preston Blair. Lee was born in Silver Spring, Maryland and attended the schools in the area. He was the son of Samuel Phillips Lee and his wife and he graduated from Princeton University in 1880 and from the law department of Columbian University in 1882. He was admitted to the bar of the District of Columbia and of Montgomery County, Maryland in 1883, Lee was an unsuccessful candidate for election to the Fifty-fifth Congress in 1896. He was, however, elected to the Maryland State Senate, in 1911, Lee ran for the position of Governor of Maryland, but lost the Democratic nomination to Arthur Pue Gorman, Jr. In 1915, he ran for Governor and was defeated in the Democratic Primary by eventual winner Emerson Harrington. Because the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution had recently gone into effect, senator directly elected by the people of a state under the Constitutions provisions. He presented his credentials to serve as senator on December 5,1913, the Senate considered Jacksons challenge but eventually rejected it and seated Lee. While senator, Lee was chairman of the Committee on Expenditures in the Post Office Department, and he was unsuccessful in his bid for re-election in 1916, losing the Democratic nomination to David John Lewis. Lee resumed the practice of law after he left the Senate and he died in Norwood, Maryland and is buried in Rock Creek Cemetery in Washington, D. C. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
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Princeton University Library
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Princeton University Library is the main library system of Princeton University. Firestone Library opened in 1948, as the first large American university library constructed after World War II, roughly 1.5 million volumes were moved during the summer of 1948 from East Pyne Hall, which until then had served as the Universitys main library. The library building was expanded in 1971 and again in 1988 and currently has more than 70 miles of bookshelves, though not the largest university library in the world, the library has more books per enrolled student than that of any other university in the United States. Firestone has four smaller above-ground floors, princetons book collection has outgrown Firestones present capacity. Therefore, volumes relating to academic subjects are no longer housed at Firestone. Firestone contains many spaces, most prominently the Trustee Reading Room. It contains a number of the original carrels reserved for faculty, graduate students. Many academic departments also maintain seminar and study rooms within Firestone and this marks the largest gift in Universitys history. It also includes the Cotsen Childrens Library, an extensive collection presented to the library by its owner Lloyd E. Cotsen in 1997. Also included in collections are the autographed manuscript of F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby, Mario Vargas Llosas Papers, Toni Morrisons Papers. In early 2015, the Digital Archive of Latin American and Caribbean Ephemera became available, thanks to a grant from the Council on Library and this expands access to some of the items not previously catalogued in sub-collections and microfilmed. The library also contains a social science center, and a variety of library services. In addition, ReCAP and two annexes, the Forrestal Annex and are located in the Princeton University Forrestal campus are used to store volumes, lewis Science Library, designed by Frank Gehry, is the campus newest library building, having opened in the Fall of 2008. Lewis consolidates research collections and staff for the physical and life sciences, as well as maps, patrons of the Princeton Public Library may borrow daily access to Firestone. In general, non-university patrons may use the library for research but are not given borrowing privileges and must purchase a card in order to enter
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International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
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Integrated Authority File
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The Integrated Authority File or GND is an international authority file for the organisation of personal names, subject headings and corporate bodies from catalogues. It is used mainly for documentation in libraries and increasingly also by archives, the GND is managed by the German National Library in cooperation with various regional library networks in German-speaking Europe and other partners. The GND falls under the Creative Commons Zero license, the GND specification provides a hierarchy of high-level entities and sub-classes, useful in library classification, and an approach to unambiguous identification of single elements. It also comprises an ontology intended for knowledge representation in the semantic web, available in the RDF format
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Virtual International Authority File
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The Virtual International Authority File is an international authority file. It is a joint project of national libraries and operated by the Online Computer Library Center. The project was initiated by the US Library of Congress, the German National Library, the National Library of France joined the project on October 5,2007. The project transitions to a service of the OCLC on April 4,2012, the aim is to link the national authority files to a single virtual authority file. In this file, identical records from the different data sets are linked together, a VIAF record receives a standard data number, contains the primary see and see also records from the original records, and refers to the original authority records. The data are available online and are available for research and data exchange. Reciprocal updating uses the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting protocol, the file numbers are also being added to Wikipedia biographical articles and are incorporated into Wikidata. VIAFs clustering algorithm is run every month, as more data are added from participating libraries, clusters of authority records may coalesce or split, leading to some fluctuation in the VIAF identifier of certain authority records
